Bereavement in Judaism

2481: 2238: 2335:(commandment) of kindness and compassion. Traditionally, no greetings are exchanged and visitors wait for the mourners to initiate conversation. The mourner is under no obligation to engage in conversation and may, in fact, completely ignore their visitors. Visitors will traditionally take on the hosting role when attending a Shiva, often bringing food and serving it to the mourning family and other guests. The mourning family will often avoid any cooking or cleaning during the Shiva period; those responsibilities become those of visitors. 3394:

of the divine and is not to be vandalized before or after death, teaches the belief that it was necessary to keep the whole body intact in burial, in anticipation of the eventual resurrection of the dead in the messianic age. Nevertheless, some Jews who are not religiously adherent, or who have attached to an alternative movement or religious stream that does not see some or all the laws of the Torah as binding upon them, have chosen cremation, either for themselves prior to death, or for their loved ones.

2969: 2857: 1924: 3454:, and a myth persists that having a tattoo prevents burial in a Jewish cemetery. While a small minority of burial societies may not accept a corpse with a tattoo, Jewish law does not mention burial of tattooed Jews, and nearly all burial societies have no such restriction. Removing the tattoo of a deceased Jew is forbidden, as this would be considered damaging the body. This case has been one of public interest in the current generations due to the large population 7520: 3786:, Ktav Publishing House, 1979, page 278: "קריאה, or rending ones garment... In biblical times it was customer to tend ones garment upon hearing sad news, especially news of the death of a dear one... The present law requires Qeri'ah only for those relatives who must observe the mourning period...For a very practical reason, however, the Qeri'ah is now due at the funeral—all mourners are present, and normally there is someone there who knows the procedure" 3257: 59: 53: 2586: 2103: 7534: 1068: 5451: 2610: 2598: 65: 3347:, donation may be done. However, there are a number of practical difficulties for those who wish to adhere strictly to Jewish law. For example, someone who is dead by clinical standards may not yet be dead according to Jewish law. Jewish law does not permit donation of organs that are vital for survival from a donor who is in a near-dead state but who is not yet dead according to Jewish law. 5458: 1784:(handbreadth), or what is equivalent to about 9 centimetres (3.5 in). The tear should be on the left side (over the heart and clearly visible) for a parent, including foster parents, and on the right side for siblings (including half-brothers and half-sisters), children, and spouses (and does not need to be visible). Non-Orthodox Jews will often make the 2983:(Hebrew: "remembrance") prayers are recited by those that have lost either one or both of their parents. They may additionally say Yizkor for other relatives. Some might also say Yizkor for a deceased close friend. It is customary in many communities for those with both parents alive to leave the synagogue during the Yizkor service while it is said. 3320:, and to move the buried remains to the new site, with a continued provision for burial of indigent people. This site, the Home of Peace Memorial Park, remains operational and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in Los Angeles. The original society is now known as the "Jewish Family Service of Los Angeles". 3434:

Furthermore, if reasonable doubt exists that the death was suicidal or that the deceased might have changed her mind and repented at the last moment (e.g., if it is unknown whether the victim fell or jumped from a building, or if the person falling changed her mind mid-fall), the benefit of the doubt

3393:

described as "a distinguishing characteristic" that "Jews buried, rather than burned, their dead." Judaism stresses burial in the earth (including entombment, as in caves) as a religious duty of laying a person's remains to rest. This, as well as the belief that the human body is created in the image

4614:

unless one had been standing when Kaddish began. Many have the custom to stand during the half-kaddish recited during the Friday night prayer service, given the significant spiritual benefits that one can receive at that time. It is proper for a Sephardic Jew praying in an Ashkenazic minyan to stand

3291:

Formed in 1854 for the purpose of "…procuring a piece of ground suitable for the purpose of a burying ground for the deceased of their own faith, and also to appropriate a portion of their time and means to the holy cause of benevolence…," the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Los Angeles established the

2944:

ones, it is customary that everyone in the synagogue stands. In Sephardi synagogues, most people sit for most sayings of Kaddish. In many non-Orthodox Ashkenaz ones, the custom is that only the mourners themselves stand and chant, while the rest of the congregation sits, chanting only responsively.

1992:

When the funeral service has ended, the mourners come forward to fill the grave. Symbolically, this gives the mourners closure as they observe, or participate in, the filling of the grave site. One custom is for all people present at the funeral to take a spade or shovel, held pointing down instead

2287:

When they get home, the mourners refrain for a week from showering or bathing, wearing leather shoes or jewelry, or shaving. In many communities, mirrors in the mourners' home are covered since they should not be concerned about their personal appearance. It is customary for the mourners to sit on

1950:

requires burial as soon as possible, even for executed criminals. Burial is delayed "for the honor of the deceased," usually to allow more time for far-flung family to come to the funeral and participate in the other post-burial rituals, but also to hire professionals, or to bury the deceased in a

4600:

This Jewish tradition to travel to the graveside on the occasion of a Yahrzeit is ancient... said Chabad of Cleveland has planned a series of events to commemorate Schneerson's 20th yahrzeit. They include a six-week Jewish Learning Institute course about the teachings of the Rebbe and an upcoming

2808:

Some Jews believe that strict Jewish law requires that one should fast on the day of a parent's yortseyt; although most believe this is not required, some people do observe the custom of fasting on the day of the yortseyt, or at least refraining from meat and wine. Among many Orthodox Jews it has

2500:

obligation to hold an unveiling ceremony (the ritual became popular in many communities toward the end of the 19th century), there are varying customs about when it should be placed on the grave. Most communities have an unveiling ceremony a year after the death. Some communities have it earlier,

2893:

using the left hand. This shows that someone visited the gravesite, and is also a way of participating in the mitzvah of burial. Leaving flowers is not a traditional Jewish practice. Another reason for leaving stones is to tend the grave. In Biblical times, gravestones were not used; graves were

3585:

for a family member who has left the religious community. Most Jews, especially liberal Jews and Jewish religious communities, however, question the practice, eschewing it as a harsh act that could make it more difficult for the family member to return to traditional practice at a later date.

2953:

In many Sephardic communities, Hashkabóth ("remembrance") prayers are recited for the deceased in the year following death, on the deceased's death anniversary ("nahalah" or "anyos"), and upon request by the deceased's relatives. Some Sephardic communities also recite Hashkabóth for all their

3462:

between 1940 and 1945. Since those tattoos were forced upon the recipients in a situation where any resistance could expect official murder or brutality, their presence is not in any way reflective of any violation of Jewish law on the part of both the living and deceased; rather under these

1678:

is forbidden. Burial is intended to take place in as short an interval of time after death as possible. Displaying of the body prior to burial does not take place. Flowers are usually not found at a traditional Jewish funeral but may be seen at statesmen's or heroes' funerals in Israel.

1631:(with the exception of military and state funerals, when the casket is being carried on the shoulders of others) or in many parts of the Diaspora, especially in Eastern Europe and Arab countries. Instead, the body is carried to the grave (or guided on a gurney) wrapped in a shroud and 3162:

At first a Hassidic custom, at first deriving from making a siyum on the yahrzeit, nowadays practised without one with the intention that the bracha said over the food brings an aliya. Schnapps and baked goods are popularly sponsored, though any kosher food or drink may be used.

1534:

The body is washed carefully. Any bleeding is stopped and all blood is buried along with the deceased. The body is thoroughly cleaned of dirt, body fluids, and solids, and anything else that may be on the skin. All jewelry is removed. The beard (if present) is

3278:

The Hebrew Free Burial Association is a non-profit agency whose mission is to ensure that all Jews receive a proper Jewish burial, regardless of their financial ability. Since 1888, more than 55,000 Jews have been buried by HFBA in their cemeteries located on

3084:

According to Jewish belief, once a person dies, there is no way for them to accrue merit anymore through doing the mitzvot themselves. However, mitzvot done by the people they influenced (e.g. children, students, family, friends) can still bring them merit.

2471:

as part of synagogue services for eleven months. In Orthodox tradition, this is an obligation of the sons (not daughters) as mourners. There remain restrictions on attending festive occasions and large gatherings, especially where live music is performed.

3408:

As Judaism considers suicide to be a form of murder, a Jew who commits suicide is denied some important after-death privileges: No eulogies should be given for the deceased, and burial in the main section of the Jewish cemetery is normally not allowed.

1635:

and placed directly in the earth. In the Diaspora, in general, a casket is only used if required by local law. Traditionally, caskets are simple and made of unfinished wood; both wood with a finish and metal would slow the return of the body to dust

3420:. Under this interpretation, their act of "self-murder" is not deemed to be a voluntary act of self-destruction, but rather the result of an involuntary condition. They have therefore been looked upon as having died of causes beyond their control. 1728:, prior to their return to the land of Israel, maintained an ancient practice during the funeral procession to halt at, at least, seven stations before the actual burial of the dead, beginning from the entrance of the house from whence the 1706:. If the funeral service begins at a point other than at the cemetery, the entourage accompanies the body in a procession to the cemetery. Usually the funeral ceremony is brief and includes the recitation of psalms, followed by a eulogy ( 1795:, or tearing of the garment, except in the case of a parent. In the case of a parent, the tearing of the garment is to be performed no matter how long a period has elapsed between the time of death and the time of receiving the news. 4904: 1908:(supplication prayer) is omitted, it is permitted to deliver a brief eulogy emphasizing only the praise of the departed; the extensive eulogy is postponed, and may be said at another time during the year of mourning. 1743:

2: 14–15, during which obsequies only men and boys thirteen years and older took part, but never women. At these stations, the bier is let down by the pallbearers upon the ground, and those accompanying will recite

2699:

for the next few years, and are then used by families to keep track of when the next yortseyt will be. Mostly the tablets are preprinted and secondarily adapted for the person in question (name and date of death).

3534:

term for traditional mainline Ashkenazi practitioners, meaning 'those who are against', meaning against the changes introduced by Chasidim) movement, in the early-to-mid nineteenth century, some families even sat

2538:

Originally, it was not common practice to place names on tombstones. The general custom for engraving the name of the deceased on the monument is a practice that goes back (only) "the last several hundred years."

4632:

The Ben Ish Chai, a widely respected Sephardic source, refers to "the congregation rises slightly" regarding Barchu, a similar situation, as noted in the prior quote regarding "to stand for Kaddish and Barechu."

1409:

usually consisting of volunteers, men and women, who prepare the deceased for proper Jewish burial. Their job is to ensure that the body of the deceased is shown proper respect, ritually cleansed, and shrouded.

1213:(Jewish Bible) the custom was to tear one's clothes at the moment one heard news of a death. The modern practice is for the close relatives who are the principal mourners to tear their clothing at the funeral. 1425:

of their choice, so that when the time comes, the society will not only attend to the body of the deceased as befits Jewish law, but will also ensure burial in a plot that it controls at an appropriate nearby

2086:

In the 21st century, as space has become scarce in Israeli cemeteries, the ancient practice of burying a person for one year, then exhuming their bones for burial in a smaller plot, has been reestablished.

3315:

In 1902, because of poor environmental conditions due to the unchecked expansion of the oil industry in the area, it was proposed by Congregation B'nai B'rith to secure a new plot of land in what is now

3505:

if the individual actually converted to another faith, and even then, some would make a distinction between those who chose to do so of their own will, and those who were pressured into conversion. (In

2836:

Many synagogues will have lights on a special memorial plaque on one of the synagogue's walls, with names of synagogue members who have died. Each of these lights will be lit for individuals on their

3431:) recognizes that many elements of the mourning ritual exist as much for the living survivors as for the dead, and that these elements ought to be carried out even in the case of the suicide. 1985:

In many traditional funerals, the body, wrapped in a shroud (or casket where used), will be carried from the hearse to the grave in seven stages. These are accompanied by seven recitations of

1756:-like melody, and which verses are followed by one of the party reading certain Midrashic literature and liturgical verse that speaks about death, and which are said to eulogize the deceased. 1710:), and finishes with a traditional closing prayer, the El Maleh Rachamim. The funeral, the procession accompanying the body to the place of burial, and the burial, are referred to by the word 1651:

There is no viewing of the body and no open casket at the funeral. Sometimes the immediate family verify the identity of the deceased and pay their final respects right before the funeral.

2512:

At the end of the ceremony, a cloth or shroud covering that has been placed on the headstone is removed, customarily by close family members. Services include reading of several psalms.

2765:

When an immediate relative (parent, sibling, spouse or child) initially hears of the death of a relative, it is traditional to express one's grief by tearing their clothing and saying "

2545:, prior to their immigration to the Land of Israel, did not place headstones over the graves of the dead, except only on rare occasions, choosing rather to follow the dictum of Rabban 2208:, unless absolutely necessary. (If the date for such an event has already been set prior to the death, it is strictly forbidden for it to be postponed or cancelled.) The occasion of a 1171:

In Judaism, the principal mourners are the first-degree relatives: parent, child, sibling, and spouse. There are some customs that are specific to an individual mourning a parent.

2505:(the first 30 days of mourning). There is no universal restriction about the timing, other than the unveiling cannot be held during Shabbat, (work-restricted) Jewish holidays, or 3154:

The Hebrew name of the deceased is commonly mentioned alongside these acts, or printed in said books or placed on a placard next to consumables – with the exception of kaddish.

2557:, likewise, ruled that it is not permissible to raise headstones over the graves of righteous men, but permits doing so for ordinary men. In contrast, the more recent custom of 1445:

consider it an honor not only to prepare the body for burial but also to dig the grave for a fellow Jew's body, particularly if the deceased was known to be a righteous person.

4998: 4272:

Rabbi Maurice Lamm uses the phrase "the son's recitation of kaddish" in the middle of page 158 and then again in the middle of page 159 of the original/pre-2000 edition online

4033: 2004:

Some have the custom to initially use the shovel "backwards" for the first few shovelfuls. Even among those who do it, some limit this to just the first few participants.

1452:), and organize regular study sessions to remain up to date with the relevant articles of Jewish law. In addition, most burial societies also support families during the 3210: 2683:, of the day of death of a loved one. On the anniversary of a death, it is the custom to light a candle to commemorate the departure of a loved one. These are called 1674:

The Jewish funeral consists of a burial, also known as an interment. Cremation is forbidden. Burial is considered to allow the body to decompose naturally, therefore

2516:

cites (chapters) "33, 16, 17, 72, 91, 104, and 130; then one says Psalm 119 and recites the verses that spell the name of the deceased and the letters of the word

4102: 3497:" if and when one of their relatives would leave the fold of traditional Judaism. The definition of "leaving the fold" varies within communities; some would sit 4169: 4312: 5216: 1780: 2573:(RASHBA) wrote that it is a way of showing honor to the dead. In this manner the custom did spread, especially among the Jews of Spain, North Africa and 3545: 3463:

circumstances it shows adherence to the positive command to preserve innocent life, including one's own, by passively allowing the mark to be applied.

2467:, "twelve months"), counted from the day of death. During this period, most activity returns to normal, although the mourners continue to recite the 2130:

lasts until the burial is over, or, if a mourner is unable to attend the funeral, from the moment he is no longer involved with the funeral itself.

7024: 1174:

Religious laws concerning mourning do not apply to those under thirteen years of age, nor do they apply when the deceased is aged 30 days or less.

4560: 7414: 2480: 1598:) is removed from the shawl to signify that it will no longer be used for prayer and that the person is absolved from having to keep any of the 3540: 1791:

In the instance when a mourner receives the news of the death and burial of a relative after an elapsed period of 30 days or more, there is no

3630:- Fast day on which it has become a custom for some to say Kaddish for those whose yahrzeits are unknown or who were murdered in the Holocaust 1824:, and it is common for several people to speak at the start of the ceremony at the funeral home, as well as prior to burial at the gravesite. 6097: 2569:), is to build tombstones over the grave, seeing it as part of the complete atonement and amendment for those who have died. Likewise, Rabbi 3880: 2695:). They are used both in synagogues and in private contexts. They list the date of death of one person (sometimes several) according to the 2007:

When someone is finished, they put the shovel back in the ground, rather than handing it to the next person, to avoid passing along their

7374: 3064:

is a Jewish memorial prayer that was written in the late 11th Century, after the destruction of the German Jewish communities around the

4612:

The following or similar wording appear in several religious sources: "The prevalent practice among Sepharadim is to sit during Kaddish

3245:

services, and help with the search for missing persons. In the past they have responded in the aftermath of disasters around the world.

5892: 5313: 4271: 2549:

who said: "They do not build monuments (i.e. tombstones) for the righteous. Their words, lo! They are their memorial!" Philosopher and

4558:"At the side of each nameplate, there is a Memorial Light, which is lit each year on the Yahrzeit and for all Yizkor commemorations." 2772:

Shiva is observed by parents, children, spouses and siblings of the deceased, preferably all together in the deceased's home.The main

5249: 4691: 5267:, Jewish Lights/Turner Publishing, 3rd Edition (2017). Fully revised with a new author's preface, epilogue and new guided exercises. 2936:, as well as at funerals and memorials. Customs for reciting the Mourner's Kaddish vary markedly among various communities. In many 1624:

asks forgiveness of the deceased for any inadvertent lack of honor shown to the deceased in the preparation of the body for burial.

5921: 3475:

according to Jewish law. (See that article for a discussion of precisely what actions and motivations render a Jew an "apostate.")

3108:)) of a person who passed away, even for a stranger. Though not limited to any mitzvah, Aliyos (elevation) are often done through: 1321: 1305: 4595: 4040: 7420: 4282:

Artscroll has substantiation, including not carrying out a father's wish when there are daughters and not sons, on pp.359–360 of

1808:. Children of the deceased may never sew the torn clothes, but any other mourner may mend the clothing 30 days after the burial. 1313: 3581:, particularly the more strictly observant ones (such as many Haredi and Hasidic communities), maintain the practice of sitting 2237: 6520: 5974: 2288:

low stools or even the floor, symbolic of the emotional reality of being "brought low" by the grief. The meal of consolation (

6515: 5394: 4677: 4663:

The Artscroll Siddur specifically mentions other titles, "Mitzad Avi.. MiTzad Imi" = on my father's side, on my mother's side

2436:

in their name. A popular custom amongst Orthodox Jews is to coordinate a group of people who will jointly study the complete

1421:, and they often own their own burial plots in various local cemeteries. Some Jews pay an annual token membership fee to the 584: 4820: 2015:

because it is one for which the beneficiary—the deceased—can offer no repayment or gratitude and thus it is a pure gesture.

5513: 4955: 2338:

There are various customs as to what to say when taking leave of the mourner(s). One of the most common is to say to them:

2150: 1592:) during their life, one is laid in the casket for wrapping the body once it is placed therein. One of the corner fringes ( 942: 6424: 4106: 3265: 6535: 6530: 5954: 5183: 987: 7565: 7347: 6224: 5859: 4804: 3948: 3669: 6375: 6229: 4774: 4746: 4490: 4293: 4177: 3750: 3566:). By the mid-twentieth century, however, Hasidism was recognized by most traditional Ashkenazim as a valid form of 3214: 3203: 2886:

During the first year the grave is often visited on the shloshim, and the yartzeit (but may be visited at any time).

1489:

is used to refer both to the overall process of burial preparation, and to the specific step of ritual purification.

1098: 2001:

and that this use of the shovel is different from all other uses, to throw three shovelfuls of dirt into the grave.

1448:

Many burial societies hold one or two annual fast days, especially the 7th day of Adar, Yartzeit of Moshe Rabbeinu (

6284: 6192: 4884: 4719:

The OU is more detailed but ends on "one should follow one's own family minhag or the practice of one's community."

3690: 3649:- National day of remembrance in Israel for those who died in service of Israel or were killed in terrorist attacks 3293: 3221:, officially recognized by the government. The organization was founded in 1989. Members of ZAKA, most of whom are 2926: 2444:

period. This is due to the fact that "Mishnah" (משנה) and "Neshamah" (נשמה), soul, have the same (Hebrew) letters.

1917: 1989:. There is a symbolic pause after each stage (which are omitted on days when a eulogy would also not be recited.) 1437:

are available, then it is additionally the function of the male society members to ensure that graves are dug. In

7560: 7449: 6643: 2432:(commandments) performed in their memory, it is considered a special privilege to bring merit to the departed by 6325: 5885: 5233: 3439:

is considered a result of a lack of understanding ("da'at"), and in such a case, regular mourning is observed.

3403: 3309: 3273: 3230: 2990:; if one is unable to be with a minyan, one can recite it without one. These four Yizkor services are held on 2314:

25:34); it is traditionally stated that Jacob was cooking the lentils soon after the death of his grandfather

1804:

period, they must tear the changed clothes. No other family member is required to tear changed clothes during

7426: 6747: 4208: 3835: 17: 4635: 3852: 7489: 7357: 7352: 6540: 6525: 6289: 6244: 5989: 4640:

As for Orthodox Ashkenaz practice, "Some rise partially when the words Amen, yehei shemei rabba are said."

3455: 3359: 3334: 3317: 2602: 960: 7454: 7439: 6320: 6180: 5551: 3641: 2861: 385: 2703:

Non-Ashkenazi communities use other names for the anniversary of a death. The commemoration is known in

2386:

are organized in the house of mourning. It is customary for the family to lead the services themselves.

1778:‎) in an outer garment before or at the funeral. The tearing is required to extend in length to a 7570: 7408: 7302: 6953: 6847: 6555: 6488: 6049: 5939: 4650:

These agree with a TALK PAGE comment regarding saying "Amen, YeHay ShMay...," that there are those who

4564: 2986:

The Yizkor prayers are recited four times a year, and are intended to be recited in a synagogue with a

171: 75: 4642: 4596:"Remembering the Lubavitcher Rebbe On 20th yahrzeit, Rabbi Schneerson still making an impact in world" 7524: 7464: 7362: 7342: 7212: 7137: 6997: 6864: 6550: 6510: 5878: 5508: 5387: 2367:

Depending on their community's customs, others may also add such wishes as: "You should have no more

191: 134: 1846:

it is both for the deceased and the living, and should appropriately praise the person's good deeds.

1836: 1637: 7444: 7275: 6574: 6449: 5543: 3866: 3799: 3459: 3261: 3171:

Most Jewish communities of size have non-profit organizations that maintain cemeteries and provide

2277: 1247:– generally the day when the news is heard; before burial. A mourner in this period is known as an 1052: 950: 673: 3412:

In recent times, most people who die by suicide have been deemed to be the unfortunate victims of

3343:, once death has been clearly established, provided that instructions have been left in a written 2214:

is typically an exception to this rule, but with restrictions that differ according to tradition.

1582:) (if there is one) is prepared by removing any linings or other embellishments. A winding sheet ( 7397: 7386: 6980: 6901: 6606: 6505: 6444: 6330: 6303: 5366: 5066: 4848: 3888: 3684: 3363: 3280: 2352: 2201: 2049: 1975: 1931: 201: 101: 4523: 4461: 2159:(phylacteries), in order to be able to tend unhindered to the funeral arrangements. However the 7433: 7403: 6466: 5639: 5611: 1042: 5265:

Mourning and Mitzvah: A Guided Journal for Walking the Mourner's Path Through Grief to Healing

4794: 2833:("celebratory meal"), upon the completion of such a study, overrides the requirement to fast. 2163:

is still obligated in commandments that forbid an action (such as not violating the Shabbat).

2011:

to other mourners. This literal participation in the burial is considered a particularly good

7459: 7380: 7162: 6869: 6752: 6493: 6483: 6476: 6461: 6347: 5533: 5361: 4738: 4480: 2546: 2294:), the first meal eaten on returning from the funeral, traditionally consists of hard-boiled 1091: 1047: 965: 3687:(disambiguation page), Hebrew word for heritage or estate widely used for toponyms in Israel 1586:) is laid into the casket. Outside the Land of Israel, if the deceased wore a prayer shawl ( 7494: 7484: 6987: 5959: 5649: 5380: 5138: 4127: 3636:- National day of remembrance in Israel (and by many Jews worldwide) for those murdered in 3340: 2777: 1702:. In the case of a prominent individual, the funeral service can begin at a synagogue or a 1022: 955: 110: 5246: 4843: 4618: 2889:

Even when visiting Jewish graves of someone that the visitor never knew, the custom is to

1309:– tearing. Timing varies by custom. At times deferred to funeral chapel or at the cemetery 8: 7142: 7110: 7036: 6945: 6891: 6498: 6298: 6032: 5997: 5482: 5198: 4699: 4365:

Another possible list is: (1, 23, 24, 103). Different communities have different customs.

3599: 3413: 3233:, road accidents and other disasters and, where necessary, gather body parts and spilled 1271: 1160: 977: 668: 441: 277: 4506: 1736:, (lit. "Standing and Sitting"), or "seven standings and sittings," and is mentioned in 1548:

or by pouring a continuous stream of 9 kavim (usually 3 buckets) in a prescribed manner.

7474: 7469: 7280: 7002: 6879: 6874: 6859: 6829: 6782: 6705: 6611: 6471: 6044: 5949: 5916: 4070: 3674: 3196: 2761:

Jews are required to commemorate the death of parents, siblings, spouses, or children.

2284:". During this period, mourners traditionally gather in one home and receive visitors. 1366:– watching or guarding of the body until burial, to ensure it is not left unaccompanied 1037: 367: 181: 144: 36: 6757: 6633: 5168: 3435:

is given and regular burial and mourning rituals take place. Lastly, the suicide of a

3175:

services for those in need. They are often formed out of a synagogue's women's group.

3032:

has passed. This practice is a custom and historically not regarded to be obligatory.

7258: 7189: 7071: 7056: 6839: 6710: 6675: 5964: 5284: 4800: 4770: 4742: 4731: 4486: 4289: 3971: 3920: 3916: 3746: 3664: 3036: 3015: 2890: 2844:

service. Some synagogues will also turn on all the lights for memorial days, such as

2676: 2570: 1788:

in a small black ribbon that is pinned to the lapel rather than in the lapel itself.

1682:

In Israel, the Jewish funeral service usually commences at the burial ground. In the

1613:, if available, is placed over various parts of the body and sprinkled in the casket. 1509: 1370: 460: 255: 163: 2840:(and in some synagogues, the entire Hebrew month). All the lights will be lit for a 1982:, opposite Beth Peor. No man knows the place that he was buried, even to this day." 1722:

conveys the suggestion of a commonality among the souls of the living and the dead.

1605:

The body is lifted into the casket and wrapped in the prayer shawl and sheet. Soil (

7324: 7292: 7253: 7224: 7207: 7157: 6958: 6767: 6700: 6653: 6601: 6569: 6560: 6545: 6419: 6394: 6370: 6254: 6185: 6102: 5969: 5796: 5629: 5556: 5169:"What's the Truth about ... a Jew with a Tattoo Being Buried in a Jewish Cemetery?" 4389: 3965: 3700: 3567: 3482: 3472: 3348: 3222: 2941: 2901:

The tradition to travel to the graveside on the occasion of a Yahrzeit is ancient.

2746: 2640: 2590: 2550: 2527: 2205: 1599: 1084: 746: 645: 381: 342: 327: 83: 58: 4654:– meaning that they are not actually fully sitting, but neither are they standing. 3026:

Yizkor is customarily not said within the first year of mourning, until the first

1163:. The details of observance and practice vary according to each Jewish community. 7234: 7229: 7041: 6968: 6801: 6772: 6695: 6685: 6648: 6623: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6414: 6409: 6399: 6384: 6175: 6092: 6059: 6017: 6007: 5849: 5829: 5684: 5415: 5253: 3695: 3609: 3507: 3494: 3428: 3193: 2995: 2933: 2922: 2898:), so by placing (or replacing) them, one perpetuated the existence of the site. 2845: 2789: 2721: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2614: 2484:

Headstones in the Hebrew Lot, Rose Hill Cemetery, Macon, Bibb County, GA, c.1877.

2456: 2426:

Since Judaism teaches that a deceased person can still benefit from the merit of

2406: 2383: 2311: 2298:

and other round or oblong foods. This is often credited to the Biblical story of

2261: 2232: 2181: 2119: 2032:

The family of deceased may then be comforted by other mourners with the formula:

2026: 1886: 1800: 1505: 1459: 1454: 1427: 1398: 1255: 1122: 982: 890: 784: 337: 129: 94: 4963: 4334: 4084: 3951:. Jewish Cemetery Association of Massachusetts (JCAM). Accessed 31 October 2020. 2691:". In order to keep track of the yortseyt, special time boards are used (German 7538: 7513: 7334: 7241: 7199: 7179: 7167: 7147: 7061: 7051: 7019: 7012: 6992: 6963: 6935: 6930: 6896: 6806: 6730: 6720: 6658: 6456: 6404: 6315: 6310: 6072: 6067: 6002: 5931: 5824: 5581: 5523: 5312:, Jonathan David Publishers, 2000. Available in print; also available for free 5091: 4867: 4826: 4545: 4531: 4308: 3659: 3627: 3526:

for her and generally refers to her as "dead.") At the height of the so called

3417: 3352: 3305: 3006:(the second day of Shavuot, in communities that observe Shavuot for two days). 2870: 2717: 2672: 2513: 2419: 2018:

Some have a custom, once the grave is filled, to make a rounded topping shape.

1891: 1610: 1501: 1406: 1393: 1281: 1189: 1112: 1072: 846: 641: 530: 436: 332: 208: 196: 139: 122: 89: 4233: 2289: 7554: 7307: 7152: 7079: 6886: 6820: 6793: 6742: 6690: 6663: 6638: 6628: 6389: 6335: 6269: 6249: 6239: 6234: 6207: 6153: 6082: 6027: 5705: 5596: 5518: 5420: 5342:

A Time to Mourn, A Time to Comfort: A Guide to Jewish Bereavement and Comfort

5014: 5000: 4920: 4906: 4527: 4348: 4012: 3646: 3637: 3595: 3578: 3367: 3301: 3061: 3056: 3040: 2968: 2875: 2562: 2542: 2423:(religious festive meal). Men do not shave or get haircuts during this time. 2325:, family and friends come to visit or call on the mourners to comfort them (" 2141:) is considered to be in a state of total shock and disorientation. Thus the 1725: 1683: 1566: 1497: 898: 813: 322: 222: 186: 52: 4376: 3975: 3800:"Jewish Funeral Guide – Jewish Burial Society – Chevra Kadisha – חברה קדישא" 2856: 1923: 1239:– mourning. There are different levels, based on who is mourned and timing: 7287: 7084: 7046: 7007: 6596: 6340: 6279: 6259: 6219: 6202: 6170: 6158: 6119: 6037: 6012: 5806: 5440: 5279:

A Plain Pine Box: A Return to Simple Jewish Funerals and Eternal Traditions

5272:

Saying Kaddish: How to Comfort the Dying, Bury the Dead, and Mourn as a Jew

4427: 3961: 3551: 3515: 3308:). In 1968, a plaque was installed at the original site, identifying it as 2801: 2558: 2107: 2022: 1869: 1853:

Some people specify in their wills that nothing should be said about them.

1691: 1564:) is wrapped around the clothing and tied in the form of the Hebrew letter 1032: 1027: 972: 851: 756: 716: 663: 617: 421: 230: 4984: 3766: 1259:– seven days, from the Hebrew word for "seven". Begins with day of burial. 1206:("Blessed are You, Lord, our God, King of the universe, the True Judge.") 7297: 6812: 6737: 6715: 6618: 6212: 6141: 6136: 6124: 6114: 5644: 5435: 5430: 4409: 4144: 3908: 3633: 3559: 3436: 3371: 3344: 3297: 3065: 2506: 2433: 2245: 1434: 1182:

Upon receiving the news of the death, the following blessing is recited:

658: 115: 4128:"Jewish Funeral Guide – Jewish Funeral Services – לוויה – Eulogy – הספד" 3994:

Sefer Mishneh Torah – HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)

3927:

26a), the words of Rabbi Menahem, the son of Rabbi Yosi, ibid. See also

3020: 2342:הַמָּקוֹם יְנַחֵם אֶתְכֶם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁאָר אֲבֵלֵי צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלָיִם 2039:הַמָּקוֹם יְנַחֵם אֶתְכֶם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁאָר אֲבֵלֵי צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלָיִם 1861:

Eulogies are forbidden on certain days; likewise on a Friday afternoon.

1473:

There are three major stages to preparing the body for burial: washing (

64: 7391: 7098: 6680: 6274: 6022: 5944: 5720: 5425: 3989: 3605: 3519: 3479: 2991: 2954:

deceased members on Yom Kippur, even those who died many years before.

2879: 2554: 2295: 2210: 1876: 1572: 1556: 903: 653: 446: 241: 4262:

Ben Yehoyada to Sanhedrin 42a and Aruch HaShulchan, Yoreh Deah, 376:13

3867:"OzTorah » Blog Archive » Flowers on graves – Ask the Rabbi" 3256: 1718:

also indicates "joining" and "bonding." This aspect of the meaning of

7312: 6777: 6668: 6579: 6197: 6131: 5115:

Yesodei Smachos (p. 38 in 1978 edition), citing Gesher HaChaim, 28:9.

4863: 4156: 4034:"Guide for Jewish Funeral Practices – Washington Hebrew Congregation" 3598:- A day of mourning for the destruction of both the First and Second 3574:

for those who realign to Hasidism almost completely ceased to exist.

3527: 3386: 3238: 3226: 3200:

abbr. for Zihui Korbanot Asson lit. "Identifying Victims of Disaster"

3150:

Saying of brachos on food and drink, or sponsoring said food (Tikkun)

2937: 2785: 2489: 2360: 2057: 1839:

uses the word "Lispod" from which is derived the Hebrew term Hesped.

1699: 1675: 1418: 871: 570: 416: 393: 6148: 2455:

Those mourning a parent additionally observe a twelve-month period (

1944:, or burial, should take place as soon as possible after death. The 7031: 6973: 6918: 6913: 6584: 5870: 5844: 5781: 5689: 5674: 5669: 5654: 5571: 5472: 5321:

So That Your Values Live On – Ethical Wills and How to Prepare Them

4769:. Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Publishers, Inc. p. 198. 4615:

for Kaddish and Barechu (Rav David Yosef, Halachah Berurah (56:17).

4221: 3531: 3486: 3028: 2999: 2622: 2585: 2574: 2497: 2269: 2155: 2102: 1986: 1905: 1703: 1695: 1378: 1342: 1263: 1136: 928: 913: 876: 866: 861: 726: 612: 565: 551: 408: 357: 176: 149: 4901:

The original cemetery land is at Lilac Terrace and Lookout Drive (

4526:

where Rabbi Yirmiyohu Kaganoff Shlita finds references to this in

2577:. Today, in Israel, all Jewish graves are marked with headstones. 2496:(Hebrew: "pillar", "statue", or "monument"). Although there is no 2044:

Hamakom y'nachem etkhem b'tokh sha'ar avelei tziyon viyrushalayim.

1658:"watchers" to stay with the deceased. It is traditional to recite 1462:, preparing meals, and providing other services for the mourners. 1382:– Yiddish for anniversary of the (Hebrew / Jewish) date of passing 7246: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7103: 6923: 6908: 6852: 6787: 6762: 6725: 6589: 6264: 6163: 6087: 5979: 5905: 5834: 5786: 5771: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5737: 5725: 5679: 5621: 5591: 5586: 5528: 5487: 5125: 4737:(Revised ed.). New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. p. 4023:– says "The service .. begins with the cutting of a black ribbon" 3928: 3679: 3617: 3447: 3390: 3382: 3125: 3069: 3003: 2915: 2818: 2773: 2648: 2468: 2437: 2428: 2346:

Hamakom y'nachem etkhem b'tokh sha'ar avelei tziyon viyrushalayim

2331: 2315: 2307: 2197: 2146: 2012: 1828: 1737: 1655: 1594: 1362: 1297: 1156: 1147: 1012: 918: 836: 741: 731: 686: 546: 541: 512: 500: 468: 347: 314: 298: 293: 283: 246: 44: 5450: 4601:

Shabbaton with a scholar-in-residence to promote his teachings.

4332:

There is also a known restriction regarding the month of Nisan:

2609: 2597: 1732:

is taken, to the graveyard itself. This has come to be known as

7317: 7184: 7120: 5854: 5839: 5801: 5791: 5776: 5761: 5747: 5732: 5710: 5634: 5606: 5601: 5576: 5566: 5561: 5492: 5477: 4932:

Hebrew Benevolent Society – Site of first Jewish cemetery in LA

4636:"The Obligation to Stand While Kaddish and Barechu are Recited" 3621: 3613: 3490: 3451: 3424: 3355:

Jews may need to consult their rabbis on a case-by-case basis.

3242: 3218: 3073: 2987: 2963: 2841: 2814: 2793: 2781: 2704: 2522: 1962: 1935: 1880: 1821: 1687: 1659: 1628: 1588: 1544: 1493: 1438: 1289: 1243: 1235: 1210: 1192: 1141: 1017: 908: 856: 841: 831: 826: 799: 794: 777: 751: 736: 721: 696: 691: 607: 560: 535: 517: 431: 426: 403: 362: 352: 288: 265: 260: 5372: 4593: 1798:

If a child of the deceased needs to change clothes during the

7268: 7263: 7217: 7172: 7093: 7088: 6352: 6107: 6077: 5715: 5664: 5659: 4619:

This quote is from a widely circulated Sephardic periodical,

4085:"Jewish Law – Articles – Understanding The Mitzvah of Hesped" 4055:

says – "Among Conservative and Reform Jews, a black ribbon is

3539:

if a family member joined the Hasidim. (It is said that when

3511: 3234: 2895: 2810: 2501:

even a week after the burial. In Israel it is done after the

2379:(good tidings) from each other" or "I wish you a long life". 2299: 2193: 2008: 1994: 1971: 1956: 1946: 1898: 1832: 1753: 1645: 1449: 1152: 923: 821: 770: 763: 627: 622: 602: 597: 592: 507: 495: 490: 485: 478: 473: 398: 270: 236: 5217:"Can a person with a tattoo be buried in a Jewish cemetery?" 5092:"HUNDREDS OF ORTHODOX RABBIS CARRY ORGAN DONOR CARDS – HODS" 3501:

if a family member married a non-Jew; others would only sit

2601:

Early 20th-century Yahrzeit table, in the collection of the

2593:

lit in memory of a loved one on the anniversary of the death

2530:". The service may include a brief eulogy for the deceased. 7367: 5901: 4543:".. during the month of the Yahrzeit. (Chabad of Commerce) 3286: 3187: 2973: 2356: 2303: 2200:, and does not attend any joyous events or parties such as 2053: 1998: 1979: 1954:

Respect for the dead can be seen from many examples in the

1729: 1007: 522: 5335:

What Happens After I Die? Jewish Views of Life After Death

4767:

The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning, Revised and Expanded

3817: 3478:

In the past several centuries, the custom developed among

1978:

buries him: " buried him in the depression in the land of

1542:

The body is purified with water, either by immersion in a

1527:) is uncovered (it has been covered with a sheet awaiting 1301:– said by a mourner (or by someone else, on behalf of ...) 1203:

Barukh atah Adonai Eloheinu melekh ha'olam, dayan ha-emet.

5457: 1654:

From death until burial, it is traditional for guards or

5349:

Making Loss Matter – Creating Meaning in Difficult Times

3562:, did not. It is also said that Leibel Eiger came to be 3366:

communities, especially with the support of rabbis like

3266:

Hebrew Free Burial Association's Mount Richmond Cemetery

3248: 1275:– mourning period of twelve months for a deceased parent 5199:"Skin Deep: For Some Jews, It Only Sounds Like 'Taboo'" 5044: 4313:

Dictionary of Targumim, Talmud and Midrashic Literature

2868:

Some have a custom to visit the cemetery on fast days (

1644:

metal; the wood parts of the casket are joined by wood

2447: 5344:, Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock, Vermont. 1996. 4643:"Guide to Minhag Ashkenaz – Machon Moreshes Ashkenaz" 3881:"The Jewish Funeral Ceremony – Brooklyn Funeral Home" 4594:

WITTENBERG, CJN Staff Reporter, Ed (June 27, 2014).

4445:

Questions & Responsa of Rabbi Shelomo ben Aderet

4234:"Genesis 25 / Hebrew – English Bible / Mechon-Mamre" 3970:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ahavat Shalom. p. 425. 3283:, Silver Lake Cemetery and Mount Richmond Cemetery. 2732: 2520:.". This is followed by the Mourner's Kaddish (if a 1554:

The body is dressed in traditional burial clothing (

3996:(in Hebrew). Vol. 7. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah. 3570:, and thus the (controversial) practice of sitting 2864:

in Jerusalem is piled with stones left by visitors.

1177: 4841: 4730: 3514:, when the title character's daughter converts to 2627: 2397:The thirty-day period following burial (including 1111:"Onen" redirects here. For people named Onen, see 4253:(page 330, Pnai Baruch) = "an additional 23 days" 3118:Dissemination of Torah learning and other mitzvot 2716:"legacy, inheritance". This term is used by most 2417:, a mourner is forbidden to marry or to attend a 7552: 5184:"Burying a Tattooed Person in a Jewish Cemetery" 1856: 1325:– funeral service. The word means "escort(ing)." 2796:. The customs are first discussed in detail in 1842:There is more than one purpose for the eulogy. 1465: 1349: 4987:. Los Angeles, CA: Home of Peace Memorial Park 4821:"How Does Tzedakah Given L'Ilui Nishmas Work?" 4671: 4669: 3947:Jewish Cemetery, Burial and Mourning Customs: 3323: 3178: 3166: 3128:. The same letters that spell the Hebrew word 3019:, in which God is asked to remember and grant 1698:. Occasionally the service will commence at a 1551:The body is dried (according to most customs). 5886: 5388: 4692:"Yizkor: A four part guide – Shimon Apisdorf" 3934:4:14, where it states: "They do not perform 3076:, and also at the end of the Yizkor service. 2932:) or the "Mourner's" Kaddish, is said at all 2475: 2149:that require action (and attention), such as 2052:will comfort you (pl.) among the mourners of 1966:. For example, one of the last events in the 1515:The general sequence of steps for performing 1092: 4760: 4758: 4729:Birnbaum, Philip (1975). "El Male Rahamim". 4013:" "Jewish Funeral Customs – Funeralwise.com" 3960: 3142: 3133: 3103: 3097: 2708: 2268:, "seven"), a week-long period of grief and 2073: 2042: 1690:, the funeral service commences either at a 1458:(traditional week of mourning) by arranging 1201: 1186: 7375:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 4799:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 461. 4666: 3767:"#34 Death & Mourning | tamid nyc" 3736: 3734: 3732: 3466: 3377: 3362:, organ donation has become more common in 3157: 2741:"years". Persian Jews refer to this day as 1492:Prayers and readings from Torah, including 5893: 5879: 5395: 5381: 5196: 5166: 4788: 4786: 3988: 3847: 3845: 3043:custom there is no Yizkor prayer, but the 2904: 1904:A more general guideline is that when the 1332: 1267:– 30 days, starting from the day of burial 1099: 1085: 4962:. Vol. 1, no. 3. Archived from 4874:a young married friend who died childless 4792: 4755: 3794: 3792: 3740: 3404:Religious views of suicide § Judaism 3124:Personal study and review, especially of 2851: 2389: 1417:in urban areas are affiliated with local 1218: 5922:Index of Jewish history-related articles 5296:Chesed Shel Emet: Guidelines for Taharah 4835: 4728: 4478: 4283: 3729: 3726:, Ktav Publishing House, 1979, page 286. 3287:Hebrew Benevolent Society of Los Angeles 3255: 3079: 2967: 2894:marked with mounds of stones (a kind of 2855: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2479: 2375:(celebrations)" or "we should hear only 2355:comfort you (pl.) among the mourners of 2236: 2101: 1922: 1766:The mourners traditionally make a tear ( 7421:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 6058: 4949: 4947: 4783: 4472: 3842: 3778: 3776: 3718: 3716: 3558:, but his grandfather, the famed Rabbi 2882:(581:4, 605), when possible, and for a 2080:From heaven above may you be comforted. 14: 7553: 5152:"The Jewish Way in Death and Burial". 5047:. Jewish Family Service of Los Angeles 5045:"Jewish Family Service of Los Angeles" 4406:Mishne Torah of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon 3789: 3589: 3300:at Lilac Terrace and Lookout Drive in 3088:For this reason, Jews will do mitzvot 2580: 1640:). Strictly-observant practice avoids 5874: 5376: 5328:Jewish Insights on Death and Mourning 5181: 4953: 4844:"The Mesorah Of Rabbi Meir Zlotowitz" 4722: 4206: 3949:"Kriah" or Rending a Garment in Grief 3358:Since 2001, with the founding of the 3237:for proper burial. They also provide 3207:Hessed shel Emet lit. "True Kindness" 3047:serve a similar role in the service. 2371:(distress)" or "You should have only 2223: 2025:prayer may be recited affirming that 1620:After the closing of the casket, the 1374:– purification (by water) of the body 5900: 5333:Syme, Daniel B. and Sonsino, Rifat, 5310:The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning 5303:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice 4944: 4764: 3810: 3784:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice 3773: 3724:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice 3713: 3138:) spell the Hebrew word for "soul", 3068:by Crusaders. It is recited on many 2909: 2329:calls"). This is considered a great 2220:consists of three distinct periods. 4842:Rabbi Yair Hoffman (29 June 2017). 4584:Talmud Bavli, Masechet Moe'ed Katan 3919:: Jerusalem 1982, pp. 250–251; cf. 3550:joined Hasidism, his father, Rabbi 3143: 3134: 3104: 3098: 2750: 2709: 2644: 1916:For historical burial customs, see 1402: 24: 7368:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7348:American Jewish Historical Society 5330:, Syracuse University Press, 2002. 5291:, Jonathan David Publishers, 1993. 5239: 5197:Torgovnick, Kate (July 17, 2008). 4377:"From GESHER HAHAYYIM, Chapter 28" 3836:"Death & Mourning: The Basics" 3670:Honorifics for the dead in Judaism 3328: 2825:, in the honor of the deceased. A 2567:Shaʿar Ha-Mitzvot, Parashat Vayeḥi 1669: 25: 7582: 5355: 5323:, Jewish Lights Publishing, 1991. 5136: 4284:Goldberg, Chaim Binyamin (1991). 3938:with less than ten persons, etc." 3853:"Death & Mourning: Soul Talk" 3215:community emergency response team 2725: 1993:of up, to show the antithesis of 1386: 7532: 7519: 7518: 5456: 5449: 5064: 4349:"What happens at an "Unveiling"" 4068: 3691:Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel 3050: 2891:place a small stone on the grave 2874:Orach Chayim 559:10) and before 2769:" ("blessed is the true judge"). 2756: 2651:. Alternative spellings include 1918:Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel 1178:Upon receiving news of the death 1151:(commandments) derived from the 1066: 63: 57: 51: 5402: 5289:The Jewish Mourners Book of Why 5209: 5190: 5175: 5167:Zivotofsky, Ari (13 May 2010). 5160: 5145: 5130: 5118: 5109: 5084: 5067:"Beating the Organ Donor Taboo" 5058: 5037: 4977: 4895: 4877: 4856: 4813: 4713: 4684: 4657: 4626: 4606: 4587: 4578: 4552: 4537: 4516: 4499: 4454: 4438: 4419: 4399: 4383: 4368: 4359: 4341: 4335:"Visiting Cemeteries In Nissan" 4326: 4317: 4302: 4276: 4265: 4256: 4244: 4226: 4215: 4200: 4191: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4120: 4095: 4077: 4062: 4026: 4005: 3982: 3954: 3941: 3902: 3873: 3229:crews, identify the victims of 3112:Kaddish (on the mourner's part) 2526:is available), and the prayer " 2302:purchasing the birthright from 2192:("mourner") does not listen to 2114:The first stage of mourning is 7440:Relations with other religions 5305:, Ktav Publishing House, 1979. 5281:, Ktav Publishing House, 2003. 4796:Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide 4678:"Yizkor – The Memorial Prayer" 4103:"Rabbi Herschel Schacter zt"l" 4071:"Death & Mourning: Keriah" 3859: 3828: 3759: 3493:Jews), that the family would " 3310:California Historical Landmark 3274:Hebrew Free Burial Association 3250:Hebrew Free Burial Association 3102:, sometimes abbreviated LI"N ( 3023:to the souls of the departed. 2151:praying and reciting blessings 1868:each month's Jewish New Moon ( 1405:"sacred society") is a Jewish 13: 1: 7427:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 4985:"Home of Peace Memorial Park" 4960:Western States Jewish History 4512:. Rhodes Jewish Museum. 2013. 3706: 3090:for the elevation of the soul 2948: 2720:, although some use the term 2561:, following the teachings of 7358:Leo Baeck Institute New York 7353:American Sephardi Federation 4954:Cohen, Thomas (April 1969). 4482:Sephardi Religious Responses 4479:Stillman, Norman A. (1995). 4132:www.jewish-funeral-guide.com 3804:www.jewish-funeral-guide.com 3471:There is no mourning for an 3360:Halachic Organ Donor Society 3335:Organ donation in Jewish law 2813:by completing a tractate of 2733: 2647:) means "time (of) year" in 2603:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 2533: 7: 6181:Constantinopolitan Karaites 5139:"Cremation – Ask the Rabbi" 5026:Home of Piece Memorial Park 3653: 3642:Righteous Among the Nations 3324:Controversy following death 3167:Communal responses to death 2809:become customary to make a 2543:Jewish communities in Yemen 2176:is immediately followed by 2090: 2074: 2070:מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם תְּנוּחָמוּ 2043: 1811: 1752:," etc., said in a doleful 1202: 1166: 10: 7587: 7409:National Library of Israel 6050:Zionism, race and genetics 5298:, EKS Publishing Co, 2003. 5227: 4870:, authored the first book 4793:Eisenberg, Ronald (2010). 3741:Silverman, Morris (1984). 3442: 3401: 3397: 3332: 3271: 3185: 3054: 3009:The primary prayer in the 2961: 2913: 2860:The grave of rabbi-singer 2620: 2492:(tombstone) is known as a 2476:Unveiling of the tombstone 2230: 2145:is exempt from performing 2067:In Sephardic communities: 2036:In Ashkenazi communities: 1951:cemetery of their choice. 1915: 1575:, one of the names of God. 1350:Unveiling of the tombstone 1110: 7566:Cultural aspects of death 7507: 7363:Yeshiva University Museum 7343:Center for Jewish History 7333: 7198: 7070: 6944: 6838: 6369: 5988: 5930: 5912: 5815: 5698: 5620: 5542: 5501: 5465: 5447: 5408: 4733:A Book of Jewish Concepts 4598:. Cleveland Jewish News. 4485:. Routledge. p. 12. 4323:Mourning in Halacha, 42:8 3620:- The four days on which 3427:(in Semakhot, one of the 2957: 2940:synagogues, particularly 2780:at least three times, at 2571:Shelomo b. Avraham Aderet 2244:("The mourning days") by 2166: 2095: 2075:Min Hashamayim te'nuchamu 1928:Jewish funeral in Vilnius 1911: 1775: 1759: 1346:– monument or tombstone. 1187: 1127: 27:Jewish mourning practices 5955:Ancient Israel and Judah 4885:"Joint Tehillim Reading" 4675:Chabad mentions this at 3467:Death of an apostate Jew 3460:Nazi concentration camps 3378:Jewish view of cremation 3262:Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 3158:Tikkun (sponsoring food) 2821:on the day prior to the 2126:, "intense mourning")." 1890:("intermediate days" of 1627:Caskets are not used in 1477:), ritual purification ( 1335:, sometimes abbreviated 6331:North African Sephardim 6304:Jewish tribes of Arabia 5367:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5274:. Schocken Books, 1999. 4849:Five Towns Jewish Times 4374:Gesher HaChaim, Ch. 28 3281:Staten Island, New York 3260:Tombstone of victim of 2930:lit. "Orphan's Kaddish" 2905:Memorial through prayer 1139:") is a combination of 7561:Bereavement in Judaism 7434:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7404:Jewish Virtual Library 4765:Lamm, Maurice (2000). 4696:www.shimonapisdorf.com 4170:"Navigating the Bible" 3967:Sefer Halachot Pesukot 3885:www.shermanschapel.com 3743:Prayers of Consolation 3364:modern orthodox Jewish 3269: 3121:Joint Tehillim Reading 2977: 2972:Remembrance plaque in 2865: 2852:Visiting the gravesite 2671:. The word is used by 2628:Anniversary of death ( 2618: 2617:(Switzerland), 1830. 2606: 2594: 2485: 2249: 2111: 1938: 1875:the four days between 1864:Some other times are: 1219:Terminology and timing 1119:Bereavement in Judaism 7381:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7163:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 6348:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 6098:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 5514:Prayers and blessings 3822:Chevra Kadisha Sydney 3745:. Media Judaica Inc. 3450:(Jewish law) forbids 3385:(Jewish law) forbids 3294:first Jewish cemetery 3259: 3080:Elevation of the soul 2998:, on the last day of 2971: 2859: 2737:, or, less commonly, 2612: 2600: 2588: 2483: 2278:English-speaking Jews 2240: 2106:Yiskor for Herzl, by 2105: 1926: 1714:meaning "escorting." 1616:The casket is closed. 1466:Preparing the body – 1333:elevation of the soul 5960:Second Temple period 5650:Weekly Torah reading 5277:Goodman, Arnold M., 5154:Chabad International 4921:34.0691°N 118.2411°W 4530:and the writings of 4286:Mourning in Halachah 4222:Kvurat Eretz Yisrael 3341:Jewish denominations 3180:Zihui Korbanot Asson 2767:baruch dayan ha-emet 2613:Yahrtzeitlicht from 2413:, "thirty"). During 1897:during the month of 1666:) during this time. 1195:מלך העולם, דיין האמת 7398:Jewish Encyclopedia 7143:Hekhalot literature 6954:Religious movements 6489:Judeo-Tripolitanian 5483:Bar and bat mitzvah 5182:Schreiber, Azriel. 5010: / 4916: / 4889:Tehillim-online.com 4466:Jewish Encyclopedia 4207:Goldstein, Zalman. 3640:as well as for the 3600:Temple in Jerusalem 3590:Days of remembrance 2817:or a volume of the 2774:halakhic obligation 2679:, according to the 2581:Annual remembrances 2465:shneim asar chodesh 2449:Shneim asar chodesh 2252:The first stage of 2206:bar or bat mitzvahs 1857:Days of "no eulogy" 1746:Hatzur Tamim Pe'ulo 1648:rather than nails. 1272:Shneim asar chodesh 1161:rabbinic literature 978:Abrahamic religions 877:Selichot (S'lichot) 669:Bar and bat mitzvah 172:Principles of faith 7539:Judaism portal 7475:Jews and Halloween 7470:Jews and Christmas 6860:Rabbinic authority 6612:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6045:Xueta Christianity 5950:Origins of Judaism 5917:Outline of Judaism 5622:Religious practice 5337:, URJ Press, 1990. 5285:Kolatch, Alfred J. 5258:New English Review 5252:2021-09-27 at the 5015:34.022°N 118.175°W 4926:34.0691; -118.2411 4621:Community Magazine 4617:(emphasis added). 4412:, Jerusalem, s.v. 3675:Jewish eschatology 3423:Additionally, the 3339:According to some 3270: 3115:Charity – Tzedakah 2978: 2866: 2675:and refers to the 2619: 2607: 2595: 2547:Shimon ben Gamliel 2486: 2276:is referred to by 2250: 2188:, "mourning"). An 2112: 2021:After burial, the 1939: 1073:Judaism portal 1038:Holocaust theology 7571:Jewish life cycle 7548: 7547: 7514:extinct languages 7415:YIVO Encyclopedia 7190:Hebrew literature 7158:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 6998:Reconstructionist 6676:Judaeo-Portuguese 6365: 6364: 6321:Eastern Sephardim 5965:Synagogal Judaism 5868: 5867: 5524:Grace after meals 5409:Birth and infancy 5234:Yizkor definition 5171:. Orthodox Union. 4956:"Early Jewish LA" 4825:OU.org OU Torah ( 4561:"Memorial Plaque" 4524:rabbikaganoff.com 3921:Babylonian Talmud 3917:Ben-Zvi Institute 3665:Heaven in Judaism 3304:(current home to 3211:איתור חילוץ והצלה 3016:El Malei Rachamim 2910:Mourner's Kaddish 2778:Mourner's Kaddish 2776:is to recite the 2731: 2615:Lengnau in Aargau 2528:El Malei Rachamim 1831:came to eulogize 1481:), and dressing ( 1145:(traditions) and 1109: 1108: 461:Important figures 135:Reconstructionist 16:(Redirected from 7578: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7522: 7521: 6654:Judeo-Golpaygani 6255:Palestinian Jews 6230:Alexandrian Jews 6186:Crimean Karaites 6103:Unterlander Jews 6056: 6055: 5970:Rabbinic Judaism 5895: 5888: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5630:613 commandments 5552:Marriageable age 5460: 5453: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5351:, Penguin, 1999. 5294:Kelman, Stuart, 5270:Diamant, Anita, 5260:, December 2018. 5221: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5156:. February 2017. 5149: 5143: 5142: 5137:Apple, Raymond. 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020:34.022; -118.175 5016: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4881: 4875: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4736: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4698:. Archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4563:. Archived from 4556: 4550: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4442: 4436: 4423: 4417: 4403: 4397: 4390:Jerusalem Talmud 4387: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4337:. 14 April 2016. 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4280: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4238:mechon-mamre.org 4230: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4176:. Archived from 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4105:. Archived from 4099: 4093: 4092: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4039:. Archived from 4038: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3936:Ma'amad u'Moshav 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3887:. Archived from 3877: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3796: 3787: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3738: 3727: 3720: 3701:Yahrtzeit candle 3602:and other events 3568:Orthodox Judaism 3549: 3416:or of a serious 3217:in the State of 3146: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3100: 2862:Shlomo Carlebach 2798:Sefer HaMinhagim 2790:morning services 2752: 2736: 2730:romanized: 2729: 2712: 2711: 2646: 2591:yahrtzeit candle 2551:Halachic decisor 2462: 2412: 2272:. Observance of 2267: 2187: 2125: 2077: 2046: 1970:is the death of 1777: 1734:Ma'amad u'Moshav 1404: 1285:– burial society 1205: 1197: 1196: 1130: 1129: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1071: 1070: 1069: 343:Aruch HaShulchan 67: 61: 55: 32: 31: 21: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7533: 7531: 7503: 7329: 7194: 7066: 6940: 6834: 6649:Judeo-Borujerdi 6624:Judeo-Malayalam 6570:Judeo-Aragonese 6541:Lishanid Noshan 6373: 6361: 6093:Oberlander Jews 6054: 5984: 5926: 5908: 5899: 5869: 5864: 5850:Yahrzeit candle 5811: 5699:Religious items 5694: 5616: 5538: 5519:Prayer services 5497: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5445: 5416:Hebrew birthday 5404: 5401: 5358: 5308:Lamm, Maurice, 5254:Wayback Machine 5242: 5240:Further reading 5230: 5225: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5195: 5191: 5180: 5176: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4945: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4872:L'Illui NishMat 4862:The founder of 4861: 4857: 4840: 4836: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4546:"MEMORIAL WALL" 4544: 4542: 4538: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4443: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4069:Lamm, Maurice. 4067: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3987: 3983: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3915:(3rd edition), 3913:Halikhot Teiman 3907: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3656: 3612:, final day of 3610:Shemini Atzeret 3592: 3543: 3508:Sholom Aleichem 3469: 3445: 3429:minor tractates 3406: 3400: 3380: 3337: 3331: 3329:Donating organs 3326: 3289: 3276: 3254: 3190: 3184: 3169: 3160: 3094:L'Illui NishMat 3082: 3059: 3053: 2996:Shemini Atzeret 2966: 2960: 2951: 2934:prayer services 2920:Kaddish Yatom ( 2918: 2912: 2907: 2854: 2800:(pub. 1566) by 2759: 2697:Hebrew calendar 2689:yahrzeit candle 2681:Hebrew calendar 2634: 2625: 2583: 2536: 2478: 2460: 2453: 2451:– twelve months 2410: 2395: 2384:prayer services 2382:Traditionally, 2353:The Omnipresent 2291:seudat havra'ah 2265: 2235: 2233:Shiva (Judaism) 2229: 2185: 2171: 2123: 2100: 2093: 2050:The Omnipresent 2027:Divine Judgment 1932:National Museum 1921: 1914: 1892:Jewish holidays 1859: 1814: 1764: 1672: 1670:Funeral service 1519:is as follows. 1471: 1460:prayer services 1443:chevra kadishas 1428:Jewish cemetery 1415:chevra kadishas 1389: 1329:L'Illui Nishmat 1221: 1180: 1169: 1126: 1116: 1105: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1057: 1003: 1002: 993: 992: 983:Judeo-Christian 946: 945: 943:Other religions 934: 933: 894: 893: 882: 881: 817: 816: 805: 804: 759: 712: 711: 702: 701: 683: 649: 648: 633: 632: 588: 587: 585:Religious roles 576: 575: 538: 534: 464: 463: 452: 451: 413: 389: 388: 373: 372: 338:Mishnah Berurah 318: 317: 306: 305: 280: 233: 226: 225: 214: 213: 167: 166: 155: 154: 86: 79: 78: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7584: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7528: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7481:non-Christian 7479: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7180:Shulchan Aruch 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7168:Sefer Yetzirah 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7148:Pardes Rimonim 7145: 7138:Kabbalah texts 7135: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6931:Land of Israel 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6844: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6807:Judeo-Alsatian 6799: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6659:Judeo-Hamedani 6656: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6634:Judaeo-Occitan 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575:Jewish English 6572: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6506:Judaeo-Aramaic 6503: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6494:Judeo-Tunisian 6491: 6486: 6484:Judeo-Moroccan 6481: 6480: 6479: 6477:Judeo-Baghdadi 6464: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6381: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6326:Livornese Jews 6323: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6073:Afrikaner-Jode 6064: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Chevra Kadisha 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5582:Jewish wedding 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5509:Ritual washing 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5357: 5356:External links 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347:Wolpe, David, 5345: 5340:Wolfson, Ron, 5338: 5331: 5326:Riemer, Jack, 5324: 5319:Riemer, Jack, 5317: 5306: 5301:Klein, Isaac, 5299: 5292: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5263:Brener, Anne, 5261: 5245:Afsai, Shai, " 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5208: 5203:New York Times 5189: 5174: 5159: 5144: 5129: 5117: 5108: 5083: 5065:Berg, Elaine. 5057: 5036: 4976: 4943: 4894: 4876: 4868:Meir Zlotowitz 4855: 4834: 4827:Orthodox Union 4812: 4806:978-0827610392 4805: 4782: 4775: 4754: 4747: 4721: 4712: 4683: 4665: 4656: 4625: 4605: 4586: 4577: 4551: 4536: 4532:Moses Isserles 4515: 4498: 4491: 4471: 4453: 4437: 4418: 4398: 4382: 4367: 4358: 4340: 4325: 4316: 4309:Marcus Jastrow 4301: 4294: 4275: 4264: 4255: 4243: 4225: 4214: 4199: 4190: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4119: 4094: 4076: 4061: 4025: 4004: 3981: 3953: 3940: 3901: 3872: 3858: 3841: 3827: 3809: 3788: 3782:Klein, Isaac, 3772: 3758: 3751: 3728: 3722:Klein, Isaac, 3711: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3660:Chevra kadisha 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3631: 3628:Tenth of Tevet 3625: 3603: 3591: 3588: 3468: 3465: 3444: 3441: 3418:mental illness 3402:Main article: 3399: 3396: 3379: 3376: 3333:Main article: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3306:Dodger Stadium 3288: 3285: 3272:Main article: 3253: 3247: 3186:Main article: 3183: 3177: 3173:chevra kadisha 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3081: 3078: 3055:Main article: 3052: 3049: 2962:Main article: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2914:Main article: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2871:Shulchan Aruch 2853: 2850: 2806: 2805: 2770: 2758: 2755: 2718:Sephardic Jews 2673:Ashkenazi Jews 2633: 2626: 2621:Main article: 2582: 2579: 2535: 2532: 2514:Gesher HaChaim 2477: 2474: 2452: 2446: 2434:learning Torah 2420:seudat mitzvah 2401:) is known as 2394: 2388: 2365: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2231:Main article: 2228: 2222: 2170: 2165: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2047: 2040: 2029:is righteous. 1913: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1883: 1873: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1849:to make us cry 1847: 1813: 1810: 1763: 1758: 1671: 1668: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611:Land of Israel 1603: 1576: 1552: 1549: 1540: 1532: 1470: 1464: 1423:chevra kadisha 1407:burial society 1394:chevra kadisha 1388: 1387:Chevra kadisha 1385: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1367: 1359: 1353: 1339: 1326: 1318: 1310: 1302: 1294: 1286: 1282:Chevra kadisha 1278: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1232: 1231:) – mourner(s) 1220: 1217: 1199: 1198: 1179: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1113:Onen (surname) 1107: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1089: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1001:Related topics 1000: 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 969: 968: 963: 958: 953: 947: 941: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 895: 891:Major holidays 889: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 847:Birkat Hamazon 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 818: 812: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 797: 791: 790: 789: 788: 781: 774: 767: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 713: 710:Ritual objects 709: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 694: 689: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 650: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 583: 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 568: 563: 557: 556: 555: 554: 549: 544: 531:Rabbinic sages 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 482: 481: 476: 471: 465: 459: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 439: 437:Chevra kadisha 434: 429: 424: 419: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 333:Shulchan Aruch 330: 325: 319: 313: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 227: 221: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 209:Musar movement 206: 205: 204: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 126: 125: 120: 119: 118: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 98: 97: 80: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7583: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7541: 7540: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Protestantism 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153:Sefer HaBahir 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080:Sifrei Kodesh 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6936:Who is a Jew? 6934: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Chosen people 6863: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6822: 6821:Scots-Yiddish 6819: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6794:Klezmer-loshn 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664:Judeo-Shirazi 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6639:Judeo-Persian 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6629:Judeo-Marathi 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6607:Judeo-Italian 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462:Judeo-Amazigh 6460: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Hadhrami Jews 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Mountain Jews 6248: 6246: 6245:Egyptian Jews 6243: 6241: 6240:Bukharan Jews 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:Lists of Jews 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5706:Sifrei Kodesh 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Sheva Brachot 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557:Role of women 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466:Coming of age 5464: 5459: 5452: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Shalom Zachar 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5032: 4986: 4980: 4966:on 2012-03-13 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4938: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4776:0-8246-0422-9 4772: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4748:9780884828761 4744: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4702:on 2017-02-11 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4581: 4567:on 2017-12-04 4566: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4529: 4528:Sefer Hasidim 4525: 4519: 4508: 4502: 4494: 4492:9781134365494 4488: 4484: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4329: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4297: 4295:0-89906-171-0 4291: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4211:. chabad.org. 4210: 4203: 4194: 4180:on 2011-08-07 4179: 4175: 4174:bible.ort.org 4171: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4109:on 2016-09-08 4108: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4046:on 2016-04-30 4042: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3891:on 2017-04-06 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3754: 3752:0-87677-062-6 3748: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3648: 3647:Yom Hazikaron 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638:the Holocaust 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3579:Orthodox Jews 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:menachem avel 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3522:, Tevye sits 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:Orthodox Jews 3481: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3368:Moshe Tendler 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3321: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302:Chavez Ravine 3299: 3295: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3141: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062:Av Harachamim 3058: 3057:Av HaRachamim 3051:Av HaRachamim 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2955: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876:Rosh Hashanah 2873: 2872: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2757:Commemorating 2754: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693:Jahrzeittafel 2690: 2686: 2685:yortseytlikht 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659:(in German), 2658: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Yitzhak Luria 2560: 2559:Spanish Jewry 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461:שנים עשר חודש 2458: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393:– thirty days 2392: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2377:besorot tovot 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2242:De treurdagen 2239: 2234: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137:(a person in 2136: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Yemenite Jews 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684:United States 1680: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571:representing 1570: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512:are recited. 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Song of Songs 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1441:, members of 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1331:– Hebrew for 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1159:'s classical 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 997: 996: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 944: 938: 937: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 899:Rosh Hashanah 897: 896: 892: 886: 885: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 815: 809: 808: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 787: 786: 782: 780: 779: 775: 773: 772: 768: 766: 765: 761: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 706: 705: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 647: 643: 637: 636: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 586: 580: 579: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 537: 533: 532: 528: 527: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 462: 456: 455: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 387: 383: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 323:Mishneh Torah 321: 320: 316: 310: 309: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 229: 228: 224: 218: 217: 210: 207: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 165: 159: 158: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 100: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 87: 85: 82: 81: 77: 71: 70: 66: 60: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18:Jewish burial 7530: 7523: 7509: 7432: 7425: 7413: 7396: 7379: 7213:perspectives 7047:Samaritanism 7008:Neo-Hasidism 6988:Conservative 6902:Names of God 6811: 6792: 6602:Judaeo-Greek 6597:Judeo-Gascon 6536:Lishán Didán 6531:Lishana Deni 6499:Judeo-Yemeni 6467:Judeo-Arabic 6341:Meshuchrarim 6260:Persian Jews 6193:Kurdish Jews 6171:Kaifeng Jews 6120:Beta Abraham 6083:Galitzianers 6038:Antisemitism 6013:Israeli Jews 5998:Assimilation 5816: 5807:Four species 5441:Pidyon haben 5365: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5211: 5202: 5192: 5177: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5120: 5111: 5101:12 September 5099:. Retrieved 5095: 5086: 5076:12 September 5074:. Retrieved 5070: 5060: 5049:. Retrieved 5039: 4989:. Retrieved 4979: 4968:. Retrieved 4964:the original 4959: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4871: 4858: 4847: 4837: 4824: 4815: 4795: 4766: 4732: 4724: 4715: 4704:. Retrieved 4700:the original 4695: 4686: 4659: 4651: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4599: 4589: 4580: 4569:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4554: 4539: 4518: 4501: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428:Mishne Torah 4426: 4425:Maimonides, 4421: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4370: 4361: 4353:Ohr Somayach 4352: 4343: 4328: 4319: 4304: 4285: 4278: 4267: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4217: 4209:"The Burial" 4202: 4193: 4182:. Retrieved 4178:the original 4173: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4097: 4089:www.jlaw.com 4088: 4079: 4064: 4048:. Retrieved 4041:the original 4028: 4016:. Retrieved 4007: 3999: 3993: 3984: 3966: 3962:Yehudai Gaon 3956: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3912: 3904: 3893:. Retrieved 3889:the original 3884: 3875: 3861: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3783: 3761: 3742: 3723: 3582: 3577:Today, some 3576: 3571: 3563: 3555: 3552:Shlomo Eiger 3541:Leibel Eiger 3536: 3523: 3516:Christianity 3502: 3498: 3477: 3473:apostate Jew 3470: 3446: 3433: 3422: 3411: 3407: 3381: 3357: 3338: 3314: 3290: 3277: 3249: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3153: 3139: 3129: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3060: 3044: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3008: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2952: 2929: 2921: 2919: 2900: 2888: 2883: 2869: 2867: 2846:Yom Ha'Shoah 2837: 2835: 2830: 2829:requiring a 2826: 2822: 2807: 2802:Isaac Tyrnau 2797: 2766: 2760: 2742: 2738: 2713: 2702: 2692: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2566: 2541: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507:Chol Ha'Moed 2502: 2493: 2487: 2464: 2454: 2448: 2441: 2427: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2306:with stewed 2290: 2286: 2281: 2280:as "sitting 2273: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2227:– seven days 2224: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2189: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2115: 2113: 2108:Boris Schatz 2096: 2085: 2031: 2023:Tziduk Hadin 2020: 2017: 2006: 2003: 1991: 1984: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1927: 1903: 1887:Chol HaMo'ed 1885: 1870:Rosh Chodesh 1863: 1860: 1852: 1841: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1692:funeral home 1681: 1673: 1663: 1653: 1650: 1641: 1638:Genesis 3:19 1632: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1606: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:The casket ( 1565: 1561: 1555: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1514: 1491: 1486: 1485:). The term 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1435:gravediggers 1432: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1392: 1390: 1377: 1369: 1361: 1355: 1347: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1280: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1208: 1200: 1181: 1173: 1170: 1146: 1140: 1132: 1118: 1117: 1033:Anti-Judaism 1028:Antisemitism 973:Samaritanism 951:Christianity 852:Shehecheyanu 783: 776: 769: 762: 757:Four species 678: 664:Pidyon haben 618:Rosh yeshiva 529: 422:Beth midrash 368:Noahide laws 111:Conservative 29: 7455:Catholicism 7037:Hellenistic 6875:Eschatology 6813:Lachoudisch 6738:Lotegorisch 6716:Lachoudisch 6706:Koiné Greek 6619:Judeo-Latin 6556:Palestinian 6450:Palestinian 6299:Mustaʿravim 6225:Afghan Jews 6213:Berber Jews 6137:Bene Israel 6125:Falash Mura 6115:Beta Israel 6033:Persecution 5975:Middle Ages 5645:Torah study 5572:Matchmaking 5436:Hebrew name 5431:Zeved habat 5403:Jewish life 5071:The Forward 5018: / 5005:118°10′30″W 4924: / 4911:118°14′28″W 4410:Yosef Qafih 4251:od 23 yamim 4145:Deuteronomy 4000:Hilkot Avel 3909:Yosef Qafih 3634:Yom HaShoah 3560:Akiva Eiger 3544: [ 3518:to marry a 3485:(including 3372:Norman Lamm 3345:living will 3298:Los Angeles 3066:Rhine river 3013:service is 2687:, meaning " 2677:anniversary 2440:during the 2246:Jan Voerman 1976:God himself 1750:Ana Bakoach 1609:) from the 1560:). A sash ( 1413:Many local 717:Sefer Torah 679:Bereavement 659:Zeved habat 442:Holy Temple 382:Holy cities 116:Conservadox 7555:Categories 7450:Anabaptism 7392:Jew (word) 7259:Leadership 7072:Literature 7057:Secularism 7003:Humanistic 6870:Conversion 6840:Philosophy 6681:Judeo-Urdu 6445:Babylonian 6290:Saada Jews 6275:Adeni Jews 6068:Ashkenazim 6023:Samaritans 5990:Population 5945:Israelites 5860:Honorifics 5577:Engagement 5534:Honorifics 5502:Daily life 5426:Brit milah 5362:"Mourning" 5247:The Shomer 5051:2012-05-08 5024: ( 5002:34°01′19″N 4991:2012-05-08 4970:2012-05-08 4930: ( 4908:34°04′09″N 4706:2017-02-09 4571:2017-12-04 4462:"Jahrzeit" 4184:2006-01-29 4113:2017-01-18 4050:2017-02-08 4018:2017-02-08 3990:Maimonides 3895:2017-04-05 3707:References 3624:is recited 3606:Yom Kippur 3596:Tisha B'Av 3480:Ashkenazic 3414:depression 3204:חסד של אמת 3099:לעלוי נשמת 3045:Hashkabóth 2992:Yom Kippur 2949:Hashkabóth 2880:Yom Kippur 2661:yohr tzeit 2555:Maimonides 2211:brit milah 2153:, wearing 1877:Yom Kippur 1694:or at the 1557:tachrichim 1523:The body ( 1419:synagogues 1403:חברה קדישא 904:Yom Kippur 447:Tabernacle 192:Chosenness 164:Philosophy 145:Humanistic 7512:indicate 7460:Mormonism 7445:Christian 7325:Symbolism 7313:Synagogue 7293:Mythology 7254:Education 7225:Astronomy 7208:Astrology 7025:relations 6830:Zarphatic 6778:Galitzish 6580:Yeshivish 6457:Catalanic 6420:Samaritan 6395:Ashkenazi 6376:Diasporic 6371:Languages 6316:Sephardim 6311:Romaniote 6198:Krymchaks 6132:Desi Jews 6008:Buddhists 4864:Artscroll 4652:"elevate" 4507:"Meldado" 4449:responsum 4433:Hil. Avel 4414:Hil. Avel 4197:Tzuras .. 4157:Sanhedrin 3528:Mitnagdim 3520:Christian 3495:sit shiva 3387:cremation 3239:first aid 3231:terrorism 3227:ambulance 3225:, assist 3070:Shabbatot 3037:Sephardic 3002:, and on 2938:Ashkenazi 2927:קדיש יתום 2884:Yahrzeit. 2823:Yahrtzeit 2792:, and at 2786:Shacharit 2753:"year"). 2653:yahrtzeit 2534:Monuments 2490:headstone 2361:Jerusalem 2248:, ca 1884 2202:marriages 2196:or go to 2058:Jerusalem 1837:Gen. 23:2 1748:," etc. " 1700:synagogue 1676:embalming 1510:Zechariah 1483:halbashah 1475:rechitzah 1358:– passing 1348:See also 1188:ברוך אתה 1023:Criticism 988:Pluralism 966:Mormonism 872:Kol Nidre 646:education 571:Acharonim 417:Synagogue 394:Jerusalem 76:Movements 7525:Category 7495:Hinduism 7485:Buddhism 7387:Genetics 7303:Politics 7276:Marriage 7235:Holidays 7230:Calendar 7111:Rabbinic 7087:/Hebrew 7032:Haymanot 6959:Orthodox 6946:Branches 6919:Kabbalah 6914:Haskalah 6892:Holiness 6768:dialects 6748:Shassagh 6711:Krymchak 6691:Kayliñña 6585:Yinglish 6561:Galilean 6551:Talmudic 6546:Biblical 6521:Betanure 6440:Biblical 6435:Mishnaic 6430:Medieval 6415:Tiberian 6410:Yemenite 6400:Sephardi 6336:Paradesi 6280:Ḥabbanim 6270:Teimanim 6235:Baghdadi 6208:Maghrebi 6176:Karaites 6154:Gruzínim 6142:Kochinim 6060:Diaspora 6018:Karaites 6003:Atheists 5940:Timeline 5845:Yahrzeit 5840:Tehillim 5782:Tefillin 5690:Tzedakah 5685:Holidays 5675:Chavurah 5670:Chavrusa 5655:Daf Yomi 5544:Marriage 5473:Upsherin 5250:Archived 4866:, Rabbi 4394:Sheqalim 3992:(1974). 3976:42433185 3964:(1999). 3932:Megillah 3925:Megillah 3654:See also 3456:tattooed 3349:Orthodox 3223:Orthodox 3213:), is a 3140:NeShaMaH 3041:Yemenite 3029:yahrzeit 3000:Passover 2942:Orthodox 2838:Yahrzeit 2669:yartzeit 2665:yahrzeit 2657:Jahrzeit 2645:יאָרצײַט 2637:Yortseyt 2630:yortseyt 2623:Yahrzeit 2575:Ashkenaz 2503:shloshim 2498:halakhic 2494:matzevah 2442:shloshim 2415:shloshim 2403:shloshim 2391:Shloshim 2270:mourning 2198:concerts 2186:אֲבֵלוּת 2156:tefillin 2091:Mourning 1987:Psalm 91 1930:(1824), 1906:Tachanun 1812:Eulogies 1712:levayah, 1704:yeshivah 1696:cemetery 1664:Tehillim 1379:Yahrzeit 1343:Matzevah 1317:– burial 1293:– eulogy 1264:Shloshim 1227:(plural 1167:Mourners 1137:mourning 1128:אֲבֵלוּת 1053:Muhammad 956:Hinduism 929:Hanukkah 867:Tachanun 862:Havdalah 727:Tefillin 674:Marriage 566:Rishonim 552:Savoraim 409:Tiberias 358:Tzedakah 278:Rabbinic 177:Kabbalah 150:Haymanot 84:Orthodox 37:a series 35:Part of 7510:Italics 7335:Studies 7281:Divorce 7247:Kashrut 7242:Cuisine 7200:Culture 7131:Midrash 7126:Tosefta 7116:Mishnah 7104:Ketuvim 7099:Nevi'im 7062:Schisms 7052:Science 7042:Karaite 7013:Renewal 6974:Litvaks 6969:Hasidic 6924:Sefirot 6909:Halakha 6880:Messiah 6853:Mitzvah 6848:Beliefs 6802:Western 6788:Poylish 6783:Litvish 6773:Eastern 6763:Yiddish 6758:Shuadit 6743:Qwareña 6731:Tetuani 6726:Haketia 6701:Knaanic 6696:Kivruli 6644:Bukhori 6590:Heblish 6526:Hulaulá 6516:Barzani 6472:Yahudic 6405:Mizrahi 6265:Urfalim 6220:Mizrahi 6164:Neofiti 6159:Italkim 6088:Lita'im 5980:Zionism 5932:History 5906:Judaism 5835:Kaddish 5797:Menorah 5787:Mezuzah 5772:Tzitzit 5767:Machzor 5755:Midrash 5743:Tosefta 5738:Mishnah 5726:Ketuvim 5721:Nevi'im 5680:Chidush 5635:Customs 5612:Divorce 5592:Chuppah 5587:Ketubah 5529:Kashrut 5488:Yeshiva 5228:Sources 5126:Tacitus 5124:citing 4468:. 1906. 3998:, s.v. 3929:Tosefta 3680:Kaddish 3618:Shavuot 3532:Hasidic 3487:Hasidic 3452:tattoos 3448:Halakha 3443:Tattoos 3398:Suicide 3391:Tacitus 3383:Halakha 3318:East LA 3264:at the 3130:MiShNaH 3126:Mishnah 3072:before 3004:Shavuot 2916:Kaddish 2827:halakha 2819:Mishnah 2747:Persian 2734:meldado 2726:מילדאדו 2649:Yiddish 2641:Yiddish 2518:Neshama 2469:Kaddish 2438:Mishnah 2429:mitzvot 2373:simchas 2332:mitzvah 2321:During 2316:Abraham 2312:Genesis 2308:lentils 2147:mitzvot 2124:אנינוּת 2013:mitzvah 1829:Abraham 1741:Pesahim 1738:Tosefta 1720:levayah 1716:Levayah 1656:shomrim 1600:mitsvot 1595:tzitzit 1573:Shaddai 1539:shaved. 1529:taharah 1517:taharah 1506:Ezekiel 1487:taharah 1479:taharah 1468:taharah 1363:Shemira 1298:Qaddish 1209:In the 1193:אלוהינו 1157:Judaism 1148:mitzvah 1013:Zionism 919:Shavuot 837:Kaddish 814:Prayers 747:Menorah 742:Mezuzah 732:Tzitzit 687:Yeshiva 642:Culture 547:Amoraim 542:Tannaim 513:Rebecca 501:Solomon 469:Abraham 348:Kashrut 299:Tosefta 294:Midrash 284:Mishnah 266:Piyutim 247:Ketuvim 242:Nevi'im 182:Messiah 140:Renewal 130:Karaite 95:Hasidic 45:Judaism 7318:Hazzan 7308:Prayer 7185:Siddur 7121:Talmud 7085:Tanakh 7020:Neolog 6993:Reform 6981:Modern 6964:Haredi 6887:Ethics 6753:Shassi 6721:Ladino 6686:Karaim 6669:Juhuri 6511:Targum 6425:Signed 6390:Modern 6385:Hebrew 6353:Xuetes 6149:Dönmeh 6108:Yekkes 5855:Yizkor 5802:Shofar 5792:Kippah 5777:Tallit 5762:Siddur 5748:Gemara 5733:Talmud 5711:Tanakh 5607:Mikvah 5602:Niddah 5567:Yichus 5562:Tzniut 5493:Kollel 5478:Wimpel 5314:online 4803: 4773: 4745: 4489: 4408:, ed. 4292: 4057: 3974: 3818:"Home" 3749: 3685:Nahala 3622:Yizkor 3614:Pesach 3491:Haredi 3425:Talmud 3353:Haredi 3312:#822. 3252:(HFBA) 3243:rescue 3219:Israel 3192:ZAKA ( 3182:(ZAKA) 3074:Mussaf 3021:repose 3011:Yizkor 2988:minyan 2981:Yizkor 2964:Yizkor 2958:Yizkor 2842:Yizkor 2815:Talmud 2794:Mincha 2782:Maariv 2722:Ladino 2714:naḥala 2705:Hebrew 2667:, and 2523:minyan 2457:Hebrew 2411:שלושים 2407:Hebrew 2369:tza'ar 2262:Hebrew 2254:avelut 2218:Avelut 2182:Hebrew 2178:avelut 2174:Aninut 2168:Avelut 2139:aninut 2128:Aninut 2120:Hebrew 2118:, or ( 2116:aninut 2097:Aninut 1963:Tanakh 1942:Kevura 1936:Warsaw 1912:Burial 1881:Sukkot 1822:eulogy 1818:hesped 1793:keriah 1786:keriah 1781:tefach 1768:keriah 1761:Keriah 1708:hesped 1688:Canada 1660:Psalms 1646:dowels 1633:tallit 1629:Israel 1589:tallit 1545:mikveh 1508:, and 1502:Isaiah 1494:Psalms 1439:Israel 1433:If no 1399:Hebrew 1371:Tahara 1356:Petira 1322:Levaya 1306:Qeriah 1290:Hesped 1244:Aninut 1236:Avelut 1229:Avelim 1211:Tanakh 1142:minhag 1133:avelut 1123:Hebrew 1018:Israel 914:Pesach 909:Sukkot 857:Hallel 842:Minyan 832:Aleinu 827:Amidah 800:Gartel 795:Kittel 778:Hadass 752:Shofar 737:Kippah 722:Tallit 697:Cheder 692:Kollel 608:Hazzan 561:Geonim 536:Chazal 518:Rachel 432:Sukkah 427:Mikveh 404:Hebron 386:places 363:Niddah 353:Tzniut 289:Talmud 261:Siddur 256:Ḥumash 231:Tanakh 187:Ethics 123:Reform 102:Modern 90:Haredi 62: 56: 7490:Islam 7298:Names 7288:Music 7269:Rebbe 7264:Rabbi 7218:Monen 7173:Zohar 7094:Torah 7089:Bible 6203:Lemba 6078:Chuts 5830:Shiva 5817:Death 5716:Torah 5665:Siyum 5660:Shiur 5640:Rites 4646:(PDF) 4510:(PDF) 4451:# 375 4147:21:23 4044:(PDF) 4037:(PDF) 4002:8:1–2 3696:Shiva 3583:shiva 3572:shiva 3556:shiva 3548:] 3537:shiva 3524:shiva 3512:Tevye 3503:shiva 3499:shiva 3437:minor 3235:blood 2896:cairn 2831:siyum 2811:siyum 2739:anyos 2399:shiva 2351:"May 2327:shiva 2323:shiva 2300:Jacob 2282:shiva 2274:shiva 2258:shiva 2225:Shiva 2194:music 2009:grief 1995:death 1974:when 1972:Moses 1968:Torah 1957:Torah 1947:Torah 1899:Nisan 1833:Sarah 1820:is a 1806:shiva 1801:shiva 1776:קריעה 1772:kriah 1754:dirge 1622:ḥevra 1584:sovev 1562:avnet 1455:shiva 1450:Moses 1314:Qvura 1256:Shiva 1153:Torah 1048:Jesus 1043:Music 961:Islam 924:Purim 822:Shema 785:Arava 771:Lulav 764:Etrog 628:Kohen 623:Mohel 613:Dayan 603:Posek 598:Rebbe 593:Rabbi 508:Sarah 496:David 491:Aaron 486:Moses 479:Jacob 474:Isaac 399:Safed 271:Zohar 237:Torah 223:Texts 202:Names 5904:and 5902:Jews 5103:2018 5096:HODS 5078:2018 4801:ISBN 4771:ISBN 4743:ISBN 4522:See 4487:ISBN 4290:ISBN 4059:..." 3972:OCLC 3747:ISBN 3554:sat 3489:and 3370:and 3351:and 3241:and 3197:זק"א 3194:heb. 3188:ZAKA 3144:נשמה 3135:משנה 3105:לע"נ 3039:and 2974:Tiel 2923:heb. 2878:and 2710:נחלה 2359:and 2357:Zion 2304:Esau 2296:eggs 2266:שבעה 2190:avel 2161:onen 2143:onen 2135:onen 2056:and 2054:Zion 1999:life 1980:Moab 1960:and 1879:and 1827:"nd 1730:bier 1686:and 1607:afar 1580:aron 1567:shin 1391:The 1337:LI"N 1249:onen 1225:Avel 1155:and 1008:Jews 654:Brit 644:and 523:Leah 6897:God 5364:in 5256:," 4435:4:4 4416:4:4 4159:47a 3530:(a 3510:'s 3458:in 3296:in 3035:In 2788:at 2751:سال 2743:sāl 2707:as 2256:is 2204:or 2133:An 1997:to 1934:in 1835:." 1770:or 1642:all 1537:not 1525:guf 1135:, " 328:Tur 315:Law 197:God 7557:: 5287:, 5201:. 5094:. 5069:. 4958:. 4946:^ 4887:. 4846:. 4823:. 4785:^ 4757:^ 4741:. 4739:33 4694:. 4668:^ 4464:. 4447:, 4431:, 4396:7a 4392:, 4351:. 4311:, 4288:. 4236:. 4172:. 4130:. 4087:. 3911:, 3883:. 3844:^ 3820:. 3802:. 3791:^ 3775:^ 3731:^ 3715:^ 3616:, 3608:, 3546:he 3389:. 3374:. 3209:– 3202:– 3147:). 3096:– 2994:, 2848:. 2784:, 2749:: 2728:, 2724:: 2663:, 2655:, 2643:: 2589:A 2553:, 2509:. 2488:A 2463:, 2459:: 2409:: 2318:. 2264:: 2184:: 2122:: 1816:A 1774:, 1531:). 1504:, 1500:, 1496:, 1430:. 1401:: 1190:יי 1131:, 1125:: 39:on 6378:) 6374:( 5894:e 5887:t 5880:v 5396:e 5389:t 5382:v 5316:. 5219:. 5205:. 5186:. 5141:. 5105:. 5080:. 5054:. 5028:) 4994:. 4973:. 4941:) 4934:) 4891:. 4852:. 4831:. 4829:) 4809:. 4779:. 4751:. 4709:. 4680:. 4648:. 4638:. 4574:. 4548:. 4534:. 4495:. 4379:. 4355:. 4298:. 4240:. 4187:. 4134:. 4116:. 4091:. 4073:. 4053:. 4021:. 3978:. 3923:( 3898:. 3869:. 3855:. 3838:. 3824:. 3806:. 3769:. 3755:. 3268:. 3132:( 3092:( 2976:. 2804:. 2745:( 2639:( 2632:) 2605:. 2565:( 2405:( 2363:" 2348:: 2310:( 2260:( 2180:( 2110:. 2060:. 1920:. 1894:) 1872:) 1744:" 1662:( 1636:( 1602:. 1569:, 1397:( 1251:. 1121:( 1115:. 1100:e 1093:t 1086:v 384:/ 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.