Jedwabne pogrom - Knowledge

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escorted them to the execution site in the barn, while some robbed Jewish homes or simply formed a hostile crowd of onlookers. The witnesses were fairly unanimous in assigning the role of pogrom organizers to members of the temporary municipal authorities, with Mayor Karolak at the head. Probably a significant part of the massacre was performed by members of the order service subordinated to them, of which, however, we know very little."Far less clear is the role played in Jedwabne by representatives of the German occupation authorities. Undoubtedly, they fully approved and possibly inspired the murder. According to testimony of the then-messenger at the gendarmerie post, Jerzy Laudański, before the pogrom 'four or five Gestapo men had arrived in a cab, and they began to talk in the town hall.' In colloquial Polish, a 'cab' (

43: 1175: 1292: 1556: 2441:. "The plan was reportedly prepared or elaborated at the meeting between Gestapo officers and the town's administration (most sources date this July 10). On the morning of July 10, members of the administration, usually with German gendarmes, visited Polish residents. They ordered a number of men to gather at a designated location, where sticks and clubs (which someone had to have stockpiled earlier) were distributed. Polish conscripts were given specific assignments, such as driving the Jews to the market square, keeping watch over those assembled, guarding the streets leading out of town, and later escorting the Jews from the square to the barn outside town." 806: 1279:..." Hackmann emphasizes the "symbolic meaning of Jedwabne for the Polish debate on World War II", quoting Joanna Michlic: "Jedwabne on the one hand, "has become the key symbol of the counter-memory of the old, hegemonic, biased narratives of the Holocaust"... On the other hand, Jedwabne has been regarded by the critics of Jan Gross as embodiment of "'all the lies voiced against the Polish nation,' and is understood as the 'central attack' on Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity."" He summarizes that "in this context, Jedwabne has been repeatedly addressed as core feature of a "pedagogy of disgrace" ( 1586: 1577: 1568: 1144: 991:(1980), written by Jedwabne residents who had moved to the United States; and interviews from the 1990s conducted by Gross and a filmmaker. While several Polish historians praised Gross for having drawn attention to the pogrom, others criticized him for relying too heavily on witness accounts, which they argued were not reliable, and—where conflicting accounts existed—for choosing those that showed the Poles in the worst possible light. He was also criticized for having failed to examine the pogrom within the context of German actions during the early stages of 470:(Soviet secret police) documents about Jedwabne and the surrounding area, "few Jews were involved as agents and informers, fewer in fact than Poles", Cienciala writes. Some younger Jews did accept roles within the lower ranks of Soviet administration and militia, for "they believed in the Communist slogans of equality and social justice, while also welcoming the chance to become upwardly mobile." Nevertheless, what stuck in Poles' minds was "the image of Jews welcoming the Soviets", and the collaboration of some communist Jews with the NKVD. 3109: 3474: 1091:

the barn or were present there. The IPN found that the "Polish population" had played a "decisive role in the execution of the criminal plan". The IPN wrote: "On the basis of the evidence gathered in the investigation, it is not possible to determine the reasons for the passive behavior of the majority of the town's population in the face of the crime. In particular, it cannot be determined whether this passivity resulted from acceptance of the crime or from intimidation caused by the brutality of the perpetrators' acts."

3134: 2985: 2728: 2364: 2665: 2177: 1710:"Osobnym problemem są mieszkańcy miasteczka wymieniani podczas zeznań składanych na ręce funkcjonariuszy Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa. A to z tego powodu, że zeznania te, właśnie w tym punkcie, były gremialnie odwoływane na sali sądowej jako wymuszone torturami." English: "A separate problem concerns the townsmen who had been named during the interrogations conducted by the Security Office functionaries. That is because, on this point, the statements were all retracted in court as having been obtained through torture." 1059:

Polish archives in Warsaw, Białystok and Łomża, in German archives, and at Yad Vashem in Israel. During a visit to New York in January 2001, Leon Kieres, President of the IPN, said the IPN had found enough evidence to confirm that a group of Poles had been the perpetrators. In June 2001, the IPN said ammunition shells recovered from the site were German, prompting speculation that German soldiers had fired at Jews fleeing the barn, but the IPN later found that the shells were from a different historical period.

556:. Heydrich issued orders on 29 June and 2 July 1941 applying to newly-captured Polish territory previously controlled by the Soviets. These were for German forces to support "self-cleansing actions" by local anti-Semitic activists and anti-communists against people alleged to have collaborated with the Soviet occupation — Polish communists and Jews. Instigation of massacres in the newly-conquered region were a part of the German extermination operation, and documents show a pattern of similarity between them. 1076:

barn was set on fire. The second group consisted of about 300 people of "both sexes of various ages, including children and infants". The second group was "led into a wooden, thatched barn owned by Bronisław Śleszyński. After the building had been closed, it was doused, probably with kerosene from the former Soviet warehouse." The exact number of victims could not be determined. The previously estimated figure of 1,600 "seems highly unlikely, and was not confirmed in the course of the investigation".

1500:, "Chodakiewicz is able to present his recreation of the crime. It was well preplanned, initiated by the Germans, and utterly lacked any pogrom-like spontaneity." Chodakiewicz's good arguments, Wróbel wrote, are "overshadowed by numerous flaws", lack a sense of proportion, and make selective use of information from sources that support Chodakiewicz's view. According to Wróbel, the book has a "visible political agenda" and is "difficult to read, unoriginal, irritating, and unconvincing". 1883:, p. 900, "Some set the number of victims at 2,000, including 230 Wizna Jews, and others at 1,400, including refugees from Wizna and Radziłów. Until recently, the most widely accepted death toll was 1,600, likely drawn from the testimony of Szmul Wasersztejn. However, the Soviet population figures and an incomplete and controversial forensic investigation in 2002, which estimated 300 to 400 people perished in the barn, have led some to argue the fire claimed fewer lives". 11585: 344: 1812:, pp. 76–78 "There was an outpost of German gendarmerie in Jedwabne, staffed by eleven men. We can also infer from various sources that a group of Gestapo men arrived in town by taxi either on that day or the previous one." "At the time the undisputed bosses of life and death in Jedwabne were the Germans. No sustained organized activity could take place there without their consent. They were the only ones who could decide the fate of the Jews." 980:

account that they had been killed by Germans. Political scientist Michael Shafir writes that the pogrom had been "subjected to confinement in the Communist 'black hole of history'". While Gross recognized that no "sustained organizing activity" could have taken place without the Germans' consent, he concluded that the massacre had been carried out entirely by Poles from Jedwabne and the surrounding area, and that the Germans had not coerced them.

947: 764: 10415: 1529:. Chodakiewicz's and Stachura's conclusions were "very far from those reached by most historians", they wrote, including the IPN. Chodakiewicz and Stachura "uphold a view of the Polish past which seeks to return to an untenable vision of modern Poland as solely victim and hero ... It is a matter of considerable regret to us that you have allowed your journal to be used to advance this neo-nationalist agenda." 10427: 4791: 1821:"All these acts had four elements in common: antisemitism prevalent in a significant part of the Polish population; looting Jewish property as one of the main motives for aggression; seeking retribution for real or imaginary Jewish cooperation with the Soviet occupant; German incitement – varying in different places, from direct organisation of pogroms to giving encouragement or condoning the behavior." 1687:: "On July 10, 1941, Polish residents of Jedwabne, a small town located in Bialystok District of first Soviet-occupied and then German-occupied Poland, participated in the murder of hundreds of their Jewish neighbors. Although responsibility for instigating this 'pogrom' has not been fully established, scholars have documented at least a German police presence in the town at the time of the killings." 1267:'s ideological position, Jedwabne and other events that cast a negative light on Polish national identity must be revisited and retold for both Poles and the West. In their eyes, Jedwabne is a key sign of 'all the lies voiced against the Polish nation,' and is understood as the 'central attack' on Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity (understood in an ethnic sense)." 1211:

Murdered and Burned Alive on This Spot on July 10, 1941." The memorial stone is surrounded by a series of stone blocks that mark the site of the barn. In August 2001 Jedwabne mayor Krzysztof Godlewski, a pioneer for the commemoration of the massacre, resigned in protest at the local council's refusal to fund a new road to the site. He received the

783:, Awigdor Białostocki, and the kosher butcher, Mendel Nornberg, led the procession. According to an eyewitness, Szmuel Wasersztajn, the group was taken to the barn, where they were made to dig a pit and throw the statue in. They were then killed and buried in the same pit. Polish government investigators found this grave during a 1075:

On 9 July 2002 the IPN issued a press release on the findings of its two-year investigation, signed by the chief prosecutor, Radosław J. Ignatiew. The IPN found that at least 340 Jews had been killed in the pogrom, in two groups. The first group consisted of 40 to 50 men, who were murdered before the

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The Polish government had to compromise and agree that only the top layer and small fragments would be examined; large pieces of bone would not be moved. The exhumation reportedly ended, according to Haglund, "with some of the non-Jewish Polish investigators weeping in frustration as they watched one

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and Aleksander Wyrzykowski, on the couple's farm, from November 1942 to January 1945. Despite a very "aggressive attitude from Polish neighbours" and inspections by German personnel, the Wyrzykowskis managed to hide the group until the Red Army liberated Janczewko from the German occupiers in January

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and his successors. Prewar Polish-Jewish relations in the town were relatively good before 1939. At their most tense, when a Jewish woman was killed in Jedwabne and a Polish peasant in another town was killed a few days later, a rumor began that the Jedwabne Jews had taken revenge. Jews anticipated a

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attended a ceremony at Jedwabne where he apologized for the massacre: "We can have no doubt that here in Jedwabne Polish citizens were killed at the hands of fellow citizens ... I apologise in my own name, and in the name of those Poles whose conscience is shattered by that crime." The ceremony

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wrote in 2007: "Even if the murders were carried out by local people - or more precisely by a group of forty or so men, distinct from other members of the indigenous population, mostly not from the town itself but from the surrounding area - closer analysis of the crime has now demonstrated that the

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Heydrich ordered: "No obstacles should be made for the efforts aimed at self-cleaning among anti-communist and anti-Jewish circles in the newly occupied territories. To the contrary, they should be instigated without leaving a trace, and if need be—intensified and directed on the right track, but in

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was then banned by Poland's government for anti-state and racist activities. Archival documents show Poland's government at this time was hostile to the Polish nationalist movement, because of the latter's attacks on Jews as well as its opposition to the Polish state; the government felt responsible

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states in this context that "Poles accused Jews of collaborating with the Soviet oppressors, but in fact it was often precisely those individuals most deeply implicated in Soviet crimes who were quickest to take the lead in attacks on Jews—attacks that would serve both to deflect the anger of their

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terrorized the local population before leading Jews and Poles to the crime scene. Chodakiewicz argues that all the primary sources are wrong or worthless, including the testimony of Szmul Wasersztajn, the investigation of the 22 suspects for the 1949 trial, and the partial exhumation of the bodies.

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Over the course of two years, IPN investigators interviewed some 111 witnesses, mainly from Poland, but also from Israel and the United States. One-third of the IPN witnesses had been eyewitnesses of some part of the pogrom; most had been children at the time. The IPN also searched for documents in

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Writing that "one day, in July 1941, half of the population of a small East European town murdered the other half—some 1,600 men, women and children", Gross concluded that the Jedwabne Jews had been rounded up and killed by a mob of their own Polish neighbors. This ran contrary to Poland's official

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was established in the 17th or 18th century. In 1937, 60 percent of the population were ethnic Poles and 40 percent Jewish. In 1939 the total population was around 2,720 to 2,800. At the time about 10 percent of the population of Poland—35 million—was Jewish; it was the largest Jewish population in

1119:, 1,034 pages. On 30 June 2003 Ignatiew announced that the investigation of "the mass murder of at least 340 Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on July 10, 1941" had found no living suspects who had not already been brought to justice, and therefore the IPN investigation was closed. 1090:

Several witnesses had testified that uniformed Germans had arrived in the town that day and drove the group of Jews to the market place. IPN could neither conclusively prove nor disprove these accounts. "Witness testimonies vary considerably" on the question of whether the Germans took the Jews to

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report, on 10 July 1941 Polish men from nearby villages began arriving in Jedwabne "with the intention of participating in the premeditated murder of the Jewish inhabitants of the town". Gross writes that a leading role in the pogrom was carried out by four men, including Jerzy Laudański and Karol

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There is general agreement that German secret police or intelligence officials were seen in Jedwabne on the morning of 10 July 1941, or the day before, and met with the town council. Szmuel Wasersztajn's witness statement in 1945 said that eight Gestapo men arrived on 10 July and met with the town

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before the war conditioned the view of Jews as Soviet collaborators; the Soviet departure then triggered revenge: "Even though the Germans were in control of the situation in Jedwabne, there is no doubt that it was not hard to find dozens of willing participants of genocidal murder among the local

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made an official complaint against the IPN's conclusion that ethnic Poles and not the Germans had committed the massacre. A 203-page expanded version of the findings was issued by the IPN on 30 June 2003; pages 60–160 contained summaries of the testimonies of witnesses interviewed by the IPN. The

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The IPN found that some Jews had been alerted by non-Jewish acquaintances the evening before that "a collective action was being prepared against the Jews". Between 100 and 125 Jews who escaped the pogrom lived in an open ghetto in Jedwabne before being transferred to the Łomża ghetto in November

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Krzysztof Persak (2011): "The direct perpetrators of those crimes was a sizeable group of residents of Jedwabne and neighboring villages. Those involved in the pogrom took different roles: some killed the victims with their own hands, others supervised the Jews assembled in the market square and

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members: "Polish accounts repeated that made up of Jews. The Jews themselves talk about Jews who made themselves of service to the Soviets in this first period, but they emphasize that were the exception rather than the rule." Regardless of the extent of the collaboration, it "strengthened the

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Wasersztajn, Szmul (5 April 1945). Deposition (Report). Warsaw: Jewish Historical Institute. "Witness Szmul Wasersztajn, written down by E. Sztejman; chairman of the Voivodeship Jewish Historical Commission, M. Turek; freely translated from the Yiddish language by M. Kwater." Collection no. 301

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The Jedwabne monument was replaced in July 2001 by a six-foot-tall stone with an inscription, in Hebrew, Polish, and Yiddish, that makes no mention of the perpetrators: "To the Memory of Jews from Jedwabne and the Surrounding Area, Men, Women, and Children, Co-inhabitants of this Land, Who Were

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Jörg Hackmann states that "three major explanations of the murders of Jedwabne prevail: First, that responsibility has to be seen within the Polish society... Second, connection between the murders and a general Polish antisemitism the image of the Pole being an "innocent and noble victim of

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in Jedwabne, staffed by eight or eleven military police. The police reportedly set up a "collaborationist civilian town council" led by a former mayor, Marian Karolak. Karolak established a local police force, whose members included Eugeniusz Kalinowski and Jerzy Laudanski. The town council is

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authorities. Another witness said four or five Gestapo men arrived and "they began to talk in the town hall". "Gestapo man" was used to refer to any German in a black uniform, Persak writes. The witnesses said they believed the meeting had been held to discuss murdering the town's Jews.

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The town's Jews were forced out of their homes and taken to the market square, where they were ordered to weed the area by pulling up grass from between the cobblestones. While doing this, they were beaten and made to dance or perform exercises by residents from Jedwabne and nearby.

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was one of the few Polish-majority areas that had, since 1939, been experiencing the cruelty of Soviet occupation. Thus, when the Germans arrived in 1941, the population saw them as liberators; together with historical antisemitism, this created conditions ripe for German incitement.

1682:(2002): "The presence of German military policemen from the police station at Jedwabne, and of other uniformed Germans (assuming they were present at the events), even if passive, was tantamount to consent to, and tolerance of, the crime against the Jewish inhabitants of the town." 1034:, "experts agree that there are no more than 400–450 bodies. This figure is compatible with the size of the barn that constituted the killing site (19 × 7 meters, or 62 × 23 feet)." The exhumation lasted just five days because of religious objections from 1087:("in the broad sense") could be ascribed to the Germans because of the presence of German military policemen at the Jedwabne police station. Their presence, "though passive, was tantamount to consent to and tolerance of the crime against the Jewish inhabitants of the town". 1201:

said at the time: "The Jedwabne crime was a revenge for the cooperation of the Jewish community with the Soviet occupant. The Poles have already apologized many times to the Jews; we are waiting for the apology from the other side because many Jews were scoundrels."

1130:, director of Poland's Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), said in February 2019 that the IPN was ready to re-open the investigation and exhume the remaining bodies, but the National Prosecutor's Office decided in March that there were no grounds for doing so. 858:

After the war, in 1949 and 1950, 22 suspects from the town and vicinity were put on trial in Poland, accused of collaborating with the Germans during the pogrom. None of the defendants had a higher education and three were illiterate. Twelve were convicted of

1197:, Israeli Ambassador to Poland, also delivered a speech. "Living among us also are Holocaust survivors whose lives were saved as a result of the brave actions of their Polish neighbors," he said. He praised Poland's investigation. Former Polish president 1662:) denoted a motor car, and 'Gestapo man' referred to any German in a black uniform. This reference, no doubt, relates to the meeting of the temporary municipal authorities with—probably—functionaries of the German Security Police or Security Service ( 1548:

Tadeusz Słobodzianek, dealing with a massacre of Jews by Poles in a small town during the Holocaust, was performed in London. The play follows the lives of 10 Catholic and Jewish Polish students from the same class at school, beginning in 1925.

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Writing in 2011, historians Bert Hoppe and Hiltrud Glass observed that in all massacres in German-occupied territories, there are indications of the leading role of German units even where non-Germans were the murderers, such as in Jedwabne.

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as having been deployed in the area at the time of the pogroms. The methods used by Schaper's death squad in the Radziłów massacre were identical to those employed in Jedwabne only three days later. During the German investigation at

496:. The attitude to the latter was conditioned by anti-Semitism, which was widespread in the area... As a result of a combination of all those factors, German inspiration and encouragement in Jedwabne met with favorable conditions." 403:) faction. The organization referred to the violence as a "revolution" against the Polish state, which it saw as a protector of Jews. One Jew was killed by the pogromists, and four pogromists were killed by the Polish police; the 3171:[A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941] (in Polish). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (IPN). 30 June 2003. Archived from 461:

majority rejected their ideology, and businesspersons and the assimilated Jewish intelligentsia did not trust their intentions; and soon enough the Soviets had moved against the Jewish intelligentsia, arrested leaders of the

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as an auxiliary troop and which had organized several pogroms in the western part of the Voivodeship of Bialystok (in which Jedwabne was located); it had recruited local Poles as auxiliary 'pogrom police' for this purpose."

3907:"Press release on final findings of investigation S 1/00/Zn into the killing of Polish citizens of Jewish origin in the town of Jedwabne, on 10 July 1941, i.e. pursuant to Article 1 point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944" 4334:(2003). "Polish 'Neighbors' and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa". In Steinlauf, Michael; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). 1670:), mentioned by other witnesses as well. Although accounts regarding that issue are all secondhand, their common denominator is that during that 'conference' the decision to murder the Jedwabne Jews was taken." 927:

According to Ewa Wolentarska-Ochman, "although almost absent from Poland's official historical record, the massacre remained very much alive in local oral tradition and among Jewish survivors from the region."

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was attended by Catholic and Jewish religious leaders and survivors of the pogrom. Most of the 2,000 locals of Jedwabne, including the town's priest, boycotted the ceremony in protest against the apology.

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asked for forgiveness at a ceremony marking the 70th anniversary. In September that year, the Jedwabne memorial was defaced with swastikas and graffiti. Poland launched an anti-hate crime investigation.

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and were now trying to recast themselves as zealous collaborators with the Germans. He also writes that no "sustained organized activity" could have taken place in the town without the Germans' consent.

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Anna Bikont writes that under Soviet occupation the Poles and Jews of Jedwabne had differing experiences of the local militia, which provided the authorities with names of anti-communist and antisemitic

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foreign violence and intrigue" by Hitler and Stalin alike. And third, ... the thesis of ascribing the responsibility solely to the Germans, which in 2016 was repeated by the current director of

1046:, who attended the exhumation as an international observer, the process should have lasted several months. In his view, the number of bodies could not be estimated in the short space of time. 794:

from former Soviet supplies. This group was buried in the barn near the first group. The 2001 exhumation found a mass grave within the barn's foundations and another close to the foundations.

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Poles... After two years of cruel occupation, the local Poles greeted the Wehrmacht as liberators. They also felt a strong revenge reflex toward Soviet collaborators, with Jews viewed as such

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was investigated by prosecutors in West Germany in 1960 on suspicion of involvement in the massacres of Jews in Jedwabne, Radziłów, and Wąsosz in 1941. The charges were based on research by

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conducted a forensic murder investigation; it confirmed that the direct perpetrators were ethnic Poles. The country was shocked by the findings, which challenged common narratives about the

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Findings of Investigation S1/00/Zn into the Murder of Polish Citizens of Jewish Origin in the Town of Jedwabne on 10 July 1941, pursuant to Article 1 Point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944

1314:("Neighbors", 2001), deals with the subject in greater depth. Gross's book of the same name was written with Arnold's permission to use the title. Gross appears in Haim Hecht's documentary 826:

for extermination, seven of them—Moshe Olszewicz, his wife, Lea, and his brother, Dov; Lea and Jacob Kubran; Józef Grądowski; and Szmuel Wasersztajn—escaped again to the nearby hamlet of

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movement, a right-wing and antisemitic bloc which sought to counter what it claimed was Jewish economic competition against Catholics and opposed the Polish socialist government of

999:, "some historians sought to dispute the fundamentals of Gross's findings by massive attention to minute details, burying the wider picture under a pile of supposed inaccuracies". 3692: 703:

In the days before the Jedwabne massacre, the town's Jewish population increased as refugees arrived from nearby Radziłów and Wizna. In Wizna, the town's Polish "civil head" (

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In May–June 2001 the IPN conducted an exhumation at the site of the barn. Charred bodies were found in two mass graves, and broken pieces of the bust of Lenin. According to

9668: 7034: 4319: 3574: 1042:(2015), Adam Rosenblatt writes that, because of this, what happened in Jedwabne "is likely to remain forever murky". According to William Haglund, a forensic expert for 893:(CŻKH). The German prosecutors found no hard evidence implicating Birkner, but in the course of their investigation they discovered a new German witness, the former SS 6560: 8081: 1310:("Where is my elder son Cain", 1999), includes interviews with Szmul Wasersztajn and the daughter of the owner of the barn where the massacre took place. The second, 1741:

asked Rabbi Joseph Polak of Boston University for a theological opinion; he argued that reburying someone after an inappropriate burial is "not only appropriate but

1623: 924:. Its inscription blamed the Germans: "The place of destruction of the Jewish population. Here Gestapo and Nazi gendarmes burned alive 1600 people on 10 July 1941." 910:

in 1964, Schaper lied to interrogators, claiming that in 1941 he had been a truck driver. Legal proceedings against the accused were terminated on 2 September 1965.

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1945. Shortly after, the Wyrzykowskis were beaten by a group of Polish nationalists for having helped Jews; the couple had to leave the area and eventually moved to

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Wolentarska-Ochman, Ewa (May 2003). "Jedwabne and the power struggle in Poland (remembering the Polish-Jewish past a decade after the collapse of communism)".

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reported to have included Eugeniusz Sliwecki, Józef Sobutka, and Józef Wasilewski. Karol Bardon, a translator for the Germans, may also have been a member.

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agreed with Chodakiewicz that the pogrom had been executed by German police, "with only limited involvement from a very small number of Poles", including "

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in a nearby square and carry part of the statue on a wooden stretcher to the market square then to a nearby barn, while singing communist songs. The local

263:. Estimates of the number of victims vary from 300 to 1,600, including women, children, and elderly, many of whom were locked in a barn and burned alive. 8593: 2287: 1823: 7488: 6524: 790:

Most of Jedwabne's remaining Jews, around 300 men, women, children and infants, were then locked inside the barn, which was set on fire, probably using

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effectively challenges the standard view that non-Jewish Poles had little responsibility for the fate of Jews living in Poland during World War II..."

1875:, "the number of the victims cannot be definitively proven, although estimates ranging from 400-800 seem much more plausible than those above 1,000" ( 4864: 4816: 3169:"Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r." 3337: 964:("Neighbors: The Story of the Annihilation of a Jewish Town") caused a "moral earthquake" when it was published in Poland in May 2000, according to 7320: 7276: 5380: 4954: 3723: 450: 6519: 1555: 293:

Knowledge of the massacre did not become widespread until 1999–2003. Polish filmmakers, journalists, and academics, in particular Gross's history

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was published in 2015. Other translations include Swedish (2015), Hebrew (2016), Dutch (2016), Chinese (2018), Italian (2019) and German (2020).

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concluding that the Germans had moved through the area causing popular outbursts against the Jews without taking part in the killing themselves.

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Several witnesses reported seeing German photographers take pictures of the massacre. There was also speculation that the pogrom was filmed.

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on 22 June 1941, German forces again overran Jedwabne and other parts of Poland that had been occupied by the Soviets. American historian

290:, "the undisputed bosses of life and death in Jedwabne were the Germans," who were "the only ones who could decide the fate of the Jews." 6841: 817:'s farm. Back row, second left: Szmul Wasersztajn (who gave a statement in 1945); third, Mosze Olszewicz; and fourth, Jankiel Kubrzański. 323: 11365: 775:" against their victims, who they alleged had collaborated with the Soviet regime, 40–50 Jewish men were forced to demolish a statue of 408:

for Jews and tried to protect them – arresting violent nationalists – and perceived Jews as trying to show loyalty to the Polish state.

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Sowjetunion mit annektierten Gebieten I – Besetzte sowjetische Gebiete unter deutscher Militärverwaltung, Baltikum und Transnistrien.

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that had focused on Polish suffering and heroism, and that non-Jewish Poles had little responsibility for the fate of Poland's Jews.

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Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18".

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Baker, Julius; Tzinovitz, Moshe (1980). "My Hometown Yedwabne, Province of Lomza, Poland". In Baker, Julius; Baker, Jacob (eds.).

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and her husband were beaten by fellow Poles for saving Jews in Jedwabne, and were later recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.

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In July 2000, following the publication of Gross's book, the Polish parliament ordered a new investigation to be conducted by the

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Wolentarska-Ochman, Ewa (2006). "Collective Remembrance in Jedwabne: Unsettled Memory of World War II in Postcommunist Poland".

8489: 8367: 7200: 6260: 2581:"The Testimony of Szmul Wasersztein, one of the seven Jewish survivors, about the murder of the Jews in Jedwabne, 5 April 1945" 1379:

An extensive collection of articles from the Polish and international debate, in English translation, was published in 2003 as

6153: 4323: 2254:"Mass murder of Jewish citizens in Jedwabne, Radziłów and other locations in the eastern Mazovia region in the summer of 1941" 1083:("in the strict sense") were at least 40 male "Polish inhabitants of Jedwabne and its environs". Responsibility for the crime 8985: 6664: 6158: 4764: 4743: 4668: 4649: 4520: 4498: 4374: 4305: 4286: 4179: 4014: 3994: 3972: 3759: 3733: 3712: 3619: 2488: 1395:. The book includes articles from Polish and other historians, the IPN's findings, and essays from Polish newspapers such as 3906: 1248:, for "failure to defend Poland's reputation" and for apologizing for the massacre of Jews by Poles at the Jedwabne pogrom. 653: 10248: 10238: 10221: 10216: 10133: 9137: 9058: 8727: 8323: 7207: 6861: 6344: 6299: 4947: 3424: 1973: 1256: 864: 252: 71: 1174: 560:

such a manner so that the local ‘self-defense circles’ could not refer to the orders or political promises made to them."

11635: 11594: 11588: 10419: 10390: 10258: 10231: 9662: 8193: 6799: 863:

against Poland and one was condemned to death. Some of the men confessed after being tortured during interviews with the

10523: 10498: 7155: 5359: 5108: 4446: 2701: 10518: 10300: 10273: 10253: 9581: 9550: 9523: 9455: 8830: 6982: 6339: 5038: 4343: 4216:"Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974" 4084: 4046: 3643: 1633: 822:

1942. Several escaped to other towns. In November 1942, when the Germans began putting ghetto inmates on trains to the

42: 8095: 3578: 2451:

Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974.

1905:

Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974.

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Darewicz, Krzysztof (10 March 2001). "We Trusted Each Other: Jedwabne Rabbi Jacob Baker". Trans. Peter K. Gessner.

1407:. The collection features archival documents and essays covering the entire 1939–1941 period. Contributors include 890: 457:

writes that most of the Jews understandably welcomed the Soviets as the "lesser evil than the Germans", though the

430: 10513: 10503: 10488: 322:(PIS) party's rise to political power in 2015, the subject again became contentious. The PIS has a controversial " 11660: 11355: 10012: 9941: 9591: 9224: 9113: 8374: 6944: 4940: 11395: 7889: 5138: 11445: 10169: 9757: 8914: 8743: 8711: 8539: 8453: 6917: 6272: 6248: 5043: 3204: 853: 507:

writes: "Criminal orders from above and violent impulses from below created a climate of unmitigated violence.

11340: 8186: 6395: 2658: 2253: 1291: 533:, complained that pogroms had not broken out in the newly conquered Polish region where Jedwabne is located. 11370: 10725: 10508: 10493: 10435: 9866: 9814: 9692: 9555: 9161: 9153: 9066: 7580: 6939: 6749: 2533: 2291: 1827: 487:

and Hubert Zawadzki. Krzysztof Persak writes that the antisemitic stereotype of Jewish Communism used by the

244: 152: 11345: 11310: 8656: 5268: 4991: 3093: 2083: 787:. It held the remains of about 40 men, a kosher butcher's knife, and the head of the concrete Lenin statue. 11330: 10835: 10669: 10344: 10174: 10091: 9824: 9518: 9351: 9020: 8798: 8719: 8695: 8165: 7268: 6405: 5018: 2277:

Peter Longerich (2007) Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews Oxford University Press p.196

823: 78: 11325: 11086: 8346: 7657: 6390: 4094:

Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust".

3728:. Vol. IIA. Bloomington and Indianapolis: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 899–902. 3248: 2328:

Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945

1021:

Institute of National Remembrance –Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation

968:. It appeared in English, German and Hebrew within the year. In English it was published in April 2001 by 11385: 11380: 11350: 11189: 10329: 10143: 9888: 9861: 9854: 9145: 8561: 8446: 6974: 6240: 5118: 5073: 5063: 5053: 4996: 2823: 1738: 1725: 1159: 1043: 984: 446: 392: 368: 197: 11390: 11131: 5985: 5487: 5103: 4077:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

3635:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

11640: 11320: 11174: 10206: 9883: 9829: 9650: 9438: 8992: 8942: 8751: 8569: 8503: 8280: 7960: 7536: 7100: 6886: 6828: 6769: 6710: 6364: 6268: 6208: 5791: 5354: 5068: 5013: 4894: 2696: 1397: 969: 541: 463: 4369:. Berlin, Boston and Jerusalem: Walter de Gruyter and Hebrew University Magnes Press. pp. 27–66. 4174:. Berlin, Boston and Jerusalem: Walter de Gruyter and Hebrew University Magnes Press. pp. 67–84. 384: 11400: 10830: 10371: 10186: 10181: 10017: 9398: 9177: 9050: 9013: 8935: 8616: 7464: 7073: 6871: 6659: 6244: 5935: 5880: 5349: 5078: 5058: 5008: 4914: 4869: 4732:

Poland 1939–1945: Casualties and the Victims of Repressions under the Nazi and the Soviet Occupations

2220: 1460: 1323: 1095: 805: 421: 11315: 4132:

Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

1187: 1179: 1099: 311: 11655: 11615: 11529: 11159: 10805: 10339: 10128: 10022: 9482: 9450: 9185: 9169: 8900: 8822: 8806: 8273: 7939: 7373: 6986: 6690: 6252: 5133: 5030: 4969: 4919: 4904: 4884: 4874: 4859: 4854: 6082: 11620: 11360: 11335: 11280: 11164: 11121: 10750: 10730: 10619: 10295: 10263: 10138: 9403: 9097: 8158: 6700: 6629: 6354: 6188: 5313: 4909: 4899: 4889: 4879: 4832: 4581: 1412: 488: 475: 364: 304: 11136: 8023: 7604: 1628: 1585: 1576: 1245: 1228: 315: 11557: 10942: 10815: 10349: 10324: 10290: 10268: 10243: 10226: 10211: 10191: 10148: 10118: 9971: 9735: 9712: 9586: 9472: 9433: 9408: 9275: 9240: 9042: 8978: 8648: 8266: 7994: 7923: 7753: 7697: 7437: 7306: 7108: 6410: 5960: 5875: 4315: 3677: 2644: 1567: 1483:

challenges Gross's interpretation of events. It suggests that four or five truckloads of armed

1476: 8999: 4478: 4068: 3919: 3039: 2543: 1143: 11244: 10825: 10810: 10785: 10319: 10285: 10201: 10196: 10081: 9844: 9637: 9597: 9535: 9530: 9467: 9393: 9326: 9212: 8774: 8664: 8353: 8316: 8230: 7520: 7365: 7284: 7238: 7193: 7171: 6949: 6369: 4486: 3602:. Jerusalem and New York: The Yedwabner Societies in Israel and the United States of America. 3103: 2462: 2093: 1600: 1094:

Leon Kieres delivered the IPN report to the Polish parliament. A small opposition party, the

996: 572:. This was probably a commando from the Gestapo office in Zichenau that had been assigned to 7769: 7737: 5223: 1050:

of the rabbis lowering the charred teeth and bone fragments ... back into the graves".

712: 596:

region, with varying degrees of German involvement. Generally smaller attacks took place at

11179: 11110: 11092: 10962: 10820: 10056: 10007: 9979: 9702: 9632: 9418: 8672: 8632: 8517: 8179: 7907: 7899: 7784: 7761: 7689: 7597: 7568: 7560: 7512: 7456: 7081: 6426: 6137: 6022: 5658: 5583: 5527: 4331: 4072: 4064: 3629: 1155: 1147: 831: 814: 693: 692:, Polish residents knifed and beat to death about 150–250 Jews. Two days later, during the 520: 504: 500: 396: 372: 11480: 11169: 10932: 10912: 8030: 6264: 6102: 5123: 4443:"90. posiedzenie Senatu RP [90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland]" 4384:

Shore, Marci (2005). "Conversing with Ghosts: Jedwabne, Zydokomuna, and Totalitarianism".

3597: 8: 11645: 11003: 10998: 10957: 10922: 10795: 10740: 10547: 10086: 9997: 9989: 9752: 9745: 9477: 9462: 9413: 8703: 8640: 8585: 8510: 8123: 7931: 7861: 7627: 7421: 7397: 7327: 7183: 6964: 6836: 6476: 6436: 5885: 5708: 5247: 5148: 4557: 2605: 1978: 1451: 1392: 918:

In 1963 a monument to the victims was placed in Jedwabne by the Polish communist state's

449:. The Germans transferred the area around Jedwabne to the Soviets in accordance with the 11071: 7705: 6486: 5278: 5253: 5213: 4024: 3932: 1357: 11146: 11013: 10917: 10760: 10694: 10629: 10382: 10066: 9893: 9576: 9233: 9089: 8956: 8907: 8782: 8735: 8302: 8237: 7721: 7681: 7590: 7429: 6705: 6674: 6461: 6213: 5761: 5698: 5628: 5618: 5537: 5218: 5002: 4978: 4703: 4695: 4608: 4561: 4553: 4401: 4256: 4235: 4111: 3893: 3885: 3852: 3844: 3803: 3665: 3221: 2974: 1331: 1103: 569: 546: 417: 348: 314:

apologized on behalf of the country, an apology that was repeated in 2011 by President

275: 6754: 6466: 6037: 5975: 5258: 4801: 4433: 2453:

East European Politics and Societies. 25 (3): 410–432. Krzysztof Persak p. 412 (2011).

1276: 1263:

explains that "according to the politicians, historians, and journalists representing

1025:

Instytut Pamięci Narodowej –Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu

11098: 11008: 10967: 10634: 10594: 9935: 9740: 9603: 9388: 9268: 9261: 9254: 8921: 8439: 8410: 7349: 7295: 7163: 7132: 6729: 6431: 6107: 5834: 5799: 5751: 5593: 5532: 4770: 4760: 4739: 4707: 4664: 4645: 4593: 4516: 4494: 4474: 4413: 4405: 4370: 4349: 4339: 4301: 4282: 4239: 4215: 4175: 4155: 4128:"Coming to Terms with the 'Dark Past': The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre" 4115: 4080: 4052: 4042: 4010: 3990: 3968: 3897: 3856: 3836: 3795: 3755: 3729: 3708: 3653: 3639: 3633: 3615: 2978: 2966: 2687: 2494: 2484: 1510: 1505: 1432: 537: 525:

Shortly after the German invasion of Soviet-held Polish territory in late June 1941,

454: 376:

pogrom, but the local priest and rabbi stepped in and addressed the matter together.

279: 52: 11431: 10947: 10876: 8309: 7012: 6954: 6639: 6456: 6451: 5457: 4565: 3807: 1923:, Chapter 10: "The Shock of Jedwabne", p.204-, University of California Press (2011) 1907:

East European Politics and Societies. 25 (3): 410–432. Krzysztof Persak p.412 (2011)

11564: 11290: 11184: 10977: 10972: 10871: 10770: 10689: 10679: 9903: 9898: 9772: 9445: 9303: 8200: 8109: 7854: 7528: 7480: 7357: 6891: 6496: 6446: 6236: 6057: 5915: 5703: 5693: 5668: 5552: 5542: 5517: 5467: 5308: 5180: 5143: 5128: 4687: 4545: 4466: 4429: 4393: 4227: 4151: 4103: 3877: 3828: 3787: 3743: 3707:. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press. 2958: 1974:"Poland elects right-wing president who criticized predecessor's apologies to Jews" 1303: 878: 526: 270:

carried out the killing; their ringleaders decided on it beforehand with Germany's

11219: 11194: 8360: 8130: 5895: 5865: 5643: 5472: 5303: 5238: 5208: 5190: 4338:. Vol. 16. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 450–471. 4107: 3791: 689: 516: 11550: 11522: 11417: 11023: 10952: 10584: 9929: 9682: 9282: 8624: 8151: 8037: 7915: 7847: 7665: 7552: 7413: 7334: 6912: 6907: 6764: 6695: 6644: 6624: 6385: 6192: 6122: 6052: 5990: 5980: 5920: 5855: 5723: 5633: 5522: 5507: 5492: 5452: 5318: 4362: 4361:

Shafir, Michael (2012). "Denying the Shoah in Post-Communist Eastern Europe". In

4276: 4268: 4167: 3982: 3910: 3359: 1952: 1522: 1403: 1388: 1127: 902: 898: 597: 573: 564: 319: 283: 167: 10907: 6634: 5965: 5547: 5427: 5402: 5283: 4573: 4247:

Polak, Joseph A. (Winter 2001). "Exhuming Their Neighbors: A Halakhic Inquiry".

3722:

Crago, Laura (2012). "Jedwabne". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Dean, Martin (eds.).

1493: 1364:(525 pages) contains historical and legal research by IPN historians. Volume 2, 965: 11424: 11375: 11104: 11065: 11043: 11028: 11018: 10982: 10897: 10866: 10654: 10609: 10061: 9871: 9839: 9804: 9725: 9289: 9247: 8949: 8417: 8244: 8088: 8059: 7947: 7840: 7729: 7713: 7313: 6654: 6649: 6481: 6349: 6256: 6178: 6132: 6047: 5945: 5906: 5829: 5688: 5673: 5648: 5588: 5477: 5462: 5442: 5432: 5293: 5185: 4723: 4272: 4163: 4139: 4123: 3612:

The Crime and the Silence: Confronting the Massacre of Jews in Wartime Jedwabne

3284: 2630: 1518: 1384: 1368:(1,034 pages), contains original documents collected by the IPN investigation. 1260: 776: 707:) had ordered the Jewish community's expulsion; 230–240 Jews fled to Jedwabne. 552: 484: 8116: 5870: 5678: 5638: 5243: 5113: 4774: 4549: 3748: 2962: 1240:

In Poland's 2015 presidential election campaign debate, the future president,

11609: 11515: 11459: 11285: 11214: 11141: 11077: 10659: 10034: 9876: 9809: 9656: 8403: 8207: 8102: 8001: 7978: 7876: 7812: 7673: 7504: 6851: 6669: 6441: 6182: 6117: 6112: 6097: 6067: 6062: 6032: 5970: 5925: 5839: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5776: 5766: 5746: 5718: 5608: 5578: 5497: 5482: 5437: 5328: 5298: 5273: 5263: 5233: 5228: 5164: 4846: 4585: 4454: 4442: 4353: 4231: 4189: 4056: 3840: 3799: 3537: 2970: 2498: 1872: 1720: 1618: 1613: 1484: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1327: 1031: 992: 882: 645: 388: 267: 260: 163: 100: 87: 34: 9608: 7805: 6072: 4590:

Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in International Perspective, Volume VII

4457:(Spring 2003). "Jedwabne: Revisiting the Evidence and Nature of the Crime". 987:; witness statements and other trial records from the 1949–1950 trials; the 772: 617: 480: 11536: 11452: 11438: 11033: 10927: 10892: 10845: 10684: 10569: 10098: 10044: 9908: 9720: 9620: 9571: 9428: 9374: 8790: 6759: 6471: 6278: 6218: 6127: 6092: 6087: 5955: 5940: 5781: 5713: 5683: 5653: 5603: 5573: 5568: 5422: 5323: 5288: 5175: 4754: 4470: 4278:

The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland

3304:"Poland asks Jews for forgiveness on 70th anniversary of Yedvabne massacre" 3127:

Hooper, John (10 July 2002). "No trial for Poles who killed Jews in 1941".

2314:"Timeline of pogroms in the former Soviet occupation zone – summer of 1941" 1916: 1697: 1420: 1381:

The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland

1335: 1319: 1241: 1194: 1035: 957: 950: 530: 458: 434: 327: 287: 256: 216: 177: 30: 5613: 4580:

by Jan T. Gross: Politics, Public Opinion and Historical Methodology". In

4397: 983:

Gross's sources were Szmuel Wasersztajn's 1945 witness statement from the

886: 867:. The confessions were retracted in court and the accused were released. 836: 725: 589: 11038: 10937: 10902: 10704: 10644: 10599: 9961: 9767: 9762: 9730: 7833: 7472: 6491: 6027: 6017: 5950: 5930: 5860: 5819: 5756: 5741: 5663: 5623: 5512: 5502: 4508: 4069:"Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941" 3607: 1408: 1198: 907: 380: 4728:

Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami

4260: 4127: 3889: 3669: 677: 641: 10564: 10153: 10039: 9956: 9687: 9626: 7826: 7819: 7745: 7389: 6077: 6042: 5598: 5447: 4699: 4166:(2012). "The Jedwabne Debate: Reshaping Polish National Mythology". In 3848: 3682:"Research Before Conclusion: The Problems of Shock Therapy in Jedwabne" 1545: 1488: 1212: 1163: 721: 710:

According to various accounts, Persak writes, the Germans had set up a

621: 585: 343: 185: 3750:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

3425:"Sensu Stricto, Sensu Largo: The Battle Over Poland's 'Holocaust Law'" 1517:(Polish citizens of German origin) and petty criminals". In response, 1186:

In July 2001, on the 60th anniversary of the pogrom, Polish president

1098:(LPR) called him a "servant of the Jews" and blamed him and President 974:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

942:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

763: 649: 609: 550:, which in turn controlled Germany's SS paramilitary death squads, or 296:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

11494: 11466: 10076: 9951: 9946: 9834: 6334: 5771: 5344: 3881: 2521: 827: 669: 665: 661: 601: 6359: 6321: 4691: 4609:"The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, and After" 4028: 3832: 3614:. Translated by Alissa Valles. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 681: 605: 11571: 11508: 10861: 10574: 10050: 9966: 9819: 9778: 8172: 7544: 7043: 6774: 1306:

made two documentary films interviewing witnesses of the massacre.

946: 810: 791: 657: 593: 438: 356: 248: 141: 67: 48: 2716: 1935:, p. 454. "By focusing so intensely on this single massacre, 11543: 11487: 10426: 4418:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941: Before, During, and After

4192:. "The Pogrom in Jedwabne: Critical Remarks about Jan T. Gross's 3909:. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from 3188:"Poland calls off exhumation of bodies from 1941 Jedwabne pogrom" 1481:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941: Before, During, and After

1107:

report was supplemented by two volumes of studies and documents,

860: 673: 637: 625: 613: 271: 181: 10414: 3530:"Our Class and the bloody history of Poland that refuses to die" 2824:"Poland faces up to the horror of its own role in the Holocaust" 1468: 11473: 10071: 10027: 9849: 9784: 9423: 9343: 8144: 7047: 6846: 4962: 4790: 3205:"Wyrzykowski Aleksander & Wyrzykowska Antonina (Karwowska)" 3151: 3149: 2165: 813:, 1933, including three boys who survived the war by hiding on 581: 227: 137: 56: 9223: 3866:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After

3705:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After

3443: 3330:"Poland's president asks for forgiveness at Jedwabne memorial" 2752: 580:

After the German occupation, Polish villagers participated in

11501: 4592:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. pp. 387–399. 2290:. POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from 1826:. POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from 1009: 780: 685: 629: 442: 7794: 5403:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

4298:

Digging for the Disappeared: Forensic Science after Atrocity

3815:

Holc, Janine P. (Autumn 2002). "Working through Jan Gross's

3510: 3450: 3404: 3146: 3019: 3017: 1701:

neighbors and to curry favor with the new German occupiers."

7051: 4142:; Polonsky, Antony (January 2008). "Letter to the Editor". 4079:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 244–308. 3392: 1986: 842: 752: 467: 3965:

A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War

2561: 2143: 2141: 2116: 2114: 2071: 767:

Jedwabne crime scene, compiled from Polish court documents

7579: 4009:(Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3375:"ABW szuka wandali, którzy zniszczyli pomnik w Jedwabnem" 3260: 3258: 3069: 3014: 2379: 2352: 2153: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 1624:

List of anti-Jewish pogroms in Poland during World War II

1264: 1252: 536:

The complaint was responded to by Himmler's subordinate,

433:

began on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by

10412: 6960:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

4759:(in Catalan) (1st ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Base. 3638:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem. 2398: 2396: 2394: 1079:

The report concluded that the perpetrators of the crime

1002:

According to Ewa Wolentarska-Ochman, the publication of

6821: 4831: 4531:("Individual Depositions"), document no. 152 (301/152). 2776: 2342: 2340: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2201: 2189: 2138: 2126: 2111: 2010: 1998: 1953:"Poland Duda victory: Why have Poles voted for change?" 1215:

Award in 2002, along with Rabbi Jacob Baker, author of

4205:

Nowak-Jezioranski, Jan. "A Need for Compensation". In

3987:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

3255: 3215: 3213: 2886: 2764: 2061: 2059: 2037: 2027: 2025: 1463:: Confronting the Massacre of Jews in Wartime Jedwabne 483:

promoted by right-wing parties before the war", write

7042: 4386:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

3498: 3081: 2817: 2815: 2549: 2391: 1450:(2004) ("Jedwabne: Battlefield of Memory”), won the 751:

Bardoń, who had earlier collaborated with the Soviet

299:(2001) raised public interest. In 2000–2003 Poland's 4281:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3754:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3656:(2003). "The Jedwabne Massacre: Update and Review". 3486: 3360:"Polish Jewish memorial marking massacre vandalised" 3045: 3002: 2911:, pp. 323–324, 334; for not reliable, also see 2834: 2788: 2740: 2682: 2680: 2637: 2483:(Third ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 2481:

War and genocide: a concise history of the Holocaust

2337: 2227: 1968: 1966: 1318:(2014), along other prominent Holocaust historians ( 466:, and nationalized private businesses. According to 3938:. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). 3210: 3207:. The Righteous Among Nations database. Yad Vashem. 3057: 2930: 2918: 2651: 2408: 2056: 2022: 1235: 310:In a 2001 memorial ceremony at Jedwabne, President 7778:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 4752: 4535: 3747: 3416: 3115: 2948: 2812: 2800: 2758: 2606:"Were the Jews in Jedwabne killed by the Gestapo?" 1805: 1803: 870: 4642:Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka 4204: 3462: 3290: 2677: 2099: 1963: 1921:In Search of Lost Meaning: The New Eastern Europe 962:Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka 931: 426:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 11607: 10124:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) 6322:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 4023: 4004: 3238: 3155: 2171: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 9677:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 4267: 4249:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 4206: 4197: 4138: 3955: 3923: 3770: 3516: 3456: 3239:Holley, David; Kasprzycka, Ela (11 July 2001). 3035: 1800: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1371: 1138: 9122:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 3595: 3278:"Jedwabne mayor resigns over memorial to Jews" 2316:. POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. 1992: 1158:and Aleksander Wyrzykowski were recognized as 10398: 9359: 7092: 7028: 6807: 6307: 5388: 4948: 4817: 2951:Perspectives on European Politics and Society 2334:München 2011, ISBN 978-3-486-58911-5, Page 31 1525:complained about the review to the editor of 1446:The French translation of Anna Bikont’s book 921:Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy 10134:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) 6993:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 3725:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 3702: 3676: 3480: 2904: 2694:[A different picture of neighbors]. 2567: 1757: 4963:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 4678:Gross, Jan T. (Autumn 2002). "A Response". 4529: 4322:. American Jewish Committee. Archived from 2511: 1947: 1945: 809:Jewish children with their schoolteachers, 10405: 10391: 9645:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 9366: 9352: 7297:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 7035: 7021: 6814: 6800: 6314: 6300: 5395: 5381: 4955: 4941: 4824: 4810: 4295: 4005:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2019). 3769:Gross, Jan. "Critical Remarks Indeed". In 3553: 3372: 3075: 3023: 2686: 2469:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1352:("On Jedwabne") is an official two-volume 1341: 1296:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 1010:Polish government investigation, 2000–2003 544:commanding the German Security Police, or 330:publicly criticized Komorowski's apology. 41: 4718:. Spencer, New York: LogTV (documentary). 4440: 4367:Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy 4314: 4172:Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy 3981: 3949: 3930: 3652: 3554:Billington, Michael (24 September 2009). 3264: 3222:"Poland says sorry for slaughter of Jews" 3087: 2996: 2821: 2782: 2700:(in Polish). Vol. 77. Archived from 2147: 2132: 2120: 2077: 2016: 2004: 1609:Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946 1561:77th anniversary, 2018, Jedwabne monument 1438: 1222: 732: 383:, residents of Jedwabne knew of the 1933 9034: 7117:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 4445:. The Senate of the Republic of Poland. 4412: 4063: 3917: 3904: 3777: 3628: 3504: 3422: 3410: 3219: 2207: 2195: 1942: 1794: 1790: 1290: 1173: 1142: 1102:for "stoning the Polish nation". LPR MP 1066: 945: 843:Early criminal investigations, 1949–1965 804: 762: 342: 11273: 9319:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 6918:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 4606: 4572: 4330: 4300:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 4162: 4122: 4093: 3962: 3950:Kaczyński, Andrzej. "'Burnt Offering', 3931:Ignatiew, Radosław J. (30 June 2003a). 3492: 3398: 3185: 3140: 3099: 2924: 2912: 2892: 2770: 2734: 2089: 1726:Bulletin of Jewish Historical Institute 1685:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1244:, criticized his rival, then-president 771:Evoking the antisemitic stereotype of " 568:pogrom was engineered by a unit of the 11608: 6901:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 6261:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 4756:Jedwabne : una història universal 4661:Wokół Sąsiadów. Polemiki i wyjaśnienia 4576:(2006a). "Polish-Jewish Relations and 4360: 4213: 4188: 4041:. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 3945:from the original on 14 November 2012. 3606: 3441: 3373:Przybylski, Jacek (2 September 2011). 2908: 2880: 2840: 2822:Kauffmann, Sylvie (19 December 2002). 2746: 2722: 2555: 2539: 2527: 2478: 2402: 2385: 2373: 2358: 2288:"Pogrom in Jedwabne: Course of Events" 2266: 2183: 2159: 2050: 1871:, pp. 140, 145–146; according to 1856: 1824:"Pogrom in Jedwabne: Course of Events" 1470:The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941 1169: 11260:Union of Jewish Religious Communities 10386: 9347: 8986:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 7016: 6795: 6295: 5376: 4936: 4805: 4515:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4493:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4485: 4453: 4449:from the original on 18 October 2014. 4383: 4246: 3905:Ignatiew, Radosław J. (9 July 2002). 3768: 3742: 3721: 3063: 3051: 3008: 2936: 2864: 2852: 2806: 2794: 2671: 2659:"Woman who helped Jedwabne Jews dies" 2645:"Aleksander and Antonina Wyrzykowski" 2631:"Woman who helped Jedwabne Jews dies" 2515: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2346: 2326:Bert Hoppe, Hiltrud Glass (Editors): 2240: 2065: 2031: 1892: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1852: 1848: 1809: 1122: 897:of Łomża, who named the paramilitary 584:against Jews in 23 localities of the 11666:Local participation in the Holocaust 9138:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 8728:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 4441:Stokarska, Jadwiga (23 April 2008). 4220:East European Politics and Societies 3863: 3814: 3468: 3322: 3186:Markusz, Katarzyna (19 March 2019). 2876: 1932: 1182:apologized for the massacre in 2001. 9663:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 8863: 8395: 7986: 6822:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 4833:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 4507: 3989:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3698:from the original on 2 August 2020. 3599:Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book 2105: 1532: 1227:On 11 July 2011 Poland's President 1217:Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book 989:Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book 847: 720:Persak writes that the area around 510: 13: 10144:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 6983:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 4753:Serrano i Blanquer, David (2022). 4625: 4027:; Persak, Krzysztof, eds. (2002). 3528:Nathan, John (11 September 2009). 3423:Omolesky, Matthew (5 March 2018). 3280:. Associated Press. 7 August 2001. 1634:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 14: 11682: 11671:Looting of Poland in World War II 11651:Polish war crimes in World War II 11631:Religious controversies in Poland 11250:Jewish Community Centre of Krakow 9130:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 8879:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 8872:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 6665:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 4783: 4736:Institute of National Remembrance 4434:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.394_31.x 4214:Persak, Krzysztof (August 2011). 3572: 1680:Institute of National Remembrance 1354:Institute of National Remembrance 363:Many in the region supported the 351:accidentally burned down in 1913. 301:Institute of National Remembrance 224:Institute of National Remembrance 11584: 11583: 11240:Central Committee of Polish Jews 10425: 10413: 9698:White genocide conspiracy theory 9373: 9106:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 9007:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 8929:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 6842:Population transfers (1944–1946) 5891:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 4789: 4663:(in Polish). Sejny: Pogranicze. 4644:(in Polish). Sejny: Pogranicze. 4156:10.1111/j.1468-229x.2008.00415.x 3864:Holc, Janine P. (Spring 2008). " 3703:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2005). 3566: 3547: 3522: 3435: 3366: 3352: 3296: 3270: 3232: 2661:. Radio Poland. 2 December 2011. 1584: 1575: 1566: 1554: 1360:and Krzysztof Persak. Volume 1, 1236:Influence on political discourse 891:Central Committee of Polish Jews 9942:Institute for Historical Review 9862:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) 9592:International Jewish conspiracy 9489: 9225:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 8324:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 7125:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 6945:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 6857:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 4513:Defiance: The Bielski Partisans 4096:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust 3577:. Wilma Theater. Archived from 3220:Connolly, Kate (11 July 2001). 3198: 3179: 3161: 3121: 2942: 2898: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2623: 2598: 2573: 2505: 2472: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2320: 2306: 2280: 2271: 2260: 2246: 2213: 1732: 1713: 1704: 1691: 1673: 1651: 1205: 871:German investigation, 1960–1965 784: 737: 529:, the most powerful Nazi after 437:. Later that month, the Soviet 411: 379:According to Polish journalist 16:1941 massacre of Jews in Poland 11446:Der Beobachter an der Weichsel 8915:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 8744:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 7754:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 6273:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 6249:36th Estonian Police Battalion 4459:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4336:Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 3868:. By Marek Jan Chodakiewicz". 3588: 3442:Mandel, Roy (27 August 2014). 3336:. 11 July 2011. Archived from 3241:"A Town Honors Massacred Jews" 1926: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1862: 1842: 1815: 1: 10726:Chanokh Heynekh of Aleksander 10139:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) 9867:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 9845:Beilis trial (Russian Empire) 9815:Pogroms in the Russian Empire 9162:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 8831:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 6940:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 6770:Human medical experimentation 4207:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 4198:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 4108:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793 3956:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 3924:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 3792:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742 3771:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 3362:. BBC News. 1 September 2011. 1879:, p. 141); according to 1356:(IPN) publication, edited by 1053: 1014: 688:. On 5 July 1941, during the 451:German–Soviet Boundary Treaty 333: 10836:Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa 10119:Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 9825:1968 Polish political crisis 9114:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 9021:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 8799:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 7231:Massacres at London and York 3780:Journal of Genocide Research 3156:Machcewicz & Persak 2002 2725:, pp. 194–195, 422–423. 2172:Lukowski & Zawadzki 2019 1751: 1139:Recognizing the Wyrzykowskis 913: 830:. There they were hidden by 824:Auschwitz concentration camp 800: 501:invasion of the Soviet Union 7: 9889:Night of the Murdered Poets 8562:Night of the Murdered Poets 6975:Righteous Among the Nations 6862:Ministry of Public Security 6241:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 4851:Related articles by country 4714:Grünberg, Slawomir (2005). 4007:A Concise History of Poland 3517:Michlic & Polonsky 2008 3457:Polonsky & Michlic 2003 3444:"Two Barns—English version" 3247:. p. 3. Archived from 3036:Polonsky & Michlic 2003 1739:Physicians for Human Rights 1593: 1160:Righteous Among the Nations 1062: 1044:Physicians for Human Rights 1040:Digging for the Disappeared 985:Jewish Historical Institute 854:People's Republic of Poland 338: 282:, and they cooperated with 10: 11687: 11636:July 1941 events in Europe 11175:Operation Harvest Festival 10421:Jews and Judaism in Poland 9884:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 9855:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq) 9830:Jewish Anti-Zionist League 9795:Antisemitic laws, policies 9651:On the Jews and Their Lies 8993:Davidka Square bus bombing 8704:Antwerp summer camp attack 8578:Shafrir synagogue shooting 8281:Operation Harvest Festival 7390:Massacre of the Assumption 6887:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 6269:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 4491:Histories of the Holocaust 2530:, p. 429, n. 12. 2330:(Quellensammlung) Band 7: 1993:Baker & Tzinovitz 1980 1640: 1458:. The English translation 1308:Gdzie mój starszy syn Kain 970:Princeton University Press 939: 851: 785:partial exhumation in 2001 542:Reich Main Security Office 514: 479:widely held stereotype of 415: 255:, on 10 July 1941, during 11596:List of active synagogues 11593: . 11581: 11409: 11303: 11232: 11203: 11120: 11056: 10991: 10885: 10854: 10831:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 10718: 10557: 10546: 10481: 10445: 10434: 10162: 10107: 9988: 9922: 9793: 9711: 9564: 9511: 9381: 9196: 9081: 9059:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 9014:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 8970: 8936:Hebrew University bombing 8892: 8856: 8849: 8766: 8687: 8657:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 8617:Avivim school bus bombing 8608: 8553: 8540:Menarsha synagogue attack 8531: 8504:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 8481: 8431: 8388: 8338: 8294: 8258: 8222: 8073: 8051: 8015: 7977: 7649: 7642: 7448: 7260: 7253: 7182: 7147: 7065: 7058: 6973: 6930: 6900: 6879: 6870: 6827: 6791: 6742: 6722: 6683: 6660:Sobibor perpetrator album 6617: 6608: 6543: 6512: 6505: 6419: 6378: 6327: 6291: 6245:Estonian Auxiliary Police 6227: 6171: 6146: 6010: 6003: 5904: 5848: 5790: 5732: 5561: 5415: 5408: 5372: 5355:Human medical experiments 5337: 5199: 5157: 5096: 5029: 4977: 4968: 4932: 4928: 4839: 4558:10.2979/his.2006.18.1.152 4550:10.2979/his.2006.18.1.152 4296:Rosenblatt, Adam (2015). 2963:10.1080/15705850308438859 2479:Bergen, Doris L. (2016). 1723:wrote an article for the 1461:The Crime and the Silence 1133: 1115:, 525 pages, and Vol. 2: 1096:League of Polish Families 901:under SS-Obersturmführer 443:eastern regions of Poland 422:Soviet invasion of Poland 286:. According to historian 215:1960–1965 investigation ( 208: 204: 192: 173: 158: 147: 131: 116: 77: 63: 40: 28: 23: 11530:Lodzer Naje Folkscajtung 10806:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk 10790:Saba Kadisha of Radzymin 10655:Shalom Shachna of Lublin 10129:Community Security Trust 10003:Black Death persecutions 9186:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 9170:Poway synagogue shooting 9067:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 8901:Ghriba synagogue bombing 8823:Island of Peace massacre 8274:Kielce cemetery massacre 6908:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 6253:Latvian Auxiliary Police 5986:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 5488:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 4232:10.1177/0888325411398915 3963:Kitchen, Martin (1990). 3630:Browning, Christopher R. 3293:, p. 89, n. 2. 1645: 1286: 600:(the village of Pilki), 355:The Jewish community in 259:and the early stages of 198:Polish People's Republic 11626:Controversies in Poland 11281:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva 10751:Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter 10731:Avraham Mordechai Alter 10620:Aaron Samuel Kaidanover 10335:Palestinian Territories 9840:Dreyfus Affair (France) 8720:Vienna synagogue attack 8696:Paris synagogue bombing 7940:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 6998:Garden of the Righteous 6750:Identification in camps 6743:Technical and logistics 6189:Order Police battalions 4607:Wróbel, Piotr (2006b). 4416:(April 2007). "Review: 3918:Ignatiew, Radosław J. " 3678:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan 3116:Wolentarska-Ochman 2006 2759:Wolentarska-Ochman 2006 1503:Reviewing the book for 1071:Jedwabne memorial, 2011 447:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 101:53.288792°N 22.309542°E 11661:1941 murders in Poland 11361:Okopowa Street, Warsaw 10816:Mordechai Yosef Leiner 10149:Stephen Roth Institute 9797:and government actions 9736:Portuguese Inquisition 9713:Religious antisemitism 9587:Double genocide theory 9473:Secondary antisemitism 9409:Religious antisemitism 9043:Beersheba bus bombings 8649:Kiryat Shmona massacre 8570:Scorpion Pass massacre 8267:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7698:Second Kishinev pogrom 7438:Portuguese Inquisition 7082:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 6411:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 5876:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 4716:The Legacy of Jedwabne 4659:Gross, Jan T. (2003). 4640:Gross, Jan T. (2000). 3429:The American Spectator 3291:Nowak-Jezioranski 2003 2610:info-poland.icm.edu.pl 2467:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1477:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 1456:Le crime et le silence 1299: 1223:Asking for forgiveness 1188:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1183: 1180:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1151: 1100:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1072: 954: 818: 768: 733:Jedwabne pogrom (1941) 570:German Security Police 453:of 28 September 1939. 431:World War II in Europe 352: 312:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 284:German military police 253:German-occupied Poland 168:German military police 120:10 July 1941 72:German-occupied Poland 11245:Council of Four Lands 10826:Elimelech of Lizhensk 10811:Gershon Henoch Leiner 10786:Yaakov Aryeh Guterman 10109:Organizations working 9669:Contemporary imprints 9598:The International Jew 9468:Rootless cosmopolitan 8943:Rishon LeZion bombing 8665:Coastal Road massacre 7666:First Kishinev pogrom 7457:Chmielnicki massacres 7366:Schaffhausen Massacre 7285:Armleder persecutions 7239:Rintfleisch massacres 6950:Majdanek State Museum 6083:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 4987:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 4398:10.1353/kri.2005.0027 4332:Rossino, Alexander B. 4073:Browning, Christopher 3245:The Los Angeles Times 2867:, pp. 86–87, 133 2692:"Inny obraz sąsiadów" 1373:The Neighbors Respond 1294: 1253:Poland's ruling party 1177: 1162:medal by the Israeli 1146: 1070: 949: 808: 766: 515:Further information: 346: 226:(IPN) investigation ( 11265:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim 10963:Abraham Silberschein 10821:Shmuel Shlomo Leiner 10111:against antisemitism 10057:Martyrdom in Judaism 9923:Antisemitic websites 9835:Leo Frank trial (US) 9731:Catholic Inquisition 9703:Zionist antisemitism 9419:Antisemitism studies 9178:Jersey City shooting 9051:Ashdod Port bombings 8633:Lod Airport massacre 8594:Purge of Polish Jews 8518:Kfar Etzion massacre 8024:Częstochowa massacre 7785:1920 Nebi Musa riots 7605:Fourth Odessa pogrom 7561:Second Odessa pogrom 6427:Mordechai Anielewicz 6138:Elisabeth Volkenrath 6023:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 5659:Arthur Liebehenschel 5584:Hermine Braunsteiner 5528:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 4798:at Wikimedia Commons 4722:Materski, Wojciech; 4613:The Sarmatian Review 4471:10.1093/hgs/17.1.139 2883:, pp. 304, 316. 2294:on 29 September 2019 1830:on 29 September 2019 1629:Mieczysław Kosmowski 1498:The Sarmatian Review 1246:Bronisław Komorowski 1229:Bronisław Komorowski 1156:Antonina Wyrzykowska 1148:Antonina Wyrzykowska 865:Security Office (UB) 832:Antonina Wyrzykowska 815:Antonina Wyrzykowska 563:Holocaust historian 505:Christopher Browning 499:Following Germany's 397:Camp of Great Poland 316:Bronisław Komorowski 188:, German incitement 166:in cooperation with 106:53.288792; 22.309542 11004:Shmuel Yankev Imber 10999:Yechiel Granatstein 10958:Adam Daniel Rotfeld 10923:Maksymilian Horwitz 10796:Ben Zion Halberstam 10741:Yitzchak Meir Alter 10087:Spanish Inquisition 9998:Rhineland massacres 9753:Rhineland massacres 9746:Spanish Inquisition 9478:Stereotypes of Jews 9463:Racial antisemitism 9414:Persecution of Jews 9000:Café Hillel bombing 8368:Tripolitania pogrom 8166:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7690:Fifth Odessa pogrom 7628:1898 Algerian riots 7569:Third Odessa pogrom 7513:First Odessa pogrom 7398:Spanish Inquisition 7374:Moroccan revolution 7254:14th – 19th century 7184:Rhineland massacres 6965:March of the Living 6837:Holocaust survivors 6701:Vrba–Wetzler report 6477:Alexander Pechersky 6437:Mordechai Tenenbaum 5886:Alexander Palfinger 5709:Johann Schwarzhuber 5269:Międzyrzec Podlaski 5248:Lviv pogroms (1941) 5149:Sonderaktion Krakau 4734:] (in Polish). 4200:, pp. 304–343. 3958:, pp. 133–136. 3926:, pp. 133–136. 3773:, pp. 344–370. 3413:, pp. 592–593. 3401:, pp. 296–306. 3192:The Times of Israel 2388:, pp. 412–413. 2361:, pp. 411–412. 2162:, pp. 167–174. 1979:The Times of Israel 1452:European Book Prize 1393:Brandeis University 1170:President's apology 876:SS-Hauptsturmführer 305:Holocaust in Poland 97: / 11255:Judaica Foundation 10918:Apolinary Hartglas 10761:Avrohom Bornsztain 10695:David HaLevi Segal 10670:Moses ha-Levi Minz 10630:Yitzhak-Meir Levin 10306:Conservative Party 10067:Pale of Settlement 9577:Christian Identity 9551:Soviet mathematics 9456:Working definition 9098:Burgas bus bombing 8783:Crown Heights riot 8736:Ras Burqa massacre 8447:Haifa Oil Refinery 8303:Ardeatine massacre 8238:Dzyatlava massacre 7658:Częstochowa pogrom 7269:Shepherds' Crusade 7074:Alexandrian pogrom 7059:1st – 13th century 6880:West German trials 6675:Wannsee Conference 6462:Itzhak Katzenelson 6214:General Government 5699:Franz Reichleitner 5629:Fritz Hartjenstein 5619:Maximilian Grabner 5538:Bruno Streckenbach 5350:Grossaktion Warsaw 5003:Operation Reinhard 4538:History and Memory 4273:Michlic, Joanna B. 4140:Michlic, Joanna B. 4124:Michlic, Joanna B. 3954:, 5 May 2000". In 3913:on 3 October 2002. 3654:Cienciala, Anna M. 3581:on 22 August 2011. 3446:– via Vimeo. 2688:Strzembosz, Tomasz 2221:"Heinrich Himmler" 1851:, pp. 14–20; 1664:Sicherheitspolizei 1332:Wislawa Szymborska 1302:Polish film-maker 1300: 1184: 1152: 1123:2019 IPN statement 1104:Antoni Macierewicz 1073: 955: 819: 769: 547:Sicherheitspolizei 418:Invasion of Poland 393:National Democracy 369:National Democracy 353: 349:Jedwabne Synagogue 276:SS security police 243:was a massacre of 228:Republic of Poland 196:1949–1950 trials ( 11641:Massacres in 1941 11603: 11602: 11558:Włocławker Sztyme 11299: 11298: 11228: 11227: 11206:Post-World War II 11052: 11051: 11009:Julian Kornhauser 10968:Stefan Staszewski 10933:Józef Lewartowski 10913:Bronisław Geremek 10776:Shmuel Bornsztain 10635:Yaakov Lorberbaum 10595:Aryeh Tzvi Frumer 10542: 10541: 10380: 10379: 10023:Ghettos in Europe 9936:The Daily Stormer 9741:Roman Inquisition 9604:Jewish Bolshevism 9341: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9313: 9312: 9154:Halamish stabbing 9146:Tel Aviv shooting 9077: 9076: 9030: 9029: 8966: 8965: 8922:Passover massacre 8888: 8887: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8807:Beit Lid massacre 8762: 8761: 8683: 8682: 8673:Nahariya massacre 8604: 8603: 8549: 8548: 8527: 8526: 8477: 8476: 8440:Fajja bus attacks 8427: 8426: 8384: 8383: 8334: 8333: 8290: 8289: 8254: 8253: 8218: 8217: 8069: 8068: 8047: 8046: 8011: 8010: 7995:Tiberias massacre 7924:Constantine riots 7871: 7870: 7796:Russian Civil War 7638: 7637: 7614: 7613: 7350:Brussels massacre 7344: 7343: 7249: 7248: 7217: 7216: 7143: 7142: 7133:Battle of Khaybar 7109:Bar Kokhba revolt 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 6926: 6925: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6738: 6737: 6730:Sonderaktion 1005 6604: 6603: 6287: 6286: 6265:Ypatingasis būrys 6167: 6166: 6108:Johanna Langefeld 6103:Hildegard Lächert 5999: 5998: 5835:Alfred Trzebinski 5800:Franz von Bodmann 5752:Lorenz Hackenholt 5594:Theodor van Eupen 5533:Jakob Sporrenberg 5368: 5367: 5092: 5091: 4794:Media related to 4766:978-84-19007-46-9 4745:978-83-7629-067-6 4670:978-83-86872-48-0 4651:978-83-86872-13-8 4522:978-0-19-509390-2 4500:978-0-19-956679-2 4376:978-3-11-028814-8 4320:"Facing Jedwabne" 4307:978-0-8047-8877-9 4288:978-0-691-11306-7 4209:, pp. 87–92. 4181:978-3-11-028814-8 4025:Machcewicz, Paweł 4016:978-1-108-42436-3 3996:978-0-19-280436-5 3974:978-0-582-03408-2 3761:978-0-14-200240-7 3735:978-0-253-35328-3 3714:978-0-88033-554-6 3658:The Polish Review 3621:978-0-374-17879-6 3481:Chodakiewicz 2005 3251:on 16 April 2020. 2905:Chodakiewicz 2001 2690:(31 March 2001). 2585:www.yadvashem.org 2568:Chodakiewicz 2005 2518:, pp. 19–20. 2490:978-1-4422-4227-2 2080:, pp. 53–54. 1719:In December 1966 1668:Sicherheitsdienst 1511:Peter D. Stachura 1433:Tomasz Strzembosz 1281:pedagogika wstydu 1257:historical policy 1178:Polish president 746:According to the 538:Reinhard Heydrich 455:Anna M. Cienciala 237: 236: 11678: 11597: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11565:Wloclawker Weker 11291:Novardok Yeshiva 11271: 11270: 11207: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11078:Cossack riots - 10978:Szmul Zygielbojm 10973:Roman Zambrowski 10872:Herman Lieberman 10771:Dovid Bornsztain 10690:Moshe Rosenstain 10680:Meir Dan Plotzky 10555: 10554: 10550: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10429: 10422: 10417: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10384: 10383: 9904:Holocaust denial 9773:Host desecration 9582:Cultural Marxism 9512:Antisemitism and 9491: 9446:New antisemitism 9368: 9361: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9330: 9327:Dagestan attacks 9322: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9213:Beersheba attack 9208: 9189: 9181: 9173: 9165: 9157: 9149: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9093: 9070: 9062: 9054: 9046: 9032: 9031: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8968: 8967: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8890: 8889: 8881: 8874: 8861: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8834: 8826: 8818: 8810: 8802: 8794: 8786: 8778: 8775:Cairo bus attack 8764: 8763: 8755: 8747: 8739: 8731: 8723: 8715: 8707: 8699: 8685: 8684: 8676: 8668: 8660: 8652: 8644: 8641:Ma'alot massacre 8636: 8628: 8620: 8606: 8605: 8597: 8589: 8581: 8573: 8565: 8551: 8550: 8542: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8479: 8478: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8429: 8428: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8393: 8392: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8354:Topoľčany pogrom 8349: 8347:Deutsch Schützen 8336: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8317:Sărmașu massacre 8312: 8305: 8292: 8291: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8256: 8255: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8231:Dünamünde Action 8220: 8219: 8211: 8203: 8196: 8194:Kaunas (October) 8189: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8049: 8048: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8013: 8012: 8004: 7997: 7984: 7983: 7970: 7968: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7927: 7919: 7911: 7903: 7895: 7893: 7880: 7877:Zavirtcha pogrom 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7733: 7725: 7717: 7709: 7706:Białystok pogrom 7701: 7693: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7647: 7646: 7631: 7623: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7497:Algiers massacre 7492: 7484: 7481:Massacre of Uman 7476: 7468: 7460: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7401: 7393: 7385: 7377: 7369: 7361: 7353: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7272: 7258: 7257: 7242: 7234: 7226: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7172:Granada massacre 7167: 7159: 7156:Córdoba massacre 7136: 7128: 7120: 7112: 7104: 7101:The Great Revolt 7090: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7063: 7062: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7014: 7013: 6892:Treblinka trials 6877: 6876: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6691:Graebe affidavit 6684:Witness accounts 6630:Frank memorandum 6615: 6614: 6510: 6509: 6497:Szmul Zygielbojm 6487:Frumka Płotnicka 6447:Leon Feldhendler 6432:Icchak Cukierman 6386:Ghetto uprisings 6316: 6309: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6237:Schutzmannschaft 6058:Feodor Fedorenko 6008: 6007: 5916:Wolfgang Birkner 5704:Heinrich Schwarz 5694:Josef Oberhauser 5669:Heinrich Matthes 5553:Dieter Wisliceny 5543:Richard Thomalla 5518:Heinz Reinefarth 5468:Heinrich Himmler 5413: 5412: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5338:Other atrocities 4975: 4974: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4793: 4778: 4749: 4711: 4674: 4655: 4620: 4603: 4569: 4532: 4526: 4504: 4482: 4450: 4437: 4428:(306): 276–277. 4409: 4380: 4363:Wistrich, Robert 4357: 4327: 4316:Rosenfeld, Alvin 4311: 4292: 4269:Polonsky, Antony 4264: 4243: 4210: 4201: 4185: 4168:Wistrich, Robert 4159: 4150:(309): 154–158. 4135: 4119: 4090: 4065:Matthäus, Jürgen 4060: 4030:Wokół Jedwabnego 4020: 4000: 3983:Longerich, Peter 3978: 3959: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3927: 3914: 3901: 3882:10.2307/27652785 3860: 3811: 3774: 3765: 3753: 3739: 3718: 3699: 3697: 3686: 3673: 3649: 3625: 3603: 3583: 3582: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3551: 3545: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3175:on 20 June 2013. 3165: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2983: 2982: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2512:Wasersztajn 1945 2509: 2503: 2502: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2053:, pp. 9–31. 2048: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1940: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1866: 1860: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1798: 1788: 1746: 1736: 1730: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1677: 1671: 1655: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1558: 1358:Paweł Machcewicz 1350:Wokół Jedwabnego 1343:Wokół Jedwabnego 1304:Agnieszka Arnold 1154:In January 1976 1109:Wokół Jedwabnego 879:Wolfgang Birkner 848:1949–1950 trials 527:Heinrich Himmler 511:Spate of pogroms 481:Judaeo-communism 127: 125: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 45: 21: 20: 11686: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11656:1941 in Judaism 11616:Jedwabne pogrom 11606: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11577: 11551:The Jewish Word 11523:Lubliner Sztyme 11418:Arbeiter Fragen 11405: 11295: 11269: 11224: 11205: 11199: 11190:Valley of Death 11160:Kielce Cemetery 11122: 11116: 11058: 11048: 11024:Yosef Rosenthal 10987: 10953:Roman Romkowski 10881: 10850: 10745:Chidushei Harim 10714: 10585:Meir Eisenstadt 10548: 10538: 10504:Gdańsk (Danzig) 10477: 10436: 10430: 10420: 10411: 10381: 10376: 10158: 10112: 10110: 10103: 9984: 9973:The Right Stuff 9930:Bible Believers 9918: 9798: 9796: 9789: 9707: 9683:Self-hating Jew 9560: 9541:Nation of Islam 9507: 9377: 9372: 9342: 9333: 9325: 9317: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9219: 9211: 9203: 9192: 9184: 9176: 9168: 9160: 9152: 9144: 9136: 9128: 9120: 9112: 9104: 9096: 9088: 9073: 9065: 9057: 9049: 9041: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8837: 8829: 8821: 8813: 8805: 8797: 8789: 8781: 8773: 8758: 8750: 8742: 8734: 8726: 8718: 8712:Antwerp bombing 8710: 8702: 8694: 8679: 8671: 8663: 8655: 8647: 8639: 8631: 8625:Munich massacre 8623: 8615: 8600: 8592: 8584: 8576: 8568: 8560: 8545: 8538: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8330: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8214: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8065: 8058: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7973: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7938: 7930: 7922: 7916:Campbell pogrom 7914: 7908:Hebron massacre 7906: 7898: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7752: 7744: 7736: 7728: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7696: 7688: 7680: 7674:Zablotov pogrom 7672: 7664: 7656: 7634: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7553:Damascus affair 7551: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7414:Lisbon massacre 7412: 7404: 7396: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7267: 7245: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7178: 7170: 7162: 7154: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7115: 7107: 7099: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7054: 7041: 7011: 7002: 6969: 6922: 6913:Stutthof trials 6896: 6866: 6823: 6820: 6779: 6765:Holocaust train 6734: 6718: 6706:Witold's Report 6696:Gerstein Report 6679: 6645:Katzmann Report 6625:Auschwitz Album 6600: 6539: 6501: 6467:Michał Klepfisz 6415: 6374: 6323: 6320: 6283: 6223: 6193:Ordnungspolizei 6163: 6142: 6123:Erich Muhsfeldt 6053:Margot Dreschel 6038:Alexander Bülow 5995: 5991:Udo von Woyrsch 5981:Hermann Schaper 5976:Emanuel Schäfer 5961:Josef Meisinger 5921:Helmut Bischoff 5900: 5856:Heinz Auerswald 5844: 5786: 5734: 5728: 5724:Christian Wirth 5634:Gottlieb Hering 5557: 5523:Julian Scherner 5508:Georg Michalsen 5493:Franz Kutschera 5453:Odilo Globocnik 5404: 5401: 5364: 5333: 5195: 5153: 5134:Kielce cemetery 5088: 5025: 4964: 4961: 4924: 4835: 4830: 4796:Jedwabne pogrom 4786: 4781: 4767: 4746: 4724:Szarota, Tomasz 4721: 4692:10.2307/3090298 4677: 4671: 4658: 4652: 4639: 4628: 4626:Further reading 4623: 4619:(3): 1238–1241. 4600: 4523: 4501: 4414:Stachura, Peter 4377: 4346: 4326:on 24 May 2012. 4308: 4289: 4275:, eds. (2003). 4182: 4164:Michlic, Joanna 4087: 4049: 4033:. Vol. 1: 4017: 3997: 3975: 3942: 3935: 3933:"Postanowienie" 3833:10.2307/3090294 3762: 3736: 3715: 3695: 3684: 3646: 3622: 3591: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3552: 3548: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3440: 3436: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3379:Rzeczpospolitej 3371: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3340:on 13 July 2011 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3256: 3237: 3233: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3076:Rosenblatt 2015 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042:, "Chronology". 3034: 3030: 3024:Rosenblatt 2015 3022: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2704:on 10 June 2001 2685: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2510: 2506: 2491: 2477: 2473: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2338: 2325: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2057: 2049: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1931: 1927: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1867: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1801: 1789: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1737: 1733: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1678: 1674: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1596: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1538: 1523:Antony Polonsky 1474: 1448:My z Jedwabnego 1444: 1440:My z Jedwabnego 1404:Gazeta Wyborcza 1389:Antony Polonsky 1377: 1347: 1289: 1277:Jarosław Szarek 1238: 1225: 1208: 1172: 1141: 1136: 1128:Jaroslaw Szarek 1125: 1065: 1056: 1017: 1012: 995:. According to 944: 938: 932:Jan T. Gross's 916: 903:Hermann Schaper 899:Einsatzgruppe B 873: 856: 850: 845: 839:, near Warsaw. 803: 740: 735: 713:Feldgendarmerie 694:Radziłów pogrom 598:Bielsk Podlaski 574:Einsatzgruppe B 565:Peter Longerich 540:, chief of the 523: 521:Radziłów pogrom 513: 459:Orthodox Jewish 428: 416:Main articles: 414: 391:, organized by 385:Radziłów pogrom 373:Józef Piłsudski 341: 336: 320:Law and Justice 280:SS intelligence 247:in the town of 241:Jedwabne pogrom 233: 134: 123: 121: 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 59: 24:Jedwabne pogrom 17: 12: 11: 5: 11684: 11674: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11621:1941 in Poland 11618: 11601: 11600: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11435: 11432:Chełmer Sztyme 11428: 11425:Arbeiterstimme 11421: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11115: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11084: 11075: 11069: 11066:Alfonse Pogrom 11062: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11044:Lidia Zamenhof 11041: 11036: 11031: 11029:Artur Sandauer 11026: 11021: 11019:Roman Polanski 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10983:Jakub Wygodzki 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10948:Noach Pryłucki 10945: 10943:Roza Pomerantz 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10898:Jerzy Borejsza 10895: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10877:Noach Pryłucki 10874: 10869: 10867:Herman Diamand 10864: 10858: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10793: 10783: 10773: 10768: 10758: 10748: 10738: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10702: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10667: 10657: 10652: 10649:Maharam Lublin 10642: 10632: 10627: 10617: 10610:Moses Isserles 10607: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10572: 10567: 10561: 10559: 10552: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10440: 10432: 10431: 10410: 10409: 10402: 10395: 10387: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10301:United Kingdom 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10224: 10219: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10062:Nuremberg Laws 10059: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10018:Jewish quarter 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9994: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9914:ZOG conspiracy 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9872:Final Solution 9864: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9805:Ghetto benches 9801: 9799: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9728: 9726:Jewish deicide 9723: 9717: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9565:Related topics 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9371: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9323: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9229: 9227: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9182: 9174: 9166: 9158: 9150: 9142: 9134: 9126: 9118: 9110: 9102: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9063: 9055: 9047: 9038: 9036: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8974: 8972: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8953: 8950:Matzuva attack 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8896: 8894: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8875: 8867: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8827: 8819: 8815:Purim massacre 8811: 8803: 8795: 8787: 8779: 8770: 8768: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8752:Purim stabbing 8748: 8740: 8732: 8724: 8716: 8708: 8700: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8669: 8661: 8653: 8645: 8637: 8629: 8621: 8612: 8610: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8590: 8586:Tripoli pogrom 8582: 8574: 8566: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8535: 8533: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8514: 8511:Cairo bombings 8507: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8483: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8433: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8399: 8397: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8340: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8320: 8313: 8310:Luduș massacre 8306: 8298: 8296: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8260: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8245:Sarny massacre 8241: 8234: 8226: 8224: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8077: 8075: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8060:Dorohoi pogrom 8055: 8053: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8031:Dynów massacre 8027: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7998: 7990: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7952: 7948:Przytyk pogrom 7944: 7936: 7932:Thrace pogroms 7928: 7920: 7912: 7904: 7900:Safed massacre 7896: 7881: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7801: 7799: 7789: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7758: 7750: 7742: 7734: 7726: 7718: 7714:Siedlce pogrom 7710: 7702: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7653: 7651: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7586: 7584: 7581:Russian Empire 7574: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7537:Safed massacre 7533: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7489:Tétouan pogrom 7485: 7477: 7469: 7465:Safed massacre 7461: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7418: 7410: 7402: 7394: 7386: 7382:Cordoba pogrom 7378: 7370: 7362: 7354: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7300: 7290: 7289: 7281: 7277:Navarre pogrom 7273: 7264: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7235: 7227: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7129: 7121: 7113: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7093:Jewish revolts 7087: 7086: 7078: 7069: 7067: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6979: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6955:Sobibór Museum 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6712:Sonderkommando 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6655:Posen speeches 6652: 6650:Korherr Report 6647: 6642: 6640:Höfle telegram 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6482:Witold Pilecki 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6457:Henryk Iwański 6454: 6452:Paweł Frenkiel 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6257:Arajs Kommando 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6179:Einsatzgruppen 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6133:Alice Orlowski 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6048:John Demjanjuk 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Gerhard Flesch 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5907:Einsatzgruppen 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5849:Ghetto command 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5830:Horst Schumann 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5689:Johann Niemann 5686: 5681: 5676: 5674:Hermann Michel 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Karl-Otto Koch 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Irmfried Eberl 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5478:Fritz Katzmann 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:Arthur Greiser 5460: 5458:Richard Glücks 5455: 5450: 5445: 5443:Ludwig Fischer 5440: 5435: 5433:Adolf Eichmann 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5097:Mass shootings 5094: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5084:Danzig-Matzkau 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5049:Kraków-Płaszów 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4785: 4784:External links 4782: 4780: 4779: 4765: 4750: 4744: 4719: 4712: 4686:(3): 483–489. 4675: 4669: 4656: 4650: 4637: 4634:Rzeczpospolita 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4604: 4598: 4586:Herzog, Dagmar 4570: 4544:(1): 152–178. 4533: 4527: 4521: 4505: 4499: 4483: 4465:(1): 139–152. 4455:Stola, Dariusz 4451: 4438: 4410: 4392:(2): 345–374. 4381: 4375: 4358: 4345:978-1874774747 4344: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4293: 4287: 4265: 4244: 4226:(3): 410–432. 4211: 4202: 4190:Musial, Bogdan 4186: 4180: 4160: 4136: 4120: 4102:(3): 296–306. 4091: 4086:978-0803259799 4085: 4061: 4048:978-8389078087 4047: 4021: 4015: 4002: 3995: 3979: 3973: 3960: 3952:Rzcezpospolita 3947: 3928: 3915: 3902: 3876:(1): 202–203. 3861: 3827:(3): 453–459. 3812: 3786:(4): 587–606. 3775: 3766: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3700: 3674: 3650: 3645:978-0803259799 3644: 3626: 3620: 3604: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3565: 3546: 3536:2022-11-26 at 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3434: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3365: 3351: 3321: 3310:. 11 July 2011 3295: 3283: 3269: 3265:Rosenfeld 2002 3254: 3231: 3209: 3197: 3178: 3160: 3145: 3133: 3120: 3108: 3092: 3088:Stokarska 2008 3080: 3078:, p. 127. 3068: 3056: 3054:, p. 359. 3044: 3028: 3026:, p. 126. 3013: 3011:, p. 140. 3001: 2997:Ignatiew 2003a 2984: 2957:(2): 171–189. 2941: 2929: 2917: 2915:, p. 391. 2897: 2895:, p. 391. 2885: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2811: 2799: 2797:, p. 139. 2787: 2783:Kaczyński 2003 2775: 2773:, p. 387. 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2697:Rzeczpospolita 2676: 2664: 2650: 2636: 2622: 2597: 2572: 2560: 2558:, p. 246. 2548: 2532: 2520: 2504: 2489: 2471: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2405:, p. 412. 2390: 2378: 2363: 2351: 2349:, p. 900. 2336: 2319: 2305: 2279: 2270: 2259: 2245: 2243:, p. 141. 2226: 2212: 2210:, p. 259. 2200: 2198:, p. 244. 2188: 2176: 2174:, p. 334. 2164: 2152: 2148:Cienciala 2003 2137: 2133:Cienciala 2003 2125: 2121:Cienciala 2003 2110: 2098: 2082: 2078:Cienciala 2003 2070: 2055: 2036: 2021: 2017:Cienciala 2003 2009: 2005:Cienciala 2003 1997: 1985: 1962: 1959:. 25 May 2015. 1941: 1925: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1861: 1841: 1814: 1799: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1731: 1712: 1703: 1690: 1672: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1553: 1537: 1531: 1519:Joanna Michlic 1473: 1467: 1443: 1437: 1398:Rzeczpospolita 1385:Joanna Michlic 1376: 1370: 1346: 1340: 1330:), as well as 1298:, Warsaw, 2014 1288: 1285: 1261:Joanna Michlic 1237: 1234: 1224: 1221: 1207: 1204: 1171: 1168: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1124: 1121: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 940:Main article: 937: 930: 915: 912: 895:Kreiskommissar 889:branch of the 885:, head of the 872: 869: 849: 846: 844: 841: 802: 799: 739: 736: 734: 731: 553:Einsatzgruppen 512: 509: 489:National Party 485:Jerzy Lukowski 476:National Party 413: 410: 367:branch of the 365:National Party 340: 337: 335: 332: 324:history policy 235: 234: 232: 231: 220: 212: 210: 206: 205: 202: 201: 194: 190: 189: 175: 171: 170: 160: 156: 155: 149: 145: 144: 135: 132: 129: 128: 118: 114: 113: 81: 75: 74: 65: 61: 60: 46: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11683: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11598: 11592: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11553: 11552: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11539: 11538: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11516:Kaliszer Woch 11513: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11460:Folkstsaytung 11457: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11436: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11427: 11426: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11286:Lomza Yeshiva 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233:Organizations 11231: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11143: 11142:Easter Pogrom 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11123:The Holocaust 11119: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11055: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10800:Kedushas Zion 10797: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10780:Shem MiShmuel 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10660:Solomon Luria 10658: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10575:Shmuel Eidels 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10545: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:Early history 10451: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10416: 10408: 10403: 10401: 10396: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10355:United States 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:The Holocaust 10033: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9899:Doctors' plot 9897: 9895: 9894:Slánský trial 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9877:The Holocaust 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9850:Farhud (Iraq) 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Hep-Hep riots 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9792: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9758:Martin Luther 9756: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9693:Weaponization 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9660: 9658: 9657:Philosemitism 9655: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9616:Khazar theory 9614: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9546:Olympic Games 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9524:New Testament 9522: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9364: 9362: 9357: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276:Netiv HaAsara 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9241:Ein HaShlosha 9238: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9090:Itamar attack 9087: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8958: 8957:Hebron ambush 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8908:Hadera attack 8905: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8361:Kraków pogrom 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8209: 8208:The Holocaust 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187:Švenčionėliai 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8103:Kaunas (June) 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8039: 8038:Silc massacre 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8003: 8002:Kristallnacht 7999: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7886: 7885:Oradea pogrom 7882: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7762:Kielce pogrom 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7722:Shiraz pogrom 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7529:Hebron pogrom 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7505:Hep-Hep riots 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7422:Hebron pogrom 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7015: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6852:Kielce pogrom 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Stroop Report 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6610:Documentation 6607: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Marek Edelman 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328:Organizations 6326: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6229:Collaboration 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172:Organizations 6170: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6118:Eduard Lorenz 6116: 6114: 6113:Anton Lechner 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Josef Kollmer 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6068:Kurt Gerstein 6066: 6064: 6063:Hans Hoffmann 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Juana Bormann 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Erich Naumann 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926:Lothar Beutel 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5896:Jürgen Stroop 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Josef Blösche 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5840:Eduard Wirths 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825:Josef Mengele 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Horst Fischer 5813: 5811: 5810:Karl Gebhardt 5808: 5806: 5805:Carl Clauberg 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Ludwig Plagge 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5767:Herbert Lange 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Kurt Bolender 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719:Gustav Wagner 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Franz Hössler 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Karl Fritzsch 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Wilhelm Boger 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Erwin Lambert 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Wilhelm Koppe 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473:Hermann Höfle 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Theodor Eicke 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Aktion Krakau 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Bloody Sunday 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5031:Concentration 5028: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4979:Extermination 4976: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847:The Holocaust 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680:Slavic Review 4676: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4599:0-8101-2370-3 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574:Wróbel, Piotr 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870:Slavic Review 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821:Slavic Review 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3744:Gross, Jan T. 3741: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3573:Craig, Ryan. 3569: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3538:archive.today 3535: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3505:Stachura 2007 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3411:Hackmann 2018 3407: 3400: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3131:, p. 13. 3130: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3066:, p. 24. 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2939:, p. 27. 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2879:, p. 3; 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2843:, p. 23. 2842: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2785:, p. 55. 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2749:, p. 43. 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2647:. Yad Vashem. 2646: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2570:, p. 88. 2569: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2429:, pp. 77 2428: 2423: 2417:, p. 75. 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2315: 2309: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2255: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2209: 2208:Browning 2004 2204: 2197: 2196:Matthäus 2004 2192: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2150:, p. 57. 2149: 2144: 2142: 2135:, p. 58. 2134: 2129: 2123:, p. 56. 2122: 2117: 2115: 2108:, p. 17. 2107: 2102: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2068:, p. 39. 2067: 2062: 2060: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2034:, p. 18. 2033: 2028: 2026: 2019:, p. 55. 2018: 2013: 2007:, p. 52. 2006: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:Dariusz Stola 1870: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795:Ignatiew 2003 1792: 1791:Ignatiew 2002 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721:Szymon Datner 1716: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1619:Kielce pogrom 1617: 1615: 1614:Kaunas pogrom 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540:A 2009 play, 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Volksdeutsche 1512: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:Dariusz Stola 1426: 1425:Bogdan Musial 1422: 1418: 1417:Israel Gutman 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Havi Dreifuss 1325: 1324:Jan Grabowski 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1233: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1181: 1176: 1167: 1166:institution. 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1131: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081:sensu stricto 1077: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Orthodox Jews 1033: 1032:Dariusz Stola 1028: 1026: 1022: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 993:the Holocaust 990: 986: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 952: 948: 943: 935: 929: 925: 923: 922: 911: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883:Szymon Datner 880: 877: 868: 866: 862: 855: 840: 838: 833: 829: 825: 816: 812: 807: 798: 795: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 765: 761: 757: 754: 749: 744: 730: 727: 723: 718: 715: 714: 708: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 690:Wąsosz pogrom 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 592:areas of the 591: 587: 583: 578: 575: 571: 566: 561: 557: 555: 554: 549: 548: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 522: 518: 517:Wąsosz pogrom 508: 506: 502: 497: 495: 490: 486: 482: 477: 471: 469: 465: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 423: 419: 409: 406: 402: 398: 395:'s far-right 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 374: 370: 366: 361: 358: 350: 345: 331: 329: 326:"; President 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 297: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 261:the Holocaust 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 151:At least 340 150: 146: 143: 139: 136: 130: 119: 115: 110: 82: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 35:the Holocaust 32: 27: 22: 19: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11537:Lodzer Veker 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11453:Folks-Sztyme 11451: 11444: 11439:Der Arbeyter 11437: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11410:Publications 11321:Chełm-Gdańsk 11154: 11147: 11079: 11034:Julian Tuwim 10928:Alfred Lampe 10908:Paweł Finder 10893:Jakub Berman 10846:Meir Shapiro 10840:Yid HaKadosh 10839: 10799: 10789: 10779: 10764: 10754: 10744: 10734: 10708: 10698: 10685:Jacob Pollak 10674:Maharam Minz 10673: 10663: 10648: 10638: 10623: 10613: 10603: 10588: 10578: 10570:Solomon Eger 10473:1989–present 10468:20th century 10463:19th century 10458:18th century 10424: 10418: 10365:21st century 10345:South Africa 10311:Labour Party 10232:21st century 10175:Saudi Arabia 10099:Yellow badge 10049: 10045:Jewish quota 9972: 9934: 9909:Yellow badge 9777: 9721:Anti-Judaism 9675: 9661: 9649: 9625: 9621:Ku Klux Klan 9596: 9572:Anti-Zionism 9556:Universities 9519:Christianity 9429:Adolf Hitler 9375:Antisemitism 9205:Israel riots 9197:2020–present 8850:21st century 8791:AMIA bombing 8375:Cairo pogrom 8137: 7956:Brest pogrom 7746:Skver pogrom 7643:20th century 7620:Corfu pogrom 7521:Tzfat pogrom 7430:Safed pogrom 7406:Arles pogrom 7358:1391 pogroms 7223:Ham massacre 7164:Fez massacre 6711: 6635:Höcker Album 6618:Nazi sources 6506:Victim lists 6472:Miles Lerman 6279:Trawniki men 6219:Hotel Polski 6128:Detlef Nebbe 6093:Oswald Kaduk 6088:Karl Jeschke 5966:Bruno Müller 5956:Felix Landau 5941:Ernst Damzog 5936:Karl Brunner 5905: 5881:Franz Konrad 5782:Adolf Theuer 5735:executioners 5714:Franz Stangl 5684:Robert Mulka 5654:Josef Kramer 5604:Karl Frenzel 5574:Richard Baer 5569:Hans Aumeier 5562:Camp command 5548:Otto Wächter 5428:Josef Bühler 5423:Viktor Brack 5409:Perpetrators 5170: 5001: 4843:Main article 4755: 4731: 4727: 4715: 4683: 4679: 4660: 4641: 4633: 4616: 4612: 4589: 4582:Hayes, Peter 4577: 4541: 4537: 4512: 4509:Tec, Nechama 4490: 4462: 4458: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4389: 4385: 4366: 4335: 4324:the original 4297: 4277: 4255:(4): 23–43. 4252: 4248: 4223: 4219: 4193: 4171: 4147: 4143: 4134:. 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Retrieved 2702:the original 2695: 2667: 2653: 2639: 2625: 2613:. Retrieved 2609: 2600: 2588:. Retrieved 2584: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2535: 2523: 2514:, quoted in 2507: 2480: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2381: 2354: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2308: 2296:. Retrieved 2292:the original 2282: 2273: 2262: 2248: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2128: 2101: 2090:Kitchen 1990 2085: 2073: 2012: 2000: 1995:, p. 5. 1988: 1977: 1956: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1917:Adam Michnik 1912: 1904: 1900: 1888: 1864: 1844: 1832:. Retrieved 1828:the original 1817: 1742: 1734: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1698:Doris Bergen 1693: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1601: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1526: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1494:Piotr Wróbel 1480: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1421:Adam Michnik 1402: 1396: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1365: 1361: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1336:Shevah Weiss 1320:Yehuda Bauer 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1280: 1269: 1250: 1242:Andrzej Duda 1239: 1226: 1216: 1209: 1206:New monument 1195:Shevah Weiss 1193: 1185: 1153: 1126: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1003: 1001: 988: 982: 978: 973: 966:Piotr Wróbel 961: 958:Jan T. Gross 956: 951:Jan T. Gross 933: 926: 919: 917: 894: 875: 874: 857: 820: 796: 789: 770: 758: 745: 741: 738:10 July 1941 724:and western 719: 711: 709: 704: 702: 698: 579: 562: 558: 551: 545: 535: 531:Adolf Hitler 524: 498: 493: 472: 441:invaded the 435:Nazi Germany 429: 412:World War II 404: 400: 378: 362: 354: 328:Andrzej Duda 309: 294: 292: 288:Jan T. Gross 268:ethnic Poles 266:At least 40 265: 257:World War II 240: 238: 217:West Germany 178:Antisemitism 164:ethnic Poles 162:At least 40 159:Perpetrators 53:Łomża County 47:Memorial in 31:World War II 18: 11148:Grossaktion 11137:Częstochowa 11087:Częstochowa 11059:and Pogroms 11039:Jerzy Urban 11014:Louis Meyer 10938:Hilary Minc 10903:Ludwik Dorn 10886:Politicians 10765:Avnei Nezer 10705:Joel Sirkis 10645:Meir Lublin 10600:Joshua Falk 10589:Maharam Ash 10330:New Zealand 10082:Segregation 9990:Persecution 9962:Radio Islam 9768:Blood libel 9763:Blood curse 9536:Middle Ages 9382:Core topics 8554:1950s–1960s 8326:(1944–1945) 8210:(1941–1945) 7959: [ 7888: [ 7798:(1918–1920) 7770:Lwów pogrom 7738:Lwów pogrom 7682:Kiev pogrom 7583:(1881–1884) 7473:Mawza Exile 7459:(1648–1657) 7299:(1348–1350) 7287:(1336–1339) 7233:(1189–1190) 6755:Gas chamber 6723:Concealment 6714:photographs 6561:Gross-Rosen 6530:Lviv (Lwów) 6492:Roza Robota 6396:Częstochowa 6028:Herta Bothe 6018:Hans Anhalt 6011:Camp guards 5951:Ludwig Hahn 5931:Paul Blobel 5871:Franz Bürkl 5861:Hans Biebow 5820:Fritz Klein 5757:Josef Klehr 5742:Erich Bauer 5733:Gas chamber 5679:Karl Möckel 5664:Maria Mandl 5639:Rudolf Höss 5624:Otto Hantke 5513:Oswald Pohl 5503:Ernst Lerch 5314:Stanisławów 5224:Częstochowa 5114:Bronna Góra 5044:Gross-Rosen 5039:Auschwitz I 3967:. Longman. 3589:Works cited 3575:"Our Class" 3556:"Our Class" 3483:, p. . 3143:, p. . 3118:, p. . 2999:, p. . 2909:Musial 2003 2881:Musial 2003 2841:Shafir 2012 2747:Shafir 2012 2737:, p. . 2723:Bikont 2015 2674:, p. . 2556:Bikont 2015 2540:Musial 2003 2528:Persak 2011 2403:Persak 2011 2386:Persak 2011 2376:, p. . 2374:Persak 2011 2359:Persak 2011 2267:Persak 2011 2186:, p. . 2184:Persak 2011 2160:Bikont 2015 2051:Bikont 2015 1857:Persak 2011 1604:(2012 film) 1492:"And yet," 1454:in 2011 as 1413:David Engel 1409:Anna Bikont 1251:Writing on 1199:Lech Walesa 1085:sensu largo 1027:, or IPN). 908:Ludwigsburg 464:Jewish Bund 381:Anna Bikont 360:the world. 318:. With the 245:Polish Jews 186:retribution 153:Polish Jews 133:Attack type 104: / 79:Coordinates 11646:1941 riots 11610:Categories 11481:Głos Bundu 11381:Tarnobrzeg 11304:Cemeteries 11080:Tach VeTat 10735:Imrei Emes 10664:Maharashal 10565:Akiva Eger 10207:Costa Rica 10170:Arab world 10154:Yad Vashem 10077:Refuseniks 10040:Jewish hat 10013:Expulsions 9980:Stormfront 9688:Xenophobia 9638:in English 9627:Mein Kampf 9609:Żydokomuna 9439:Propaganda 8411:Kunmadaras 7820:Justingrad 7328:Strasbourg 6078:Irma Grese 6073:Paul Götze 6043:Luise Danz 5792:Physicians 5599:Kurt Franz 5448:Hans Frank 5416:Organizers 5360:Heidelager 4775:1354301800 4487:Stone, Dan 3102:, p. 3064:Polak 2001 3052:Gross 2003 3038:, p. 3009:Stola 2003 2937:Stone 2010 2865:Gross 2001 2853:Gross 2001 2807:Gross 2001 2795:Stola 2003 2672:Shore 2005 2542:, p. 2516:Gross 2001 2439:Stola 2003 2427:Gross 2001 2415:Gross 2001 2347:Crago 2012 2241:Stola 2003 2092:, p. 2066:Gross 2001 2032:Gross 2001 1893:Stola 2003 1881:Crago 2012 1877:Stola 2003 1869:Stola 2003 1853:Stola 2003 1849:Gross 2001 1810:Gross 2001 1743:obligatory 1546:playwright 1544:by Polish 1213:Jan Karski 1164:Yad Vashem 1054:Interviews 1015:Exhumation 852:See also: 773:Żydokomuna 622:Kleszczele 618:Jasionówka 445:under the 387:in nearby 334:Background 222:2000–2003 124:1941-07-10 92:22°18′34″E 89:53°17′20″N 11495:Ha-Tsfira 11467:Folkswort 11311:Białystok 11185:Szczuczyn 11132:Białystok 11072:Białystok 11057:Massacres 10755:Sfas Emes 10624:Maharshak 10499:Białystok 10372:Venezuela 10187:Australia 10182:Argentina 10163:By region 10092:Expulsion 9952:Metapedia 9947:Jew Watch 9633:in Arabic 9399:Geography 9394:Economics 9082:2010–2019 9035:2004–2009 8857:2000–2009 8389:1946–1999 8110:Szczuczyn 8082:Bucharest 7979:1938–1945 7855:Proskurov 7813:Radomyshl 7730:The Tritl 7650:1900–1937 7449:1600–1899 7261:1300–1599 7148:1000–1299 7127:(614–617) 7119:(351–352) 7111:(132–136) 7044:Massacres 6932:Memorials 6829:Aftermath 6596:Treblinka 6551:Auschwitz 6406:Treblinka 6391:Białystok 6379:Uprisings 6159:Treblinka 6004:Personnel 5772:Otto Moll 5762:Hans Koch 5614:Amon Göth 5345:Action T4 5309:Sosnowiec 5279:Nowy Sącz 5214:Białystok 5181:Szczuczyn 5129:Erntefest 5119:Bydgoszcz 5104:Białystok 5019:Treblinka 4895:Lithuania 4708:233360956 4578:Neighbors 4406:159586240 4354:936831526 4240:145167433 4194:Neighbors 4116:165177860 4057:470327322 4039:Dokumenty 3898:165057267 3857:163923238 3841:0037-6779 3817:Neighbors 3800:1462-3528 3689:Glaukopis 3610:(2015) . 3542:The Times 3469:Holc 2008 3384:7 October 2979:145456528 2971:1570-5854 2877:Holc 2002 2499:928239082 2463:"Pogroms" 1937:Neighbors 1933:Holc 2002 1752:Citations 1602:Aftermath 1542:Our Class 1534:Our Class 1496:wrote in 1487:men from 1366:Documents 1316:Two Barns 1117:Documents 1111:(Vol. 1: 1004:Neighbors 997:Dan Stone 934:Neighbors 914:Aftermath 887:Białystok 837:Milanówek 828:Janczewko 801:Survivors 726:Białystok 670:Trzcianne 666:Szczuczyn 662:Suchowola 602:Choroszcz 590:Białystok 11590:Category 11572:Zibn teg 11509:In Kampf 11401:Wrzeszcz 11371:Oświęcim 11356:Obrzycko 11326:Chrzanów 11274:Yeshivas 11180:Radziłów 11155:Jedwabne 11099:Naliboki 10862:Emil Byk 10579:Maharsha 10340:Pakistan 10274:Imperial 10051:Judensau 10008:Boycotts 9967:Redwatch 9957:Podblanc 9820:May Laws 9779:Judensau 9483:Timeline 9451:Three Ds 9434:Americas 9269:Nahal Oz 9262:Kissufim 9255:Kfar Aza 8979:Istanbul 8173:Babi Yar 8138:Jedwabne 7545:Allahdad 7135:(628 CE) 7050:against 6775:Zyklon B 6591:Trawniki 6586:Stutthof 6571:Majdanek 5319:Tarnopol 5259:Lubartów 5171:Jedwabne 5074:Trawniki 5064:Stutthof 5054:Potulice 4997:Majdanek 4915:Slovakia 4726:(2009). 4588:(eds.). 4566:24138353 4511:(1993). 4489:(2010). 4447:Archived 4318:(2002). 4261:23262406 4126:(2002). 4067:(2004). 3985:(2010). 3940:Archived 3890:27652785 3808:81922100 3746:(2001). 3693:Archived 3680:(2001). 3670:25779370 3632:(2004). 3534:Archived 2298:12 March 2106:Tec 1993 1957:BBC News 1834:12 March 1660:taksówka 1594:See also 1479:'s book 1312:Sąsiedzi 1255:and its 1219:(1980). 1063:Findings 960:'s book 811:Jedwabne 792:kerosene 678:Wasilków 658:Stawiski 646:Radziłów 642:Piątnica 594:Podlasie 439:Red Army 389:Radziłów 357:Jedwabne 339:Jedwabne 249:Jedwabne 142:massacre 68:Jedwabne 64:Location 49:Jedwabne 29:Part of 11544:Midrasz 11488:Ha-Asif 11396:Wrocław 11391:Wiślica 11331:Cieszyn 11165:Tykocin 11105:Przytyk 10992:Writers 10855:Lawyers 10639:Nesivos 10494:Beuthen 10482:By city 10437:History 10360:History 10296:Ukraine 10264:Romania 10249:Hungary 10239:Germany 10222:Belgium 10217:Austria 10072:Pogroms 9404:History 9389:Canards 9304:Yakhini 9172:(2019) 8497:Djerada 8490:Tripoli 8418:Miskolc 8201:Rumbula 8159:Tykocin 8089:Antwerp 7950:(1936) 7834:Zviahel 7103:(66–73) 7048:pogroms 6760:Gas van 6576:Sobibór 6513:Ghettos 6420:Leaders 6401:Sobibor 6154:Sobibor 6147:By camp 5294:Siedlce 5201:Ghettos 5186:Tykocin 5158:Pogroms 5144:Palmiry 5069:Szebnie 5014:Sobibor 4992:Chełmno 4920:Ukraine 4905:Romania 4885:Germany 4875:Estonia 4870:Denmark 4865:Croatia 4860:Belgium 4855:Belarus 4700:3090298 4479:2831412 4422:History 4365:(ed.). 4170:(ed.). 4144:History 4075:(ed.). 3849:3090294 3344:11 July 3314:11 July 3308:Haaretz 1641:Sources 1527:History 1506:History 1362:Studies 1113:Studies 861:treason 674:Tykocin 650:Rajgród 638:Narewka 634:Kuźnica 626:Knyszyn 614:Grajewo 610:Goniądz 582:pogroms 494:en bloc 272:Gestapo 209:Inquiry 182:looting 122: ( 11474:Forojs 11386:Warsaw 11366:Ostrów 11351:Lublin 11341:Krakow 11336:Kielce 11316:Bródno 11220:Kraków 11215:Kielce 11195:Wąsosz 11150:Warsaw 11113:(1881) 11111:Warsaw 11107:(1936) 11101:(1943) 11095:(1918) 11093:Kielce 11089:(1902) 11083:(1684) 11074:(1906) 11068:(1905) 10719:Rebbes 10558:Rabbis 10549:People 10534:Wieluń 10519:Łęczna 10514:Kraków 10509:Kalisz 10489:Adamów 10446:By era 10350:Turkey 10325:Mexico 10291:Sweden 10279:Soviet 10269:Russia 10259:Norway 10244:Greece 10227:France 10212:Europe 10192:Canada 10028:Mellah 9975:(blog) 9785:Pogrom 9424:Nazism 9329:(2024) 9321:(2023) 9283:Nir Oz 9234:Be'eri 9215:(2022) 9207:(2021) 9188:(2019) 9180:(2019) 9164:(2018) 9156:(2017) 9148:(2016) 9140:(2015) 9132:(2014) 9124:(2014) 9116:(2014) 9108:(2012) 9100:(2012) 9092:(2011) 9069:(2008) 9061:(2006) 9053:(2004) 9045:(2004) 8833:(1997) 8825:(1997) 8817:(1996) 8809:(1995) 8801:(1994) 8793:(1994) 8785:(1991) 8777:(1990) 8754:(1989) 8746:(1986) 8738:(1985) 8730:(1982) 8722:(1981) 8714:(1981) 8706:(1980) 8698:(1980) 8675:(1979) 8667:(1978) 8659:(1975) 8651:(1974) 8643:(1974) 8635:(1972) 8627:(1972) 8619:(1970) 8596:(1968) 8588:(1967) 8580:(1956) 8572:(1954) 8564:(1952) 8468:Manama 8461:Aleppo 8404:Kielce 8180:Odessa 8152:Ponary 8145:Farhud 8131:Wąsosz 7969:(1937) 7942:(1936) 7934:(1934) 7926:(1934) 7918:(1931) 7910:(1929) 7902:(1929) 7894:(1927) 7879:(1921) 7848:Fastov 7772:(1918) 7764:(1918) 7756:(1917) 7748:(1917) 7740:(1914) 7732:(1912) 7724:(1910) 7716:(1906) 7708:(1906) 7700:(1905) 7692:(1905) 7684:(1905) 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