394:, which manufactured many of the bricks used to construct Atlanta's streets and some of its oldest neighborhoods. Although its methods were nearly identical to those used centuries before, it achieved high levels of productivity and vast profits by subjecting the convict laborers it leased from the city to brutal discipline and cruel deprivation. The Chattahoochee Brick Company was "the biggest and arguably most abusive buyer of forced laborers in Georgia." Before a legislative commission in 1908, former guards as well as workers reported that at the brickyard prisoners "were forced to work under unbearable circumstances, fed rotting and rancid food, housed in barracks rife with insects, driven with whips into the hottest and most intolerable areas of the plant, and continually required to work at a constant run in the heat of the ovens." English countered with a denial that he or any member of his family had ever directed "any act of cruelty" against any convict. In fact, he claimed, he had ordered his manager of operations to ensure that "workers were well fed, well shod, well clothed, and well cared for…." Although one former guard estimated that 200 to 300 laborers were flogged each month, English angrily protested, "If a warden in charge of those convicts ever committed an act of cruelty to them…and it had come to my knowledge, I would have had him indicted and prosecuted." Another witness testified that if English had come within a quarter mile of the plant, he would have heard the screams of men being beaten. English conceded that the work at the brickyard was so brutal that "not a class of white labor in Georgia… could stand it a week."
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some particularly dangerous mine shafts, sections of which were filled waist-high with water. Workers were not provided with adequate timbers for bracing and cave-ins were frequent. Even when materials were provided, they often neglected to use them since they feared, if they took time to protect themselves, they would not complete their daily task and consequently be whipped by bosses who would sometimes embed their lashes with sand to increase the severity of the punishment.
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English routinely violated the law by buying and selling the leases on convict laborers and thereby transferring them as if they were slaves. For example, in 1883 he purchased half of John T. Milner's
Coalburg mine company and, "in an overtly illegal aspect of the transaction, a lot of one hundred
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English insisted he only used convict labor to do "work that a white man cannot and will not perform." He also employed convicts at a large sawmill, the Iron Belt
Railroad and Mining Company, and the Durham Coal and Coke Company, which in 1908 owned leases on 430 convicts. Its operations included
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to become mayor, taking office in
January. He served as president of the American Trust and Banking Company (later rechartered as the Fourth National Bank) for thirty years. He also served twenty-four years on the board of directors of the Central of Georgia Railway Company. He was one of the
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black convicts." A witness before the legislative commission reported, "On Sunday afternoons, white men frequently met in the yard of the
English brick factory to swap or buy black men, little changed from the slave markets of a half century earlier."
268:. His father died when he was 12 and his mother two years later. At the age of 15, he became an apprentice carriage-maker and worked at it industriously for four years while attending night school, when he moved to
387:, engaged in brick making, cutting cross ties, lumbering, railroad construction, and turpentining." His "great personal wealth was inextricably linked to the enslavement of thousands of men."
361:, based on industry rather than on cotton. He quickly achieved success in business and politics. He served as a city council member, school board member, the police commissioner, the
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236:(October 28, 1837 – February 15, 1925) was an American politician, bank president, and a staff officer during the
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English was one of
Atlanta's most prominent citizens in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was an ardent promoter of a
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aristocracy and had never owned a slave before emancipation, by 1897 "his enterprises controlled 1,206 of
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Slavery by
Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
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was named for J.W. English, Junior. James W. English, Sr., was one of the directors of the 1887
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on May 14, 1865, where he later became a banker. On
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Twice the Work of Free Labor: The
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James Warren
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One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928
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district. The home was torn down soon after he died; it was one of the last
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A Personal Narrative of Some Branches of the Lake Family in America
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Spalding Grays, Company D, 2nd Battalion, Georgia Infantry
563:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
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People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
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Annual Report of the Central of Georgia Railway Company.
295:, English received the first written communication from
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Photograph of the residence of Captain James W. English
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446:Atlanta: A Chronological & Documentary History
272:. He married Emily Alexander and raised a family.
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303:about a surrender, which happened soon after at
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541:Ambrotype of Captain James W. English
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369:James English & convict leasing
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21:James English (disambiguation)
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321:Fulton County Street Railroad
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495:Douglas A Blackmon (2008).
392:Chattahoochee Brick Company
54:January 1881 - January 1883
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499:. New York: Anchor Books.
419:List of Mayors of Atlanta
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430:Lake, Devereux (1937).
277:Confederate States Army
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181:Confederate States Army
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305:Appomattox Court House
327:route to what is now
187:Years of service
559:Matthew J. Mancini,
260:English was born in
234:James Warren English
30:James Warren English
352:Piedmont Exposition
340:single-family homes
275:He enlisted in the
517:. New York: Verso.
242:reconstruction Era
238:American Civil War
222:American Civil War
163:Confederate States
129:Banker, Politician
114:Oakland Cemetery,
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1024:1925 deaths
1019:1837 births
444:Lankevich,
240:. He was a
988:Categories
908:Hartsfield
891:Hartsfield
801:J.T. Glenn
726:J. Calhoun
406:References
373:See also:
139:Allegiance
126:Profession
74:1837-10-28
359:New South
266:Louisiana
244:mayor of
85:Louisiana
50:In office
40:Mayor of
963:—
943:Franklin
938:Campbell
881:Ragsdale
861:Woodward
841:Woodward
826:Woodward
806:Hemphill
731:Williams
714:Whitaker
704:L. Glenn
662:Norcross
647:Formwalt
281:Virginia
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953:Bottoms
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923:Jackson
918:Massell
866:Candler
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821:Collier
811:Goodwin
791:Hillyer
786:Goodwin
781:English
766:Hammock
761:Spencer
756:Hammock
746:Hammond
693:J. Glen
677:Markham
672:J. Mims
312:Atlanta
293:brigade
285:captain
250:Georgia
246:Atlanta
204:Captain
120:Georgia
116:Atlanta
105:Georgia
101:Atlanta
42:Atlanta
896:LeCraw
851:Maddox
846:Joyner
836:Howell
796:Cooper
771:Angier
741:Ezzard
736:Hulsey
709:Ezzard
699:Ezzard
687:Nelson
448:, p.27
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297:Grant
948:Reed
902:Lyle
876:Sims
856:Winn
816:King
720:Lowe
682:Butt
256:Life
210:Unit
195:Rank
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68:Born
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