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how a bacterial cell can "choose" whether or not to carry out the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. As Monod explains, one way the cell can make such a choice is by either synthesizing the enzyme or not, in response to its chemical environment. However, the synthesis/no synthesis choice is in turn governed by necessary biochemical interactions between a repressor protein, the gene for the enzyme, and the substrate of the enzyme, which interact so that the outcome (enzyme synthesis or not) differs according to the variable composition of the cell's chemical environment. The hierarchical, modular organization of this system clearly implies that additional regulatory elements can exist that govern, are governed by, or otherwise interact with any given set of regulatory components. Because, in general, the bacterial activity that results from these regulatory circuits is in accord with what is beneficial for the bacterial cell's survival at that time, the bacterium as a whole can be described as making rational choices, even though the bacterial components involved in deciding whether to make an enzyme (repressor, gene, and substrate) have no more choice about their activities than does the enzyme itself.
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to explain how the capacity of biological systems to retain information, combined with chance variations during the replication of information (i.e. genetic mutations) that are individually rare but commonplace in aggregate, leads to the differential preservation of that information which is most successful at maintaining and replicating itself. Monod writes that this process, acting over long periods of time, is a sufficient explanation (indeed the only plausible explanation) for the complexity and teleonomic activity of the biosphere. Hence, the combined effects of chance and necessity, which are amenable to scientific investigation, account for our existence and the universe we inhabit, without the need to invoke mystical, supernatural, or religious explanations.
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attributing them to supernatural or divine causes. While Monod does not explicitly address mind or consciousness, his scientific research demonstrated that biology includes feedback loops that govern interacting systems of biochemical reactions, so that the system as a whole can be described as having a purpose and making choices. Monod's philosophical writing indicates that he recognized the implication that such systems could arise and be elaborated upon by evolution through natural selection. The importance of Monod's work as a bridge between the chance and necessity of evolution and biochemistry on the one hand, and the human realm of choice and ethics on the other, can be judged by his influence on philosophers, biologists and computer scientists such as
503:. In summarizing recent progress in several areas of biology, including his own research, Monod highlights the ways in which information is found to take physical form and hence become capable of influencing events in the world. For example, the information allowing a protein enzyme to "select" only one of several similar compounds as the substrate of a chemical reaction is encoded in the precise three-dimensional shape of the enzyme; that precise shape is itself encoded by the linear sequence of amino acids constituting the protein; and that particular sequence of amino acids is encoded by the sequence of nucleotides in the gene for that enzyme.
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choose". While apparently bleak, in comparison to the concepts that humanity belongs to some inevitable, universal process, or that a benevolent God created and protects us, an acceptance of the scientific assessment described in the first part of the quotation is, for Monod, the only possible basis of an authentic, ethical human life. It is reasonable to conclude that Monod himself did not find this position bleak; the quotation he chose from Camus to introduce
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Monod advocates an objective (hence value-free) scientific worldview as a guide to assessing truth. He describes this as an "ethics of knowledge" that disrupts the older philosophical, mythological and religious ontologies, which claim to provide both ethical values and a standard for judging truth.
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Monod shows a paradigm of how choice at one level of biological organization (metabolic activity) is generated by necessary (choiceless) interactions at another level (gene regulation); the ability to choose arises from a complex system of feedback loops that connect these interactions. He goes on
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act as it does, catalyzing a reaction with one substrate but not another, according to the constraints imposed by its structure. While the enzyme itself cannot be said in any meaningful way to have a choice about its activity, the thrust of Jacob and Monod's Nobel prize-winning research was to show
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Sociologist Howard L. Kaye has suggested that Monod failed in his attempt to banish "mind and purpose from the phenomenon of life" in the name of science. It may be more accurate to suggest that Monod sought to include mind and purpose within the purview of scientific investigation, rather than
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the ethical values that motivate their actions. He concludes that "man at last knows he is alone in the unfeeling immensity of the universe, out of which he has emerged only by chance. His destiny is nowhere spelled out, nor is his duty. The kingdom above or the darkness below: it is for him to
250:(lac). From their own work and the work of others, they came up with a model for how the levels of some proteins in a cell are controlled. In their model, the manufacture of a set of related proteins, such as the ones encoded within the
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operon originated from his doctoral dissertation, which explored the growth of bacteria on mixtures of sugars and documented the sequential utilization of two or more sugars. The work was conducted at the
University of Paris, with
587:. The Institut Jacques Monod, funded jointly by the CNRS and the University of Paris, is one of the main centers for basic research in biology in the Paris area. It is headed by Michel Werner, Research Director.
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to explain how conformational effects could allow enzyme effectors that are structurally quite different from the enzyme's substrates and products to activate or inhibit the reaction: binding at an
325:, Monod discovered that the coursework was decades behind the current biological science. He learned from other students a little older than himself, rather than from the faculty. "To
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to denote the frequent observations of two distinct growth phases of bacteria grown on two sugars. He theorized on the growth of bacterial cultures and promoted the
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Monod joined the
Pasteur Institute in 1943 and Jacob in 1949. The experimental system ultimately used by Jacob and Monod was a common bacterium,
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genetics. This was a true revelation for him and probably influenced him on developing a genetic conception of biochemistry and metabolism.
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the concept that only chemical and molecular descriptions could provide a complete interpretation of the function of living organisms."
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For Monod, assessing truth separate from any value judgement is what frees human beings to act authentically, by requiring that they
657:, Nobel laureate in literature who had also been active in the French Resistance and shared Monod's criticism of the Soviet system.
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of the enzyme remote from the active site could bring about a change at the active site. He made an important contribution to
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468:. In preparation for the Allied landings, he arranged parachute drops of weapons, railroad bombings, and mail interceptions.
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Brave Genius: A Scientist, a
Philosopher, and Their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize
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Brave Genius: A Scientist, a
Philosopher, and Their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize
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While acknowledging the likely evolutionary origin of a human need for explanatory myths, in the final chapter of
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Monod, J.; Wyman, J.; Changeux, J.-P. (1965). "On the Nature of
Allosteric Transitions: A Plausible Model".
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869:. History of molecular biology recounted through the lives and work of the major figures, including Monod.
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of some multi-subunit proteins. This has become the most widely accepted explanation of cooperativity.
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Cornish-Bowden, Athel (2014). "Understanding allosteric and cooperative interactions in enzymes".
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Monod, J.; Changeux, J.-P.; Jacob, F. (1963). "Allosteric proteins and cellular control systems".
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until he was 18. In
October 1928 he started his studies in biology at the University of Paris.
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759:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod"
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after the end of the Second World War, but distanced himself from the party after the
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Monod, then a professor at the
University of Paris, supported the student protests of
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489:, written for a general readership. Monod acknowledges his connection to the French
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theory as a powerful continuous culture system to investigate bacterial physiology.
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Monod was not only a biologist but also a fine musician and esteemed writer on the
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231:"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis".
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Biographical Index of Former
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
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1484:"Jacques Monod, Nobel Biologist, Dies; Thought Existence Is Based on Chance"
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does not waste energy making such enzymes if there is no need to metabolize
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Chance and
Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology
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Chance and
Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology
309:. For these contributions he is widely regarded as one of the founders of
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In the title of the book, "necessity" refers to the fact that the enzyme
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In addition to sharing a Nobel Prize, Monod was also a recipient of the
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982:, accessed 11 October 2020 with the Nobel Lecture on December 11, 1965
889:. Jacques Monod seen by persons who interacted with him as a scientist.
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216:
112:
1510:"Jacques Monod, François Jacob, and the Lysenko Affair: Boundary Work"
997:"The "Genetic Program": Behind the Genesis of an Influential Metaphor"
834:, Jacques Monod, Ernest Bornek, June 1971, Columbia University Press,
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and, along with several fellow Nobel laureates, appealed to president
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481:(1971) –, a book based on a series of lectures that he had given at
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in the epigraph of the book, which quotes the final paragraphs of
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article) that was discovered by Jacob and Monod is fundamental to
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Before his doctoral work, Monod spent a year in the laboratory of
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in 1969. The book is a short but influential examination of the
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861:. Expanded Edition Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, 1996.
851:
The Eighth Day of Creation: makers of the revolution in biology
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87:
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ends with the sentence: "One must imagine Sisyphus happy."
263:
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In 1973, Jacques Monod was one of the signatories of the
409:
are available. The type of regulation is called negative
302:
902:
Origins of molecular biology: a tribute to Jacques Monod
879:
Origins of Molecular Biology: a Tribute to Jacques Monod
372:
having provided important advice. Monod coined the term
337:
he owes the discovery of physiological genetics, and to
3974:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1111:
Monod, J. (1949). "The growth of bacterial cultures".
881:
edited by Agnes Ullmann, Washington, ASM Press, 2003,
853:
by Horace Freeland Judson, Simon and Schuster, 1979.
717:"Jacques Lucien Monod. 9 February 1910 -- 31 May 1976"
333:
initiated him into the potentials of microbiology; to
289:
operon provided the first example of a system for the
389:, but the basic regulatory concept (described in the
722:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
329:
he owes a preference for quantitative descriptions;
234:
Monod and Jacob became famous for their work on the
815:by Jacques Monod, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1971,
599:, Charlotte (Sharlie) MacGregor Todd, and a French
595:Monod was born in Paris to an American mother from
397:regulation for all organisms. The key idea is that
285:Study of the control of expression of genes in the
1252:
1172:
1137:
984:From Enzymatic Adaption to Allosteric Transitions
4004:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3905:
3412:
629:, eventually becoming the chief of staff of the
1549:
1327:. American Humanist Association. Archived from
440:and Changeux to extend this concept to explain
301:molecules that link the information encoded in
3171:
1250:
1207:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
447:
215:; 9 February 1910 – 31 May 1976) was a French
4009:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3398:
3157:
1614:
1446:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
969:
967:
965:
963:
1052:Biography of Jacques Monod at Nobel e-Museum
794:Translated from the French. 1995 paperback:
487:philosophical implications of modern biology
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585:Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1968
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1621:
1607:
1582:
977:
960:
751:
618:In 1938 he married Odette Bruhl (d.1972).
45:
19:For other people named Jacques Monod, see
3944:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1263:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf – via
1131:
1028:
943:
734:
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696:
575:in 1960. He was elected a member of the
297:. Monod also suggested the existence of
3924:Academic staff of the Collège de France
1368:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
994:
925:
898:
3906:
3895:Index of evolutionary biology articles
1286:
1081:
892:
316:
3989:Burials at the Cimetière du Grand Jas
3386:
3145:
1634:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1602:
1507:
1481:
1299:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.
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1277:
1110:
995:Peluffo, Alexandre E. (1 July 2015).
711:
573:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
562:
221:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
210:
134:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3969:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1353:(Transaction Publishers 1997), p. 75
1351:The Social Meaning of Modern Biology
1125:10.1146/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103
780:The Statue Within: an autobiography
13:
3999:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
3705:Evolutionary developmental biology
1543:
1063:Video interview with Jacques Monod
456:. He was a political activist and
350:California Institute of Technology
14:
4025:
4014:French people of American descent
1572:
804:
405:, such as when other sugars like
262:protein, encoded by a regulatory
3662:Evolution of sexual reproduction
590:
462:Forces Françaises de l'Interieur
1590:Works by or about Jacques Monod
1501:
1431:
1406:
1381:
1356:
1343:
1317:
1271:
1244:
1201:
1166:
1104:
1056:
1045:
988:
932:Journal of General Microbiology
645:. Monod became a member of the
282:of the adjacent genes begins.)
3433:Genotype–phenotype distinction
919:
872:
844:
825:
773:
675:in 1976 and was buried in the
653:. He became a close friend of
581:American Philosophical Society
21:Jacques Monod (disambiguation)
1:
3690:Regulation of gene expression
1216:(2, Special Issue): 621–632.
1187:10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80285-6
1152:10.1016/S0022-2836(63)80091-1
690:
631:French Forces of the Interior
424:, Monod proposed a theory of
3860:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
3640:Evolution of genetic systems
3448:Gene–environment correlation
3443:Gene–environment interaction
1482:Prial, Frank (1 June 1976).
633:. He was a Chevalier in the
577:National Academy of Sciences
7:
3839:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
2726:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1013:10.1534/genetics.115.178418
637:(1945) and was awarded the
448:Philosophical contributions
10:
4030:
3715:Hedgehog signaling pathway
3592:Developmental architecture
928:"Jacques Monod, 1910–1976"
905:. ASM Press. p. xiv.
625:, Monod was active in the
571:and elected member of the
436:when he collaborated with
18:
3964:French Resistance members
3892:
3871:
3800:
3728:
3682:
3675:
3639:
3591:
3555:
3542:Transgressive segregation
3488:
3425:
3310:
3279:
3248:
3224:
3200:
3181:
2799:
2464:
2125:
1923:Charles Scott Sherrington
1899:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1861:
1640:
668:on the students' behalf.
473:Le hasard et la nécessité
471:In 1970, Monod published
223:in 1965, sharing it with
197:
187:
161:
154:
126:
105:
95:
76:
53:
44:
30:
2913:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
945:10.1099/00221287-101-1-1
641:(1945) and the American
359:Monod's interest in the
3720:Notch signaling pathway
3695:Gene regulatory network
3578:Dual inheritance theory
1325:"Humanist Manifesto II"
1293:Monod, Jacques (1971).
1278:Monod, Jacques (1971).
1251:Monod, Jacques (1971).
899:Ullmann, Agnès (2003).
3949:French Nobel laureates
3929:French microbiologists
3768:cis-regulatory element
3676:Control of development
3556:Non-genetic influences
3522:evolutionary landscape
3316:Nobel Prize recipients
3281:Physiology or Medicine
1694:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1364:"Jacques Lucien Monod"
1088:Crown Publishing Group
736:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0015
677:Cimetière du Grand Jas
671:Jacques Monod died of
647:French Communist Party
475:– English translation
460:of operations for the
426:allosteric transitions
258:, is prevented when a
3984:Scientists from Paris
3879:Nature versus nurture
3783:Cell surface receptor
3700:Evo-devo gene toolkit
3599:Developmental biology
3537:Polygenic inheritance
3463:Quantitative genetics
3191:Robert Burns Woodward
2195:Dickinson W. Richards
1879:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1082:Caroll, Sean (2013).
786:, Basic Books, 1988.
537:Humanist Manifesto II
454:philosophy of science
442:cooperative behaviour
118:Allosteric regulation
3788:Transcription factor
3503:Genetic assimilation
3490:Genetic architecture
2618:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1979:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1508:Marks, John (2012).
1418:search.amphilsoc.org
1414:"APS Member History"
1296:Chance and Necessity
1280:Chance and Necessity
1113:Annu. Rev. Microbiol
926:Stanier, R. (1977).
832:Of Microbes and Life
530:Chance and Necessity
520:Chance and Necessity
500:The Myth of Sisyphus
478:Chance and Necessity
418:Jean-Pierre Changeux
321:As a student at the
274:from binding to the
204:Jacques Lucien Monod
58:Jacques Lucien Monod
3979:History of genetics
3884:Morphogenetic field
3801:Influential figures
3010:William C. Campbell
2921:Elizabeth Blackburn
2758:Robert F. Furchgott
2750:Stanley B. Prusiner
2742:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2642:George H. Hitchings
2606:Joseph L. Goldstein
2566:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2395:Earl Sutherland Jr.
323:University of Paris
317:Career and research
100:University of Paris
3939:French biochemists
3934:French geneticists
3573:Genomic imprinting
3295:André Michel Lwoff
3258:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
3070:William Kaelin Jr.
3066:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2809:Leland H. Hartwell
2698:Richard J. Roberts
2578:Barbara McClintock
2522:Godfrey Hounsfield
2423:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2355:Marshall Nirenberg
2323:Charles B. Huggins
2112:Tadeusz Reichstein
2100:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1895:Christiaan Eijkman
1581:on Nobelprize.org
1557:. Broadway Books.
1488:The New York Times
1331:on 20 October 2012
1222:10.1111/febs.12469
1065:Vega Science Trust
976:on Nobelprize.org
563:Awards and honours
549:Douglas Hofstadter
346:Thomas Hunt Morgan
3994:Pasteur Institute
3901:
3900:
3834:Eric F. Wieschaus
3796:
3795:
3614:Pattern formation
3518:Fitness landscape
3380:
3379:
3215:Mikhail Sholokhov
3139:
3138:
3104:Ardem Patapoutian
2953:Ralph M. Steinman
2949:Jules A. Hoffmann
2937:Robert G. Edwards
2905:Harald zur Hausen
2829:H. Robert Horvitz
2730:Eric F. Wieschaus
2666:E. Donnall Thomas
2650:J. Michael Bishop
2638:Gertrude B. Elion
2510:Hamilton O. Smith
2435:Christian de Duve
2171:Frederick Robbins
2048:Alexander Fleming
1987:Corneille Heymans
1833:Frederick Banting
1738:Allvar Gullstrand
1514:L'Esprit Créateur
1393:www.nasonline.org
1261:Austryn Wainhouse
666:Charles de Gaulle
643:Bronze Star Medal
627:French Resistance
370:Pasteur Institute
311:molecular biology
278:, the site where
201:
200:
192:Pasteur Institute
179:Molecular biology
156:Scientific career
4021:
3959:French humanists
3844:William McGinnis
3813:Richard Lewontin
3808:C. H. Waddington
3680:
3679:
3657:Neutral networks
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3318:
3264:Julian Schwinger
3166:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3117:
3106:
3091:
3085:Michael Houghton
3072:
3062:Gregg L. Semenza
3056:
3050:James P. Allison
3044:
3042:Michael W. Young
3028:
3026:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3020:
3004:
2988:
2986:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2972:
2960:
2939:
2931:
2925:Carol W. Greider
2915:
2899:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2819:
2792:
2776:
2768:
2752:
2744:
2738:Peter C. Doherty
2732:
2716:
2710:Alfred G. Gilman
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2654:Harold E. Varmus
2644:
2628:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2580:
2572:
2556:
2540:
2530:Baruj Benacerraf
2524:
2512:
2496:
2480:
2457:
2441:
2425:
2409:
2397:
2389:
2373:
2357:
2347:Robert W. Holley
2341:
2325:
2313:
2297:
2285:
2269:
2253:
2251:Georg von Békésy
2245:
2233:
2221:
2219:Joshua Lederberg
2205:
2197:
2191:Werner Forssmann
2181:
2173:
2157:
2145:
2137:
2118:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2080:Bernardo Houssay
2066:
2058:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1937:
1929:
1917:
1909:
1907:Karl Landsteiner
1901:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1871:Johannes Fibiger
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:Willem Einthoven
1839:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1710:Élie Metchnikoff
1704:
1702:Alphonse Laveran
1696:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1594:Internet Archive
1586:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1456:. Archived from
1445:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1354:
1349:Kaye, Howard L.
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:Internet Archive
1259:. Translated by
1258:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1079:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
992:
986:
981:
971:
958:
957:
947:
923:
917:
916:
896:
890:
876:
870:
848:
842:
829:
823:
808:
802:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
761:. Nobelprize.org
755:
749:
748:
738:
709:
635:LĂ©gion d'Honneur
569:LĂ©gion d'honneur
214:
209:
140:Legion of Honour
83:
67:
65:
49:
39:
28:
27:
16:French biologist
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
3954:French atheists
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3888:
3867:
3854:Sean B. Carroll
3792:
3724:
3671:
3635:
3587:
3568:Maternal effect
3551:
3484:
3421:
3411:
3381:
3376:
3314:
3306:
3291:(Great Britain)
3275:
3272:(United States)
3270:Richard Feynman
3266:(United States)
3244:
3241:(United States)
3220:
3196:
3193:(United States)
3177:
3170:
3140:
3135:
3120:
3109:
3094:
3089:Charles M. Rice
3081:Harvey J. Alter
3075:
3059:
3047:
3038:Michael Rosbash
3034:Jeffrey C. Hall
3031:
3023:
3007:
2998:May-Britt Moser
2991:
2975:
2970:Shinya Yamanaka
2963:
2942:
2934:
2929:Jack W. Szostak
2918:
2902:
2897:Oliver Smithies
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2845:Peter Mansfield
2838:
2833:John E. Sulston
2822:
2806:
2795:
2779:
2771:
2755:
2747:
2735:
2722:Edward B. Lewis
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2631:
2626:Susumu Tonegawa
2623:
2611:
2599:
2583:
2575:
2559:
2543:
2527:
2515:
2499:
2486:Roger Guillemin
2483:
2478:Daniel Gajdusek
2474:Baruch Blumberg
2471:
2460:
2451:Renato Dulbecco
2447:David Baltimore
2444:
2428:
2415:Karl von Frisch
2412:
2400:
2392:
2376:
2360:
2344:
2335:Haldan Hartline
2328:
2316:
2300:
2288:
2272:
2267:Maurice Wilkins
2256:
2248:
2236:
2231:Arthur Kornberg
2224:
2208:
2200:
2184:
2176:
2160:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2121:
2105:
2093:
2085:
2069:
2061:
2045:
2036:Joseph Erlanger
2033:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1964:
1956:
1940:
1932:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1892:
1887:Charles Nicolle
1884:
1876:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1730:Albrecht Kossel
1727:
1719:
1707:
1699:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1636:
1627:
1575:
1565:
1551:Sean B. Carroll
1546:
1544:Further reading
1541:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1463:on 4 March 2016
1460:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1389:"Jacques Monod"
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1272:
1249:
1245:
1206:
1202:
1171:
1167:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
993:
989:
972:
961:
924:
920:
913:
897:
893:
877:
873:
849:
845:
830:
826:
809:
805:
778:
774:
764:
762:
757:
756:
752:
710:
697:
693:
639:Croix de Guerre
593:
565:
557:Richard Dawkins
491:existentialists
450:
430:allosteric site
411:gene regulation
327:George Teissier
319:
266:, binds to its
207:
183:
150:
122:
91:
85:
81:
72:
69:
68:9 February 1910
63:
61:
60:
59:
40:
35:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3818:François Jacob
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3547:Sequence space
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3289:François Jacob
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:(Soviet Union)
3211:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3126:Katalin KarikĂł
3118:
3107:
3092:
3073:
3057:
3045:
3029:
3021:
3005:
2989:
2982:Randy Schekman
2973:
2961:
2940:
2932:
2916:
2909:Luc Montagnier
2900:
2889:Mario Capecchi
2884:
2872:
2865:Barry Marshall
2860:
2848:
2841:Paul Lauterbur
2836:
2825:Sydney Brenner
2820:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2786:Paul Greengard
2782:Arvid Carlsson
2777:
2769:
2753:
2745:
2733:
2717:
2714:Martin Rodbell
2705:
2693:
2690:Edwin G. Krebs
2686:Edmond Fischer
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2634:James W. Black
2629:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2594:CĂ©sar Milstein
2590:Georges Köhler
2581:
2573:
2562:Sune Bergström
2557:
2554:Torsten Wiesel
2550:David H. Hubel
2541:
2525:
2513:
2506:Daniel Nathans
2497:
2490:Andrew Schally
2481:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2426:
2410:
2403:Gerald Edelman
2398:
2390:
2387:Julius Axelrod
2374:
2371:Salvador Luria
2367:Alfred Hershey
2358:
2342:
2326:
2314:
2303:François Jacob
2298:
2286:
2270:
2254:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2206:
2198:
2187:André Cournand
2182:
2174:
2158:
2146:
2143:Selman Waksman
2138:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2108:Edward Kendall
2103:
2091:
2083:
2067:
2064:Hermann Muller
2059:
2043:
2040:Herbert Gasser
2031:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1995:Gerhard Domagk
1990:
1982:
1974:
1962:
1954:
1951:William Murphy
1943:George Whipple
1938:
1930:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1828:
1821:Archibald Hill
1816:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1754:Charles Richet
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1705:
1697:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1574:
1573:External links
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:978-0307952349
1563:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1500:
1474:
1453:0-902-198-84-X
1452:
1430:
1405:
1380:
1355:
1342:
1316:
1309:
1285:
1282:. p. xii.
1270:
1243:
1200:
1165:
1146:(4): 306–329.
1130:
1103:
1097:978-0307952332
1096:
1067:
1055:
1044:
1007:(3): 685–696.
987:
959:
918:
911:
891:
871:
843:
824:
803:
784:François Jacob
772:
750:
694:
692:
689:
685:French Riviera
651:Lysenko Affair
592:
589:
564:
561:
545:Daniel Dennett
483:Pomona College
458:chief of staff
449:
446:
438:Jeffries Wyman
422:François Jacob
335:Boris Ephrussi
318:
315:
272:RNA polymerase
225:François Jacob
212:[mɔno]
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
171:
165:
163:
159:
158:
152:
151:
149:
148:
142:
137:
130:
128:
124:
123:
121:
120:
115:
109:
107:
106:Known for
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
86:
84:(aged 66)
78:
74:
73:
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4026:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:Jacques Monod
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Homeotic gene
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:Morphogenesis
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Reaction norm
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3301:Jacques Monod
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3131:
3130:Drew Weissman
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:Satoshi ĹŚmura
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:James Rothman
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Bruce Beutler
2941:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2857:Linda B. Buck
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2774:GĂĽnter Blobel
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:Louis Ignarro
2759:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2702:Phillip Sharp
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:Joseph Murray
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:Stanley Cohen
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:Michael Brown
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:Allan Cormack
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2494:Rosalyn Yalow
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2439:George Palade
2436:
2432:
2431:Albert Claude
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:Konrad Lorenz
2416:
2411:
2408:
2407:Rodney Porter
2404:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:Ulf von Euler
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Ragnar Granit
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2311:Jacques Monod
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2283:Andrew Huxley
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:Francis Crick
2255:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2243:Peter Medawar
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:George Beadle
2207:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2179:Hugo Theorell
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:Thomas Weller
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:Fritz Lipmann
2152:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2056:Howard Florey
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1935:Thomas Morgan
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1825:Otto Meyerhof
1822:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1762:Róbert Bárány
1758:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1746:Alexis Carrel
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:Camillo Golgi
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1579:Jacques Monod
1577:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1310:0-394-46615-2
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:(1): 88–118.
1180:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
985:
980:
975:
974:Jacques Monod
970:
968:
966:
964:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
912:1-55581-281-3
908:
904:
903:
895:
888:
887:1-55581-281-3
884:
880:
875:
868:
867:0-87969-478-5
864:
860:
859:0-671-22540-5
856:
852:
847:
841:
840:0-231-03431-8
837:
833:
828:
822:
821:0-394-46615-2
818:
814:
813:
807:
801:
800:0-87969-476-9
797:
793:
792:0-465-08223-8
789:
785:
781:
776:
760:
754:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
695:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:Personal life
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
558:
554:
553:Marvin Minsky
550:
546:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
521:
516:
512:
509:
504:
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:Louis Rapkine
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:messenger RNA
296:
295:transcription
292:
288:
283:
281:
280:transcription
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
205:
196:
193:
190:
186:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
160:
157:
153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
129:
125:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
89:
79:
75:
71:Paris, France
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
32:Jacques Monod
29:
26:
22:
3858:
3821:
3751:eyeless gene
3647:Evolvability
3621:Segmentation
3498:Canalisation
3468:Heterochrony
3458:Heritability
3426:Key concepts
3346:
3300:
3115:Svante Pääbo
3100:David Julius
3054:Tasuku Honjo
3002:Edvard Moser
2994:John O'Keefe
2957:posthumously
2956:
2893:Martin Evans
2869:Robin Warren
2853:Richard Axel
2800:2001–present
2678:Bert Sakmann
2546:Roger Sperry
2538:George Snell
2534:Jean Dausset
2502:Werner Arber
2455:Howard Temin
2379:Bernard Katz
2363:Max DelbrĂĽck
2319:Francis Rous
2310:
2295:Feodor Lynen
2291:Konrad Bloch
2279:Alan Hodgkin
2263:James Watson
2239:Frank Burnet
2227:Severo Ochoa
2215:Edward Tatum
2203:Daniel Bovet
2116:Philip Hench
2028:Edward Doisy
1959:Hans Spemann
1947:George Minot
1927:Edgar Adrian
1915:Otto Warburg
1837:John Macleod
1806:August Krogh
1798:Jules Bordet
1714:Paul Ehrlich
1666:Niels Finsen
1650:Emil Behring
1554:
1520:(2): 75–88.
1517:
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1439:
1433:
1423:14 September
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1398:14 September
1396:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1373:14 September
1371:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1319:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1254:
1246:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1178:
1175:J. Mol. Biol
1174:
1168:
1143:
1140:J. Mol. Biol
1139:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1083:
1058:
1047:
1004:
1000:
990:
983:
935:
931:
921:
901:
894:
878:
874:
850:
846:
831:
827:
810:
806:
779:
775:
763:. Retrieved
753:
726:
720:
713:Lwoff, A. M.
670:
659:
655:Albert Camus
623:World War II
620:
617:
608:
605:Lucien Monod
594:
566:
541:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:
513:
507:
505:
498:
476:
472:
470:
466:World War II
451:
429:
415:
398:
384:
382:
360:
358:
343:
320:
286:
284:
251:
241:
235:
233:
219:who won the
203:
202:
188:Institutions
169:Biochemistry
155:
82:(1976-05-31)
25:
3919:1976 deaths
3914:1910 births
3849:Mike Levine
3758:Distal-less
3583:Polyphenism
3563:Epigenetics
3415:development
3174:Nobel Prize
2966:John Gurdon
2881:Craig Mello
2877:Andrew Fire
2790:Eric Kandel
2766:Ferid Murad
2674:Erwin Neher
2586:Niels Jerne
2351:Har Khorana
2339:George Wald
2307:André Lwoff
2275:John Eccles
2163:John Enders
2135:Max Theiler
2096:Walter Hess
2088:Paul MĂĽller
2052:Ernst Chain
1722:Emil Kocher
1682:Robert Koch
1674:Ivan Pavlov
1658:Ronald Ross
1119:: 371–394.
938:(1): 1–12.
729:: 384–412.
366:André Lwoff
352:working on
331:André Lwoff
229:André Lwoff
80:31 May 1976
3908:Categories
3827:Lac operon
3652:Robustness
3631:Modularity
3626:Metamerism
3532:Plasticity
3527:Pleiotropy
3480:Heterotopy
3202:Literature
2817:Paul Nurse
2151:Hans Krebs
2076:Gerty Cori
2024:Henrik Dam
1971:Otto Loewi
1967:Henry Dale
1493:30 October
1335:10 October
691:References
434:enzymology
391:Lac operon
354:Drosophila
291:regulation
254:(lactose)
217:biochemist
113:Lac operon
64:1910-02-09
3778:Morphogen
3763:Engrailed
3746:Pax genes
3667:Tinkering
3513:Epistasis
3508:Dominance
3419:phenotype
3183:Chemistry
3176:laureates
3018:Tu Youyou
2570:John Vane
2465:1976–2000
2126:1951–1975
2072:Carl Cori
1862:1926–1950
1641:1901–1925
1630:Laureates
1526:0014-0767
1467:7 October
1021:0016-6731
597:Milwaukee
378:chemostat
260:repressor
96:Education
3741:Hox gene
3729:Elements
3710:Homeobox
3303:(France)
3297:(France)
2813:Tim Hunt
1553:(2014).
1534:26378785
1238:15031017
1230:23910900
1195:14343300
1160:13936070
1039:26170444
1001:Genetics
745:11615735
715:(1977).
673:leukemia
603:father,
601:Huguenot
583:, and a
395:cellular
307:proteins
276:promoter
268:operator
174:Genetics
145:ForMemRS
90:, France
37:ForMemRS
3872:Debates
3683:Systems
3609:Eyespot
3473:Neoteny
3260:(Japan)
3250:Physics
1632:of the
1592:at the
1030:4512536
765:30 June
683:on the
621:During
464:during
407:glucose
403:lactose
399:E. coli
386:E. coli
374:diauxie
368:of the
348:at the
248:lactose
237:E. coli
208:French:
3773:Ligand
3453:Operon
3239:UNICEF
3060:2019:
3048:2018:
3032:2017:
3024:2016:
3008:2015:
2992:2014:
2976:2013:
2964:2012:
2943:2011:
2935:2010:
2919:2009:
2903:2008:
2887:2007:
2875:2006:
2863:2005:
2851:2004:
2839:2003:
2823:2002:
2807:2001:
2780:2000:
2772:1999:
2756:1998:
2748:1997:
2736:1996:
2720:1995:
2708:1994:
2696:1993:
2684:1992:
2672:1991:
2660:1990:
2648:1989:
2632:1988:
2624:1987:
2612:1986:
2600:1985:
2584:1984:
2576:1983:
2560:1982:
2544:1981:
2528:1980:
2516:1979:
2500:1978:
2484:1977:
2472:1976:
2445:1975:
2429:1974:
2413:1973:
2401:1972:
2393:1971:
2377:1970:
2361:1969:
2345:1968:
2329:1967:
2317:1966:
2301:1965:
2289:1964:
2273:1963:
2257:1962:
2249:1961:
2237:1960:
2225:1959:
2209:1958:
2201:1957:
2185:1956:
2177:1955:
2161:1954:
2149:1953:
2141:1952:
2133:1951:
2106:1950:
2094:1949:
2086:1948:
2070:1947:
2062:1946:
2046:1945:
2034:1944:
2022:1943:
1993:1939:
1985:1938:
1977:1937:
1965:1936:
1957:1935:
1941:1934:
1933:1933:
1921:1932:
1913:1931:
1905:1930:
1893:1929:
1885:1928:
1877:1927:
1869:1926:
1843:1924:
1831:1923:
1819:1922:
1804:1920:
1796:1919:
1760:1914:
1752:1913:
1744:1912:
1736:1911:
1728:1910:
1720:1909:
1708:1908:
1700:1907:
1688:1906:
1680:1905:
1672:1904:
1664:1903:
1656:1902:
1648:1901:
1561:
1532:
1524:
1450:
1307:
1236:
1228:
1210:FEBS J
1193:
1158:
1094:
1037:
1027:
1019:
954:330816
952:
909:
885:
865:
857:
838:
819:
798:
790:
743:
681:Cannes
662:May 68
613:Cannes
579:, the
525:choose
256:operon
244:operon
162:Fields
147:(1968)
136:(1965)
127:Awards
88:Cannes
3347:1965
3226:Peace
3172:1965
1530:JSTOR
1461:(PDF)
1444:(PDF)
1234:S2CID
609:lycée
495:Camus
416:With
3413:The
3372:1970
3367:1969
3362:1968
3357:1967
3352:1966
3342:1964
3337:1963
3332:1962
3327:1961
3322:1960
3230:1965
3206:1965
3122:2023
3111:2022
3096:2021
3077:2020
2016:1942
2009:1941
2002:1940
1852:1925
1813:1921
1790:1918
1783:1917
1776:1916
1769:1915
1559:ISBN
1522:ISSN
1495:2020
1469:2017
1448:ISBN
1425:2022
1400:2022
1375:2022
1337:2012
1305:ISBN
1226:PMID
1191:PMID
1156:PMID
1092:ISBN
1035:PMID
1017:ISSN
950:PMID
907:ISBN
883:ISBN
863:ISBN
855:ISBN
836:ISBN
817:ISBN
796:ISBN
788:ISBN
767:2010
741:PMID
555:and
508:must
420:and
305:and
264:gene
227:and
77:Died
54:Born
3417:of
1301:180
1218:doi
1214:281
1183:doi
1148:doi
1121:doi
1025:PMC
1009:doi
1005:200
940:doi
936:101
782:by
731:doi
679:in
611:at
497:'s
361:lac
303:DNA
293:of
287:lac
252:lac
242:lac
3910::
3820:+
3128:/
3124::
3113::
3102:/
3098::
3087:/
3083:/
3079::
3068:/
3064:/
3052:/
3040:/
3036:/
3016:/
3012:/
3000:/
2996:/
2984:/
2980:/
2968:/
2951:/
2947:/
2927:/
2923:/
2911:/
2907:/
2895:/
2891:/
2879:/
2867:/
2855:/
2843:/
2831:/
2827:/
2815:/
2811:/
2788:/
2784:/
2764:/
2760:/
2740:/
2728:/
2724:/
2712:/
2700:/
2688:/
2676:/
2664:/
2652:/
2640:/
2636:/
2616:/
2604:/
2592:/
2588:/
2568:/
2564:/
2552:/
2548:/
2536:/
2532:/
2520:/
2508:/
2504:/
2492:/
2488:/
2476:/
2453:/
2449:/
2437:/
2433:/
2421:/
2417:/
2405:/
2385:/
2381:/
2369:/
2365:/
2353:/
2349:/
2337:/
2333:/
2321:/
2309:/
2305:/
2293:/
2281:/
2277:/
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