J. R. R. Tolkien - Knowledge

1416: 1211: 16862: 1301: 3456: 1814: 910: 281: 1061:. According to Humphrey Carpenter, "Edith and Ronald took to frequenting Birmingham teashops, especially one which had a balcony overlooking the pavement. There they would sit and throw sugarlumps into the hats of passers-by, moving to the next table when the sugar bowl was empty. ... With two people of their personalities and in their position, romance was bound to flourish. Both were orphans in need of affection, and they found that they could give it to each other. During the summer of 1909, they decided that they were in love." 63: 1675: 1889: 1792:. Edith, however, was overjoyed to step into the role of a society hostess, which had been the reason that Tolkien selected Bournemouth in the first place. The genuine and deep affection between Ronald and Edith was demonstrated by their care about the other's health, in details like wrapping presents, in the generous way he gave up his life at Oxford so she could retire to Bournemouth, and in her pride in his becoming a famous author. They were tied together, too, by love for their children and grandchildren. 671: 1427: 10588: 14574: 831: 14361: 10785: 10405: 10574: 1759: 1076:. He declared that he had never ceased to love her, and asked her to marry him. Edith replied that she had already accepted the proposal of George Field, the brother of one of her closest school friends. But Edith said she had agreed to marry Field only because she felt "on the shelf" and had begun to doubt that Tolkien still cared for her. She explained that, because of Tolkien's letter, everything had changed. 1107: 1282:, of the utter exhaustion and ominous quiet after a bombardment, of the whining scream of the shells, and the endless marching, always on foot, through a devastated landscape, sometimes carrying the men's equipment as well as his own to encourage them to keep going. ... Some remarkable relics survive from that time: a trench map he drew himself; pencil-written orders to carry bombs to the 'fighting line. 1080:

ring. Field was "dreadfully upset at first", and the Field family was "insulted and angry". Upon learning of Edith's new plans, Jessop wrote to her guardian, "I have nothing to say against Tolkien, he is a cultured gentleman, but his prospects are poor in the extreme, and when he will be in a position to marry I cannot imagine. Had he adopted a profession it would have been different."

1202:". Instead, he was required to "take charge of them, discipline them, train them, and probably censor their letters ... If possible, he was supposed to inspire their love and loyalty." Tolkien later lamented, "The most improper job of any man ... is bossing other men. Not one in a million is fit for it, and least of all those who seek the opportunity." 2083:, and he acknowledged its importance to his writings. He was a gifted linguist, influenced by Germanic, Celtic, Finnish, and Greek language and mythology. Commentators have attempted to identify many literary and topological antecedents for characters, places and events in Tolkien's writings. Some writers were important to him, including the 1390:. It was first conceived in a small woodland glade filled with hemlocks at Roos in Yorkshire (where I was for a brief time in command of an outpost of the Humber Garrison in 1917, and she was able to live with me for a while). In those days her hair was raven, her skin clear, her eyes brighter than you have seen them, and she could sing—and 925:. At that time, he was studying Latin and Anglo-Saxon. Their interest in Animalic soon died away, but Mary and others, including Tolkien himself, invented a new and more complex language called Nevbosh. The next constructed language he came to work with, Naffarin, would be his own creation. Tolkien learned 1142:, Staffordshire, for 11 months. In a letter to Edith, Tolkien complained: "Gentlemen are rare among the superiors, and even human beings rare indeed." Following their wedding, Lieutenant and Mrs. Tolkien took up lodgings near the training camp. On 2 June 1916, Tolkien received a telegram summoning him to 3174:

In a 1951 letter to publisher Milton Waldman (1895–1976), Tolkien wrote about his intentions to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which "he cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama". The hands and

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would not be discovered until 1921, two decades later. Nine years after her death, Tolkien wrote, "My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it is not to everybody that God grants so easy a way to his great gifts as he did to Hilary and myself, giving us a mother who killed herself with labour and

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Tolkien learnt to paint and draw as a child and continued to do so all his adult life. From early in his writing career, the development of his stories was accompanied by drawings and paintings, especially of landscapes, and by maps of the lands in which the tales were set. He produced pictures to

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On 8 January 1913, Tolkien travelled by train to Cheltenham and was met on the platform by Edith. The two took a walk into the countryside, sat under a railway viaduct, and talked. By the end of the day, Edith had agreed to accept Tolkien's proposal. She wrote to Field and returned her engagement

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In 1792, John Benjamin Tolkien and William Gravell took over the Erdley Norton manufacture in London, which from then on sold clocks and watches under the name Gravell & Tolkien. Daniel Gottlieb obtained British citizenship in 1794, but John Benjamin apparently never became a British citizen.

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was not yet on the political agenda, and Tolkien himself did not directly express conservationist views—except in some private letters, in which he tells about his fondness for forests and sadness at tree-felling. In later years, a number of authors of biographies or literary analyses of Tolkien

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Tolkien's fantasy writings have been said to embody a racist attitude. Scholars have noted that he was influenced by Victorian attitudes to race and to a literary tradition of monsters, and that he was anti-racist in peacetime and during the World Wars. With the late 19th-century background of

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represented Tolkien's attempt to create a mythology for England, a project he would abandon without ever completing. Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps. It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John

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woman; Tolkien wrote that the combined tensions contributed to his having "muffed exams". Morgan prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with Edith until he was 21. Tolkien obeyed this prohibition to the letter, with one notable early exception, over which Father Morgan

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research. Lewis E. Nicholson said that the article is "widely recognized as a turning point in Beowulfian criticism", noting that Tolkien established the primacy of the poetic nature of the work as opposed to its purely linguistic elements. At the time, the consensus of scholarship deprecated

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In 1911, while they were at King Edward's School, Tolkien and three friends, Rob Gilson, Geoffrey Bache Smith, and Christopher Wiseman, formed a semi-secret society they called the T.C.B.S. The initials stood for Tea Club and Barrovian Society, alluding to their fondness for drinking tea in

877:, who was assigned to bring them up as good Catholics. In a 1965 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled the influence of the man whom he always called "Father Francis": "He was an upper-class Welsh-Spaniard Tory, and seemed to some just a pottering old gossip. He was—and he was 1944:, again writing to his son Michael that "the only cure for sagging of fainting faith is Communion." He believed the Catholic Church to be true most of all because of the pride of place and the honour in which it holds the Blessed Sacrament. In the last years of his life, Tolkien 724:

in the garden, an event some believe to have been later echoed in his stories, although he admitted no actual memory of the event as an adult. In an earlier incident from Tolkien's infancy, a young family servant took the baby to his homestead, returning him the next morning.

627:, and his two sons Daniel Gottlieb Tolkien (1747–1813) and Johann (later known as John) Benjamin Tolkien (1752–1819) emigrated to London in the 1770s and became the ancestors of the English family; the younger brother was J. R. R. Tolkien's second great-grandfather. 2524:. They contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative, and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress for Tolkien and he only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not complete consistency between 2883:, which is crucial to his understanding of race and language, he entertained notions of "inherent linguistic predilections", which he termed the "native language" as opposed to the "cradle-tongue" which a person first learns to speak. He considered the 631:

Other German relatives joined the two brothers in London. Several people with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling, some of them members of the same family as J. R. R. Tolkien, live in northern Germany, but most of them are descendants of people who

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in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity they bore in style to his own drawings. Tolkien was not implacably opposed to the idea of a dramatic adaptation, however, and sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of

1319:, in which Tolkien served, at once marked existing social boundaries and counteracted the class system by throwing everyone into a desperate situation together. Tolkien was grateful, writing that it had taught him "a deep sympathy and feeling for the 1122:. In a 1941 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled: "In those days chaps joined up, or were scorned publicly. It was a nasty cleft to be in for a young man with too much imagination and little physical courage." Instead, Tolkien, "endured the 1126:", and entered a programme by which he delayed enlistment until completing his degree. By the time he passed his finals in July 1915, Tolkien recalled that the hints were "becoming outspoken from relatives". He was commissioned as a temporary 938:

near the school and, secretly, in the school library. After leaving school, the members stayed in touch and, in December 1914, they held a council in London at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to

1936:'s daughter Camilla, who wished to know the purpose of life, that it was "to increase according to our capacity our knowledge of God by all the means we have, and to be moved by it to praise and thanks." He had a special devotion to the 929:

some time before 1909. Around 10 June 1909 he composed "The Book of the Foxrook", a sixteen-page notebook, where the "earliest example of one of his invented alphabets" appears. Short texts in this notebook are written in Esperanto.

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The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's idiosyncratic spellings

2298:, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication. When it was published a year later, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel. 1940:, writing to his son Michael that in "the Blessed Sacrament ... you will find romance, glory, honour, fidelity, and the true way of all your loves upon earth, and more than that". He accordingly encouraged frequent reception of 10395: 1098:, on 22 March 1916. In his 1941 letter to Michael, Tolkien expressed admiration for his wife's willingness to marry a man with no job, little money, and no prospects except the likelihood of being killed in the Great War. 1406:

On 16 July 1919, Tolkien was taken off active service, at Fovant, on Salisbury Plain, with a temporary disability pension. On 3 November 1920, Tolkien was demobilized and left the army, retaining his rank of lieutenant.

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and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of

1788:, which was then a seaside resort patronized by the British upper middle class. Tolkien's status as a best-selling author gave them easy entry into polite society, but Tolkien deeply missed the company of his fellow 1459:, given that the women's colleges were in great need of good teachers in their early years, and Tolkien as a married academic (then still not common) was considered suitable, as a bachelor don would not have been. 16312: 1297:. Fellow T.C.B.S. member Geoffrey Smith was killed during the battle, when a German artillery shell landed on a first-aid post. Tolkien's battalion was almost completely wiped out following his return to England. 3099:

and the shaping of the modern fantasy genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy, as in the work of authors such as

2930:, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonaesthetic" considerations; it was intended as an "Elven-latin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish, Welsh, English, and Greek. 8720: 3149:

describes Tolkien as the "author of the century", and states that "I do not think any modern writer of epic fantasy has managed to escape the mark of Tolkien, no matter how hard many of them have tried".

2099:, authors of modern adventure stories that he enjoyed. The effects of some specific experiences have been identified. Tolkien's childhood in the English countryside, and its urbanization by the growth of 5727: 662:. While J. R. R. Tolkien was aware of his family's German origin, his knowledge of the family's history was limited because he was "early isolated from the family of his prematurely deceased father". 3160:, similarly credits Tolkien with being "the twentieth-century's single most important author of fantasy". His work has had a massive impact on western pop culture, and remains extremely influential. 1241:. Tolkien's time in combat was a terrible stress for Edith, who feared that every knock on the door might carry news of her husband's death. Edith could track her husband's movements on a map of the 4170:

My great-great-grandfather came to England in the eighteenth century from Germany: the main part of my descent is therefore purely English, and I am an English subject – which should be sufficient.

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became immensely popular in the 1960s and has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the 20th century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 "

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A weak and emaciated Tolkien spent the remainder of the war alternating between hospitals and garrison duties, being deemed medically unfit for general service. During his recovery in a cottage in

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In addition to writing fiction, Tolkien was an author of academic literary criticism. His seminal 1936 lecture, later published as an article, revolutionized the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon epic

10393: 1801:, published in 1966. He was initially assigned a larger portion to translate, but, due to other commitments, only managed to offer some criticisms of other contributors and a translation of the 9806: 9141: 4644: 7748: 9117: 7704: 2423:, the only person to appear in both lists. His popularity is not limited to the English-speaking world: in a 2004 poll inspired by the UK's "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found 9333: 4224: 2518:. In subsequent years (1983–1996), he published a large amount of the remaining unpublished materials, together with notes and extensive commentary, in a series of twelve volumes called 16220: 16212: 1643:

in a most striking way, entering the room silently, fixing the audience with a look, and suddenly declaiming in Old English the opening lines of the poem, starting "with a great cry of

713:(1870–1904). The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, 8622: 16284: 16242: 8974: 7681: 3020:, and sent them elaborately illustrated letters purporting to come from Father Christmas. Although he regarded himself as an amateur, the publisher used the author's own cover art, 6031: 2906:

Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for

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Following their engagement, Edith reluctantly announced that she was converting to Catholicism at Tolkien's insistence. Jessop, "like many others of his age and class ... strongly

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Lemprière then turns to the fictional output of his colleague J.B. Timbermill and observes: 'I suppose that rum book of his might be called a novel of sorts.' The 'rum book' is

1746:(21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) and Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien (18 June 1929 – 28 February 2022). Tolkien was very devoted to his children and sent them illustrated 3452:, focused on Tolkien's early life and war experiences. The Tolkien family and estate stated that they did not "approve of, authorise or participate in the making of" the film. 2184:

This essay discusses the fairy-story as a literary form. It was initially written as the 1939 Andrew Lang Lecture at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. Tolkien focuses on

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chaplain to the Lancashire Fusiliers, recorded that Tolkien and his fellow officers were eaten by "hordes of lice" which found the Medical Officer's ointment merely "a kind of

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Tolkien was English, and thought of himself as such. His immediate paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London and

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collections, of traveller's tales, beast fables, and other types of stories. Tolkien held a narrower perspective, viewing fairy stories as those that took place in

17084: 9094: 2196:, an enchanted realm, with or without fairies as characters. He viewed them as the natural development of the interaction of human imagination and human language. 1370:, when the end of the war seemed as far off as it does now". Tolkien was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant on 6 January 1918. When he was stationed at 728:

When he was three, he went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of

1170:. On 7 June, he was informed that he had been assigned as a signals officer to the 11th (Service) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. The battalion was part of the 8546: 18178: 15812: 7822: 1769:

During his life in retirement, from 1959 up to his death in 1973, Tolkien received steadily increasing public attention and literary fame. In 1961, his friend

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racial propaganda. Other scholars have stated that Tolkien's Middle-earth is definitely polycultural and polylingual, and that attacks on Tolkien based on

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Many of his dearest school friends were killed in the war. Among their number were Rob Gilson of the Tea Club and Barrovian Society, who was killed on the

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Tolkien wrote a brief "Sketch of the Mythology", which included the tales of Beren and Lúthien and of Túrin; and that sketch eventually evolved into the

2294:, which he had written some years before for his own children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm 9233: 9211: 9189: 7577: 7523: 7315: 6253: 881:. I first learned charity and forgiveness from him; and in the light of it pierced even the 'liberal' darkness out of which I came, knowing more about ' 18363: 16291: 16256: 16133: 13538: 9255: 6876: 2532:, the two most closely related works, because Tolkien never fully integrated all their traditions into each other. He commented in 1965, while editing 623:

Michel's son Christianus Tolkien (1663–1746) was a wealthy miller in Kreuzburg. His son, Christian Tolkien (1706–1791), moved from Kreuzburg to nearby

18298: 2030:, Tolkien gained increased interest in the value of wild and untamed nature, and in protecting what wild nature was left in the industrialized world. 18108: 15987: 14514: 13801: 11764: 4194: 3634: 3064:, accompanied by a book of the same name that analyses Tolkien's achievement and illustrates the full range of the types of artwork that he created. 1777:. The sales of his books were so profitable that he regretted that he had not chosen early retirement. In a 1972 letter, he deplored having become a 1091: 7723: 6728: 6149: 1697:

department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency. Beginning on 27 March, he took an instructional course at the London HQ of the

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was addressing human destiny in general, not as limited by particular tribal politics, and therefore the monsters were essential to the poem. Where

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Francis Reuel Tolkien. In a 1941 letter, Tolkien described his son John as "(conceived and carried during the starvation-year of 1917 and the great

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Before his death, Tolkien negotiated the sale of the manuscripts, drafts, proofs and other materials related to his then-published works—including

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Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory, and eventually he and Edith moved to

1150:, Birmingham. He later wrote: "Junior officers were being killed off, a dozen a minute. Parting from my wife then ... it was like a death." 577:

and ultimately precipitated an avalanche of new fantasy books and authors. As a result, he has been popularly identified as the "father" of

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The Inklings Handbook: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends

7985: 1880:" added to his name. Tolkien's will was proven on 20 December 1973, with his estate valued at £190,577 (equivalent to £2,454,000 in 2023). 1840: 512: 390: 48: 8724: 8222: 7414: 6596: 18061: 16185: 14717: 14529: 13692: 13186: 12009: 6039: 5585: 4608: 2891:

in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)."

2324:(originally published in three volumes in 1954–1955). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for 1194:. He found himself commanding enlisted men who were drawn mainly from the mining, milling, and weaving towns of Lancashire. According to 328: 300: 6810: 5702: 2766:. The Bodleian Library held an exhibition of his work in 2018, including more than 60 items which had never been seen in public before. 18238: 16441: 16015: 15539: 14980: 14970: 14965: 13520: 12956: 10619: 8988: 5392: 795:

Tolkien could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. His mother allowed him to read many books. He disliked

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Mabel Tolkien taught her two children at home. Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of

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His guardian, Father Morgan, considered it "altogether unfortunate" that his surrogate son was romantically involved with an older,

18323: 13752: 11550: 11543: 9075: 8806: 8035: 3442: 3046: 2959:, &c, &c, are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends". 889:—who was never mentioned except as an object of wicked worship by the Romanists." After his mother's death, Tolkien grew up in the 8523: 6364: 4817: 4430: 2492:, later a well-known fantasy author in his own right) organized some of this material into a single coherent volume, published as 1378:, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing among the flowering hemlock. After his wife's death in 1971, Tolkien remembered: 18173: 18113: 16582: 16342: 16335: 13983: 13745: 11807: 10774: 10239: 4288: 2634:

a narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman

18193: 9311: 8000: 7634: 4658: 4569: 4248: 4147: 2471:, edited by Tolkien's son, Christopher Tolkien. From around 1936, Tolkien began to extend this framework to include the tale of 1057:, who was three years his senior, when he and his brother Hilary moved into the boarding house where she lived in Duchess Road, 18263: 18183: 16494: 16377: 16270: 14832: 14682: 14609: 13965: 13246: 12990: 12095: 11836: 10734: 10214: 8788: 8760: 8706: 7658: 5655: 4954: 1084: 9132: 9049: 8578: 1781:, but admitted that "even the nose of a very modest idol ... cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!" 18358: 18338: 18148: 18128: 16914: 16907: 16229: 15995: 15002: 14942: 14737: 13334: 13126: 13114: 11246: 11115: 10491: 10357: 10338: 10319: 10295: 10269: 10248: 10224: 10196: 10168: 10149: 10127: 10099: 10080: 10059: 10036: 10017: 9989: 9970: 9946: 9916: 9889: 9861: 9842: 9820: 9792: 9713: 9682: 9655: 9636: 9614: 9590: 9546: 9522: 9496: 9473: 9449: 9424: 9150: 8915: 8666: 8381: 8351: 8173: 8148: 8087: 8045: 7886: 7481: 7288: 7171: 6969: 6928: 6856: 6804: 6536: 6497: 6450: 6418: 6219: 6122: 6095: 6065: 5949: 5696: 5669: 5631: 5386: 5355: 4602: 4318: 4130: 2874: 2658: 2143: 1586: 1567: 8197: 7329: 6176: 5874: 2091:, and he undoubtedly made use of some real place-names, such as Bag End, the name of his aunt's home. He acknowledged, too, 732:

before he could join them. This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in

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Following rural English usage, Tolkien used the name "hemlock" for various plants with white flowers in umbels, resembling

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in England commemorate places associated with Tolkien, including for his childhood, his workplaces, and places he visited.

2449:, an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. Tolkien desperately hoped to publish it along with 946:

In 1911, Tolkien went on a summer holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollected vividly in a 1968 letter, noting that

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compositions, Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from

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Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of

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1892 Christmas card with a coloured photo of the Tolkien family in Bloemfontein, sent to relatives in Birmingham, England

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origin and probably means "son/descendant of Tolk". Tolkien mistakenly believed his surname derived from the German word

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for dealing with childish battles with monsters rather than realistic tribal warfare; Tolkien argued that the author of

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for posting to France. The Tolkiens spent the night before his departure in a room at the Plough & Harrow Hotel in

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Rearick, Anderson (2004). "Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World".

2589: 18303: 18133: 17789: 17289: 17169: 16652: 16607: 16537: 15936: 14812: 14699: 14504: 14273: 13960: 13794: 13221: 11757: 9770: 7952: 7919: 7853: 7437: 7215: 7052: 6766: 6619: 6404: 6294: 4457: 4102: 3755: 3711: 3363:, Tolkien's parish church during his time in Oxford, offered its first Mass for the intention of Tolkien's cause for 3321: 3236: 1698: 1613:, Tolkien argued firmly against reading in fantastic elements. In the essay, Tolkien revealed how highly he regarded 445: 11094: 8470: 8104: 7830: 3135:. Among literary allusions to Tolkien, he appears as the elderly "Professor J. B. Timbermill" in all five novels in 2536:

for a third edition, that he would have preferred to rewrite the book completely because of the style of its prose.

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Tolkien and the characters and places from his works have become eponyms of many real-world objects. These include

2934: 2044: 1937: 1504:, but the translations would not be published until 1975. In 1924, he was promoted from a readership at Leeds to a 1178:. While waiting to be summoned to his unit, Tolkien sank into boredom. To pass the time, he composed a poem titled 10350:

The Fellowship: The Literary Lives of the Inklings: J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Owen Barfield, Charles Williams

9281: 6199: 4001:#7, to the Electors of the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon, University of Oxford, 27 June 1925 3446:

album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admired. A 2019 biographical film,

2858:. When in 1925, aged thirty-three, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at 18318: 18308: 18268: 18203: 17741: 16882: 16321: 15920: 15621: 14902: 14709: 14658: 14301: 13710: 13661: 13587: 13529: 13304: 13086: 12655: 12279: 12033: 11729: 11197: 11078: 10647: 9435: 8680: 7612: 5994: 3125: 2646: 2420: 1480: 1279: 849:

family, which stopped all financial assistance to her. In 1904, when J. R. R. Tolkien was 12, his mother died of

541: 9733:"Bilbo Baggins and the Forty Thieves The Reworking of Folktale Motifs in The Hobbit (and The Lord of the Rings)" 5173:

Several of his service records, mostly dealing with his health problems, can be seen at the National Archives. (

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a reflection of wartime propaganda caricatures of the Japanese. Critics have observed that the work embodies a

1717: 1650:" It was a dramatic impersonation of an Anglo-Saxon bard in a mead hall, and it made the students realize that 1332: 1255:

and the little beggars went at their feast with renewed vigour." On 27 October 1916, as his battalion attacked

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On the evening of his 21st birthday, Tolkien wrote to Edith, who was living with family friend C. H. Jessop at

815:

was "amusing but disturbing". He liked stories about "Red Indians" (the term then used for Native Americans in

5271:(Harper Collins/Houghton Mifflin 2003, chapter 12), and Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, & Edmund Weiner, 2979:), which had been little used since the mid-19th century and earlier. (In fact, according to Tolkien, had the 2154:

by literary critics. The essay remains highly influential in the study of Old English literature to this day.

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Larsen, Kristine (2007). "SAURON, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science".

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tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it "the first real story" of

1447:, where he worked mainly on the history and etymology of words of Germanic origin beginning with the letter 18348: 17755: 16557: 16390: 14897: 14857: 14732: 14727: 14687: 14332: 14324: 13299: 13261: 13109: 13104: 11951: 11343: 10902: 10815: 6410: 2465:

to be published in three volumes. The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series

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ranked him sixth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". His influence has extended to

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Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and

2520: 2467: 1742:(17 November 1917 – 22 January 2003), Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984), 1242: 1210: 526:

published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including

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Bypassing earlier scholarship, critics of the past fifty years have generally traced the current era of

2812:

from 1918 and is credited with having worked on a number of words starting with the letter W, including

2073:, ancient and modern literature, and personal experience. His philological work centred on the study of 1278:, "In later years, he would occasionally talk of being at the front: of the horrors of the first German 1198:, he "felt an affinity for these working class men", but military protocol prohibited friendships with " 16697: 16614: 16532: 16508: 15663: 14975: 14937: 14927: 14885: 14802: 14591: 14449: 13995: 13931: 13329: 13211: 13206: 13171: 12977: 12489: 12179: 12088: 11963: 11048: 10839: 10671: 2793: 2188:'s work as a folklorist and collector of fairy tales. He disagreed with Lang's broad inclusion, in his 1945: 1713: 1452: 935: 632: 7246: 869:

Before her death, Mabel Tolkien had assigned the guardianship of her sons to her close friend, Father

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gave him convenient rooms near the High Street. He missed Edith, but enjoyed being back in the city.

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wrote to his former professor, thanking him for the "unforgettable experience" of hearing him recite

1443: 970:. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of 617: 5972: 2318:

The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what became his most famous work: the epic novel

1182:, which was inspired by his feelings during the sea crossing to Calais. To evade the British Army's 18253: 17967: 17658: 17652: 17363: 17210: 17035: 15486: 15009: 14917: 14890: 14822: 14614: 14267: 13948: 13926: 13780: 13646: 13341: 13314: 13292: 13236: 12995: 12132: 11827: 11814: 11786: 11724: 11593: 11333: 10117: 9537: 8309: 6524: 6396: 5299: 3506: 3307: 3175:

minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were

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that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in

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Edith Bratt and Ronald Tolkien were formally engaged at Birmingham in January 1913, and married at

1038: 858: 558: 488: 369: 31: 15635: 12298: 11008: 8705:. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). 6482: 5840: 5439: 5218: 2562: 2512:

In 1980, Christopher Tolkien published a collection of more fragmentary material, under the title

1928:

to Christianity, and it has been suggested that Tolkien was dismayed that Lewis chose to join the

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were particularly important to him and their influence is apparent in some of his later writings.

565:

While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the tremendous success of

18333: 17901: 17798: 17686: 17615: 17508: 17334: 16984: 16924: 15751: 15099: 15062: 14932: 14772: 14757: 14752: 14035: 14018: 13601: 13449: 13353: 13166: 13146: 13141: 12576: 12559: 12545: 12137: 11238: 10528: 10496: 10119:

The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien

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Ten years after finishing his translation, Tolkien gave a highly acclaimed lecture on the work, "

609: 503:, and held these positions from 1945 until his retirement in 1959. Tolkien was a close friend of 254: 17575: 7977: 7406: 6961: 6945: 5686: 4635: 4588: 2685:

a retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.

1712:, in which post he remained until his retirement in 1959. He served as an external examiner for 708: 658:

under the literally translated name Rashbold. However, Derdziński has demonstrated this to be a

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was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". In 2002 Tolkien was voted the 92nd "

2250: 1949: 1763: 1705: 1571: 1463: 1347: 1342: 1290: 1022: 703: 654: 574: 500: 160: 12671: 12324: 11056: 6920: 6914: 5593: 5341: 4445: 3455: 2473: 768:, which would later inspire scenes in his books, along with nearby towns and villages such as 17545: 17319: 17282: 17246: 16645: 15803: 15734: 15593: 15289: 15116: 14912: 14877: 14862: 14807: 14792: 14777: 14664: 14482: 14407: 14077: 13580: 13383: 13324: 13287: 13266: 13216: 13196: 13176: 12929: 12716: 12691: 12586: 12530: 12522: 12442: 12377: 12193: 12172: 12081: 11914: 11907: 11652: 11024: 10984: 10949: 10831: 10743: 10446: 10279: 8779: 8751: 6786: 5939: 4464:

By the 1840s, of course, adults were already reading tales of adventure involving Red Indians

3398: 3343: 3197: 3141: 3117: 3087:

While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of

2907: 2855: 2679: 2320: 2313: 2189: 2000: 1844: 1739: 1271: 898: 870: 850: 842: 687: 472: 239: 8996: 8371: 8341: 4909: 1451:. In mid-1919, he began to tutor Oxford undergraduates privately, most importantly those of 18103: 18098: 17220: 17190: 17025: 16994: 16849: 16031: 15656: 15600: 15344: 15312: 15109: 15104: 15035: 14767: 14599: 14188: 14181: 14045: 13989: 13943: 13884: 13615: 13608: 13595: 13429: 13156: 13059: 12985: 12951: 12517: 12314: 12287: 11919: 11356: 11040: 10751: 10425: 8564: 8226: 7368: 7028: 6520: 5749: 5347: 4666: 3437: 3403: 3169: 3121: 3041: 3006: 2751: 2747: 2713: 2416: 1992: 1353: 1131: 918: 857:, which she was renting. She was then about 34 years of age, about as old as a person with 780:

and places such as his aunt Jane's farm Bag End, the name of which he used in his fiction.

643: 492: 338: 15649: 12711: 12368: 12306: 11032: 6573: 5147: 2943:, "Your language construction will breed a mythology", but by 1956 he had concluded that " 2694: 2288:

Tolkien never expected his stories to become popular, but by sheer accident a book called

8: 17977: 17952: 17824: 17355: 17324: 17236: 17164: 17030: 16974: 16870: 16844: 16206: 16152: 15706: 15580: 15463: 15453: 15404: 15255: 15204: 14604: 14539: 14364: 13656: 13054: 12889: 12879: 12834: 12618: 12564: 11985: 11978: 11772: 11438: 11406: 11351: 11319: 11298: 10823: 10720: 10660: 9802: 9758: 9701: 9568: 9459: 9136: 9071: 9026: 8596: 8409: 8069: 7383: 7199: 6369: 6276: 6248: 5803: 5262: 5155: 5136: 5123: 5119: 4950: 4809: 4639: 4090: 3510: 3421: 3417: 3297:. The series was successful, performing extremely well commercially and winning numerous 3227: 3187: 3051: 2819: 2818:, over which he struggled mightily. In 1920, he became Reader in English Language at the 2700:

one of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in

2445: 2256: 1893: 1869: 1822: 1813: 1797: 1743: 1467: 1316: 1226: 1218: 1195: 1034: 940: 695: 549: 523: 354: 249: 17494: 15275: 14677: 6674:(2006). "'Mad' Elves and 'elusive beauty': some Celtic strands of Tolkien's mythology". 2365:, but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing. Though a direct sequel to 1118:. Tolkien's relatives were shocked when he elected not to volunteer immediately for the 909: 17993: 17587: 17522: 17417: 17185: 17119: 16679: 16060: 16024: 15908: 15841: 15698: 15522: 14040: 13459: 12127: 11946: 11822: 11283: 10873: 10767: 10113: 9931: 9926: 9600: 9410: 8842: 8515: 8319: 7177: 6709: 6701: 6676: 6399:(2004). "Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth". In 6345: 6337: 6053: 5897: 5304: 5223: 4914: 4422: 4348:, p. 13. Both the spider incident and the visit to the homestead are covered here. 3660: 2843: 2831: 2628: 2608: 1716:(now NUI Galway), for many years. In 1954 Tolkien received an honorary degree from the 1636: 1371: 1030: 874: 834: 516: 280: 188: 17877: 7626: 4278: 18258: 17671: 17256: 17077: 16199: 16073: 15744: 14653: 13955: 13815: 13731: 13717: 13666: 13622: 13377: 13231: 13049: 12482: 12434: 11694: 11684: 11607: 11568: 11487: 11457: 11425: 11416: 11168: 10977: 10583: 10482: 10353: 10334: 10315: 10309: 10291: 10283: 10265: 10259: 10244: 10220: 10192: 10164: 10145: 10123: 10095: 10076: 10070: 10055: 10032: 10013: 9985: 9966: 9942: 9912: 9900: 9885: 9857: 9838: 9816: 9788: 9766: 9746: 9719: 9709: 9688: 9678: 9651: 9632: 9610: 9604: 9586: 9542: 9518: 9492: 9469: 9445: 9420: 9303: 9146: 8911: 8904: 8846: 8698: 8377: 8347: 8314: 8179: 8169: 8144: 8083: 8051: 8041: 7958: 7948: 7925: 7915: 7892: 7882: 7859: 7849: 7653: 7477: 7443: 7433: 7284: 7211: 7181: 7167: 7048: 6965: 6924: 6862: 6852: 6800: 6762: 6713: 6693: 6615: 6532: 6493: 6446: 6414: 6349: 6329: 6290: 6215: 6118: 6091: 6073: 6061: 5945: 5935: 5692: 5665: 5627: 5382: 5351: 4655: 4598: 4573: 4453: 4452:. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 340–351. 4314: 4256: 4126: 4098: 3624: 3584: 3385:(Saturn's largest moon), street names such as There and Back Again Lane, inspired by 3226:

was planning a live-action film in the early 1970s. In 1976, the rights were sold to

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Woman among the Inklings: Gender, C.S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams

8774: 8746: 7648: 4946: 2569: 1720:(of which University College, Galway, was a constituent college). Tolkien completed 913:

King Edward's School in Birmingham, where Tolkien was a pupil (1900–1902, 1903–1911)

620:, where his earliest-known paternal ancestor, Michel Tolkien, was born around 1620. 17830: 17567: 17456: 17275: 17124: 16969: 16950: 16638: 15614: 15607: 15187: 14842: 14582: 13787: 12467: 12271: 12254: 12014: 11689: 11615: 11519: 11501: 11396: 11381: 11222: 11125: 10918: 10910: 10592: 10459: 10210: 9875: 9156: 8834: 8784: 8756: 8582: 8079: 8027: 7195: 7159: 6685: 6321: 5647: 5562: 5543: 5413: 4758: 3898: 3726: 3720: 3682: 3572: 3338: 3136: 3055: 3012:

accompany the stories told to his own children, including those later published in

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Edith died on 29 November 1971, at the age of 82. Ronald returned to Oxford, where

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as a trilogy of live-action films that were filmed in New Zealand and directed by

2577: 1654:

was not just a set text but "a powerful piece of dramatic poetry". Decades later,

17783: 17769: 17431: 17387: 17139: 16999: 16989: 16080: 14340: 14155: 14099: 13877: 13773: 13444: 12859: 12506: 11998: 11867: 11743: 11647: 11642: 11620: 11563: 11523: 11444: 11175: 10206: 9580: 9514: 8950: 8825: 8031: 7473: 7280: 7207: 6880: 6758: 6750: 6172: 5878: 5722: 5651: 5115: 4762: 4673: 4662: 4621: 4614: 3284: 3249: 2918:, the etymological connection between which formed the core of much of Tolkien's 2862:, he boasted that his students of Germanic philology in Leeds had even formed a " 2847: 2489: 2382: 2212:

for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as

2112: 2084: 2022: 1238: 1115: 1011: 951: 886: 797: 729: 659: 364: 244: 13424: 10579: 8597:"The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies Movie 2014 – Worldwide Release Dates" 7947:. Wayne G. Hammond. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 249. 6004: 4590:

I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien

4293:

Professor Tolkien, der seinen Namen vom deutschen Wort 'tollkühn' ableitet,... .

2754:, Wisconsin. After his death his estate donated the papers containing Tolkien's 2461:) declined. Moreover, printing costs were very high in 1950s Britain, requiring 670: 578: 17972: 17775: 17482: 17298: 17205: 17200: 17129: 16979: 16711: 15739: 15527: 15319: 15197: 14692: 14534: 14456: 13549: 13414: 12934: 12731: 12202: 12025: 11973: 11968: 11902: 11849: 11737: 11709: 11637: 11573: 11481: 11411: 11101: 10847: 10808: 10698: 10517: 10463: 10029:

The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community

9999: 9871: 9606:

The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends

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Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University

7464:(2020) . "'The Silmarillion': Tolkien's Theory of Myth, Text, and Culture". In 6782: 6009: 5921: 5488: 5417: 5238: 4310: 3592: 3448: 3360: 3298: 3219: 3176: 3101: 3037: 2952: 2887:

dialect of Middle English to be his own "native language", and, as he wrote to

2863: 2839: 2802:. He specialized in English philology at university and in 1915 graduated with 2604: 2232: 2108: 2088: 1941: 1833: 1778: 1733: 1678: 1530: 1471: 1431: 1386:—but she was the source of the story that in time became the chief part of the 1338: 1305: 1294: 802: 745: 714: 699: 691: 595: 267: 17629: 12261: 9750: 9723: 9692: 6689: 3319:

serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer. The first instalment,

2937:: in 1930 a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture 2670:

that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.

1488:; both became academic standard works for several decades. He also translated 1441:

After the end of World War I in 1918, Tolkien's first civilian job was at the

1304:

Men of the 1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers in a communication trench near

18087: 18039: 18014: 17998: 17468: 17339: 17314: 17144: 17114: 16887: 16542: 15182: 15177: 14013: 13921: 13500: 13439: 11657: 11601: 11587: 11452: 11433: 11386: 11376: 11258: 11214: 11160: 11131: 10865: 10137: 10109: 10003: 9780: 9572: 9506: 9488: 8254:"After Nearly 40 Years, Video Games Still Don't Do Lord Of The Rings Justice" 8183: 7465: 7272: 7154:

Artamonova, Maria (15 April 2014). "'Minor' Works". In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.).

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On 5 June 1916, Tolkien boarded a troop transport for an overnight voyage to

1135: 1054: 959: 947: 812: 765: 749: 721: 202: 17729: 15443: 12864: 9050:"New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday" 8462: 8055: 7962: 7896: 7863: 7447: 1681:, where Tolkien was Professor of English Language and Literature (1945–1959) 1426: 613: 17863: 17195: 17154: 17058: 16943: 16802: 16160: 15941: 15828: 15761: 15714: 15585: 15384: 15370: 15297: 14671: 14624: 13938: 13574: 13515: 13474: 13454: 13434: 13010: 12791: 12104: 11877: 11714: 11558: 11476: 11462: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11251: 11201: 10727: 10487: 10413:

was created from a revision of this article dated 26 January 2022

9830: 9091:"J. R. R. Tolkien Biopic With Nicholas Hoult Gets Summer 2019 Release Date" 8969: 7929: 7743: 7550: 7268: 6671: 6144: 5718:"When my father met Gandalf: Tolkien's time as an external examiner at UCG" 3796: 3596: 3302: 3260: 3245: 3223: 3192: 2827: 2720: 1933: 1694: 1626: 1546: 1534: 1494: 1485: 1320: 1260: 1119: 999: 761: 679: 636: 605: 581:

and is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time.

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Meditations on Middle-earth: New Writing on the Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien

8838: 7163: 6325: 5406:

Shippey, T. A. (11 April 2024). "Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)".

4148:"The Hobbit: How Tolkien Sunk a German Anti-Semitic Inquiry Into His Race" 1851:

on 28 March 1972. In the same year Oxford University gave him an honorary

1123: 901:. In 1903, he won a Foundation Scholarship and returned to King Edward's. 17849: 17747: 17733: 17680: 17514: 17344: 17149: 17004: 16674: 15783: 15766: 15192: 14549: 13479: 12666: 11801: 11751: 10680: 10234: 10161:

Untangling Tolkien: A Chronology and Commentary for The Lord of the Rings

9908: 9666: 9624: 9532: 8367: 8337: 8108: 6400: 6365:"JRR Tolkien's orcs are no more racist than George Lucas's Stormtroopers" 5469: 5254: 5246: 4283: 4018: 3615: 3554: 3467: 3270: 3241: 3231: 3146: 3033: 2980: 2888: 2835: 2823: 2776: 2333: 2185: 2092: 2074: 2070: 2062: 1972: 1921: 1917: 1785: 1770: 1655: 1645: 1553: 1230: 987: 824: 757: 753: 733: 504: 457: 112: 17855: 17804: 17462: 15517: 15219: 15214: 14375: 12924: 12633: 12628: 9277: 8323: 6705: 6341: 5343:

J. R. R. Tolkien's Double Worlds and Creative Process: Language and Life

4095:

The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One

1932:(although there seems to be no real evidence of that). He once wrote to 1187: 830: 17251: 17134: 16829: 16795: 16110: 15562: 15409: 15126: 13901: 13495: 13469: 12766: 12164: 11882: 11857: 11704: 11699: 11514: 11000: 10800: 10478: 10305: 8405: 8397: 7739:"The Fall of Gondolin, 'new' JRR Tolkien book, to be published in 2018" 5548: 4770: 3656: 3494: 3151: 2923: 2616: 2419:" in a poll conducted by the BBC, and in 2004 he was voted 35th in the 2290: 2283: 2226: 2205: 2100: 1549: 1521: 1143: 1073: 975: 955: 777: 769: 741: 652:, meaning "foolhardy", and jokingly inserted himself as a "cameo" into 601: 466: 180: 17053: 16807: 16743: 15270: 13005: 12819: 12060: 9808:

The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment

9142:

The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment

8860:

Kaila, Lauri (1999). "A revision of the Nearctic species of the genus

8168:. Graham J. Murphy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 92–93. 6529:

Ents, Elves, and Eriador: The Environmental Vision of J. R. R. Tolkien

4645:

The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment

3424:, which takes place on 25 March in schools around the world. In 2013, 2944: 1859: 1701:. He was informed in October that his services would not be required. 1167: 1162:. Like other soldiers arriving for the first time, he was sent to the 1106: 17873: 17621: 17551: 17423: 17215: 16748: 16038: 15834: 15419: 15414: 15365: 15165: 15153: 15121: 15019: 14135: 14130: 14087: 12946: 12894: 12884: 12814: 12771: 12756: 12741: 12696: 12686: 11205: 11152: 10926: 10558: 9812: 9706:

J. R. R. Tolkien the Esperantist: Before the Arrival of Bilbo Baggins

9674: 8202: 7881:. Jeremy Marshall, E. S. C. Weiner. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7846:

The meaning of everything: the story of the Oxford English dictionary

7310: 7147: 6286: 4649: 3536: 3409: 3112: 2948: 2803: 2799: 2746:—to the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at 2612: 2498:

in 1977. It received the Locus Award for Best Fantasy novel in 1978.

2374: 2370: 2220: 2193: 2104: 2066: 2058: 1610: 1500: 1147: 1058: 995: 926: 890: 132: 16763: 15307: 12681: 10550:—Peer-reviewed journal on Tolkien's literary circle, based at Oxford 8615:"Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series" 6916:

The World of the Rings: Language, Religion, and Adventure in Tolkien

4551: 3799:, 3 July 1956: "After all the book is English, and by an Englishman" 2133: 967: 624: 17761: 17725: 17100: 17048: 16824: 16812: 16758: 16753: 16738: 16733: 16716: 15575: 15532: 15468: 15448: 15242: 15131: 15072: 14639: 14544: 14150: 14145: 14028: 13419: 13025: 12939: 12869: 12854: 12839: 12591: 11940: 11934: 10784: 10713: 10597: 10568: 10564: 9737: 8663:""Saint Tolkien": Why This English Don Is on the Path to Sainthood" 6958:

J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth

6610:

Yolen, Jane (1992). "Introduction". In Greenberg, Martin H. (ed.).

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J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth

6212:

J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth

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to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles'

3106: 2915: 2600: 2501: 2478: 2392: 2329: 1968: 1897: 1789: 1246: 1026: 979: 971: 773: 737: 15265: 15260: 12701: 9110:"Tolkien estate disavows forthcoming film starring Nicholas Hoult" 4676:; the text begins with "PRIVATA KODO SKAŬTA" (Private Scout Code). 3273:, and in 1980, they produced the animated musical television film 1069:

threatened to cut short his university career if he did not stop.

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Turley, Katherine (2 June 2018). "Inside a Very Great Story...".

7697:"JRR Tolkien's Middle-earth love story to be published next year" 4225:"Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena (XIV–XIX wiek)" 3663:£2 coin in 2023 to mark the 50th anniversary of Tolkien's death. 3638: 2927: 2779:

but had never completed, was discovered at the Bodleian Library.

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on 15 July 1915. He trained with the 13th (Reserve) Battalion on

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While in his early teens, Tolkien had his first encounter with a

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Van Valen, L. M. (1978). "The beginning of the Age of Mammals".

3036:

for the inscription on the One Ring, and his ink drawing of the

2822:, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of 1323:; especially the plain soldier from the agricultural counties". 1087:", was infuriated, and he ordered Edith to find other lodgings. 18034: 17944: 17869: 17694: 17474: 17069: 17043: 16817: 15458: 15433: 15329: 15302: 15232: 15172: 15141: 15057: 15052: 14634: 14104: 14082: 14062: 13918: 13069: 13020: 12874: 12844: 12786: 12776: 12751: 12613: 12596: 12540: 12073: 10545: 6895: 5941:

J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth

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was found to be the UK's "Best-loved Novel". Australians voted

2116: 1873: 1826: 1538: 1435: 1399: 1191: 1159: 1003: 854: 784: 456:; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and 10046:

Grant, Patrick (1979). "Belief in Fantasy: J. R. R. Tolkien's

7823:"Beebe discovers unpublished C. S. Lewis manuscript" 7674:"JRR Tolkien's first fantasy story to be published this month" 7047:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. 5468:(1932) in the bibliographical listing. For the etymology, see 3744: 3700: 1795:

In his retirement Tolkien was a consultant and translator for

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International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

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in 1968. United Artists never made a film, although director

1971:

and a fear of moral decline, some critics saw the mention of

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