Lij Iyasu - Knowledge

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that he would protect the Emperor in his palace with his life. Angrily, Iyasu ordered the palace complex surrounded by his soldiers and only allowed in enough food for the Emperor himself. With Iyasu's soldiers in a tense standoff with the Imperial guard, the situation deteriorated to the point that gunfire was exchanged, and the bedridden Emperor had to be moved to the cellars as his bedroom windows were shattered in the battle. Hearing the guns, the Archbishop rushed to the scene and arranged for a ceasefire. Empress Taitu then emerged from the palace to publicly berate Iyasu as an ungrateful child who wanted to kill his grandfather. She angrily declared that neither she nor the Emperor would be going anywhere and returned to her rooms. Iyasu was thwarted, but demanded vengeance against the commander of the Imperial Bodyguard. Although he had wanted him severely punished, he was convinced to accept a sentence of banishment from the capital. Iyasu indulged in a lavish celebration, which led the European diplomats to conclude "that he was purposely neglecting urgent business and impeding the ministers from carrying out their duties".

1345: 2336: 1333: 687: 484: 473: 764: 1303: 902:, but "Allied ingenuity lent palpability to Iyasu's apostasy (which was the main charge levelled against him) by forging pictures and documents to prove the charge." Whatever the truth, these reports brought the simmering discontent with Iyasu to a fierce boil against him. European colonial powers in the region began supporting a coup d'état against Iyasu because of signs he was about join World War 1 on the opposing side. 1321: 936:, after some hesitation, was convinced to release the nobility from its oath of loyalty to Iyasu, and he was declared deposed from the throne and excommunicated from the Church. The assembly of nobles then named Zewditu Menelik as Empress of Ethiopia, and Dejazmatch Tafari Makonnen was elevated to the title of Ras, and made heir to the throne. Iyasu sent an army to attack Addis Ababa, which was met at 1287:, Iyasu was "practically an 'unperson'. If he was referred to at all, it was invariably in extremely negative terms." While admitting the lack of information about this man, Henze suggests that "the fairest conclusion that can be reached on the basis of present knowledge may be to credit him with good intentions but condemn him for intemperate, inept and in the end, disastrous performance." 704:

Ethiopia. "Although no records of the 1914 meeting have come to the author's notice," Marcus admits, he states that "it is safe to conclude" that their arrival in Addis Ababa "indicated their fidelity to Menelik's heir." However, they opposed his immediate coronation, although they did approve of his proposal to crown his father "

674:. Unable to find the responsible parties, he made a punitive raid upon the general population which provoked a general uprising of the Afar. On 8 April, after repeated messages from his father to return to the capital, he finally did arrive at the city and managed to accomplish nothing. On 8 May, Iyasu left to meet his father in 655:. The conflict began when Iyasu expressed his wish to the ministers that the incapacitated Emperor be removed from the Imperial Palace so that Iyasu himself could take up residence there. Trying to please the heir, the ministers asked for an audience with Empress Taitu and suggested that she take the Emperor to 1067:

In November 1935, Iyasu's death was announced. The circumstances surrounding his death and his burial place remain shrouded in mystery. One rumour that persists to this day is that Emperor Haile Selassie ordered his guards to kill him. Others dispute this and allege that Iyasu died of natural causes.

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Iyasu who referred to them as "my grandfather's fattened sheep." He constantly spoke of his intention of dismissing "these Shewans", as he called them, and appointing new officials and creating a new aristocracy of his own choosing. His essentially reformist orientation clashed with the conservatism

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as a change of scene that might be beneficial for his health. Taitu had however been informed that Iyasu was intent on moving into the Imperial Palace, and defiantly refused to move either herself or her husband from the Palace. Informed of this exchange, the commander of the Imperial Bodyguard swore

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Late in his life, Emperor Menelik was confronted with the problem of his succession; if he did not explicitly name an heir before he died, the nation he had built would likely dissolve into civil war and be devoured by European colonial powers. He had four possible heirs. According to the traditional

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in 1916, when the ruler walked into a Roman Catholic church in that city (this act alone would scandalize the Ethiopian Orthodox establishment) and commenced to light and smoke a cigarette while Mass was being conducted. Tekle Hawariat concludes that Iyasu was completely unsuited for the throne, and

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Empress Zewditu I, who in spite of having been treated harshly by her nephew seems to have had considerable sympathy for Iyasu's fate, is said to have tried to have him handed over to her personal custody in order that he "be brought back to Christ and salvation" under her guidance. In her view, the

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Iyasu showed that he was not the stuff from which great monarchs were made. He was bright, but also impulsive, cruel, lascivious, prone to depressions and egocentricities, and politically inept. Despite his vision of an Ethiopia in which religion and ethnic affiliations made no difference in a man's

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by seizing the arsenal and its modern weapons in the palace, but was eventually convinced to make a public submission in return for being allowed to depart for his estates in the southern provinces. On 14 July, an attempt was made to poison Iyasu. That same year Menelik's soldiers sent a delegation

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Iyasu showed a pronounced lack of interest in the day-to-day running of the government, leaving most of the work for the ministers to deal with. However, the cabinet of ministers remained largely unchanged from the days of his grandfather, and by now the ministers wielded much power and influence.

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to decisively limit the influence of the Empress. Despite these developments, the imperial government continued to falter: administrators were unwilling to make decisions because Tessema himself might be overthrown, and foreign affairs likewise suffered. Despite this, Harold Marcus notes that the

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Iyasu would succeed him, Emperor Menelik succumbed to further strokes. These eventually left him a mere shell of his once-powerful self, and incapacitated until his death in 1913. During his last years, in a bid to retain power, Empress Taitu intrigued against his choice, intending to substitute

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Menelik, was also removed from the palace and banished into internal exile at her estates at Falle. By mid-January, the news had slipped through the official wall of silence. On 10 January 1914, the leading nobles of Ethiopia had gathered to discuss their response to his loss and the future of

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Iyasu was never referred to as "Iyasu V" or even as an emperor during his rule, either by Ethiopians or by foreigners. Thus, in the treaty of commerce signed between the United States and Ethiopia in June 1914, the ruler of Ethiopia is referred to as "His Royal Highness, Prince Lidj Yassou".

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On the night of 12–13 December 1913, Emperor Menelik II died. Iyasu was informed of his grandfather's death. The Emperor's body was secretly locked away in a small room adjoining the Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret (Our Lady Covenant of Mercy) Church on the grounds of the Imperial Palace. No public

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Bahru Zewde on the other hand, while admitting that "contradiction and inconsistency were the hallmark of his character and policies", notes that Iyasu's reign was characterized by "a series of measures which, because of the social and economic security they implied, may well be considered

964:. At Maqdala, he was surrounded and subjected to an uninspired siege. On 18 July 1917, Iyasu slipped through the siege lines and rallied the peasantry of Wollo to revolt. On 27 August in Wello, troops under Habte Giyorgis defeated the rebels and captured many of Iyasu's generals, including 844:

in disguise, without informing either French diplomats in Addis Ababa or even the colonial government. There he spent two days in mysterious meetings. Although Marcus states that "What actually happened will not be known until information from the French archives becomes available,"

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However, Iyasu had the misfortune of being succeeded (in Bahru Zewde's words) "by a ruler of extraordinary political longevity who found it in his interest to suppress any objective appreciation of the man." According to Paul B. Henze, during the reign of his cousin

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Gugsa Welle (who happened to be Taitu's nephew) for Iyasu. In response to Taitu's intriguing, a number of nobles organized in an ever-closer alliance against her. On 28 October 1909, after a massive stroke, Menelik's choice of Iyasu as his heir was made public with

1079:) and buried there in secret. Because he had been excommunicated, these claims are extremely unlikely. Another recently published account states that Iyasu was interred in the grave prepared for Emperor Haile Selassie's confessor and almoner, Abba Hanna Jimma, at 890:. Then in September, the Italians revealed that one of their Somali agents had witnessed Iyasu declaring to an assemblage of Muslim leaders that he was a Muslim, and swore to his apostasy on a Quran. Although Harold Marcus accepts these reports at face value, 995:

most serious part of his fate was his excommunication, and she deeply wanted to save her nephew from what she regarded as assured damnation. While her plea to have her nephew moved to the Imperial Palace in Addis Ababa was vehemently vetoed by both

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Iyasu demanded a role in the process. When asked whom he desired in the position, he is reported to have replied, "Myself!" On 11 May, the seal of Iyasu replaced that of his grandfather, although not with the style of Emperor.

645:, hunger and fatigue." Marcus explains this constant journeying beyond the capital by his will "to prove that the government could not function without him and to force the ministers to authorize his immediate coronation." 1838: 1151:. Iyasu seems to have had at least thirteen secondary wives and an uncertain number of natural children, several of whom have been Iyasuist claimants to the Imperial throne, as well as grandchildren like Girma Yohannes. 1063:

scattered fliers asking the population to rebel against Haile Selassie and support the "true Emperor Iyasu V." It was feared that the Italians would make use of Iyasu to fragment Ethiopian resistance to their conquest.

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of his grandfather's old ministers. As Paul Henze notes, Iyasu "seems deliberately to have antagonized the Shewan establishment. He lacked the diplomatic skill and the refined sense of discretion that came naturally to

798:, for a three-hour service. Throughout his stay in Harar he was friendly towards the Muslims, an act which worried the priests of Ethiopia; when he remained in this Muslim community over Easter, they were scandalized. 695:

announcement of the Emperor's death was made, and no requiem or any type of mourning ritual was allowed. Empress Taitu was immediately expelled from the Imperial Palace and sent to the old palace on Mt. Entoto.

745:, thus giving him control of the vast tariffs and customs that were collected there. All this, combined with Iyasu's frequent absences from the capital, created the ideal environment for the ministers, led by 529:

The new regent found his authority undermined not only by the still living but paralyzed Emperor Menelik, but also by the Empress. For example, she insisted that questions from the foreign legations in

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Menelik refused to consider Taye Gulilat, whom he deeply disliked. Wosan Seged was eliminated from consideration due to dwarfism. In March 1908, at any rate, Wosan Seged was in poor health and dying of

1219:, and sent the Turkish consul-general an Abyssinian flag embroidered with a crescent and the Islamic formula of faith. He sent similar flags to his own Muslim chiefs and promised to lead them to the 1279:. His overtures to the Muslim inhabitants of Ethiopia "can be interpreted as one of trying to redress the injustices of the past, of making the Muslims feel at home in their own country." 534:

be directed to her, not to Tessema. Furthermore, Tessema himself suffered from an illness, which left him appearing helpless and apathetic and would take his life within a year. It took a

3120: 3095: 1021:, who was considerably less sympathetic to Iyasu. In 1931, Iyasu escaped from imprisonment at Fiche. He apparently achieved his freedom with the aid of his former father-in-law, 394:. It was clear that the aristocracy would not respect a woman as their leader, so Zewditu was also not seriously considered at this time. On 11 June 1908, Menelik experienced a 1847: 57: 1393:(Koeln: Ruediger Koeppe, 1994), p. 314 and note. Molvaer notes that other traditions put the year of his birth in 1892 and 1897 (p. 558). The year "1887" given in the 1911 960:

where he vainly sought the support from the nobility of Tigray and then the Italians. On 10 December, Iyasu fled and took refuge with his followers on the abandoned

2302: 402:. On 15 May 1909 Menelik informed his ministers that Iyasu would succeed him. However, due to Iyasu's youth, Menelik agreed to the suggestion that he appoint a 648:

Once he finally returned to the capital, he came into conflict with the commander of the Imperial Bodyguard, which was eventually settled by the mediation of

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demanding back pay and regular supplies, which made clear that the government was on the brink of financial insolvency. Intelligence reached Iyasu's father,

435: 450: 855:, a fervent reformer and a onetime friend of Iyasu, states in his recently published autobiography that the Djibouti trip was something of a vacation for 1160: 1048: 357: 264:). Ethiopian emperors traditionally chose their regnal name on the day they were crowned, and since he was never crowned, he is usually referred to as 1136: 666:

Iyasu left the capital after little more than a month, and during this time engaged in a raid upon the Afar, who had reportedly massacred 300 of the

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1901 (or AD 1908/9). In his notes to this passage, Reidulf K. Molvaer notes, "He was 13 or 14 rather than 12 years old (the 'family tradition' of

449:, and the niece of Empress Taitu. However, that marriage was annulled without having been consummated. Subsequently, in April 1910, Iyasu married 2324: 667: 346: 1040:, onlookers "noticed that inside it were a machine-gun as well as rifles and many cartridges" – implying these were to arm Iyasu's followers. 1009:

Kassa also adhered to this policy for as long as Iyasu was in his custody, so the terms of Iyasu's imprisonment were not particularly harsh.

753: 353: 2210: 1197:. He made prolonged stays in Harar where he adopted Muslim dress and customs. He put away his Christian wife, Romane-Warq, and started a 817:

propaganda concerning events. Both sides sought Ethiopian support: the Central Powers wanted the Ethiopians to drive the Italians out of

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Mikael, of another plot, and he arrived on 14 November in Addis Ababa with an army of 8,000 men. This was only the first of many efforts

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political or private career, he had no clear comprehension of the power realities in the empire, nor of his own position as its ruler.

2332: 1075:, claims that Iyasu's body was brought to the Church of St. Mark at Addis Ababa's Guenete Leul Palace (since 1961 the main campus of 266: 47: 637:

Iyasu took part in a series of slave raids, in which 40,000 people of both sexes were captured, "half of whom died en route of

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against the Europeans had been posted in the Harar marketplace. That August, the British reported that supplies were being sent to

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Iyasu's many capricious acts served only to further alienate the aristocracy. One was his betrothal of his royal-blooded cousin

625:, meeting with the common people. He had promised to return to Addis Ababa in May 1912, but instead visited Debre Libanos, then 3070: 932:

Iyasu with apostasy, alleging that he had converted to Islam and had thus forfeited the Imperial crown. The Coptic Archbishop

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presence of Tessema "did curb ministerial dissensions and intrigues and was a reminder of the existence of central authority."

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With Tessema, Iyasu continued Menelik's program of modernization, including the establishment of the first police force in

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For instance, Tewodros II and Menelik II were respectively known as Kassa Hailu and Sahle Maryam before they were crowned.

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describes Iyasu's reign as "one of the most enigmatic in Ethiopian history." A common account of his reign is provided by

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the morning of the battle with a few thousand loyal followers, and after witnessing his father's defeat, fled towards the

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Sakamyelesh Seyfu to his former driver, Tilahun. Another was the appointment of his Syrian friend, the rubber merchant

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Iyasu, and that he spent much of his time consorting with Muslim notables in the city and consuming large amounts of

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and turned back. His father initially hesitated, then marched south from Dessie with 80,000 troops. On 27 October,

1215:. He built mosques at Dire Dawa and Jigjiga. In 1916 he officially placed Abyssinia in religious dependence upon 805:. According to Marcus, many of the Ethiopian nobility and commoners were impressed by the early successes of the 1446:

These four days of Iyasu's escape, a man "out of sight, but never forgotten", are recounted by Anthony Mockler.

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Mikael made to keep his son on the Imperial throne. Mikael established a powerful position behind the scenes.

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Teferi Makonnen, the Empress took care that Iyasu lived in luxury and was supplied with whatever he desired.

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with Abdullahi Sadiq, who had become his constant companion, and went to the largest mosque of the city, the

2344: 1377:, the year is incompletely given as "18…"; in the same chapter, Iyasu is said to have been 12 years old in 1251: 852: 2228: 1337: 1272: 3110: 3090: 3085: 3023: 1325: 1258:

Iyasu at one point announced "If I do not make Ethiopia Muslim, then I am not Iyasu." He also recalls

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Prowess, Piety, and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)

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Kassa with his escape, and having angered the Emperor, Iyasu was taken to a fortress on the slopes of

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is more suspicious of their veracity and instead argues that Iyasu's intent was to integrate the

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However, the foreign delegations in Addis Ababa had been lobbying for him to join their sides in

349:. His other three heirs were all in the female line. The first of these was his oldest grandson, 340:

rules of succession, the next direct patrilineal descendant was the grandson of Menelik's uncle,

17: 2207: 2037:, translated from Amharic by Edward Ullendorff (Chicago: Frontline Books, 1999), vol. 1 p. 204. 1076: 925: 1954: 1653: 790:, a decision that was vehemently opposed by the British. In February 1915, Iyasu travelled to 3115: 1349: 1180: 879: 834: 442: 560:. On 10 April 1911, Tessema Nadew died and, when the council met to appoint a successor as 3065: 3060: 1271:

progressive." Iyasu modernized many sections of the Ethiopian criminal code, and created a

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that his deposing was necessary for the survival of the Empire and the good of the people.

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as well as completely depleting the funds of the Ethiopian mission in the French colony.

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Imer. After this defeat, with a few hundred picked men, Iyasu fled to the desert of the

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In the first year, he was faced with several serious challenges to his rule. On 31 May,

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of Tigray. While through his Imperial mother, Iyasu could claim to be descended from

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at the monastery, and placed below the tomb prepared for Ethiopia's first Patriarch,

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Iyasu decided to leave the capital, ostensibly on a military expedition against the

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Bezabih of Gojjam, but died in childbirth. Iyasu also had an elder half-sister,

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My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Sellassie I

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is the EC date, not the Common Era; the author of the article confused the two.

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Iyasu. Finally, the third heir of the female line was Menelik's elder daughter

2126: 472: 3054: 3029: 2994: 2874: 2860: 2515: 2438: 1236: 1208: 1080: 969: 810: 523: 413: 399: 318:, Governor of Wollo and longstanding friend of Menelik. Mikael had been born 302: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2867: 2818: 2550: 2480: 2473: 2424: 2373: 1474:. Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications. pp. 546f. 1302: 1204: 1140: 763: 732: 416:. Until Iyasu came of age, the elder statesman Ras Tessema Nadew would be 391: 323: 294: 1939: 1193:

construct a genealogy deriving his ancestry on his father's side from the

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by order of Yohannes IV in Boru meda council in order to stay in power.

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Iyasu was recaptured shortly after his escape. Having deeply alienated

882:, a devout Muslim pair who were at war with the British and Italians in 2966: 2713: 2607: 2578: 2536: 2494: 2452: 2417: 2275: 2079:(Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), pp. 130f. 887: 306: 82: 1235:, and sent him rifles and ammunition. He then issued a summons to all 829:

with 50,000 soldiers, he would be rewarded with the strategic port of

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Iyasu's only legitimate child was a daughter born in 1916 to him and

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His grandson and current Iyasuist claimant to the Ethiopian throne,

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Kassa kept Iyasu in comfortable house arrest at his country home at

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Around the same time, the British reported that documents preaching

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Shinn, David Hamilton; Ofcansky, Thomas P.; Prouty, Chris (2004).

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David Buxton describes his visit to this prison in the mid-1940s.

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His younger sister Zenebe Worq was married off at a young age to

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Iyasu, "Lij" meaning child, especially one born of royal blood.

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against the Christians, and went to Jigjiga to collect an army.

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They were constantly subject to insults and disparagement by

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In May 1909, shortly before the Emperor made this decision,

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Empress Zewditu died in 1930, and was succeeded by Emperor

860: 825:. Rumors circulated that, in return for Iyasu invading the 289:

province of Ethiopia. Iyasu’s father was a Muslim ruler of

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was that Iyasu was about three years younger than them.)"

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Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

1995:

The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia: New Insights

1728:(Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1968), p. 107. 540:

engineered by a group of aristocrats and the head of the

252:; 4 February 1895 – 25 November 1935) was the designated 1375:

Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia

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The precise year of Iyasu's birth is not known. In the

1083:. This account contends that, upon the priest's death, 3028:

During that time, the imperial title was claimed by

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The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913

1940:"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans" 633:Kabbada's expedition into southwest Ethiopia. Here 2220:Imperial Ethiopie Homepages – Lij Eyasu – Ethiopia 1645: 976:. He was handed over to the custody of his cousin 916:On 27 September 1916, while at the city of Harar, 322:and was a Muslim until 1875, when he converted to 1652:(second ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 1119:, whose daughter would eventually become Empress 924:. The nobility under the leadership of Fitawrari 281:Iyasu was born on 4 February 1895 in the city of 3052: 1894: 1892: 3022:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the 2023:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 24–30. 1183:, who writes that his acts favoring Islam were 572:Marcus describes Iyasu's abilities as a ruler: 37: 29:Uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916 1814:Environmental Histories of the First World War 1147:, through his father, he claimed descent from 758: 2318: 1889: 948:. According to Paul Henze, Iyasu had reached 752:, the Minister of War, to plot his downfall. 2058: 2056: 1992:Ficquet, Éloi; Smidt, Wolbert G. C. (2014). 1991: 1846:. Everest press. p. 448. Archived from 1469: 741:(or Customs-Master) at the railway depot at 2184:The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–1936 1817:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. 1643: 1509:The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia 1417:While sometimes misinterpreted as Iyasu V, 1087:Iyasu's remains were moved to the crypt of 2325: 2311: 2208:Ethiopian Treasures – Lij Iyasu – Ethiopia 1472:A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia 1207:chiefs, including a daughter and niece of 273: 256:from 1913 to 1916. His baptismal name was 228:(Unconfirmed allegations of conversion to 55: 2053: 956:border. On 8 November, Iyasu appeared in 928:had assembled in the capital and charged 617:, but he simply traveled through eastern 1459:, 2nd ed. (London: Benn, 1957), pp. 133f 920:Iyasu was deposed in favor of his aunt, 762: 685: 482: 471: 2186:. Westminster, MD: Osprey. p. 48. 2181: 2162: 1883: 1505: 1356: 1203:by marrying the daughters of 'Afar and 1036:landed his plane in a field outside of 1001:Habte Giorgis and by the Crown Prince, 14: 3053: 2143: 2021:Haile Sellassie I: The Formative Years 2018: 1913: 1871: 1810: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1547: 479:Iyasu with the new regent, Ras Tessema 2306: 2289:12 December 1913 – 27 September 1916 2119:Layers of Time. A History of Ethiopia 2116: 2101: 1979: 1798: 1493: 1898: 1223:. He entered into negotiations with 1135:Tewabech Mikael, second wife of Ras 1057:the forces of Italy invaded Ethiopia 74:12 December 1913 – 27 September 1916 2225:Newspaper clippings about Lij Iyasu 1998:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 172. 1532: 1348:Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the 670:at the village of Sadimalka on the 305:and the eldest daughter of Emperor 24: 1352:(United Kingdom, 7 September 1911) 511:Zewditu or her daughter's husband 25: 3132: 3076:20th-century emperors of Ethiopia 2201: 1956:Historical dictionary of Ethiopia 837:sought to keep Ethiopia neutral. 502:Not long after his decision that 301:("Lady") Shoaregga, was a Shewan 2334: 2167:. New York: Olive Branch Press. 2121:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1343: 1331: 1319: 1301: 690:Iyasu and his retinue, ca. 1914. 2110: 2095: 2082: 2069: 2040: 2027: 2012: 1985: 1973: 1946: 1932: 1919: 1907: 1877: 1865: 1831: 1804: 1792: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1565: 1468:This genealogy is published in 1462: 1449: 1440: 1328:(Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1912) 1163:, who was granted the title of 809:, and both listened eagerly to 576:From the very beginning of his 1553: 1541: 1526: 1499: 1487: 1427: 1411: 1402: 1367: 1012: 851:("Commander of the Vanguard") 840:In August 1915, Iyasu went to 329: 13: 1: 3071:19th-century Ethiopian people 1470:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1970) . 1170: 874:to support the activities of 412:) during the minority of his 334: 1726:Economic History of Ethiopia 1648:A History of Modern Ethiopia 1252:Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam 853:Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam 179:Kifle Yaqob (baptismal name) 154:Compound of St Markos Church 7: 3081:Ethiopian former Christians 2495:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I) 2229:20th Century Press Archives 1338:Order of the Crown of Italy 1306:Knight Grand Cordon of the 1295: 1167:by Emperor Haile Selassie. 1089:St. Tekle Haimanot's Church 944:Mikael was defeated at the 759:Alleged conversion to Islam 445:, granddaughter of Emperor 10: 3137: 3024:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2509:Eskender (Kwestantinos II) 2148:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea. 2144:Marcus, Harold G. (1995). 1336:Knight Grand Cross of the 1324:Knight Grand Cross of the 1313: 1290: 1127:. Another half sister of 909: 467: 297:descent, while his mother 249: 38: 3106:People from Amhara Region 3004: 2933: 2673: 2588: 2381:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I) 2361: 2352: 2291: 2280: 2272: 2267: 2240: 2163:Mockler, Anthony (2002). 2127:10.1007/978-1-137-11786-1 1512:. Lit Verlag. p. 4. 1111:Sehin Mikael, married to 1098: 1059:in 1935, aircraft of the 786:with the governorship of 507:either her step-daughter 360:by her first marriage to 221: 210: 200: 187: 178: 173: 169: 159: 149: 129: 102: 98: 88: 78: 70: 63: 54: 45: 34: 3101:Leaders ousted by a coup 1340:(Kingdom of Italy, 1912) 1175:The Ethiopian historian 876:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 782:In 1914, Iyasu assigned 681: 382:, nephew of the Empress 2182:Nicolle, David (1997). 2117:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 2019:Marcus, Harold (1996). 1396:Encyclopædia Britannica 1225:Muhammed ibn 'Abd Allah 1061:Royal Italian Air Force 905: 770:Iyasu wearing a Muslim 398:while on pilgrimage to 274:Early life and ancestry 1506:Ficquet, Éloi (2014). 1273:municipal police force 1245: 1077:Addis Ababa University 926:Habte Giyorgis Dinagde 779: 691: 587: 499: 494:Teferi (later Emperor 480: 418:Regent Plenipotentiary 356:, son of his daughter 2165:Haile Sellassie's War 1811:Keller, Tait (2018). 1350:Royal Victorian Order 1185: 1181:J. Spencer Trimingham 880:Sheikh Hassan Barsane 766: 735:, to the position of 689: 574: 486: 475: 431:Iyasu was married to 375:, who was married to 309:. Iyasu's father was 2341:Emperors of Ethiopia 2213:3 March 2016 at the 2048:Haile Selassie's War 1840:Scramble in the Horn 1644:Bahru Zewde (2001). 1357:Notes and references 1026:Hailu Tekle Haymanot 974:Gugsa Araya Selassie 833:. At a minimum, the 458:Hailu Tekle Haymanot 3033:Victor Emmanuel III 2283:Emperor of Ethiopia 1959:. Scarecrow Press. 1724:Richard Pankhurst, 1457:Travels in Ethiopia 1387:Imru Haile-Sellasie 1034:Raimondo Franchetti 436:Romanework Mengesha 254:Emperor of Ethiopia 65:Emperor of Ethiopia 2675:Era of the Princes 2033:Haile Selassie I, 1916:, pp. 265–276 1703:, pp. 253–258 1496:, pp. 132–133 1157:Seble Wengel Hailu 1123:, wife of Emperor 780: 706:Negus of the North 692: 593:Abate attempted a 542:Imperial Bodyguard 500: 481: 453:, the daughter of 451:Seble Wengel Hailu 438:, the daughter of 422:Balemulu 'Enderase 293:and was of mostly 226:Ethiopian Orthodox 217:Shewaregga Menelik 164:Seble Wongel Hailu 3111:Solomonic dynasty 3091:Converts to Islam 3086:Ethiopian Muslims 3048: 3047: 3040:Emperor-in-exile. 2953:Tekle Giyorgis II 2707:Tekle Haymanot II 2693:Tekle Haymanot II 2363:Solomonic dynasty 2301: 2300: 2292:Succeeded by 2193:978-1-85532-692-7 2174:978-1-56656-473-1 2077:Islam in Ethiopia 1966:978-0-8108-4910-5 1899:Hawariat, Tekle, 1519:978-3-643-90476-8 1262:Iyasu's visit to 1161:Alem Tsahai Iyasu 1049:Mount Gara Muleta 981:Kassa Haile Darge 842:French Somaliland 629:, before joining 443:Mengesha Yohannes 358:Shoaregga Menelik 236: 235: 183: 182: 16:(Redirected from 3128: 3041: 3036: 3014: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2840:Baeda Maryam III 2835: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2805:Tekle Giyorgis I 2800: 2793: 2786: 2784:Tekle Giyorgis I 2779: 2772: 2765: 2763:Tekle Giyorgis I 2758: 2751: 2749:Tekle Giyorgis I 2744: 2737: 2735:Tekle Giyorgis I 2730: 2723: 2721:Tekle Giyorgis I 2716: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2622:Tekle Haymanot I 2617: 2610: 2603: 2590:Gondarine period 2581: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2376: 2339: 2338: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2286:(Never crowned) 2273:Preceded by 2263: 2262:25 November 1935 2256: 2247:House of Solomon 2238: 2237: 2197: 2178: 2159: 2140: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1901:Story of My Life 1896: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1651: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1425: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1371: 1347: 1335: 1326:Order of Leopold 1323: 1308:Order of Solomon 1305: 946:Battle of Segale 912:Battle of Segale 900:Ethiopian Empire 496:Haile Selassie I 251: 194:House of Solomon 171: 170: 144:Ethiopian Empire 136: 133:25 November 1935 124:Ethiopian Empire 112: 110: 59: 41: 40: 32: 31: 21: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3027: 3017: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2935:Modern Ethiopia 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2756:Baeda Maryam II 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2615:Iyasu the Great 2613: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2390:: Senfa Ared IV 2386: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2348: 2333: 2331: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2278: 2257: 2255:4 February 1895 2251: 2250: 2243: 2215:Wayback Machine 2204: 2194: 2175: 2156: 2137: 2113: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1897: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1853:on 13 July 2018 1850: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1780: 1776:, pp. 261f 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1723: 1719: 1715:, pp. 258f 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691:, pp. 251f 1687: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1562:, pp. 229f 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1533:Ficquet, Eloi. 1531: 1527: 1520: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1428: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1383:Teferi Mekonnin 1372: 1368: 1359: 1316: 1298: 1293: 1173: 1137:Seyoum Mangasha 1115:Asfaw, Lord of 1101: 1015: 962:amba of Maqdala 914: 908: 784:Abdullahi Sadiq 776:Abdullahi Sadiq 761: 684: 609:At this point, 470: 337: 332: 276: 155: 138: 134: 114: 113:4 February 1895 108: 106: 36: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3134: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3015: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2988:Haile Selassie 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2502:Baeda Maryam I 2498: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2432:Newaya Krestos 2428: 2421: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2268:Regnal titles 2265: 2264: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2222: 2217: 2203: 2202:External links 2200: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2179: 2173: 2160: 2154: 2141: 2135: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2094: 2081: 2068: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2011: 2005:978-3643904768 2004: 1984: 1972: 1965: 1945: 1931: 1918: 1906: 1888: 1884:Nicolle (1997) 1876: 1864: 1830: 1824:978-1108429160 1823: 1803: 1791: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1662: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1525: 1518: 1498: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1461: 1448: 1439: 1433:Equivalent to 1426: 1410: 1401: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1341: 1329: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1285:Haile Selassie 1172: 1169: 1145:Queen of Sheba 1125:Haile Selassie 1100: 1097: 1093:Abuna Basilios 1073:Girma Yohannes 1019:Haile Selassie 1014: 1011: 910:Main article: 907: 904: 807:Central Powers 760: 757: 750:Habte Giyorgis 699:Iyasu's aunt, 683: 680: 550:Habte Giyorgis 469: 466: 362:Wedadjo Gobena 336: 333: 331: 328: 275: 272: 234: 233: 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999: 992: 990: 986: 982: 979: 975: 971: 970:Afar Triangle 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 913: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 773: 769: 765: 756: 755: 751: 748: 744: 740: 739: 734: 730: 725: 723: 718: 713: 709: 707: 702: 698: 688: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658: 654: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 592: 586: 583: 579: 573: 570: 567: 563: 559: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538: 533: 527: 525: 524:Tessema Nadew 522: 519: 514: 510: 505: 497: 493: 489: 485: 478: 474: 465: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 414:heir apparent 411: 410: 405: 401: 400:Debre Libanos 397: 393: 387: 385: 381: 378: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 348: 345: 344: 327: 325: 321: 317: 314: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 271: 269: 268: 263: 259: 255: 247: 243: 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