907:
foreigners appointed a king over every territory, a chief over every tribe, an abbot over every church, a bailiff over every village, a soldier in every house, so that no
Irishman had in his power, from the brood of a hen to the first milchcow, so that they did not dare to show devotion or care to father or to mother, to a bishop or to an ollav, or to a confessor, or to people who were ill or afflicted, or to an infant one night old; even if an Irishman had but one cow, the soup of her was forced to be given to the soldier, the night when milk could not be got from her, and an ounce of gold, or of silver, or of findruine as the royal rent for every year; and the man who had not the means (of paying it) had himself to go into slavery, or also his nose was cut off.
1135:(died 940) mentioned above, the last known king of Limerick before Ivar, thus easily explaining Maccus' interest in the kingdom. Hence dynastic ties and rivalry could have existed. Uniquely Maccus brings the "lawmen" of the Isles with him and instead of being slain Ivar is captured, presumably for some offence in the opinion of Colmán Etchingham, and perhaps related to his earlier expedition to Britain as argued by Hudson for another context. A year later in 975 the Annals of Inisfallen report "Ímar escaped over sea, and Inis Ubdan was captured again.", which has also been variously read as him simply being "released" somewhere in the Isles by Maccus. Alternatively,
1095:
1107:
time. But in 974 Ivar met with misforture, the Annals of
Inisfallen reporting that "The son of Aralt made a circuit of Ireland with a great company, and plundered Inis Cathaig, and brought Ímar from it into captivity.", and the Annals of the Four Masters "The plundering of Inis-Cathaigh by Maghnus , son of Aralt, with the Lag-manns of the islands along with him; and Imhar, lord of the foreigners of Luimneach, was carried off from the island, and the violation of Seanan thereby." His captor is easily identified as
926:"mercenary" and so the passage has been taken by Charles Doherty to refer to the practice of billetting the hired contingents of a standing army, as was common in later times. What is peculiar about this passage is the extent of cooperation between the Gaelic kings. Here the sworn rivals Mathgamain and Máel Muad (the son of Bran) are actually found working together, the only known occasion in their careers. They are joined by one Faelán of uncertain identity, whose mention may either refer to a king of the
890:
1040:(as with Dublin's) was extracted in "a sort of protectionism racket, or as tolls on trade, or as something else entirely is unclear." In any case the Norse economy in Munster, judging from silver finds, appears to have operated somewhat differently from that of the Dublin region. Trade with France, and from there southern Europe and the Mediterranean, can be assumed, but that with elsewhere in the Anglo-Celtic Isles and the wider Norse world may have been more limited by Limerick's location.
1186:
825:
213:
989:
406:, but this can also be read Ímar Ua hÍmair, the capitalization producing the surname meaning "Descendant of Ímar", not unique to him and apparently used by other members of the dynasty as well. His precise relation to the previous rulers of Limerick is uncertain, the last member of the dynasty in the city state and its last known king before him being
838:
and encamped in Inis-Sibtond, in the harbour of
Luimnech. Mumhain was plundered and ravaged on all sides by them, both churches and chieftainries, and they levied pledges and hostages from all the men of Mumhain, both Gaill and Gaedhil; and they afterwards brought them under indescribable oppression and servitude to the foreigners and the Danes.
1263:. This daughter, whose name may or may not survive, is said to have married his ally Donnubán, their eponymous ancestor, although alternatively she may actually have been the daughter of Ivar's son Olaf, a possibility allowed by the pedigrees. But in any case a daughter of this princess and Donnubán is believed to have married
1127:
and not some king of the Welsh, otherwise "it probably would have been mentioned in the insular records". (Assuming Hudson is referring only to the Welsh and
English records.) Elaborating, he reads this sequence beginning with "a battle over the exploitation of the Welsh" which the sons of Aralt won,
1106:
Depending on whether or not
Mathgamain and Máel Muad were successful in achieving anything following their resolution in 972, Ivar may or may not have found himself in a very weakened position. Curiously neither of our major primary sources has anything clear to say about the state of affairs at this
979:
states Ivar and a certain "Amlaíb, son of Amlaíb" attempted the conquest of
Britain, but without success, with Amlaib being killed by the king of Britain (unnamed). Having returned to Limerick and killed Beolán (or vice versa), Ivar is said to have then "made many spoils and battles." No other record
906:
A fleet, the like of which had never before been seen, came with Iomhar the Great , grandson of Iomhar, chief king of the
Foreigners, and with his three sons, viz. Duibhcenn, Cuallaidh, and Aralt, and they took Inis Sibthonn, in the harbour of Limerick, and they took hostages from the foreigners. The
1172:
this act of going into an enemy's house was "the formal sign of submission and renouncing supremacy", from where he soon might have proceeded to submit to Máel Muad, although
Mathgamain alternatively may have been attempting to detach Donnubán from the alliance. But it has also been argued that this
837:
There came after that an immensely great fleet, more wonderful than all the other fleets, (for its equal or its likeness never before came to Erinn,) with Imar, grandson of Imar, chief king of the foreigners, and with three sons, viz., Dubhcenn, and Cú Allaidh, and Aralt, sons of Imar. These landed
1766:
Annals of
Tigernach 977.2: Inis Cathaigh do sarughudh do Brian mac Cendéidigh for Gallaib Luimnigh .i. Imar & Amlaim a mac & Duibcenn a mac aile. / Inis Cathaigh was profaned by Brian son of Cennétig, who attacked therein the Foreigners of Limerick, namely, Imar, and Olaf, one of his sons,
847:
Moreover, he appointed kings and chiefs, township reeves and king's agents, in every territory and in every district after that, and he levied the royal tax. And such was the oppressivenes of the tribute and tax of the foreigners over all
Ireland at large, and generally, that there was a king from
1139:
suggests Ivar may have been ransomed for a sum, noting that the Norse cities "were rapidly becoming the repositories of silver bullion in the western world." In any event who was doing the capturing of Inis Ubdan again, whether Ivar or Mathgamain, is uncertain. This was one of the islands of the
917:
The banishment of soldiers from Munster; and the three ordinances, viz., the banishment of the soldiers, the banishment of the foreigners from Limerick, and the burning of the fortress, were enacted by the counsel of the nobles of Munster, namely, Mathgamain and Faelán and the son of Bran, and
1197:
Possibly in retaliation for instigating the betrayal and killing of Mathgamain the year before, Ivar and two of his sons, Amlaíb Cú Allaidh (Olaf the "wild hound") and Dubcenn ("dark head"), were killed, apparently after being surprised, by Brian in 977 on Scattery Island, marking the end of an
945:
The above account, however, is dated five years after Sulcoit in the Annals of Inisfallen, and is in fact the first entry following the lacuna beginning in mid 969, so we do not know what events have preceded it in the past two and a half years, assuming it is correctly placed. Ivar is first
379:, misplaced entries, and so on. They also cover little of Ivar himself and serve mostly for the major sources above to be checked against in places. A few other sources briefly mentioning Ivar survive but altogether these do not contribute much if anything to our knowledge of him. The
1140:
Hiberno-Norse city-state but not the one, Inis Sibtonn, on which the capital was located. Mathgamain is earlier reported driving the Norse from it c. 971 in the not entirely reliable Annals of the Four Masters, but this still assumes the Norse has previously captured it themselves.
169:
His repeated attempts to assert his authority in Limerick and the surrounding region and possibly over even the greater province of Munster itself earned him the most prominent role as antagonist in the first part of the early 12th century saga and political tract
1389:
Annals of Inisfallen 972.1: "... & indarba suaittrech a Mumain, & na trí cáne do dénam{folio 18a} a comarle degdóene Muman, .i. Mathgamain & Foelan & mc. Brain &rl., .i. innarba na suaitrech & innarba na n-Gall a l-Lumniuch & in dún do
1059:
and the Copenhagen Polis Centre. However only Dublin and Limerick can be considered major "central places" and all the remaining Norse settlements and bases were related to one or the other of these two. Limerick had streets in Ivar's time, as reported in the
1606:
Valante 1998, p. 255, citing Donnchadh Ó Corráin, "Onomastics with Variety: Problems in Irish Names", presented on April 17, 1998 at the seventh annual conference of the Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland. Compare Sheehan, Hansen, Ó Corráin, p.
1856:
The O'Donovan pedigree printed by O'Hart in the 19th century is a synthetic one based in part on much older materials, historical as well as genealogical. Some of O'Hart's sources, including detailed O'Donovan pedigrees in MS, can still be found in the
1798:
Iniscatha vastata a Briano filio Cennethi, et a Donaldo filio Regis Corcovasconiae contra Danos Limericenses, i.e. Imarum, et Amlafum, et Duffcannum, ubi occisus est filius Haroldi cum duobus filiis suis, qui latebant ibi, et 800 Dani simul cum
1115:, but what are unknown are the circumstances. Ivar may have gone to Scattery because he had been driven out of Limerick proper, or it could have been for some other reason, and whether or not he and Maccus were already associated is unknown.
842:
The author goes on to describe the system of government which Ivar imposed on Munster, but doing so in a way which reflects the "structure of assessment and control in the territories of the Uí Briain at the time of composition of the text":
974:
also records this killing but provides no motive, simply mentioning it immediately after Ivar's return to Limerick, allegedly from Britain, with a second great fleet. After his alleged expulsion sometime following Sulcoit the author of the
946:
mentioned by name in the surviving annals in early-mid 969, which record that "Beólán Litil and his son were killed by Ímar of Luimnech." The identity of this person is not completely certain but he is assumed to be identical with the
1776:
Annals of the Four Masters 975.8: Inis-Cathaigh was violated by Brian, son of Ceinneidigh, against the foreigners of Luimneach, with Imhar and his two sons, namely, Amhlaeibh and Duibhchenn. Brian was fifty years of age at that
886:. Most of the following is also mentioned in the epic, following the above passages, but there is much expanded. The following account at least gives the appearance of being a summary, but this is probably not what it is:
1173:
was entirely the product of Ivar's interference with Donnubán and that Máel Muad, a considerably distance away at the time, was in essence the natural and convenient beneficiary, a theory supported by the account in the
1167:
in 976. Said by the author to be after the confederates, with the addition of Ivar's son Dubcenn, had gone into revolt against Mathgamain, the Dalcassian prince was regardless in a precarious situation, and according to
354:, on the other hand, is that they are a substantially abbreviated and otherwise edited redaction of the original and so actually preserve less ultimately reliable or contemporary coverage of Ivar in total than does the
1177:. The annals make no mention of Ivar's involvement, simply reporting Mathgamain's seizure in treachery by Donnubán and the killing of the live prisoner by Máel Muad, but at the same time do not exclude it.
438:
would be needed. At least two generations between the king of Limerick and the founder of the dynasty are required regardless. These assumptions made, Ivar of Limerick can be placed in the pedigree below.
1756:
Annals of Inisfallen 977.2: Imar, rí Gall, & a da mc. do marbad i n-Inis Cathaig la Brian mc. Cennetich. / Ímar, king of the foreigners, and his two sons, were killed on Inis Cathaig by Brian, son of
393:
Ivar's patronym is not given in the Irish annals, which as mentioned above have survived very incomplete, but he is generally accepted as a member of the prolific Norse dynasty known to historians as the
958:
whose death, without cause given, is recorded in several other annals in the same year. Clare Downham notes that this puts Ivar and the Limerick Norse active all the way out in the neighborhood of
199:
in 968, but this claim has long been doubted by scholars. He then appears to have returned only a year or two later and established himself in the region again in some capacity.
1036:, and furthermore finds a possible reference to Norse Limerick's royal "officials" in two versions of the Book of Rights itself. However, whether this tribute from Limerick's
612:
451:
and other reliable and semi-reliable sources, and among those only the ones who can be placed in the pedigree with relative confidence. Thus it is by no means complete.
338:
author made extensive use of these annals, as well as local sources also now lost, and also some contemporary poetry, his purpose was political and intended to glorify
708:
669:
366:
or simply an empty gap containing no entries at all, for whatever reason, of two and a half critical years in Ivar's career, from mid-969 to the beginning of 972.
996:. These were typically constructed on land, not over any water, at this time, the ships hauled into them. Limerick would have featured hundreds for various craft.
681:
529:
423:
489:
911:
That Ivar or the Norse in general may have been attempting the actual takeover of some part of Munster possibly finds support in the Annals of Inisfallen:
2561:
2331:
Holm, Poul, "Viking Dublin and the City-State Concept: Parameters and Significance of the Hiberno-Norse Settlement" (Respondent: Donnchadh Ó Corráin), in
1225:
792:
350:, so although in part annalistic it is also full of exaggerations, flowery language, and dubious passages of various origin. The major problem with the
1000:
The sources have recently been reexamined by the scholar Mary Valante, who has taken an economic approach. Accepting Mac Airt's translation of
1123:, arguing that the "King of Britain" reported slaying his comrade Amlaíb mac Amlaíb should be understood as either Maccus or his brother
1163:(Donovan, the son of Cathal) to meet in his house (commonly said to be hosting a conference or feast) and betray Mathgamain up to
277:
2254:
2039:
1956:
938:
later mentioned dying in 980. Notably Emly was attacked by Ivar or his relations in 968 not long after the Norse loss in the
249:
2628:
1244:< Ásl/Auðgísl), is named later in the saga actually as a "high steward" of Brian, who possibly placed him in control of
980:
of these survives, if this properly counts as one, and we must wait til 972 for the Annals of Inisfallen to pick up again.
2279:
Doherty, Charles, "The Vikings in Ireland: a Review", in Howard B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Raghnall Ó Floinn (eds.),
426:
is that he would simply have been incredibly old by the time of his death in 977. A previous namesake of Ímar I, namely
256:
2264:
1909:
Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters... with a Translation and Copious Notes
1119:
has offered the explanation that this event can be related to Ivar's earlier adventure in Britain as reported in the
296:
230:
1147:. The author had the Annals of Inisfallen entries available to him because they come from the same sources he used.
1074:, or Inis Cathaig, is believed to have been a part of the kingdom of Limerick. Its Norse name has been suggested by
737:
263:
2507:
2004:
1143:
Notably none of the above, Maccus' capture of Ivar in 974 or his return from anywhere in 975, is reported in the
2455:
Valante, Mary A., "Taxation, tolls and tribute: the language of economics and trade in Viking-Age Ireland", in
375:, but they were compiled much later and are occasionally of doubtful reliability, suffering in some cases from
234:
245:
675:
1232:
soon after Ivar's slaying. He is said to have perished, slain by Brian's army, along with Donnubán in the
430:, killed in Scotland in 904, might be an alternative grandfather, in which case no correction of the form
195:, Ivar succeeded in establishing himself as King of Munster for a period in the 960s, until routed in the
2234:. (Kongelige Nordiske oldskrift-selskab). Copenhagen: H. H. Thirles Bogtrykkeri. 1904. pp. 248–315.
2105:
2100:
1904:
1858:
1380:
Translation by Doherty, p. 319, based on the original translation by Mac Airt, but with some corrections.
376:
2363:
Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, Fourth Series, Vol. 9, No. 80
2623:
2496:
1899:
1112:
894:
371:
321:. Both are believed to have used as their primary source a now lost collection of annals of ultimately
2595:
2571:
2341:. Denmark: Special-Trykkeriet Viborg. (University of Copenhagen, Polis Center). 2000. pp. 251–62.
2082:
311:
177:
172:
2273:
1252:
c. 1012. Another son of Dubcenn may have been Amond, possibly killed fighting on Brian's side in the
385:
might have been of assistance but they no longer survive for over two centuries between 766 and 974.
2433:, "A Viking Age Maritime Haven: A Reassessment of the Island Settlement at Beginish, Co. Kerry", in
1249:
2430:
2389:
1075:
2118:
2110:
882:
in the 17th century. Its date is uncertain, and it may or may not come from a lost version of the
2399:
2354:
2319:
2190:
Grosjean, P. (ed.), "Poems on St Senán", in J. Fraser, P. Grosjean, & J. G. O'Keeffe (eds.),
2067:
1796:
223:
2059:
2031:
1198:
independent Norse Limerick, which lasted only a surprising fifty five years from the arrival of
1160:
764:
2613:
1885:
1233:
874:
There does, however, survive a very similar passage, found not in any surviving version of the
742:
347:
2575:
2394:
1164:
1094:
483:
270:
2240:
1202:
in 922. At his death in 977, the generally reliable Annals of Inisfallen actually style Ivar
702:
2332:
2307:
2250:
Proceedings of the International Congress of Celtic Studies held in Dublin, 6–10 July, 1959
1947:
1169:
1086:
to mean "tribute island". Ivar is reported here twice in the annals, for which read below.
1056:
544:
477:
363:
323:
317:
1971:
1128:
and eventually ending with Maccus following Ivar all the way around Ireland to finish it.
8:
2618:
2529:
2478:
2362:
2350:
Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic
2260:
The Impact of the Scandinavian Invasions on the Celtic-speaking Peoples, c. 800–1000 A.D.
2154:
2087:
2019:
1999:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1891:
1260:
1013:
754:
622:
593:
419:
381:
1371:"White Bronze", some kind of precious alloy the composition of which is no longer known.
728:
507:
2424:
Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Volumes 12–16, Second Series
2344:
2235:
2054:
1992:
1988:
1253:
1199:
1124:
687:
628:
587:
501:
427:
127:
2297:
Etchingham, Colmán, "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking zone", in
2184:
2180:
2135:
2131:
2075:
2071:
1016:
within its region, sphere of influence, or "periphery" in Ireland. She notes that the
658:
2483:
2470:
2418:
2312:
2284:
2259:
2244:
1264:
1108:
939:
580:
520:
196:
66:
2378:
2145:
2123:
2026:
1132:
1029:
879:
573:
407:
561:
411:
410:, who died in 940 and is generally believed to have been a third son of the great
2584:
2450:
2445:
2349:
2337:
2324:
2249:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2175:
2149:
2092:
1214:
1190:
1116:
1071:
1033:
1025:
181:
2539:
2409:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, "The Vikings in Ireland", in Anne-Christine Larsen (ed.),
185:
2197:
2009:
1976:
1217:, thus perhaps lending at least some weight to the claims of the author of the
1099:
963:
955:
415:
115:
1861:, and so it is possible that the name of this daughter is somewhere preserved.
1643:
Hudson does not mention that this would have been around six years later. The
1237:
942:
in 967, and possibly in retaliation for the Dál gCais plundering of Limerick.
927:
889:
2607:
947:
935:
395:
87:
2047:
2043:
163:
2170:
2015:
1964:
1960:
1017:
448:
369:
The third most important source for this period of Munster history are the
59:
2104:, John O'Brien and John Conry (c. 1765). Edition and Latin translation by
637:
343:
159:
2126:(c. 1634), ed. & tr. David Comyn and Patrick S. Dinneen (1902–1914).
967:
2325:
Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum; or, Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars
2488:
1136:
1052:
1037:
339:
309:
The two main sources for the career of Ivar are the early 12th century
237: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
144:
2292:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014
2228:, "Bidrag til det sidste Afsnit af Nordboernes Historie i Irland", in
1889:, translated by Connell MacGeoghagen (1627), ed. Denis Murphy (1896),
2460:
2449:. Copenhagen: Forlagt af Rudolph Klein, I. Cohens Bogtrykkeri. 1882.
2438:
2384:
2367:
1185:
1048:
993:
824:
212:
2403:
1984:
1912:
829:
148:
140:
135:
1593:
Sheehan, Hansen, Ó Corráin, pp. 112–3, citing also Grosjean (ed.)
1259:
Ivar is claimed to be survived, through a daughter, by the modern
1131:
However, Maccus and Gofraid are usually assumed to be sons of the
988:
858:
2299:
2093:
Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill
328:
154:
82:
2502:
Young, Jene I., "A Note on the Norse Occupation of Ireland", in
1012:, she interprets this as Ivar and Norse Limerick's dominance of
1453:
AI969.3: Beolán Lítil & a macc do marbad la Ímar Luimnich.
1241:
1044:
959:
951:
898:
1065:
1064:
when Mathgamain and the Dál gCais storm the great fortress or
124:
Gall; Ímar ua Ímair; Ard Rí Gall Muman ocus Gáedel; Íomhar Mór
1408:
Annals of Inisfallen 966.1; Annals of the Four Masters 964.10
2479:
Scandinavian Relations with Ireland during the Viking Period
1221:
that this was a person of special authority in some domain.
1204:
121:
1245:
2467:
The Vikings in Ireland: Settlement, Trade and Urbanization
447:
The following list contains only members mentioned in the
866:), over every township, and a soldier in every house (
1747:
Annals of Inisfallen 972.3; Annals of Tigernach 976.2
422:. The problem with Ivar being a literal grandson of
184:, and his more famous younger brother and successor
1331:
A correction silently made by Ní Mhaonaigh, p. 104.
1032:from Dublin ", referring to that collected for the
821:describing Ivar's arrival and kingship in Munster:
402:and related texts he is called Ímar ua (h)Ímair or
1895:. Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
2338:A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures
2257:. 1962. pp. 13–42. (Volume reissued 1975 as
2231:Aarbøger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historie, II
1496:Valante 1998, elaborated in greater context 2008.
1213:, a fairly rare style otherwise reserved for the
2605:
2206:. Dublin: James Duffy and Co. 5th edition, 1892.
1667:
1665:
862:), and an abbot over every church, and a reeve (
2457:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 18
2281:Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age
1953:The Annals of Inisfallen (MS. Rawlinson B. 503)
983:
495:? mac/ingen Ímair, and/or among the above sons
454:After various authors. Birthdates are unknown.
2158:. Christiania: J. Chr. Gundersens Bogtrykkeri.
1316:
1180:
2360:Lee, Timothy, "The Northmen of Limerick", in
2219:The Diocese of Limerick, Ancient and Medieval
1662:
922:The term used here for the Norse soldiers is
315:itself and what support it receives from the
2429:Sheehan, John, and Steffen Stummann Hansen,
2096:. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer.
878:but in another tract entirely, preserved by
2328:. Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker. 1890.
2066:. Unpublished manuscript made available to
1224:This political saga gives him another son,
1193:Cathedral, the exact place of Ivar's death.
772:? ua Ímair (or among the above grandsons?)
158:, reigning during the rise to power of the
2243:, "The Vikings and the Western World", in
2128:The History of Ireland by Geoffrey Keating
832:originally built in Ireland, 11th century.
2007:(1895–97), "The Annals of Tigernach", in
1479:
1477:
1362:, pp. 9, 3, and see Bugge's introduction.
1043:Poul Holm has recently argued that Norse
297:Learn how and when to remove this message
2435:The Journal of Irish Archaeology Vol. 10
2111:Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores, Volume II
1296:
1294:
1292:
1184:
1155:In a debated passage, the author of the
1093:
987:
962:and says that Beolán was an ally of the
888:
823:
778:Cú Allaidh (Amlaíb) mac Ímair (died 977)
327:descent to which were added material of
2413:Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum. 2001.
1911:. 7 vols. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
1795:Dublin Annals of Inisfallen DCCCLXXVII:
1024:"is very similar to that listed in the
934:alleges Ivar actually killed, or to an
643:Gilla Ciaráin mac Glúniairn (died 1014)
2606:
1951:, ed. & tr. Seán Mac Airt (1944),
1474:
1051:, can all three be classed as genuine
930:who actually died in 966, and who the
134:
2255:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2179:. Dublin: Irish Texts Society. 1962.
1289:
1358:Bugge, ed. & tr. of Mac Firbis,
1068:following their victory at Sulcoit.
235:adding citations to reliable sources
206:
2366:(July – October , 1889): 227–231.
2222:. Dublin: Browne & Nolan. 1906.
1983:. Rolls Series 54. 2 vols. Dublin.
1349:Translation by Doherty, pp. 319–20.
334:Unfortunately, however, though the
13:
2482:. Dublin: The Talbot Press. 1922.
2376:and the Annals: A Comparison", in
2313:History of the Irish State to 1014
2030:, ed. & tr. Seán Mac Airt and
1915:. Full scans at Internet Archive:
1159:reports Ivar instigating his ally
812:
696:Amlaíb mac Sitric I/II (died 1013)
605:? Donnchadh mac Amlaíb (died 1014)
599:Lagmann mac Gofraid (died ?)
526:Gilla Pátraic mac Ímair (died 983)
346:for the benefit of his descendant
14:
2640:
2155:On the Fomorians and the Norsemen
2142:On the Fomorians and the Norsemen
2036:The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131)
1625:Annals of the Four Masters 972.13
1360:On the Fomorians and the Norsemen
1267:and had by him several children.
1240:. A son of Dubcenn, namely Osli (
1230:King of the Foreigners of Munster
538:Ragnall mac Ímair II (died 1018)
1698:Annals of the Four Masters 969.9
1055:as such an entity is defined by
719:Cellach ingen Sitric (died 1042)
699:Glúniairn mac Sitric (died 1031)
474:Ímar/Ívar/Ivar/Ívarr (died 873)
470:= surname (descendant of Ímar).
362:also suffer from a considerable
211:
2443:Steenstrup, Johannes C. H. R.,
2419:A History of the O'Mahony Septs
1850:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1650:
1647:reports Ivar in Britain c. 968.
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1374:
1078:to be composed of the elements
602:Amlaíb mac Lagmann (died 1014)
567:Sichfrith mac Sitric (died 937)
443:Pedigree of the Dynasty of Ivar
222:needs additional citations for
191:According to the author of the
2493:From Pictland to Alba 789–1070
2270:Old Norse Relations with Wales
2194:. London. 1934. pp. 68–97
1365:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1307:
1276:
787:Amond mac Dubceinn (died 1014)
734:Alpdann mac Gofraid (died 927)
716:Gofraid mac Sitric (died 1036)
693:Artalach mac Sitric (died 999)
666:Dubgall mac Amlaíb (died 1014)
535:Donndubán mac Ímair (died 996)
202:
1:
1867:
1150:
784:Osli mac Dubceinn (died 1012)
781:Dubcenn mac Ímair (died 977)
738:Amlaíb mac Gofraid (died 941)
634:Ragnall mac Amlaíb (died 980)
552:Sihtric mac Ímair (died 1022)
2553:King of the Gall of Munster
1767:and Dubchenn, his other son.
984:Economics and the city-state
775:Ímar of Limerick (died 977)
655:Aralt mac Amlaíb (died 999)
7:
2629:10th-century Irish monarchs
2395:General: Vikings in Ireland
2294:. Edinburgh: Dunedin. 2007.
2101:Dublin Annals of Inisfallen
1859:National Library of Ireland
1825:, pp. 147, 275, intro. clxv
1522:), 2122–25, especially note
1181:Death, sons and descendants
848:them over every territory (
828:Reconstruction of a Viking
570:Ausle mac Sitric (died 937)
388:
358:, with all its faults. The
10:
2645:
2497:Edinburgh University Press
2404:Corpus of Electronic Texts
2316:. London: Macmillan. 1925.
1900:Annals of the Four Masters
1892:The Annals of Clonmacnoise
1680:Annals of Inisfallen 975.2
1616:Annals of Inisfallen 974.2
1540:Valante 2008, pp. 109, 148
1435:Annals of Inisfallen 968.2
1426:Annals of Inisfallen 980.5
1113:King of Mann and the Isles
992:Reconstruction of a Norse
541:? mac Ragnaill (died 1015)
498:Amlaíb ua Ímair (died 896)
372:Annals of the Four Masters
153:King of the Foreigners of
139:; died 977), was the last
49:Aralt mac Ímair (died 978)
2592:
2581:
2568:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2287:. 1998. pp. 288–330.
2274:University of Wales Press
2148:(c. 1650), ed. & tr.
1089:
954:(Loch Gabor) or Southern
513:? mac Ragnaill (died 942)
398:or House of Ivar. In the
101:
93:
81:
65:
53:
45:
37:
28:
23:
2268:Charles, Bertie George,
1462:AU969.3; CS969; AFM967.9
1270:
1236:, probably somewhere in
856:), over every district (
613:Máel Muire ingen Gofraid
180:, claimant to the title
2411:The Vikings in Ireland.
2374:Cogad Gáedel Re Gallaib
2355:Oxford University Press
2130:. Irish Texts Society.
2083:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
819:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
676:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb
646:Sitric? mac Glúniairn (
312:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
193:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
178:Mathgamain mac Cennétig
173:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
131:
2446:Normannerne, Vols. 3–4
2372:Ní Mhaonaigh, Máire, "
1886:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1250:Flaithbertach Ua Néill
1234:Battle of Cathair Cuan
1211:King of the Foreigners
1194:
1103:
997:
920:
909:
902:
872:
840:
833:
404:Ímar, grandson of Ímar
348:Muirchertach Ua Briain
119:
32:King of the Foreigners
2504:History 35, Issue 123
2422:. Reprinted from the
2308:Green, Alice Stopford
2119:Foras Feasa ar Éirinn
1981:The Annals of Loch Cé
1188:
1097:
991:
913:
904:
892:
845:
835:
827:
709:Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb
670:Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb
2508:Wiley Online Library
2390:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh
2333:Mogens Herman Hansen
2187:available from CELT.
2138:available from CELT.
2060:Gearóid Mac Niocaill
2032:Gearóid Mac Niocaill
2022:at Internet Archive.
1995:at Internet Archive.
1948:Annals of Inisfallen
1549:Valante 2008, p. 134
1531:Valante 2008, p. 149
1505:Valante 1998, p. 254
1340:Doherty, pp. 319–20.
1170:Alice Stopford Green
1161:Donnubán mac Cathail
1057:Mogens Herman Hansen
1030:Book of the Uí Maine
765:Blácaire mac Gofraid
545:Ragnall mac Ragnaill
360:Annals of Inisfallen
352:Annals of Inisfallen
324:Chronicle of Ireland
318:Annals of Inisfallen
231:improve this article
162:and the fall of the
2431:Donnchadh Ó Corráin
2345:Hudson, Benjamin T.
2088:James Henthorn Todd
2000:Annals of Tigernach
1786:Downham, p. 55, 260
1165:Máel Muad mac Brain
1098:Viking silver, the
1076:Donnchadh Ó Corráin
1014:international trade
817:The passage in the
755:Ragnall mac Gofraid
623:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
594:Ragnall mac Gofraid
484:Sichfrith mac Ímair
420:king of Northumbria
382:Annals of Tigernach
2465:Valante, Mary A.,
2078:available at CELT.
2064:Chronicon Scotorum
2055:Chronicon Scotorum
2050:available at CELT.
1738:O'Mahony, pp. 34–6
1671:Etchingham, p. 172
1254:Battle of Clontarf
1200:Tomrair mac Ailchi
1195:
1125:Gofraid mac Arailt
1104:
998:
903:
834:
703:Amlaíb mac Sitriuc
688:Sigtrygg Silkbeard
682:Gytha ingen Amlaíb
588:Gofraid mac Arailt
246:"Ivar of Limerick"
151:, and penultimate
136:[ˈiːˌwɑrː]
2624:Kings of Limerick
2602:
2601:
2593:Succeeded by
2559:Succeeded by
2537:Succeeded by
2471:Four Courts Press
2304:(2001 ): 145–187.
2285:Four Courts Press
2241:Chadwick, Nora K.
2211:Secondary sources
2173:(ed. & tr.),
2165:
1972:Annals of Loch Cé
1907:(2nd ed., 1856),
1879:
1595:Poems on St Senán
1514:Valante: Dillon,
1265:Ivar of Waterford
1248:, when killed by
1109:Maccus mac Arailt
1020:described in the
940:Battle of Sulcoit
743:Cammán mac Amlaíb
705:II/I (died 1034)
581:Maccus mac Arailt
530:Ragnall mac Ímair
521:Ímar of Waterford
516:Ímar (died 950)?
466:= grandchild of;
424:Ímar I (died 873)
307:
306:
299:
281:
197:Battle of Sulcoit
176:, as an enemy of
109:
108:
71:Amlaíb Cú Allaidh
2636:
2569:Preceded by
2530:King of Limerick
2515:
2514:
2484:alternative scan
2459:(1998): 242–58.
2451:alternative scan
2416:O'Mahony, John,
2383:(1996): 101–26.
2290:Downham, Clare,
2236:alternative scan
2226:Bugge, Alexander
2163:
2146:Duald Mac Firbis
2124:Geoffrey Keating
2086:, ed. & tr.
2058:, ed. & tr.
2027:Annals of Ulster
2003:, ed. & tr.
1987:. Full scans of
1975:, ed. & tr.
1903:, ed. & tr.
1877:
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1399:Doherty, p. 319.
1397:
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1298:
1287:
1280:
1261:O'Donovan family
1133:Aralt mac Sitric
1047:, Limerick, and
880:Duald Mac Firbis
852:), and a chief (
729:Gofraid ua Ímair
574:Aralt mac Sitric
508:Ragnall ua Ímair
490:Sitric mac Ímair
408:Aralt mac Sitric
302:
295:
291:
288:
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239:
215:
207:
138:
112:Ivar of Limerick
77:unknown daughter
21:
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2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2585:King of Munster
2579:
2564:
2562:Aralt mac Ímair
2555:
2542:
2533:
2513:
2506:(1950): 11–33.
2437:(2001): 93–119
2203:Irish Pedigrees
2150:Alexander Bugge
2106:Charles O'Conor
1874:Primary sources
1870:
1865:
1855:
1851:
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1729:O'Mahony, p. 35
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1326:
1322:Downham, p. 190
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1215:Kings of Dublin
1191:Scattery Island
1183:
1153:
1117:Benjamin Hudson
1092:
1072:Scattery Island
1034:Kings of Dublin
986:
815:
813:Tyrant of Muman
809:
807:
806:
793:Aralt mac Ímair
659:Ímar mac Arailt
478:Bárid mac Ímair
462:= daughter of;
444:
391:
303:
292:
286:
283:
240:
238:
228:
216:
205:
182:King of Munster
120:Ímar Luimnich,
76:
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31:
30:King of Hlymrek
19:
18:King of Hlymrek
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2518:Regnal titles
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2500:
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2476:Walsh, Annie,
2474:
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2216:Begley, John,
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2192:Irish Texts IV
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2159:
2139:
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2097:
2079:
2051:
2023:
2010:Revue Celtique
2005:Whitley Stokes
1996:
1977:W. M. Hennessy
1968:
1944:
1905:John O'Donovan
1896:
1881:
1880:
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1871:
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1847:O'Hart, p. 197
1840:
1838:, pp. 207, 275
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1516:Book of Rights
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1471:Downham, p. 54
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1444:Downham, p. 53
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1100:Cuerdale Hoard
1091:
1088:
1026:Book of Rights
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982:
964:King of Dublin
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2014:. Electronic
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1985:CELT versions
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1192:
1189:Ruins of the
1187:
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995:
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981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
937:
936:abbot of Emly
933:
929:
925:
919:
916:
912:
908:
900:
896:
895:Viking helmet
893:10th century
891:
887:
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869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
844:
839:
831:
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748:
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741:
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739:
736:
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732:
730:
727:
718:
715:
711:(died ?)
710:
707:
706:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
689:
686:
684:(died ?)
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:(died ?)
671:
668:
665:
660:
657:
656:
654:
649:
645:
642:
641:
639:
636:
633:
632:
630:
629:Amlaíb Cuarán
627:
624:
621:
615:(died ?)
614:
611:
604:
603:
601:
600:
598:
595:
592:
591:
589:
585:
582:
578:
577:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
563:
562:Sihtric Cáech
560:
551:
546:
543:
540:
539:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
522:
518:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:(died 920/1)
509:
506:
503:
502:Ímar ua Ímair
500:
497:
496:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
473:
472:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
440:
437:
433:
429:
428:Ímar ua Ímair
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Sihtric Cáech
409:
405:
401:
397:
386:
384:
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301:
298:
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279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248: –
247:
243:
242:Find sources:
236:
232:
226:
225:
220:This section
218:
214:
209:
208:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
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174:
167:
165:
161:
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129:
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100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
70:
68:
64:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:c. 960 to 977
40:
36:
33:
27:
24:Ímar Luimnich
22:
16:
2582:
2552:
2547:
2540:Brian Bóruma
2528:
2523:
2503:
2492:
2477:
2466:
2456:
2444:
2434:
2426:. 1906–1910.
2423:
2417:
2410:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2348:
2336:
2323:
2311:
2298:
2291:
2280:
2269:
2258:
2248:
2245:Brian Ó Cuív
2229:
2217:
2201:
2198:O'Hart, John
2191:
2174:
2153:
2141:
2127:
2117:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2081:
2063:
2053:
2035:
2025:
2018:at CELT and
2008:
1998:
1980:
1970:
1952:
1946:
1908:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1791:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1657:
1656:Etchingham,
1652:
1644:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1571:Holm, p. 257
1567:
1562:, and p. 261
1559:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1313:Ní Mhaonaigh
1309:
1301:
1286:, pp. 48–103
1283:
1278:
1258:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1174:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1130:
1120:
1105:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1042:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
976:
971:
944:
931:
923:
921:
915:
914:
910:
905:
883:
875:
873:
867:
863:
857:
853:
849:
846:
841:
836:
818:
816:
808:
758:
746:
690:(died 1042)
647:
583:(died 984/7)
523:(died 1000)
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:Irish annals
446:
435:
431:
414:(died 927),
403:
399:
392:
380:
370:
368:
359:
355:
351:
335:
333:
322:
316:
310:
308:
293:
284:
274:
267:
260:
253:
241:
229:Please help
224:verification
221:
192:
190:
186:Brian Bóruma
171:
168:
152:
143:king of the
111:
110:
60:Inis Cathaig
29:
15:
2590:(? to 967)
2489:Woolf, Alex
2320:Healy, John
2272:. Cardiff:
2185:translation
2136:translation
2076:translation
2048:translation
1965:translation
1417:Todd, p. 73
1238:Uí Fidgenti
1053:city-states
968:Olaf Cuaran
928:Déisi Muman
731:(died 934)
678:(died 1021)
661:(died 1054)
640:(died 989)
631:(died 981)
596:(died 1005)
590:(died 989)
576:(died 940)
564:(died 927)
547:(died 1035)
468:Ua (h)Ímair
287:August 2017
203:The sources
2619:977 deaths
2608:Categories
2596:Mathgamain
2406:. Undated.
2283:. Dublin:
1955:. Dublin:
1878:Chronicles
1868:References
1711:, pp. 86–9
1597:, pp. 80–1
1584:, pp. 78–9
1487:, pp. 84–5
1304:, pp. 48–9
1228:, elected
1209:or simply
1151:Instigator
1137:Alex Woolf
1038:hinterland
795:(died 978)
767:(died 948)
625:(died 951)
532:(died 995)
504:(died 904)
492:(died 896)
486:(died 888)
480:(died 881)
458:= son of;
418:and later
340:Brian Boru
257:newspapers
164:Eóganachta
145:city-state
2576:Máel Muad
2020:full scan
1757:Cennétig.
1256:in 1014.
1049:Waterford
1010:officials
1002:súaitrech
994:boathouse
966:, namely
924:súaitrech
899:Norwegian
638:Glúniairn
586:probably
579:probably
519:probably
344:Dál gCais
331:concern.
160:Dál gCais
128:Old Norse
97:uncertain
46:Successor
2614:Uí Ímair
2572:Donnchad
2152:(1905).
2108:(1825),
2090:(1867).
2062:(2003).
2034:(1983).
1979:(1871),
1967:at CELT.
1925:Vol. III
1390:loscud."
1028:and the
1018:poll tax
1006:soldiers
950:king of
948:Uí Néill
830:longship
432:ua Ímair
396:Uí Ímair
389:Pedigree
342:and the
149:Limerick
88:Uí Ímair
2556:to 977
2548:Unknown
2534:to 977
2524:Unknown
2499:. 2007.
2473:. 2008.
2357:. 2005.
2335:(ed.),
2300:Peritia
2276:. 1934.
2247:(ed.),
2181:edition
2132:edition
2072:edition
2044:edition
2016:edition
1993:Vol. II
1961:edition
1941:Indices
1937:Vol. VI
1929:Vol. IV
1921:Vol. II
1080:skattar
1004:not as
918:others.
854:toísech
650:. 1036)
434:in the
329:Munster
271:scholar
155:Munster
105:unknown
73:Dubcenn
1989:Vol. I
1933:Vol. V
1917:Vol. I
1836:Cogadh
1834:Todd,
1823:Cogadh
1821:Todd,
1810:Cogadh
1808:Todd,
1709:Cogadh
1707:Todd,
1658:passim
1582:Cogadh
1580:Todd,
1560:passim
1558:Holm,
1485:Cogadh
1483:Todd,
1302:Cogadh
1300:Todd,
1284:Cogadh
1282:Todd,
1242:Auisle
1090:Maccus
1045:Dublin
970:. The
960:Dublin
952:Lagore
761:. 943)
749:. 962)
364:lacuna
273:
266:
259:
252:
244:
102:Mother
94:Father
2461:JSTOR
2439:JSTOR
2385:JSTOR
2368:JSTOR
2164:Other
2144:, by
2122:, by
2012:16–18
1777:time.
1645:Cogad
1271:Notes
1226:Aralt
1219:Cogad
1175:Cogad
1157:Cogad
1145:Cogad
1121:Cogad
1062:Cogad
1022:Cogad
977:Cogad
972:Cogad
956:Brega
932:Cogad
884:Cogad
876:Cogad
859:túath
460:ingen
436:Cogad
400:Cogad
356:Cogad
336:Cogad
278:JSTOR
264:books
141:Norse
132:Ívarr
116:Irish
83:House
75:Aralt
67:Issue
38:Reign
2379:Ériu
2183:and
2134:and
2074:and
2046:and
2040:DIAS
1991:and
1963:and
1957:DIAS
1799:eis.
1607:113.
1246:Mide
1207:Gall
1008:but
868:tech
864:máer
250:news
54:Died
2400:UCC
2263:).
2070:.
2068:UCC
1066:dún
850:tír
456:mac
233:by
147:of
57:977
2610::
2587:)
2574:?
2495:.
2491:,
2469:.
2402::
2398:.
2392:,
2381:47
2353:.
2347:,
2322:,
2310:,
2302:15
2253:.
2200:,
2042:.
2038:.
1939:.
1935:.
1931:.
1927:.
1923:.
1919:.
1664:^
1476:^
1291:^
1205:rí
1111:,
1084:øy
1082:+
897:,
870:).
759:fl
747:fl
648:fl
464:ua
188:.
166:.
130::
126:;
122:rí
118::
2583:(
2578:?
2510:.
2114:.
1943:.
1518:(
1102:.
901:.
757:(
745:(
300:)
294:(
289:)
285:(
275:·
268:·
261:·
254:·
227:.
114:(
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