742:, the most prominent heretic movement in the Balkans at the time, had been greatly reduced in Bulgaria and no document mentions them after 1360. Other sects, such as the Barlaamites, were also persecuted and repressed. Evtimiy had strict views on moral and took firm positions against divorce and third or fourth marriages for widowers and widows. After the collapse of the Bulgarian Empire, many scholars emigrated to Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and the Russian principalities; they brought Bulgarian cultural achievements, books, and hesychastic ideas to these lands. The Bulgarian influence was so great that is often referred to as a "Second South Slavic influence on Russia". Some of the most prominent Bulgarian émigrés included
332:
723:
598:
397:
542:
1094:, the ruler of Prilep, who did little to resist the Ottoman invasion but later became the most popular character in the Bulgarian folklore. The people desired to berhyme the image of the "ideal emperor", a defender and protector, whose strength they needed to survive under Ottoman domination, and not the actual historical personality. As time passed the mystification deepened and the legends became more distant from the actual events during his rule. During the
641:. Evtimiy thought that many of the scholars were not sufficiently prepared, and that the translations of Greek texts in local dialects and peculiarities could lead to misinterpretation of the original and eventually to heretism. The texts regarding the reform did not survive, although its character has been partly recreated by the historians and linguists by analyzing the works of Evtimiy himself and his disciples. The orthography was inspired by the original
201:
battle of Kosovo, contributing a 5,000 strong contingent of christian knights. Although Ivan
Shishman has been categorized as indecisive and inconsistent in his policy in the past, this was done with little regard for an understanding of the context of the conditions and limited resources that this ruler had at his disposal. It is notable that Ivan Shishman is the only Balkan ruler for whom there is no evidence of tribute paid to the
3559:
779:
country on the eve of the
Ottoman invasion. There are no direct historical sources to suggest any significant attempts by Ivan Shishman to fight off the Turks. The inconsistent policy of Ivan Shishman has been described as revealing his weakness and inability to cope with the situation. His rule, however, was still remembered in the 16th century. In a treaty signed in 1519 between the Ottoman sultan
3563:
649:; the reform also included syntax changes and enrichment of the lexicon with a number of synonyms to avoid repetition. To ensure the success of the reform, all texts had to receive approval before publishing, a move that was supported by Ivan Shishman in his edicts. The capital Tarnovo was the main cultural center at that time. Patriarch Evtimiy wrote about it:
440:, who was known for her beauty, to become a wife of Murad I. Under this agreement, Bulgaria regained some of the conquered territories such as Ihtiman and Samokov, and began nearly ten years of uneasy peace with the Turks. Despite the vassalage and the peace treaty, Ottoman raids were renewed in the beginning of the 1380s and culminated in 1385 with the
979:
monasteries, lakes or hideouts under rivers. Being undiscovered by the invaders, the treasure symbolises the sovereignty and power of the
Bulgarian Empire and its inevitable resurrection. There are also a number of parallels between the legends about Ivan Shishman and the hagiography of saints, especially
855:
Ivan
Shishman is the most prominent medieval ruler in Bulgarian folklore. His name is heard in a number of legends, myths, tales and songs. He is represented as a heroic ruler who fought and died for his country, facing overwhelming enemy forces. There are a number of places throughout Bulgaria named
230:
became the most prominent cultural figure of the country. A number of texts were written or translated and an orthographic reform of the
Bulgarian language was issued with synchronised rules. After the fall of Bulgaria, a number of scholars found refuge in the other Orthodox countries and brought the
200:
holding the Vidin
Tsardom. Although his struggle to repel the Ottomans differentiated him from the other rulers on the Balkans like the Serbian despot Stephan Lazarevic who became a loyal vassal to the Ottomans and paid annual tribute and participated in all of the Ottoman campaigns subsequent to the
380:
speak of three regions, all of which were called
Bulgaria. Thus, the country was divided on the eve of the Ottoman invasion, despite Ivan Shishman's claims in his royal charters. In these, he styled himself as a primary emperor in an attempt to emphasise the existence of a hierarchy among the rulers
778:
Bulgarian historians have had mostly negative assessments of Ivan
Shishman. He is often viewed as having intruded onto the throne due to the intrigues of his mother and thus taking the place of the rightful successor, his elder brother Ivan Sratsimir. This eventually resulted in the division of the
537:
and once again besiege Ivan
Shishman in Nikopol. Surprised by the swift Ottoman response and having not received the promised assistance, the Bulgarian emperor had to ask for peace. His pleas were accepted, but the terms were harsher than the original: not only Silistra was to be surrendered, but
581:, the city was not captured because of the Ottoman military strength but due to treason. The Ottoman campaign of 1393 devastated Bulgaria; in the wake of that invasion, the lands of Ivan Shishman were limited to Nikopol and several towns along the Danube. Upon his return from Wallachia after the
529:. However, Ivan Shishman, reassured by his neighbours that he would receive support and the preparations of Serbia for war, not only refused to let the Ottomans in the city, but also strengthened its walls. Ali Pasha crossed the Balkan Mountains for a second time to consecutively capture Shumen,
978:
remained the last fortress to fall and before
Shishman died he buried treasure under the castle and tried to escape by cutting a passage through the mountain. The repeating motif of the treasure is a sacral symbol of the Bulgarian statehood and the usual locations of the imperial jewellery are
214:
seized the capital Tarnovo. Two years later, Sultan Bayezid I captured Nicopolis with a surprise approach from the north of the fortress after two failed campaigns in Hungary and Wallachia, summoning Ivan Shishman on the false pretense of a discussion and had him executed by beheading.
1086:. The songs about Ivan Shishman contain many parallels with nature and collocations which are typical of Bulgarian folklore. In a song from the region of Sliven, the death of the emperor brings chaos to nature and rivers of "black blood" (typical folklore collocation) start flowing.
935:
river, while the Bulgarians were near Samokov, on a hill. After a fierce battle, Ivan Shishman was wounded seven times and retreated to the fortress, where he died; on the battlefield seven springs appeared, one for each of the emperor's wounds. He is also said to have fought in the
737:
during the reign of Ivan Shishman and the Patriarch was its supporter. Bulgaria was a major center of hesychast ideas along with the Byzantine Empire. Evtimiy was an active opponent to heresies, but it appears that since the mid 14th century the influence of the
3846:"Предания за гибелта на цар Иван Шишман в самоковско в контекста на средновековната владетелска идеология и книжнина (Legends about the Death of Emperor Ivan Shishman in the Area of Samokov in the Context of the Medieval Ruler's Ideology and Literature)"
416:. Although Uglješa had tried to create a broad coalition that would include Bulgaria, Ivan Shishman, who had to strengthen his own authority, did not join. After their victory at Chernomen, the Turks immediately turned on Bulgaria. Ottoman sultan
242:. In Bulgarian folklore Ivan Shishman is portrayed as a legendary and heroic ruler who desperately fought against the overwhelming Ottoman forces. There are numerous sites, geographical features and fortresses named after him throughout Bulgaria.
494:. Encouraged by the Christian success, Ivan Shishman immediately invalidated his vassalage to Murad I and refused to send troops in his support in 1388. The Ottomans reacted by sending a 30,000-strong army, under the command of the
205:
or any military aid provided. Based on historical evidence and the numerous folk songs of the region glorifying his struggle against the Ottoman invaders, the image of Ivan Shishman is one of fierce and concerted resistance to the
916:
465:
that Dan I died 23 September 1386 after being poisoned. The war was linked to the hostilities between Ivan Shishman and Ivan Sratsimir (Dan I's uncle), who had the support of the Wallachian rulers and was married to
343:
Ivan Shishman was proclaimed emperor after the death of his father on 17 February 1371, when he was in his early 20s. Ivan Shishman inherited only parts of his father's realm: he ruled the lands between the
1089:
The place of Ivan Shishman in the Bulgarian legends and folklore is most likely attributed to the fact that he was the last Bulgarian emperor in Tarnovo. There are many similarities with his contemporary
561:
pretended to have peaceful intentions in order to cut off Ivan Shishman from his alliance with the Hungarians. However, in the spring of 1393 Bayezid gathered a large army from his dominions in the
381:
of the three Bulgarias. However, that hierarchy remained only in paper; to further assert their independence from Tarnovo, both Ivan Sratsimir and Dobrotitsa separated their dioceses from the
888:, etc. Near Samokov are the ruins of "Shishman's Fortress" with the emperor's wells, which reputedly spouted from the ruler's seven wounds. Further north, along the cliffs and heights of the
770:, leading to a reduction in commerce and tax revenues. The persistent Ottoman raids brought devastation, hunger and depopulation which led to a sharp decline in the cultivated lands.
766:
a few years before Ivan Shishman was crowned. After the death of Ivan Alexander and the breakaway of Dobrotitsa's Principality of Karvuna, Tarnovo also lost its most important port
589:, murdered Ivan Shishman on 3 June 1395. A Byzantine chronicle gives the date as 29 October. However, some sources suggest that the Bulgarian ruler was captured and died in prison.
40:
817:
Ivan Shishman is now among the most popular and well-known rulers in the Third Bulgarian State. There are a number of works dedicated to him or his rule, including the 1969 film
4457:
1074:
Ivan Shishman is one of the few rulers to be mentioned in the Bulgarian folklore songs and, as in the legends, is a subject of mystification. His figure can even be seen in
389:
and managed to hold the city for one or two years. The rivalry between the two brothers for Sofia had a strong tradition in the Bulgarian historiography since the time of
633:. Evtimiy wrote a number of religious works, including hagiographies, praises and letters, but is most famous with the orthographic reform and the standardization of the
404:
Only a few months after the ascension of Ivan Shishman to the throne, on 26 September 1371, the Ottoman Turks defeated a large Christian army led by the Serbian brothers
279:, was proclaimed successor to the throne and co-emperor shortly after Ivan Alexander's accession to the throne. However, Michael Asen's early death in battle against the
196:, the Bulgarian Empire was subdivided into three kingdoms among his sons, with Ivan Shishman taking the Tаrnovo Kingdom situated in central Bulgaria and his half brother
819:
315:
283:
in 1355 put forward the question of succession once more. It is likely that Sarah–Theodora pressured Ivan Alexander to select her own son as his successor, although
1146:
was an illegitimate son of Ivan Shishman. The claim is based on a Byzantine text which says "They said that he was an illegitimate son of the emperor Shishman."
295:(after his father was crowned), thus making him eligible as successor. By the end of 1355, Ivan Shishman had been proclaimed heir to the throne and co-emperor.
4472:
983:, including the almost identical route of the emperor, Tarnovo-Sofia-Samokov in Rila, and the route of the return of the relics of Saint John of Rila to the
436:. Unable to resist the attacks, Ivan Shishman had to negotiate with the Ottomans in 1373. He was forced to become an Ottoman vassal and to allow his sister
385:
in Tarnovo. According to Fine, immediately after the death of Ivan Alexander, Ivan Sratsimir tried to conquer the whole of Bulgaria. He was able to capture
892:, are "Shishman's Holes", the caves where he hid while fighting the Ottomans for seven years. Other related toponyms usually associated with the emperor's
553:
on 15 June 1389, Ivan Shishman had to seek help from Hungary. During the winter of 1391–1392, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Hungary
798:
in 1598, one of the rebels' leaders, whose name is unknown, claimed to have been a descendant of Ivan Shishman and was proclaimed emperor under the name
4482:
271:. His birth brought up the issue of the succession to the Bulgarian throne. Ivan Shishman had two elder brothers by the Ivan Alexander's first wife,
856:
after him, ranging from castles and ruins to rocks, caves and localities. That legendary "geography" is mainly concentrated in the region of Sofia,
824:
617:
of Bulgarian culture" continued under his son. The most prominent figure in that field during the last quarter of the 14th century was Patriarch
302:, probably as a compensation. Another indirect piece of evidence for the feud is the fact that Ivan Sratsimir's portrait not included in the
335:
The Second Bulgarian Empire after the coronation of Ivan Shishman. His brother Ivan Sratsimir controlled Vidin to the north-west and despot
3977:
4452:
974:. He hid his treasury in the Iskar gorge and fought against the Turks for seven years before dying in battle. Some versions suggest that
521:, where he was besieged and forced to ask for peace. The Ottomans requested that he reconfirm his vassalage in addition to surrendering
3098:[Patiarchal Monastery of the Holy Trinity, also known as Asen's or Shishman's Monastery] (in Bulgarian). Двери на Православието
1343:
626:
569:
and attacked Bulgaria. The Ottomans marched to the capital Tarnovo and besieged it. The defence of the capital was led by Patriarch
3883:
3788:История на българите с поправки и добавки от самия автор (History of the Bulgarians with corrections and additions by the author)
3050:
3676:Делев, Петър (Petar Delev); et al. (1996). "19. България при цар Иван Александър (Bulgaria under Emperor Ivan Alexander)".
3042:
3785:(1978). "XXIII Завладяване на България от турците (Conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks)". In Петър Петров (Petar Petrov) (ed.).
4447:
3389:
3126:
2314:
1143:
987:
in 15th century – Tarnovo-Sofia-Rila, and also the motif of the immortal rulers who foresees the restoration of the country.
573:
because Ivan Shishman was located in Nikopol, presumably for better communication with Sigismund. After a three-month siege,
4467:
1725:
3677:
3015:
218:
Despite the military and political weakness, during his rule Bulgaria remained a major cultural center and the ideas of
4462:
1508:
360:. To the west, the areas centred around Vidin recognised Ivan Sratsimir as emperor of Bulgaria, while to the east, the
3808:
3772:
3741:
3718:
3691:
3666:
3622:
602:
3352:
3970:
2291:
1123:
920:
629:, a few kilometres to the north of Tarnovo, and turned it into an important cultural center and a major hub of the
303:
45:
4143:
747:
609:. He was styled in the charter as "In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks.
2520: The exact year of the fall of Sofia is uncertain. Some modern historians suggest 1382 while others – 1385.
4290:
1138:
participated in revolts and campaigns against the Ottomans, trying to liberate his father's realm, and died in
554:
461:
4300:
3371:
1329:
962:
306:, where the whole family of the emperor was otherwise presented. In 1356 Ivan Sratsimir proclaimed himself
4315:
4226:
3963:
3947:
3863:"Българските народни песни за цар Иван Шишман (The Bulgarian Folklore Songs about Emperor Ivan Shishman)"
1989:
498:
276:
3782:
405:
390:
4477:
4340:
4325:
4310:
4123:
4118:
3986:
3937:
3930:
2541:
2249:
2001:
1675:
1095:
284:
256:
197:
193:
144:
74:
64:
3562:[Remarks to the portrait of the Ecumenical Patriarch Joseph II] (in Bulgarian). Archived from
4487:
4265:
4157:
2045:
1119:
734:
382:
376:, did not recognise the authority of the emperor of Tarnovo either. Contemporary chroniclers such as
223:
4414:
4385:
4320:
4305:
2015:
1497:
743:
3709:
The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
4404:
4399:
4374:
4335:
4196:
4182:
3764:
2074:
1799:
807:
803:
630:
538:
Ottoman garrisons were to be stationed in other Bulgarian cities, most notably Shumen and Ovech.
361:
311:
268:
186:
185:
from 1371 to 3 June 1395. The authority of Ivan Shishman was limited to the central parts of the
3826:
794:
The memory of Ivan Shishman remained during the first centuries of the Ottoman rule. During the
4237:
4231:
3994:
3655:История на средновековна България VII-XIV век (History of Medieval Bulgaria 7th–14th Centuries)
840:
795:
646:
638:
4437:
4409:
4295:
4216:
3906:
3884:"Легенди – Урвичката крепост край София (Legends – The Urvich Fortress near Sofia)"
3551:
2082:
1683:
622:
614:
272:
3845:
4442:
4270:
4191:
4103:
4093:
4088:
2278:
2259:
3891:
722:
491:
8:
4390:
4280:
4275:
4201:
4164:
4098:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4003:
3915:
2040:
1337:
1078:, where he is presented either as a saint in the role of protector or as a hero fighting
957:
912:("Fierce Ford"), all thought to be hinting at the fate of the perished Bulgarian troops.
784:
642:
613:
The cultural revival that made the historians call the reign of Ivan Alexander a "Second
377:
232:
927:
One of the most famous legends is about Shishman's final battle. The Ottomans camped at
459:, between 1384 and 1386. There are few details about that war, only a brief note in the
4260:
4113:
4058:
4028:
4008:
2264:
1719:
1697:
1067:
975:
634:
618:
570:
530:
456:
292:
260:
227:
166:
3096:"Патриаршески манастир "Света Троица", известен още като Асенов или Шишманов манастир"
754:
in the Russian lands. The economy was in decline since the loss of the major ports of
298:
These events led to a conflict with Ivan Sratsimir, who was in turn given the rule of
4285:
4206:
4171:
4108:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4013:
3862:
3804:
3768:
3737:
3714:
3707:
3687:
3662:
3618:
3385:
3122:
1197:
1111:
865:
836:
518:
487:
467:
413:
353:
331:
134:
115:
108:
94:
3697:
3484:
501:, to the north of the Balkan Mountains. The Ottoman troops seized the fortresses of
4367:
4134:
4038:
3728:Георгиева, Цветана (Tsvetana Georgieva); Генчев, Николай (Nikolay Genchev) (1999).
1374:
967:
937:
811:
763:
751:
582:
578:
574:
550:
506:
471:
421:
307:
239:
409:
4249:
4221:
3796:
1115:
1075:
885:
767:
597:
483:
3638:
Contributions from the Bulgarian and Serbian Historiography in Selected Writings
1098:
the tales about Ivan Shishman began to increasingly include patriotic elements.
1082:
and oppressors, usually presented as Tatars because of the resemblance with the
4351:
4243:
3650:
3614:
1689:
984:
606:
441:
291:
system. The issue was decided in Ivan Shishman's favour because the latter was
280:
207:
202:
182:
154:
1142:
after 1444. It has been speculated by historians, such as Plamen Pavlov, that
4431:
3756:
3095:
3019:
1079:
832:
444:, the last stronghold of Ivan Shishman to the south of the Balkan Mountains.
396:
345:
211:
4211:
4150:
3786:
3381:
Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands
2480:
1373 – Becomes Ottoman vassal in return for some previously conquered lands
1091:
980:
799:
495:
365:
4255:
3356:
2492:
1388 – The Ottomans invade eastern Bulgaria and conquer a number of towns
2023:
889:
869:
541:
437:
3730:История на България XV-XIX век (History of Bulgaria 15th-19th Centuries)
3605:Андреев, Йордан (Jordan Andreev); Лалков, Милчо (Milcho Lalkov) (1996).
3325:
2498:
3 June 1395 – The Ottomans capture Nikopol and Ivan Shishman is executed
2477:
17 February 1371 – Succeeds his father as Emperor of Bulgaria in Tarnovo
557:, who was planning a campaign against the Turks. The new Ottoman sultan
2062:
1107:
1049:
We are going to fight a battle, my dear mother, on the valley of Sofia,
893:
844:
739:
585:
in 1395, Bayezid I attacked and captured Nikopol and, according to the
577:
on 17 July. According to the contemporary Bulgarian scholar and cleric
566:
373:
369:
336:
104:
3890:(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): издателство "Отечество". Archived from
3801:България през XIV-XV век (Bulgaria during the 14th and 15th Centuries)
4018:
3955:
3641:
953:
928:
909:
897:
730:
558:
452:
425:
219:
1083:
1052:
We are going to spill blood, my dear mother, in the name of Christ,
949:
534:
522:
514:
238:
His reign was inextricably connected to the fall of Bulgaria under
178:
255:
Born in 1350 or 1351, Ivan Shishman was the eldest son of emperor
39:
4360:
4053:
2298:
2030:
1139:
1135:
932:
861:
857:
780:
759:
755:
562:
510:
448:
433:
429:
417:
393:, but it has been dismissed by many modern Bulgarian historians.
288:
129:
3482:
3379:
3110:
447:
In the meantime, Ivan Shishman was engaged in a war against the
3760:
3034:
1367:
1131:
945:
915:
881:
877:
873:
828:
526:
502:
357:
3634:
Contribuţii la istoriografia bulgară şi sârbă în Scrieri alese
2530: The numbers designate which wife each child was born to.
3733:
3658:
1127:
971:
386:
349:
299:
3791:(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Издателство Наука и изкуство.
1055:
We are going to praise, my dear mother, the Christian faith.
605:
of Ivan Shishman, issued in 1378 to grant privileges to the
4063:
3330:
174:
827:
and the song "Tsar Ivan Shishman" by the heavy metal band
1037:
Their leader, my dear mother, Tsar Ivan Shishman himself,
956:
in a huge battle. The 18th century Bulgarian enlightener
525:, at the time the most populous Bulgarian city along the
264:
1122:
and kin to the previous Serbian dynasty. His eldest son
1012:Бой щем да се бием, мила моя майко ле, на софийско поле,
3869:(in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (Veliko Tarnovo): Слово
2474:
By 1355 – Proclaimed heir to the throne and co-emperor
1034:
Fire is shining, my dear mother, through green forest,
4458:
People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation
3483:Андреев, Йордан; Иван Лазаров; Пламен Павлов (1999).
3018:[Rila Charter] (in Bulgarian). Archived from
1106:
Ivan Shishman was married first to a Bulgarian named
1040:
Responds, my dear mother, Tsar Ivan Shishman himself:
1028:
Horse to horse, my dear mother, champion to champion,
3560:"Щрихи към портрета на Вселенския патриарх Йосиф ІІ"
787:, some of the lands in question were referred to as
420:
forced Ivan Shishman to retreat to the north of the
1110:, who died in the early 1380s. His second wife was
1046:
Help us, my dear mother, with strength and courage!
1016:Ще прославим, мила моя майко ле, християнска вяра.
1004:Войвода им, мила моя майко ле, сам цар Иван Шишман,
919:A miniature of the juvenile Ivan Shishman from the
637:, which had an impact in Serbia, Wallachia and the
3706:
549:After the defeat of the Serbs and Bosniaks in the
3686:] (in Bulgarian). Труд, Сирма (Trud, Sirma).
2544:during the Ottoman rule were called enlighteners.
1130:under the name Iskender, and died as governor of
1014:Кръв ще леем, мила моя майко ле, за Христово име,
1006:Отговаря, мила моя майко ле, сам цар Иван Шишман:
1002:Огън светка, мила моя майко ле, през гора зелена,
685:And invokes the reigning over the cities, saying:
4429:
1025:Since then has, my dear mother, an army marched,
1010:Помогни ни, мила моя майко ле, сила и юначество!
1000:Сабите им, мила моя майко ле, както ясно слънце,
996:Оттогаз е, мила моя майко ле, войска провървяла,
658:и призовава царуващия над градовете, като казва:
3727:
3649:Божилов, Иван (Ivan Bozhilov); Гюзелев, Васил (
3584:
3545:
3312:
3300:
682:The glorious city of Tarnovo is rejoicing today
310:. Together with his father and younger brother
44:Engraving of Ivan Shishman as a child from the
3648:
3326:""Tzar Ivan Shishman" in IMDb movie date base"
3240:
3156:
2989:
2959:
2896:
2872:
2836:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2747:
2654:
2606:
2594:
1008:Боже силни, мила моя майко ле, боже създателю,
998:Кон до коня, мила моя майко ле, юнак до юнака,
970:Ivan Shishman managed to reach Sofia with his
4473:14th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
3971:
3751:Kazhdan, A.; et al. (1991). "Volume I".
3604:
3578:
3533:
3521:
3454:
3409:
3276:
3264:
3252:
2974:
2935:
2908:
2884:
2860:
2735:
2682:
2642:
2618:
2567:
1066:Extract of a folklore song, collected by the
994:Откак се е, мила моя майко ле, зора зазорила,
831:in the 2004 album "Saint Patriarch Evtimiy".
424:and conquered northern Thrace, the Rhodopes,
364:, encompassing the coastal strip between the
3007:
1022:Since when has, my dear mother, dаwn raised,
697:For I acquired them for aides and advocates.
3539:
3306:
3089:
3087:
1043:Allmighty God, my dear mother, creator God,
1031:Their sabres, my dear mother, as clear sun,
810:, who also claimed to have belonged to the
517:. Ivan Shishman left Tarnovo and headed to
3978:
3964:
814:and styled himself as Prince of Bulgaria.
38:
3795:
3527:
3448:
3345:
3294:
3270:
3150:
2953:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2830:
2630:
2540: The people who participated in the
666:че ги придобих за помощници и застъпници.
3881:
3860:
3282:
3186:
3093:
3084:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2941:
2842:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2741:
914:
773:
721:
596:
540:
395:
330:
3783:Иречек, Константин (Konstantin Jireček)
3750:
3684:History and Civilization for 11th Grade
3517:
3515:
3502:
3500:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3180:
3174:
3140:
3138:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
2970:
2968:
2931:
2929:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2648:
2636:
2600:
592:
4430:
3985:
3803:(in Bulgarian). Изток–Запад (Anubis).
3781:
3631:
3613:] (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново (
3506:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3442:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3377:
3288:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3162:
3013:
3001:
2947:
2914:
2848:
2824:
2818:
2718:
2712:
2612:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
688:Rejoice with me, mother of the cities,
668:Наистина блажен съм аз сред градовете,
490:managed to defeat the Ottomans in the
321:
3959:
3888:Достигнало до нас. Предания и легенди
3843:
3675:
3384:. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation.
3040:
2980:
2753:
2700:
2666:
2471:1350 or 1351 – Ivan Shishman was born
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2387:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2177:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2053:
2051:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2011:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1901:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1673:
1607:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1386:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1267:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1144:Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople
802:. Almost a century later, in 1686, a
700:I am truly blissful among the cities,
674:чието застъпничество като притежавам,
4483:People of the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
3713:. The University of Michigan Press.
3704:
3512:
3497:
3431:
3398:
3318:
3258:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3168:
3144:
3135:
3121:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 169.
3078:
3065:
2965:
2926:
2920:
2812:
2801:
2759:
2724:
2706:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2660:
2582:
2489:1384 to 1386 – War against Wallachia
660:Радвай се с мен, майко на градовете,
326:
210:incursions. Regardless, in 1393 the
3827:"Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers"
3824:
3460:
3415:
3116:
3094:Миновски, Валентин (15 June 2008).
2573:
2554:
1150:Family tree of the Shishman Dynasty
904:, meaning "bone"), Cherepish (from
706:The wonderful relics of the saints,
703:Because I gathered good treasures –
691:Because with those that you raised,
477:
259:(r. 1331–1371) and his second wife
56:17 February 1371 – 3 June 1395
13:
4453:Bulgarian people of Jewish descent
3867:Публикация в сб. "Алманах VI клас"
3797:Златарски, Васил (Vasil Zlatarski)
3753:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
3557:
3493:] (in Bulgarian). p. 215.
3486:Кой кой е в средновековна България
791:, "the land of emperor Shishman".
733:remained the main movement in the
656:Радва се днес славният град Търнов
482:In 1387, the united forces of the
314:, Ivan Shishman presided over the
14:
4499:
3909:, Dusko Lopandic, No 3122, 2011.
3818:
3043:"Religion in Bulgaria after 1989"
339:controlled the coast to the east.
3918:, Dusko Lopandic, No 3114, 2011
3679:История и цивилизация за 11 клас
3353:"Lyrics of "Tsar Ivan Shishman""
3119:Bulgaria: The Bradt Travel Guide
921:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander
304:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander
46:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander
16:14th-century Emperor of Bulgaria
3491:Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria
3476:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3014:Матеев, Михаил (4 April 2002).
670:защото добри съкровища събрах -
287:would have come next under the
3355:(in Bulgarian). Archived from
2624:
2495:17 July 1393 – Fall of Tarnovo
2483:1378 – Issues the Rila Charter
1134:in 1418, while his second son
676:от всякакви злини се избавям.
662:защото ония, които ти отгледа,
621:(r. 1375–1393), a disciple of
545:A silver coin of Ivan Shishman
1:
3907:Brothers – Marko and Shishman
3611:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars
3598:
1993:married to Irina Palaiologina
944:("Shishman's town"), between
627:Monastery of the Holy Trinity
625:. In 1371 he established the
587:Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle
462:Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle
372:and under the rule of despot
250:
4448:14th-century Bulgarian tsars
2548:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2502:
963:Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya
746:, who worked in Serbia, and
348:and Silistra, the valley of
245:
192:In the wake of the death of
7:
4468:Murdered Bulgarian monarchs
3585:Георгиева & Генчев 1999
3546:Георгиева & Генчев 1999
3313:Георгиева & Генчев 1999
3301:Георгиева & Генчев 1999
2465:
1379:married to despot Sratsimir
864:, though it extends to the
726:Icon of Saint Ivan Shishman
709:Whose advocacy when I have,
672:честитите мощи на светците,
121:
10:
4504:
3593:
3241:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
3157:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2990:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2960:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2897:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2873:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2837:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2796:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2784:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2772:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2748:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2655:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2607:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2595:Божилов & Гюзелев 1999
2542:Bulgarian National Revival
1701:married to 1. Unknown
1096:Bulgarian National Revival
931:, near the origins of the
850:
804:second uprising in Tarnovo
400:Monograms of Ivan Shishman
4463:Executed Bulgarian people
4384:
4349:
4181:
4132:
3993:
3944:
3935:
3927:
3607:Българските ханове и царе
3534:Андреев & Лалков 1996
3522:Андреев & Лалков 1996
3455:Андреев & Лалков 1996
3410:Андреев & Лалков 1996
3277:Андреев & Лалков 1996
3265:Андреев & Лалков 1996
3253:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2975:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2936:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2909:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2885:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2861:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2736:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2683:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2643:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2619:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2568:Андреев & Лалков 1996
2399:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2318:possible illegitimate son
2241:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2046:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1704:2. Anna Palaiologina
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1545:
1543:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1101:
952:, where he killed 10,000
847:is also named after him.
735:Bulgarian Orthodox Church
645:during the heyday of the
224:Bulgarian Orthodox Church
170:
150:
140:
128:
114:
100:
88:
80:
70:
60:
52:
37:
30:
23:
3882:Огнянова, Елена (1984).
3047:South-East Europe Review
2507:
744:Constantine of Kostenets
316:church synods at Tarnovo
3861:Калоянов, Анчо (1994).
3765:Oxford University Press
3732:(in Bulgarian). София (
3657:(in Bulgarian). София (
3049:(1): 81. Archived from
1802:, Xenia Ivanina Komnena
1800:Alexander Komnenos Asen
1114:, a daughter of Prince
808:Rostislav Stratimirovic
664:с тях се славя сега аз,
631:Tarnovo Literary School
362:Principality of Karvuna
269:Eastern Orthodox Church
3844:Димитрова, Цветелина.
3378:Ivanov, L. L. (2009).
2027:married to Constantine
924:
841:South Shetland Islands
796:First Tarnovo uprising
727:
712:I get rid of all evil.
647:First Bulgarian Empire
639:Russian principalities
610:
546:
499:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha
484:Principality of Serbia
401:
383:Bulgarian Patriarchate
340:
4388:(1878–1908) and
3916:Who was Duke Momcilo?
3640:] (in Romanian).
3632:Bogdan, Ioan (1966).
3041:Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002).
1344:Theodora Palaiologina
918:
774:Assessment and legacy
725:
623:Theodosius of Tarnovo
600:
544:
399:
334:
273:Theodora of Wallachia
3736:): Анубис (Anubis).
3661:): Анубис (Anubis).
3617:): Абагар (Abagar).
2486:1385 – Fall of Sofia
2279:John VII Palaiologos
2059:(r. 1371–1395)
2006:(r. 1356–1396)
1680:(r. 1331–1371)
1334:(r. 1323–1330)
789:terra cesaris Sysman
593:Culture and religion
231:achievements of the
173:) ruled as emperor (
4350:Rebels against the
4133:Rebels against the
3938:Emperor of Bulgaria
3894:on 22 December 2010
3700:on 5 December 2012.
3183:, pp. 334, 337
3117:Kay, Annie (2008).
2315:Patriarch Joseph II
2286:2 unknown daughters
2267:(r. 1353–1391)
2254:(r. 1397–1422)
2061:married to 1.
2048:(r. 1376–1379)
2033:(r. 1362–1389)
1728:(r. 1331–1355)
1682:married to 1.
1502:(r. 1330–1331)
1336:married to 1.
958:Paisius of Hilendar
785:Louis II of Hungary
643:Old Church Slavonic
414:Battle of Chernomen
406:Vukašin Mrnjavčević
378:Johann Schiltberger
322:Emperor of Bulgaria
318:in the late 1360s.
4291:Theodore Svetoslav
3987:Bulgarian monarchs
3536:, pp. 289–290
3457:, pp. 287–288
3279:, pp. 288–289
3255:, pp. 288–291
3231:, pp. 367–368
3207:, pp. 443–444
3004:, pp. 399–400
2911:, pp. 284–285
2875:, pp. 662–663
2863:, pp. 283–284
2786:, pp. 655–656
2762:, pp. 378–379
2645:, pp. 281–282
2633:, pp. 144–148
2597:, pp. 612–613
2302:married to unknown
1713:married to unknown
1698:John Komnenos Asen
1518:married to unknown
1202:married to Unknown
1068:Miladinov Brothers
976:Kokalyanski Urvich
925:
820:Tsar Ivan Shishman
728:
635:Bulgarian language
619:Evtimiy of Tarnovo
611:
547:
402:
391:Konstantin Jireček
341:
293:born in the purple
275:. The eldest one,
240:Ottoman domination
228:Evtimiy of Tarnovo
4478:Sratsimir dynasty
4423:
4422:
4393:(1908–1946)
4244:Constantine I Tih
4185:(1185–1422)
4172:Constantine Bodin
3954:
3953:
3945:Succeeded by
3705:Fine, J. (1987).
3391:978-954-92032-6-4
3128:978-1-84162-155-5
3016:"Рилски хрисовул"
2461:
2460:
2319:
2303:
2268:
2068:
2065:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2009:
1994:
1729:
1714:
1705:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1519:
1515:1. Michael,
1380:
1346:
1340:
1203:
1112:Dragana Lazarević
1071:
1063:
1062:
866:Rhodope Mountains
837:Livingston Island
720:
719:
694:I am lauding now,
492:Battle of Pločnik
488:Kingdom of Bosnia
354:Rhodope mountains
327:Reign before 1388
267:converted to the
233:Bulgarian culture
160:
159:
109:Dragana of Serbia
95:Nikopol, Bulgaria
4495:
4488:Sons of emperors
4368:Ivan Shishman II
4301:Michael Asen III
4296:George Terter II
3997:(680–1018)
3980:
3973:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3928:Preceded by
3925:
3924:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3814:
3792:
3778:
3747:
3724:
3712:
3701:
3696:. Archived from
3672:
3645:
3628:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3566:on 22 March 2012
3558:Павлов, Пламен.
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3429:
3426:
3413:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3359:on 28 March 2012
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2317:
2301:
2273:Unknown daughter
2262:
2089:2. Vasilisa
2066:
2060:
2043:
2029:
2026:
2007:
1992:
1723:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1684:Theodora Besarab
1681:
1517:
1378:
1375:Keratsa Petritsa
1341:
1335:
1330:Michael Shishman
1201:
1154:
1153:
1076:Christmas carols
1065:
990:
989:
968:siege of Tarnovo
966:that during the
938:Balkan mountains
812:Shishman dynasty
764:Savoyard crusade
752:Gregory Tsamblak
652:
651:
583:Battle of Rovine
579:Gregory Tsamblak
551:Battle of Kosovo
478:Fall of Bulgaria
472:House of Basarab
422:Balkan Mountains
308:emperor of Vidin
187:Bulgarian Empire
172:
42:
32:Tsar of Bulgaria
21:
20:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4389:
4380:
4345:
4316:Michael Asen IV
4271:George Terter I
4256:Michael Asen II
4250:Jacob Svetoslav
4227:Kaliman Asen II
4177:
4128:
3989:
3984:
3950:
3941:
3933:
3919:
3910:
3897:
3895:
3872:
3870:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3821:
3811:
3775:
3744:
3721:
3694:
3669:
3625:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3498:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3427:
3416:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3053:on 29 July 2012
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2531:
2521:
2510:
2505:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2253:
2067:2. Dragana
2058:
2008:married to Anna
2005:
1990:Michael IV Asen
1722:
1711:
1679:
1529:2. Unknown
1524:1. Ludovik
1516:
1501:
1333:
1200:
1151:
1120:Milica Nemanjić
1116:Lazar of Serbia
1104:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
908:, "skull") and
853:
776:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
595:
480:
352:, parts of the
329:
324:
253:
248:
107:
93:
48:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4354:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4341:Constantine II
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:Ivan Sratsimir
4323:
4318:
4313:
4311:Ivan Alexander
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Michael Asen I
4219:
4217:Kaliman Asen I
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4137:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4124:Ivan Vladislav
4121:
4119:Gavril Radomir
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3948:Ivan Sratsimir
3946:
3943:
3934:
3931:Ivan Alexander
3929:
3923:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3879:
3858:
3848:(in Bulgarian)
3841:
3825:Mladjov, Ian.
3820:
3819:External links
3817:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3793:
3779:
3773:
3748:
3742:
3725:
3719:
3702:
3692:
3673:
3667:
3651:Vasil Gyuzelev
3646:
3629:
3623:
3615:Veliko Tarnovo
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3511:
3496:
3475:
3459:
3447:
3430:
3414:
3397:
3390:
3370:
3344:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3195:, pp. 398
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3134:
3127:
3109:
3083:
3064:
3033:
3022:on 29 May 2007
3006:
2994:
2979:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2670:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2631:Златарски 2005
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2572:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:(r. 1390)
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2257:
2255:
2250:Constantine II
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2052:
2050:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2002:Ivan Sratsimir
1997:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1693:
1690:Sarah-Theodora
1676:Ivan Alexander
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1103:
1100:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
985:Rila Monastery
900:(derived from
852:
849:
806:was headed by
775:
772:
718:
717:
715:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
678:
607:Rila Monastery
594:
591:
479:
476:
328:
325:
323:
320:
285:Ivan Sratsimir
261:Sarah–Theodora
257:Ivan Alexander
252:
249:
247:
244:
222:dominated the
203:Ottoman empire
198:Ivan Sratsimir
194:Ivan Alexander
158:
157:
155:Sarah-Theodora
152:
148:
147:
145:Ivan Alexander
142:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
118:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
75:Ivan Sratsimir
72:
68:
67:
65:Ivan Alexander
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4500:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Ivan Shishman
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Ivan Asen III
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:Second Empire
4180:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3847:
3842:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3810:954-321-172-8
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3774:0-19-504652-8
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3743:954-426-205-9
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3720:0-472-10079-3
3716:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3693:954-439-701-9
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3668:954-426-204-0
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3624:954-427-216-X
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3586:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3524:, p. 289
3523:
3518:
3516:
3509:, p. 400
3508:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3445:, p. 401
3444:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3412:, p. 287
3411:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3315:, p. 254
3314:
3309:
3303:, p. 250
3302:
3297:
3291:, p. 402
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3267:, p. 288
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3243:, p. 654
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3219:, p. 444
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3171:, p. 439
3170:
3165:
3159:, p. 621
3158:
3153:
3147:, p. 443
3146:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3081:, p. 442
3080:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2992:, p. 666
2991:
2986:
2984:
2977:, p. 286
2976:
2971:
2969:
2962:, p. 665
2961:
2956:
2950:, p. 396
2949:
2944:
2938:, p. 285
2937:
2932:
2930:
2923:, p. 422
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2899:, p. 663
2898:
2893:
2887:, p. 284
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2851:, p. 391
2850:
2845:
2839:, p. 662
2838:
2833:
2827:, p. 266
2826:
2821:
2815:, p. 407
2814:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2798:, p. 656
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2774:, p. 655
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2750:, p. 651
2749:
2744:
2738:, p. 283
2737:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2721:, p. 387
2720:
2715:
2709:, p. 368
2708:
2703:
2697:, p. 367
2696:
2691:
2685:, p. 282
2684:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2657:, p. 614
2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2621:, p. 292
2620:
2615:
2609:, p. 612
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2585:, p. 366
2584:
2579:
2577:
2570:, p. 281
2569:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2404:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2300:
2293:
2280:
2266:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2149:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2064:
2057:
2056:Ivan Shishman
2047:
2042:
2041:Keratsa-Maria
2032:
2025:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1801:
1787:
1785:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1726:Stefan Dushan
1721:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1424:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1310:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1229:
1227:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:converted to
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
992:
991:
988:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:
960:wrote in his
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Shishkin grad
939:
934:
930:
922:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Shishman Peak
830:
826:
825:Yuri Arnaudov
822:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
724:
716:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
679:
677:
654:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
604:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
442:fall of Sofia
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Jovan Uglješa
407:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:and northern
355:
351:
347:
338:
333:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
243:
241:
236:
234:
229:
225:
221:
216:
213:
212:Ottoman Turks
209:
204:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
164:
163:Ivan Shishman
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
123:
119:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:
29:
24:Ivan Shishman
22:
19:
4438:1350s births
4425:
4386:Principality
4375:Rostislav II
4373:
4366:
4359:
4330:
4321:Ivan Asen IV
4306:Ivan Stephen
4248:
4236:
4212:Ivan Asen II
4170:
4163:
4156:
4151:Petar Delyan
4149:
4142:
3995:First Empire
3936:
3920:(in Serbian)
3911:(in Serbian)
3896:. Retrieved
3892:the original
3887:
3871:. Retrieved
3866:
3850:. Retrieved
3833:. Retrieved
3800:
3787:
3752:
3729:
3708:
3698:the original
3683:
3678:
3654:
3637:
3633:
3610:
3606:
3587:, p. 27
3580:
3570:20 September
3568:. Retrieved
3564:the original
3553:
3548:, p. 29
3541:
3529:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3450:
3380:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3181:Kazhdan 1991
3176:
3164:
3152:
3118:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3055:. Retrieved
3051:the original
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3009:
2997:
2955:
2943:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2248:
2055:
2016:Ivan Asen IV
2000:
1674:
1498:Ivan Stephen
1496:
1328:
1105:
1088:
1073:
1064:
993:
981:John of Rila
961:
941:
926:
905:
901:
854:
818:
816:
800:Shishman III
793:
788:
777:
729:
655:
612:
603:Rila Charter
586:
575:Tarnovo fell
548:
496:Grand Vizier
481:
460:
446:
403:
366:Danube Delta
342:
297:
277:Michael Asen
254:
237:
226:. Patriarch
217:
191:
162:
161:
120:
31:
18:
4443:1395 deaths
4405:Ferdinand I
4400:Alexander I
4336:Ivan Asen V
4238:Rostislav I
4197:Ivan Asen I
3507:Иречек 1978
3443:Иречек 1978
3289:Иречек 1978
3193:Иречек 1978
3002:Иречек 1978
2948:Иречек 1978
2849:Иречек 1978
2825:Bogdan 1966
2719:Иречек 1978
2313:4 unknown;
2263:married to
2075:Ivan Asen V
2044:married to
2024:Kera Tamara
1724:married to
954:janissaries
890:Iskar Gorge
870:Sredna Gora
438:Kera Tamara
346:Iskar River
312:Ivan Asen V
171:Иван Шишман
92:3 June 1395
61:Predecessor
26:Иван Шишман
4432:Categories
4232:Mitso Asen
4144:Presian II
4135:Byzantines
3942:1371–1395
3653:) (1999).
3599:References
2667:Делев 1996
2063:Kira Maria
1108:Kira Maria
1092:King Marko
894:last stand
845:Antarctica
756:Messembria
615:Golden Age
567:Asia Minor
374:Dobrotitsa
370:Cape Emine
337:Dobrotitsa
251:Early life
135:Stratsimir
105:Kira Maria
4415:Simeon II
4410:Boris III
4079:Presian I
4019:Kormisosh
3644:: Anubis.
3642:Bucharest
3428:Димитрова
3229:Fine 1987
3217:Fine 1987
3205:Fine 1987
3169:Fine 1987
3145:Fine 1987
3079:Fine 1987
2921:Fine 1987
2813:Fine 1987
2760:Fine 1987
2707:Fine 1987
2695:Fine 1987
2583:Fine 1987
2549:Citations
2503:Footnotes
2455:2 unknown
2292:Alexander
2083:Desislava
1338:Anna Neda
1124:Alexander
929:Kostenets
910:Lyutibrod
898:Kokalyane
760:Anchialus
731:Hesychasm
559:Bayezid I
555:Sigismund
453:Wallachia
426:Kostenets
246:Biography
235:to them.
220:Hesychasm
167:Bulgarian
122:see below
71:Successor
4352:Ottomans
4192:Peter II
4104:Boris II
4094:Simeon I
4089:Vladimir
3898:14 April
3852:14 April
3835:14 April
3799:(2005).
3757:New York
3473:Калоянов
2466:Timeline
2450:Shishman
2265:Tvrtko I
2260:Dorothea
2081:2.
2073:2.
2054:2.
2039:2.
2022:1.
2014:1.
1999:1.
1988:1.
1823:Shishman
1734:Theodora
1710:Michael
1688:2.
1509:Shishman
1507:1.
1495:1.
1342:2.
1198:Shishman
1084:Tartarus
950:Kazanlak
740:Bogomils
535:Svishtov
523:Silistra
486:and the
281:Ottomans
179:Bulgaria
4391:Kingdom
4361:Fruzhin
4281:Ivan II
4276:Smilets
4202:Kaloyan
4165:Alusian
4158:Tihomir
4099:Peter I
4084:Boris I
4074:Malamir
4069:Omurtag
4054:Telerig
4004:Asparuh
3594:Sources
3363:29 July
3337:29 July
3102:28 July
3057:29 July
3026:28 July
2308:Keratsa
2299:Fruzhin
2031:Murad I
1140:Hungary
1136:Fruzhin
1080:dragons
933:Maritsa
862:Samokov
858:Ihtiman
851:Legends
839:in the
781:Selim I
762:to the
748:Cyprian
571:Evtimiy
563:Balkans
531:Cherven
519:Nikopol
511:Venchan
470:of the
449:voivode
434:Samokov
430:Ihtiman
418:Murad I
412:in the
289:majorat
208:Ottoman
183:Tarnovo
84:1350/51
4261:Ivaylo
4114:Samuel
4059:Kardam
4029:Telets
4009:Tervel
3873:19 May
3807:
3771:
3761:Oxford
3740:
3717:
3690:
3665:
3621:
3388:
3125:
2536:
2526:
2516:
1720:Helena
1368:Belaur
1132:Smyrna
1102:Family
972:boyars
946:Sliven
906:cherep
882:Prilep
878:Pleven
874:Vratsa
829:Epizod
527:Danube
507:Madara
503:Shumen
358:Thrace
151:Mother
141:Father
101:Spouse
4286:Chaka
4207:Boril
4109:Roman
4049:Pagan
4044:Toktu
4034:Sabin
4024:Vineh
4014:Sevar
3830:(PDF)
3734:Sofia
3682:[
3659:Sofia
3636:[
3609:[
3489:[
2508:Notes
1128:Islam
902:kokal
886:Varna
768:Varna
515:Ovech
457:Dan I
387:Sofia
350:Sofia
300:Vidin
177:) of
130:House
116:Issue
53:Reign
4064:Krum
4039:Umor
3900:2011
3875:2011
3854:2011
3837:2011
3805:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3688:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3619:ISBN
3572:2011
3386:ISBN
3365:2011
3339:2011
3331:IMDb
3123:ISBN
3104:2011
3059:2011
3028:2011
1118:and
948:and
896:are
860:and
783:and
758:and
750:and
601:The
565:and
513:and
468:Anna
432:and
408:and
368:and
263:, a
175:tsar
89:Died
81:Born
940:at
835:on
823:by
451:of
265:Jew
181:in
4434::
3886:.
3865:.
3767:.
3763::
3759:,
3755:.
3514:^
3499:^
3462:^
3433:^
3417:^
3400:^
3328:.
3137:^
3086:^
3067:^
3045:.
2982:^
2967:^
2928:^
2803:^
2726:^
2673:^
2575:^
2556:^
2538:c:
2528:b:
2518:a:
1377:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
868:,
843:,
533:,
509:,
505:,
474:.
455:,
428:,
189:.
169::
3979:e
3972:t
3965:v
3902:.
3877:.
3856:.
3839:.
3813:.
3777:.
3746:.
3723:.
3671:.
3627:.
3574:.
3394:.
3367:.
3341:.
3131:.
3106:.
3061:.
3030:.
1070:.
923:.
165:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
