752:
259:
54:
3734:
728:
1251:
740:
924:(PSI). Disillusioned with the reformist leadership, by 1907, a syndicalist faction had emerged within the CGL, establishing the National Resistance Committee. In 1908, the syndicalist rank-and-file broke away from CGL, after its leadership refused to support a number of strikes. Syndicalists subsequently led their own strikes in a variety of sectors throughout the country, culminating in a mass strike against the
1100:, which took over 300 workplaces in Milan alone. By this time, although the USI counted over 500,000 members, it was still much smaller and less powerful than the CGL. Reformists ultimately halted the factory occupation movement, in an effort to stem social revolution. In October 1920, the
1027:
as the new general secretary. The USI subsequently called for an anti-militarist general strike, although they were ultimately incapable of putting it into practice. Meanwhile, the expelled interventionist faction established the
952:. As workers defected from the CGL to the USI en masse, it counted 80,000 members at the time of its constitution. In its first year of existence, the USI organised numerous general strikes, including by workers employed in
1178:
to power brought a wave of political repression against the USI. By April 1924, the union's legal activity was paralysed; it consequently reorganised itself into an underground organisation and led a number of
860:, the USI was banned and its members were either arrested, driven underground or forced into exile. By the late-20th century, the USI was eventually reconstituted and once again involved itself in radical
584:
2705:
2695:
1096:; by July 1920, metalworkers of the USI were taking over factories throughout the country. In August and September 1920, workers throughout the country took up arms and formed detachments of
1127:
and reinforced its labour centres. By July 1922, the anarcho-syndicalists of the USI had formed a Labour
Alliance with other anti-fascist trade unions and parties. In an attempt to stop the
579:
782:
1111:
The USI was briefly able to continue its activities, organising a general strike in Milan in March 1921, but before long it came under attack by the rising
1207:, renewed interest in anarcho-syndicalism led to the reconstitution of the USI in 1978. The reconstituted USI has since led a series of general strikes.
564:
2316:
1017:
3803:
3793:
3798:
1199:, the anarcho-syndicalist movement went into a period of sustained decline, which reached its lowest point during the 1960s. But following the
2720:
2167:
629:
2817:
3667:
3813:
3778:
775:
17:
1016:. But they were opposed by the majority of the USI's membership, which deposed De Ambris, expelled the interventionists and elected
913:
594:
574:
2670:
3773:
2752:
2193:
1841:
1809:
1774:
1751:
1219:
1001:
873:
210:
1211:
865:
589:
3147:
2564:
1029:
768:
3788:
3307:
3247:
1889:
1210:
Following an internal crisis in the international anarcho-syndicalist movement, in 2016, the USI, along with the
Spanish
2742:
3818:
604:
2031:
3582:
3297:
1204:
466:
3587:
997:
830:
3162:
3137:
2601:
2461:
808:
151:
912:
from 1904 to 1906 brought
Italian workers together into the first trade union confederations, including the
3783:
3497:
3457:
3173:
3142:
2431:
2338:
2143:
2051:
614:
242:
3637:
3157:
2511:
2238:
2152:
1132:
1077:
949:
909:
687:
644:
323:
2456:
2326:
3707:
3347:
3132:
2777:
2635:
2523:
1793:
1735:
531:
3062:
1187:. The USI was finally eliminated by 1927, as its members were arrested en masse or forced into exile.
516:
3537:
3152:
2832:
2827:
2306:
2294:
2172:
2116:
2091:
2041:
1976:
1906:
1101:
925:
476:
3552:
3512:
3462:
3327:
2917:
2822:
2747:
2736:
2630:
2579:
2271:
2157:
1956:
639:
258:
2952:
3622:
3312:
3282:
3227:
3222:
2451:
2231:
2209:
2162:
1882:
1256:
1053:
921:
838:
697:
2997:
1435:
1303:
3597:
3532:
3467:
3392:
3372:
3367:
3212:
3202:
3047:
2549:
2366:
2348:
2301:
2248:
2182:
2177:
2056:
2046:
2036:
1981:
1367:
1215:
1175:
869:
667:
599:
313:
853:(IWA), which became the main international organisation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions.
3697:
3507:
3487:
3447:
3432:
3277:
3257:
3037:
2812:
2787:
2730:
2680:
2126:
2071:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1785:
1727:
1470:
682:
619:
273:
426:
3808:
3752:
3613:
3602:
3592:
3577:
3567:
3517:
3472:
3452:
3402:
3382:
3377:
3357:
3352:
3337:
3332:
3317:
3302:
3287:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3123:
2937:
2907:
2897:
2651:
2625:
1140:
1061:
1033:
1005:
303:
8:
3687:
3572:
3562:
3547:
3527:
3522:
3502:
3482:
3477:
3442:
3437:
3427:
3407:
3362:
3342:
3262:
3252:
3182:
3077:
2967:
2848:
2762:
2725:
2700:
2665:
2640:
2607:
2596:
2416:
2406:
2321:
2289:
2202:
2131:
1819:
1065:
961:
846:
842:
811:
712:
662:
624:
318:
308:
250:
58:
3745:
3557:
3542:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3387:
3322:
3272:
3267:
3052:
2977:
2792:
2782:
2685:
2619:
2585:
2539:
1875:
1824:
1241:
1144:
1097:
521:
496:
491:
486:
481:
2922:
431:
3717:
3647:
3492:
3397:
3292:
3007:
2877:
2660:
2613:
2376:
2253:
2106:
1966:
1855:
1847:
1837:
1805:
1770:
1747:
1124:
1115:, which broke up its trade unions and harassed its members. The USI resolved to take
1105:
1069:
1022:
1013:
1009:
897:
818:
672:
456:
361:
351:
526:
511:
401:
3738:
3627:
3067:
3012:
2927:
2797:
2772:
2715:
2690:
2591:
2533:
2501:
2486:
2421:
2361:
2331:
2311:
2279:
2243:
2226:
2214:
2121:
2081:
1991:
1986:
1797:
1739:
1200:
1171:
985:
937:
901:
826:
800:
744:
732:
569:
396:
1614:
893:
3677:
3087:
2987:
2982:
2962:
2932:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2837:
2710:
2559:
2381:
2356:
2284:
2061:
1941:
1335:
1112:
1037:
981:
857:
756:
536:
283:
278:
3042:
2862:
501:
446:
3692:
3682:
2942:
2857:
2767:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2401:
2371:
2086:
2016:
1971:
1951:
1946:
1180:
1073:
969:
917:
822:
461:
451:
406:
371:
293:
1859:
1801:
1743:
1218:(FAU), was expelled from the IWA. Together, in 2018, they established the new
936:
In 1912, syndicalist organisations united into the
Italian Syndicalist Union (
3767:
3102:
3057:
3022:
3002:
2957:
2912:
2807:
2757:
2675:
2496:
2441:
2026:
2021:
2001:
1726:
Correa, Felipe (2023). "The Global
Revival of Anarchism and Syndicalism". In
1236:
1154:(IWA), an international of trade unions established as an alternative to the
1136:
1128:
1116:
1049:
861:
834:
506:
366:
346:
288:
1012:, favoured participation in the war as a means to prepare the country for a
841:, which saw hundreds of workplaces throughout the country brought under the
471:
3642:
3632:
3107:
3032:
2972:
2947:
2892:
2544:
2506:
2471:
1996:
1931:
1196:
1120:
957:
692:
546:
541:
436:
416:
411:
1825:
Black Flame: The
Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism
953:
3112:
3082:
3072:
3027:
2902:
2491:
2446:
2411:
2101:
2011:
977:
889:
850:
814:
707:
702:
609:
441:
421:
378:
202:
751:
3672:
3657:
3652:
3097:
2569:
2219:
2096:
2066:
1961:
1231:
1159:
1155:
965:
945:
677:
298:
1582:
1072:. In February 1920, syndicalist metalworkers brought the factories of
53:
3712:
3662:
2992:
2554:
2111:
2006:
1898:
1829:
1323:
1135:, but this was ultimately halted by the reformist factions. The new
3017:
2574:
2258:
2076:
1833:
1766:
1598:
1542:
1526:
1093:
1085:
356:
1851:
1490:
1411:
1270:
3702:
1916:
1184:
1151:
1060:
in
December 1919, the union proposed the creation of a system of
341:
876:(ICL), a new international of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions.
2867:
2802:
1089:
973:
1351:
1250:
739:
585:
Confédération Générale du
Travail-Syndicaliste RĂ©volutionnaire
3092:
1081:
1057:
1056:
by workers. At the USI's Third
Congress, which took place in
163:
1867:
1784:
Levy, Carl (2023). "Anarchism and
Syndicalism in Italy". In
137:
980:
in mid-1914, the USI counted 124,000 members, who led the
1666:
1150:
During this period, the USI also led the founding of the
1068:
over the Italian economy and manage the transition to a
1642:
1570:
1514:
1460:
1458:
1387:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1702:
1690:
1678:
227:
1654:
1630:
1502:
1455:
1423:
1246:
1818:
1624:
1558:
1496:
1484:
1449:
1417:
1381:
1345:
1329:
1317:
1286:
864:. Expelled from the IWA in 2016, together with the
1399:
1080:; in March, syndicalist workers were rising up in
825:throughout its early years, culminating with the
3765:
565:AsociaciĂłn Continental Americana de Trabajadores
916:(CGL), although this was soon taken over by a
1883:
1002:internationalist and interventionist factions
908:) were established throughout the country. A
817:. Established in 1912 by a confederation of "
776:
1084:; in April, the workers' uprising had swept
849:. The USI also led the establishment of the
630:Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation
3668:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
1890:
1876:
1043:
783:
769:
52:
1048:After the war ended, the USI launched a
1763:Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century
14:
3804:Organisations of the Spanish Civil War
3766:
2671:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
1760:
1725:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1620:
1604:
1588:
1576:
1548:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1476:
1464:
1441:
1429:
1393:
1373:
1357:
1341:
1309:
1297:
1276:
1119:against the fascists; it formed armed
1108:arrested the USI's entire leadership.
1092:, while workers took over the city of
837:, the USI was at the forefront of the
3799:National trade union centers of Italy
1871:
1220:International Confederation of Labour
874:International Confederation of Labour
211:International Confederation of Labour
1783:
1765:. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm.
1608:
1592:
1564:
1552:
1536:
1480:
1445:
1405:
1377:
1361:
1313:
1280:
24:
3794:International Workers' Association
1790:The Cambridge History of Socialism
1732:The Cambridge History of Socialism
1183:by miners and marble producers in
1160:Red International of Labour Unions
1152:International Workers' Association
851:International Workers' Association
610:International Workers' Association
595:Confédération nationale du travail
590:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
203:International Workers' Association
25:
3830:
580:Confédération Générale du Travail
575:Confederacion General del Trabajo
3814:Trade unions established in 1912
3779:Anarchist organisations in Italy
3732:
2706:International Conference of Rome
2696:International Conference of Rome
1249:
1212:National Confederation of Labour
931:
750:
738:
726:
257:
1718:
1625:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1497:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1485:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1450:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1418:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1382:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1346:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1330:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1318:van der Walt & Schmidt 2009
1205:Spanish transition to democracy
1190:
1008:, led by USI general secretary
920:leadership affiliated with the
914:General Confederation of Labour
2818:Australian Anarchist Centenary
2743:German Revolution of 1918â1919
1006:revolutionary interventionists
998:Italian entry into World War I
944:; USI), which was formed as a
831:Italian entry into World War I
605:Free Workers' Union of Germany
13:
1:
2457:Decentralized planned economy
1897:
1263:
1165:
984:mobilisation that became the
884:
3774:1912 establishments in Italy
2052:Proletarian internationalism
892:first arose in Italy at the
615:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
7:
2753:1919 United States bombings
1822:; Schmidt, Michael (2009).
1225:
1133:anti-fascist general strike
1032:(UIL), which moved towards
821:", the USI led a series of
645:Workers Solidarity Alliance
10:
3835:
3789:Far-left politics in Italy
3708:Situationist International
2778:Spanish Revolution of 1936
2636:Self-managed social center
1794:Cambridge University Press
1736:Cambridge University Press
1036:and eventually joined the
879:
3727:
3612:
3172:
3122:
2847:
2833:Really Really Free Market
2828:1999 Seattle WTO protests
2650:
2522:
2430:
2394:
2347:
2270:
2201:
2192:
2142:
2117:Temporary autonomous zone
2042:Permanent autonomous zone
1977:Consensus decision-making
1905:
1802:10.1017/9781108611022.018
1744:10.1017/9781108611022.027
1131:, the alliance called an
1123:detachments known as the
942:Unione Sindicale Italiana
926:Italian invasion of Libya
910:series of general strikes
805:Unione Sindacale Italiana
797:Italian Syndicalist Union
635:Unione Sindacale Italiana
222:
195:
185:
172:
157:
147:
104:
66:
61:, the logo of the USI-CIT
51:
46:Unione Sindacale Italiana
44:
39:Italian Syndicalist Union
37:
18:Italian Syndicalist Union
3819:Syndicalist trade unions
2823:Carnival Against Capital
2748:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2737:Manifesto of the Sixteen
2631:Radical environmentalism
2580:Independent Media Center
2512:Workers' self-management
1957:Autonomous social center
1139:immediately carried out
1078:workers' self-management
1038:Italian fascist movement
894:turn of the 20th century
640:Union of Russian Workers
324:Workers' self-management
45:
2452:Cost the limit of price
1761:Damier, Vadim (2009) .
1257:Organized labour portal
1054:occupation of factories
1052:that involved the mass
1050:general strike movement
1044:Revolution and Reaction
922:Italian Socialist Party
839:occupation of factories
698:Participatory economics
75:; 111 years ago
3248:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2057:Propaganda of the deed
2047:Prefigurative politics
2037:Participatory politics
1982:Conscientious objector
1786:van der Linden, Marcel
1728:van der Linden, Marcel
1176:National Fascist Party
991:
941:
905:
804:
668:Collectivist anarchism
314:Prefigurative politics
127:; 80 years ago
113:; 99 years ago
88:; 40 years ago
3698:Libertarian socialism
2813:Kate Sharpley Library
2788:Red inverted triangle
2731:High Treason Incident
2721:Congress of Amsterdam
2127:Voluntary association
1937:Anti-authoritarianism
1927:Anarchist criminology
1922:Anarchist Black Cross
1147:, including the USI.
1064:that could establish
1000:, the USI split into
986:Red Week insurrection
976:. By the outbreak of
872:, it established the
827:Red Week insurrection
683:Libertarian socialism
620:Solidarity Federation
274:Anti-authoritarianism
73:23 November 1912
3739:Anarchism portal
3143:Fictional characters
2626:Radical cheerleading
1820:van der Walt, Lucien
1796:. pp. 411â443.
1738:. pp. 621â647.
1483:, pp. 423â424;
1448:, pp. 423â424;
1316:, pp. 419â420;
1141:political repression
1034:national syndicalism
1030:Italian Labour Union
950:self-managing unions
745:Socialism portal
733:Anarchism portal
304:Industrial democracy
86:8 December 1983
3784:Anarcho-syndicalism
3688:Left-libertarianism
2763:Kronstadt rebellion
2701:Trial of the Thirty
2666:Revolutions of 1848
2608:No gods, no masters
2417:Synthesis anarchism
2407:Anarcho-syndicalism
2395:Types of federation
1769:: Black Cat Press.
1675:, pp. 198â199.
1627:, pp. 152â153.
1611:, pp. 427â428.
1595:, pp. 427â428.
1555:, pp. 426â427.
1539:, pp. 425â426.
1384:, pp. 151â152.
1348:, pp. 151â152.
1332:, pp. 151â152.
1320:, pp. 151â152.
1283:, pp. 418â420.
1216:Free Workers' Union
1203:and the subsequent
812:anarcho-syndicalist
757:Politics portal
713:Synthesis anarchism
663:Anarchist communism
625:SAC Syndikalisterna
600:Free Workers' Union
309:Industrial unionism
251:Anarcho-syndicalism
111:7 January 1925
34:
27:Italian trade union
3638:Anti-globalization
3308:Dominican Republic
3133:Anarcho-punk bands
2793:Labadie Collection
2783:Barcelona May Days
2686:Cantonal rebellion
2620:Property is theft!
2586:The Internationale
2540:Anarchist bookfair
2339:Without adjectives
2194:Schools of thought
1591:, pp. 52â53;
1444:, pp. 42â43;
1376:, pp. 17â18;
1242:Anarchism in Italy
856:After the rise of
32:
3761:
3760:
3718:Spontaneous order
3648:Anti-war movement
3153:Jewish anarchists
2661:French Revolution
2614:Popular education
2390:
2389:
2107:Spontaneous order
1967:Classless society
1843:978-1-904859-16-1
1811:978-1-108-48134-2
1776:978-0-9737827-6-9
1753:978-1-108-48134-2
1651:, pp. 64â86.
1579:, pp. 52â53.
1523:, pp. 51â52.
1396:, pp. 17â18.
1214:(CNT) and German
1125:Arditi del Popolo
1106:Giovanni Giolitti
1070:stateless society
1062:workers' councils
1014:social revolution
1010:Alceste De Ambris
954:marble production
906:Camere del Lavoro
847:workers' councils
793:
792:
673:Council communism
362:Solidarity action
352:Industrial action
236:
235:
16:(Redirected from
3826:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3628:Anti-consumerism
3623:Anti-corporatism
2773:Amakasu Incident
2716:Strandza Commune
2691:Haymarket affair
2592:Jewish anarchism
2534:A las Barricadas
2502:Social ownership
2487:Market socialism
2462:Free association
2422:Union of egoists
2199:
2198:
2132:Workers' council
2122:Union of egoists
2082:Security culture
1992:Decentralization
1987:Critique of work
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1815:
1780:
1757:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1284:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1201:Protests of 1968
1172:Benito Mussolini
1113:fascist movement
1066:workers' control
1026:
898:houses of labour
819:houses of labour
785:
778:
771:
755:
754:
743:
742:
731:
730:
729:
570:Awareness League
319:Workers' control
261:
238:
237:
232:
229:
215:
207:
190:Guerra di Classe
177:
135:
133:
128:
125:9 June 1944
121:
119:
114:
96:
94:
89:
83:
81:
76:
56:
35:
31:
21:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3678:Labour movement
3608:
3607:
3606:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3118:
3117:
3116:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:Occupy movement
2711:Ferrer movement
2646:
2645:
2644:
2560:Escuela Moderna
2518:
2517:
2516:
2426:
2386:
2343:
2307:Insurrectionary
2266:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2062:Refusal of work
1947:Anti-militarism
1942:Anti-capitalism
1901:
1896:
1866:
1844:
1812:
1792:. Vol. 1.
1777:
1754:
1734:. Vol. 1.
1721:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:, p. 420;
1372:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1248:
1228:
1195:In the wake of
1193:
1181:wildcat strikes
1168:
1046:
1020:
994:
982:anti-militarist
934:
887:
882:
858:Italian fascism
823:general strikes
789:
749:
737:
727:
725:
718:
717:
658:
650:
649:
560:
552:
551:
392:
384:
383:
337:
329:
328:
284:Anti-militarism
279:Anti-capitalism
269:
226:
218:
213:
205:
178:
175:
167:
162:
143:
131:
129:
126:
117:
115:
112:
100:
92:
90:
87:
79:
77:
74:
62:
47:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Libertarianism
3690:
3685:
3683:Left communism
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:Related topics
3610:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:United Kingdom
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Czech Republic
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:GonzĂĄlez Prada
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Makhnovshchina
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Hague Congress
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Labour voucher
2479:
2477:Give-away shop
2474:
2469:
2467:General strike
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Affinity group
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Post-anarchist
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:Social ecology
2292:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2272:Post-classical
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Social ecology
2089:
2087:Self-ownership
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Horizontalidad
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Class struggle
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Affinity group
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1842:
1816:
1810:
1781:
1775:
1758:
1752:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:, p. 633.
1701:
1699:, p. 202.
1689:
1687:, p. 199.
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1623:, p. 53;
1613:
1607:, p. 53;
1597:
1581:
1569:
1567:, p. 427.
1557:
1551:, p. 52;
1541:
1535:, p. 52;
1525:
1513:
1501:
1499:, p. 152.
1489:
1487:, p. 152.
1479:, p. 43;
1469:
1454:
1452:, p. 152.
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 165.
1410:
1408:, p. 420.
1398:
1386:
1366:
1364:, p. 420.
1360:, p. 17;
1350:
1344:, p. 17;
1334:
1322:
1312:, p. 17;
1302:
1285:
1279:, p. 17;
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1192:
1189:
1167:
1164:
1137:Fascist regime
1074:Sestri Ponente
1045:
1042:
1018:Armando Borghi
996:Following the
993:
990:
970:rail transport
933:
930:
886:
883:
881:
878:
862:strike actions
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:
747:
735:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
657:Related topics
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
379:Trade unionism
376:
375:
374:
372:General strike
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
294:Class conflict
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
254:
253:
247:
246:
234:
233:
224:
220:
219:
217:
216:
214:(2018âpresent)
208:
199:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
179:
173:
170:
169:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
142:
141:
123:
108:
106:
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:(refoundation)
84:
70:
68:
64:
63:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3831:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:United States
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:French Guiana
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Biennio Rosso
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Paris Commune
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Mutual credit
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Communization
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:Philosophical
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:Individualist
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Animal rights
2151:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Individualism
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Direct action
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1663:, p. 87.
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1639:, p. 53.
1638:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1511:, p. 51.
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1467:, p. 43.
1466:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1432:, p. 18.
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1300:, p. 17.
1299:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Biennio rosso
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:March on Rome
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:direct action
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:Establishment
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:Biennio Rosso
833:. During the
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:; USI) is an
806:
802:
798:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:
741:
736:
734:
724:
723:
722:
721:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:Organizations
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
427:GarcĂa Oliver
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
388:
387:
380:
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
367:Strike action
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Direct action
345:
343:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Anti-politics
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
260:
256:
255:
252:
249:
248:
244:
240:
239:
231:
225:
221:
212:
209:
204:
201:
200:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
171:
165:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
139:
136:(merged into
124:
110:
109:
107:
103:
85:
72:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
36:
30:
19:
3751:
3744:
3730:
3643:Anti-statism
3633:Anti-fascism
3538:South Africa
3038:Pi i Margall
2735:
2584:
2545:Anarcho-punk
2532:
2507:Wage slavery
2472:Gift economy
2367:Postcolonial
2349:Contemporary
2302:Independence
2249:Collectivist
2168:Love and sex
1997:Deep ecology
1932:Anationalism
1823:
1789:
1762:
1731:
1719:Bibliography
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1616:
1600:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1544:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1472:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1369:
1353:
1337:
1325:
1305:
1272:
1209:
1197:World War II
1194:
1191:Refoundation
1170:The rise of
1169:
1158:-controlled
1149:
1143:against the
1121:anti-fascist
1110:
1047:
995:
962:construction
958:metalworking
935:
896:, after the
888:
855:
829:against the
796:
794:
693:Neozapatismo
634:
196:Affiliations
189:
161:Via Testi 2,
158:Headquarters
29:
3809:Syndicalism
3553:Switzerland
3513:Puerto Rico
3498:Philippines
3463:New Zealand
3458:Netherlands
3328:El Salvador
3163:Periodicals
2726:Tragic Week
2597:Lifestylism
2492:Mutual bank
2447:Cooperative
2412:Platformism
2362:Free-market
2290:Primitivist
2173:Nationalism
2102:Somatherapy
2012:Freethought
1709:Correa 2023
1697:Damier 2009
1685:Damier 2009
1673:Damier 2009
1661:Damier 2009
1649:Damier 2009
1637:Damier 2009
1621:Damier 2009
1605:Damier 2009
1589:Damier 2009
1577:Damier 2009
1549:Damier 2009
1533:Damier 2009
1521:Damier 2009
1509:Damier 2009
1477:Damier 2009
1465:Damier 2009
1442:Damier 2009
1430:Damier 2009
1394:Damier 2009
1374:Damier 2009
1358:Damier 2009
1342:Damier 2009
1310:Damier 2009
1298:Damier 2009
1277:Damier 2009
1021: [
978:World War I
966:agriculture
890:Syndicalism
866:Spanish CNT
815:trade union
708:Sorelianism
703:Platformism
497:Petrichenko
482:Novomirskii
206:(1922â2016)
186:Publication
174:Membership
152:Trade union
67:Established
3768:Categories
3673:Dual Power
3658:Autonomism
3653:Autarchism
3313:East Timor
3283:Costa Rica
3228:Bangladesh
3223:Azerbaijan
2933:Feyerabend
2570:Freeganism
2220:Illegalist
2158:Capitalism
2097:Sociocracy
2067:Revolution
2032:Mutual aid
1962:Black bloc
1860:1100238201
1852:2006933558
1264:References
1232:Autonomism
1166:Repression
1102:government
1098:Red Guards
946:federation
885:Background
870:German FAU
678:De Leonism
487:Pelloutier
452:Mainwaring
299:Federalism
132:1944-06-09
118:1925-01-07
93:1983-12-08
80:1912-11-23
59:Sabo-tabby
3713:Socialism
3663:Communism
3598:Venezuela
3533:Singapore
3468:Nicaragua
3393:Indonesia
3373:Hong Kong
3368:Guatemala
3213:Australia
3203:Argentina
3174:By region
3158:Musicians
3063:SantillĂĄn
3013:Malatesta
2983:Kropotkin
2963:Guillaume
2641:Symbolism
2555:DIY ethic
2432:Economics
2377:Post-left
2322:Christian
2317:Religious
2254:Communist
2239:Mutualist
2203:Classical
2163:Education
2112:Squatting
2072:Rewilding
2007:Free love
1899:Anarchism
1830:Edinburgh
1609:Levy 2023
1593:Levy 2023
1565:Levy 2023
1553:Levy 2023
1537:Levy 2023
1481:Levy 2023
1446:Levy 2023
1406:Levy 2023
1378:Levy 2023
1362:Levy 2023
1314:Levy 2023
1281:Levy 2023
1156:Bolshevik
1145:left-wing
928:in 1911.
918:reformist
688:Mutualism
517:SantillĂĄn
402:Ascaso J.
397:Ascaso F.
105:Dissolved
3746:Category
3508:Portugal
3488:Paraguay
3448:Mongolia
3433:Malaysia
3278:Colombia
3258:Bulgaria
3048:Proudhon
3008:Maksimov
2988:Landauer
2938:Giovanni
2888:Bookchin
2803:May 1968
2575:Infoshop
2327:Buddhist
2312:Pacifist
2280:Feminist
2259:Magonist
2227:Naturist
2183:Violence
2178:Religion
2077:Sabotage
1907:Concepts
1834:AK Press
1767:Edmonton
1226:See also
1162:(RILU).
1094:Piombino
1086:Piedmont
522:Schapiro
457:Maksimov
432:Gröndahl
357:Sabotage
336:Practice
243:a series
241:Part of
122:(banned)
3753:Outline
3703:Marxism
3603:Vietnam
3593:Uruguay
3578:Ukraine
3568:Tunisia
3518:Romania
3473:Nigeria
3453:Morocco
3403:Ireland
3383:Iceland
3378:Hungary
3358:Germany
3353:Georgia
3338:Finland
3333:Estonia
3318:Ecuador
3303:Denmark
3288:Croatia
3243:Bolivia
3238:Belgium
3233:Belarus
3218:Austria
3208:Armenia
3198:Andorra
3193:Algeria
3188:Albania
3108:Yarchuk
3083:Tolstoy
3078:Thoreau
3073:Stirner
3068:Spooner
3033:Parsons
2958:Graeber
2948:Goldman
2908:Durruti
2893:Chomsky
2883:Bonanno
2878:Berkman
2873:Bakunin
2652:History
2602:May Day
2524:Culture
1917:Anarchy
1788:(ed.).
1730:(ed.).
1222:(ICL).
1185:Tuscany
974:sailing
938:Italian
902:Italian
880:History
843:control
809:Italian
801:Italian
547:Yarchuk
512:RĂŒdiger
492:Pestaña
462:Meltzer
422:Dolgoff
417:Chomsky
407:Besnard
342:Boycott
228:usi-cit
223:Website
130: (
116: (
91: (
78: (
3573:Turkey
3563:Taiwan
3548:Sweden
3528:Serbia
3523:Russia
3503:Poland
3483:Panama
3478:Norway
3443:Monaco
3438:Mexico
3428:Latvia
3408:Israel
3363:Greece
3343:France
3263:Canada
3253:Brazil
3183:Africa
3113:Zerzan
3103:Warren
3088:Tucker
3058:Rocker
3053:Reclus
3043:Pouget
3023:Michel
3003:Makhno
2978:KĆtoku
2968:He-Yin
2943:Godwin
2928:Ferrer
2898:Cleyre
2863:Armand
2858:Alston
2849:People
2332:Jewish
2244:Social
2215:Egoist
2144:Issues
1858:
1850:
1840:
1808:
1773:
1750:
1090:Napoli
1076:under
1004:. The
542:Witkop
537:Souchy
507:Rocker
502:Pouget
477:GandĂa
467:OrobĂłn
447:Köster
391:People
268:Theory
176:(2016)
3558:Syria
3543:Spain
3423:Korea
3418:Japan
3413:Italy
3388:India
3323:Egypt
3273:China
3268:Chile
3148:Films
3138:Books
3124:Lists
3093:Volin
2998:MagĂłn
2973:Kanno
2923:Faure
2918:Ervin
2913:Ellul
2798:Provo
2565:Films
2382:Queer
2357:Black
2285:Green
1082:Turin
1058:Parma
1025:]
527:SeguĂ
472:PeirĂł
442:Kater
437:Leval
412:Camus
181:1,000
168:Italy
164:Parma
3493:Peru
3398:Iran
3293:Cuba
3098:Ward
3028:Most
3018:Mett
2550:Arts
1856:OCLC
1848:LCCN
1838:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1088:and
972:and
868:and
795:The
532:Soto
230:.org
148:Type
138:CGIL
2993:Liu
2903:Day
2808:LIP
2027:Law
1798:doi
1740:doi
1174:'s
1104:of
992:War
948:of
845:of
33:USI
3770::
2868:Ba
1854:.
1846:.
1836:.
1832::
1828:.
1804:.
1746:.
1457:^
1288:^
1040:.
1023:it
988:.
968:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
940::
904::
803::
245:on
2622:"
2618:"
2610:"
2606:"
1891:e
1884:t
1877:v
1862:.
1814:.
1800::
1779:.
1756:.
1742::
900:(
799:(
784:e
777:t
770:v
166:,
140:)
134:)
120:)
95:)
82:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.