1588:
42:
234:
In art, Isimud was depicted as a figure with two faces, either standing alone or in introduction scenes with his master. While most sukkals can only be identified in art because of their badge of office, a staff, Isimud on the account of his two faces is an exception, and it has been noted that he
320:. It was likely located near the main gate, but as there is no agreement which of the entrances fulfilled this role, two separate rooms discovered during excavations have been identified as Isimud’s dwelling, 48 and 79b (the latter alternatively assumed to be the cella of
308:, the attestations are limited to two possible references in ritual texts, but the reading of the theonym is uncertain. He speculates that since no references to a separate sanctuary dedicated to him have been identified, he might have been worshiped in the
353:, and appears in a ritual text in which priests follow him to various temples. He is mentioned in a text describing a procession taking place on the fourth day of the month Kislīmu, which involved a slave riding on the back of a bull.
496:, though the full restoration of the plot is not impossible. In Hurrian context he appears in the Song of LAMMA, where Ea instructs him to visit the eponymous deity because despite his newfound status as the “King in Heaven” (
219:
As a sukkal, Isimud was believed to act as an advisor, messenger and doorkeeper of his master. However, as noted by Frans
Wiggermann, similarly as the sukkals of other major city gods (for example
212:
dialect it can be now concluded that this name originally designated a female deity, who later came to be conflated with Isimud, possibly due to the influence of similar developments pertaining to
227:) he most likely did not originate as a personification of a specific sphere of influence of his master, in contrast with deities such as Nimgir, deified lightning regarded as the sukkal of
1250:
Hutter, Manfred (2020). "Personennamen der hethitischen GroĂźreichszeit als
Quellen religiöser Verhältnisse". In Kim, Ronald I.; Mynářová, Jana; Pavúk, Peter (eds.).
251:
456:, where he navigates Enki's boat, acts as his messenger and emissary, and later cuts the plants Enki subsequently eats. Further myths he plays a role in include
261:, examples from the earliest period from which certain attestations are available are the most common. Examples are also known from outside Mesopotamia, from
500:) he did not hold any meetings of the divine assembly. He also instructs him to go to the “Dark Earth” (the underworld) to bring a message to the deities
482:, where he is tasked with informing the eponymous protagonist about the fate which will befall the world. He also appears as Enki’s servant in the text
402:
1252:
HroznĂ˝ and
Hittite: the first hundred years: proceedings of the International Conference held at Charles University, Prague, 11-14 November 2015
1420:
1299:
292:
In the first millennium BCE, Isimud received offerings in building rituals. He was also one of the deities belonging to the local pantheon of
122:(Ea). He was depicted with two faces. No references to temples dedicated to him are known, though ritual texts indicate he was worshiped in
1534:
385:
invoking him has been identified among the names of princes and officials of the
Hittite Empire, in which only four other Hurrian deities,
204:(Ĺ A) were two separate deities It has been argued that the latter was only his variant name. However, according to Julia Krul, based on
958:
Alster, Bendt (2006). "Ninurta and the Turtle: On
Parodia Sacra in Sumerian Literature". In Michalowski, Piotr; Veldhuis, Niek (eds.).
312:
complex like many other minor deities. Later on, a cella dedicated to him existed in the Bīt Rēš, a newly built temple dedicated to
1458:
1396:
1267:
1234:
1213:
1143:
1111:
1092:
1053:
278:
1485:
1359:
1168:
975:
1527:
488:
1129:
200:
form of the name, Izzumi, is also attested. It was originally considered uncertain if the names Isimud and
1520:
1904:
256:
407:
1914:
1909:
236:
1919:
1389:
The Cults of Uruk and
Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice
365:
as well. According to
Alfonso Archi, he was received by the Hurrians from Mesopotamia alongside
301:
282:
205:
324:). He might have been regarded as one of the divine guards of the temple complex, alongside
1643:
442:
1832:
8:
305:
1817:
1229:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill.
1414:
1293:
1281:
1022:
989:
181:
1543:
1481:
1464:
1454:
1402:
1392:
1355:
1328:
1285:
1273:
1263:
1230:
1209:
1164:
1139:
1117:
1107:
1088:
1059:
1049:
1014:
993:
981:
971:
340:, he is attested in ritual texts. He is mentioned for example in descriptions of the
177:
91:
1587:
1480:. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
41:
1347:
1343:
The
Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
1320:
1255:
1201:
1080:
963:
497:
362:
197:
135:
131:
111:
101:
478:
188:, “two-faced”, which was used in omen texts, and on this basis concluded that the
1617:
1429:
1370:
1224:
1178:
1133:
472:
382:
337:
297:
243:
51:
960:
Approaches to
Sumerian literature: studies in honor of Stip (H.L.J. Vanstiphout)
437:
321:
317:
266:
262:
247:
193:
1406:
1351:
1324:
1277:
1259:
967:
1898:
1739:
1468:
1332:
1063:
1018:
985:
201:
47:
1121:
1084:
286:
1572:
1450:
God lists from Old
Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
501:
349:
Either in the Neo-Babylonian period or later, Isimud was also worshiped in
1205:
1161:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
1729:
1683:
398:
394:
235:
does not always hold this attribute. His appearance has been compared to
1026:
1878:
1789:
1769:
1724:
1648:
1567:
1198:
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle
1002:
333:
164:
390:
220:
1873:
1764:
1734:
1693:
1622:
1512:
452:
445:, and subsequently acts as a messenger, telling Inanna to return the
412:
festival, he received offerings of meat and bread, as well as ritual
386:
346:
ceremony. In this context, he forms a trio with Nuska and Papsukkal.
329:
213:
147:
138:. In myths, he appears in his traditional role as a servant of Enki.
1448:
1341:
300:. It is not certain if he was already worshiped in this city in the
1883:
1863:
1653:
1072:
1041:
413:
378:
366:
1496:
1308:
304:, though this possibility is accepted by Julia Krul. According to
1827:
1784:
1759:
1754:
1698:
1673:
465:
374:
370:
350:
189:
127:
1858:
1842:
1779:
1774:
1749:
1719:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1612:
459:
430:
373:. He was also among the Hurrian deities who were introduced to
228:
209:
169:
115:
55:
28:
1868:
1822:
1703:
1607:
1577:
1497:"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II"
1073:"The Anatolian Fate-Goddesses and their Different Traditions"
493:
342:
325:
309:
239:
224:
66:, and Isimud, who is characteristically shown with two faces.
840:
838:
1837:
1812:
1794:
1602:
1557:
425:
293:
173:
123:
119:
75:
63:
32:
1627:
1562:
835:
521:
519:
517:
313:
59:
910:
559:
557:
555:
553:
486:. While similar to the so-called "debate poems" such as
703:
679:
638:
626:
614:
787:
604:
514:
435:, where he informs his master that he handed over the
277:
Attestations of Isimud are available from between the
1104:
The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period
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799:
751:
727:
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to Enki or face the consequences. He also appears in
934:
898:
886:
874:
775:
763:
862:
850:
811:
1013:(2). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 114–129.
922:
739:
715:
691:
662:
581:
531:
184:has noted that the latter resembles the adjective
1896:
356:
1371:"Isimu A. Philologisch · Isimu A. Philological"
381:similarly worshiped him alongside Ea. A single
289:dedicated to him are mentioned in known texts.
192:was understood similarly, presumably through a
1042:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"
1528:
1044:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.).
1535:
1521:
1494:
1419:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1158:
844:
644:
632:
620:
40:
424:In myths, Isimud acts as an attendant of
1446:
1101:
685:
575:
525:
242:. Depictions are known from between the
1478:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
1475:
1386:
1368:
1254:(in German). Leiden. pp. 506–517.
1195:
1176:
1046:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman
829:
793:
757:
656:
563:
1897:
1542:
1249:
1159:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992),
1070:
957:
892:
805:
781:
441:to the eponymous goddess while he was
1516:
1427:
1128:
1039:
1000:
940:
916:
904:
880:
769:
544:
141:
1339:
1306:
1226:Geschichte der hethitischen Religion
1222:
928:
868:
856:
817:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
673:
608:
428:(Ea). He appears in the composition
336:. While absent from legal texts and
401:are otherwise attested. During the
13:
1319:(3). Peeters Publishers: 320–342.
176:(Ea). He was also known under the
114:regarded as the divine attendant (
14:
1931:
962:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–36.
492:, it is instead presumed to be a
361:Isimud was incorporated into the
1586:
1495:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987).
1003:"The Names of the Primeval Gods"
172:(divine “attendant”) of the god
130:. He was also incorporated into
1309:"Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two"
1135:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
950:
1:
1106:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
1102:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
1079:. De Gruyter. pp. 1–26.
1077:Diversity and Standardization
507:
357:Hurrian and Hittite reception
158:.NUN.ME.EZENâś•KASKAL; glossed
1434:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1387:Linssen, Marc J. H. (2004).
1375:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1369:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980),
1183:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1163:, The British Museum Press,
419:
7:
1447:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
1179:"Isimu B. In der Bildkunst"
1177:Boehmer, Rainer M. (1980),
1138:. Oxford University Press.
1048:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
10:
1936:
1453:. MĂĽnster: Ugarit Verlag.
272:
105:
95:
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1803:
1712:
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1352:10.1163/9789004364943_004
1325:10.2143/bior.65.3.2033365
1260:10.1163/9789004413122_029
968:10.1163/9789047410683_004
71:
39:
26:
21:
1428:Otten, Heinrich (1980),
1196:Gadotti, Alhena (2014).
1071:Archi, Alfonso (2013a).
484:The Heron and the Turtle
1476:Taracha, Piotr (2009).
1223:Haas, Volkert (2015) .
1085:10.1524/9783050057576.1
1040:Archi, Alfonso (2013).
1001:Archi, Alfonso (1990).
1313:Bibliotheca Orientalis
845:Black & Green 1992
252:Rainer Michael Boehmer
250:periods. According to
54:depicting the deities
1206:10.1515/9781614515456
302:Neo-Babylonian period
285:periods. However, no
208:texts written in the
1644:Dumuzid the Shepherd
1340:Krul, Julia (2018).
1637:Other major deities
1307:Katz, Dina (2008).
919:, pp. 235–236.
712:, pp. 153–154.
306:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
1544:Sumerian mythology
458:Enki’s Journey to
182:Wilfred G. Lambert
154:.NUN(.ME), PAP.SIG
142:Name and character
1905:Mesopotamian gods
1892:
1891:
1551:Primordial beings
1460:978-3-86835-019-7
1398:978-90-474-1233-5
1269:978-90-04-41311-5
1236:978-90-04-29394-6
1215:978-1-61451-708-5
1145:978-0-19-929633-0
1113:978-90-04-13024-1
1094:978-3-05-005756-9
1055:978-1-937040-11-6
736:, pp. 66–67.
81:
80:
72:Major cult center
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1804:Demons, spirits,
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1130:Black, Jeremy A.
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502:Nara and Napšara
498:king of the gods
411:
363:Hurrian pantheon
338:theophoric names
260:
136:Hittite religion
132:Hurrian religion
112:Mesopotamian god
109:
99:
44:
19:
18:
16:Mesopotamian god
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1915:Hittite deities
1910:Hurrian deities
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1596:Primary deities
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978:
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645:Wiggermann 1987
643:
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633:Wiggermann 1987
631:
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621:Wiggermann 1987
619:
615:
607:
582:
574:
570:
562:
551:
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489:Sheep and Grain
422:
405:
383:theophoric name
359:
298:Seleucid period
275:
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157:
153:
144:
67:
52:Akkadian Period
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1920:Messenger gods
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1501:Ex Oriente Lux
1492:
1487:978-3447058858
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1397:
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1220:
1214:
1200:. De Gruyter.
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1174:
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998:
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945:
943:, p. 119.
933:
921:
909:
907:, p. 238.
897:
885:
883:, p. 331.
873:
871:, p. 330.
861:
859:, p. 325.
849:
847:, p. 110.
834:
822:
820:, p. 815.
810:
808:, p. 511.
798:
796:, p. 126.
786:
774:
772:, p. 228.
762:
750:
738:
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702:
690:
688:, p. 325.
678:
661:
659:, p. 180.
649:
637:
625:
613:
611:, p. 153.
580:
568:
566:, p. 179.
549:
530:
528:, p. 348.
512:
511:
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506:
468:and the Turtle
421:
418:
358:
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279:Early Dynastic
274:
271:
267:Hittite Empire
206:Old Babylonian
194:folk etymology
155:
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1852:Mortal heroes
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1713:Minor deities
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1361:9789004364936
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1199:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:0-7141-1705-6
1166:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
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1127:
1123:
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987:
983:
979:
977:90-474-1068-8
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
955:
942:
937:
931:, p. 98.
930:
925:
918:
913:
906:
901:
895:, p. 19.
894:
889:
882:
877:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
832:, p. 37.
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
784:, p. 12.
783:
778:
771:
766:
760:, p. 93.
759:
754:
748:, p. 65.
747:
742:
735:
730:
724:, p. 66.
723:
718:
711:
706:
700:, p. 25.
699:
694:
687:
686:Beaulieu 2003
682:
676:, p. 72.
675:
670:
668:
666:
658:
653:
647:, p. 12.
646:
641:
635:, p. 22.
634:
629:
623:, p. 17.
622:
617:
610:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
578:, p. 48.
577:
576:Peterson 2009
572:
565:
560:
558:
556:
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547:, p. 10.
546:
541:
539:
537:
535:
527:
526:Beaulieu 2003
522:
520:
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380:
376:
372:
369:and his wife
368:
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307:
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283:Late Assyrian
280:
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149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:) of the god
117:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
89:
85:
77:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:cylinder seal
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1806:and monsters
1744:
1504:
1500:
1477:
1449:
1438:, retrieved
1433:
1388:
1378:, retrieved
1374:
1342:
1316:
1312:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1225:
1197:
1187:, retrieved
1182:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1134:
1103:
1076:
1045:
1030:. Retrieved
1010:
1006:
959:
951:Bibliography
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
830:Gadotti 2014
825:
813:
801:
794:Taracha 2009
789:
777:
765:
758:Linssen 2004
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
681:
657:Boehmer 1980
652:
640:
628:
616:
571:
564:Lambert 1980
487:
483:
477:
471:
464:
457:
450:
446:
436:
429:
423:
360:
348:
341:
291:
276:
233:
218:
185:
163:
159:
145:
106:
96:
87:
83:
82:
1730:Geshtinanna
1684:Ningishzida
1436:(in German)
1185:(in German)
893:Alster 2006
806:Hutter 2020
782:Archi 2013a
443:intoxicated
406: [
255: [
180:name UsmĂ».
1899:Categories
1879:Lugalbanda
1770:Nimintabba
1740:Hushbishag
1649:Ereshkigal
1568:Enmesharra
1440:2023-01-21
1407:1294390148
1391:. Leiden.
1380:2023-01-21
1278:1110656861
1242:2023-01-20
1189:2023-01-21
1151:2023-01-21
1032:2023-01-20
1007:Orientalia
941:Archi 1990
917:Black 2006
905:Black 2006
881:Black 2006
770:Otten 1980
545:Archi 2013
508:References
473:Enūma Eliš
403:AN.TAḪ.ŠUM
334:Pisangunug
168:) was the
1874:Gilgamesh
1765:Ninsianna
1735:Gugalanna
1694:Ninshubur
1623:Ninhursag
1469:460044951
1430:"Izzummi"
1415:cite book
1346:. Brill.
1333:0006-1913
1294:cite book
1286:213863522
1064:882106763
1019:0030-5367
994:239193990
986:568279426
929:Haas 2015
869:Katz 2008
857:Katz 2008
818:Haas 2015
746:Krul 2018
734:Krul 2018
722:Krul 2018
710:Krul 2018
698:Krul 2018
674:Krul 2018
609:Krul 2018
479:Atraḫasīs
453:Ninhursag
451:Enki and
420:Mythology
414:libations
330:Papsukkal
214:Ninshubur
165:An = Anum
150:: PAP.SIG
148:cuneiform
50:from the
1884:Ziusudra
1864:Enmerkar
1833:Mušḫuššu
1654:Ishtaran
1507:. Brill.
1132:(2006).
1122:51944564
1027:43075881
433:and Enki
379:Hittites
265:and the
244:Akkadian
178:Akkadian
146:Isimud (
110:) was a
92:Akkadian
1785:Sherida
1760:Ninkasi
1755:Ninimma
1699:Ninurta
1674:Ninegal
476:, and
466:Ninurta
391:Ĺ arruma
375:Hattusa
371:Damkina
351:Babylon
296:in the
287:temples
273:Worship
248:Kassite
221:Alammuš
198:Hurrian
190:theonym
160:i-si-mu
128:Babylon
107:Izzummi
102:Hurrian
1859:Enkidu
1843:Rabisu
1828:Huwawa
1780:Nungal
1775:Ninsun
1750:Namtar
1745:Isimud
1720:Azimua
1689:Ninlil
1679:Ningal
1669:Ninazu
1664:Nisaba
1659:Nergal
1613:Inanna
1484:
1467:
1457:
1405:
1395:
1358:
1331:
1284:
1276:
1266:
1233:
1212:
1167:
1142:
1120:
1110:
1091:
1062:
1052:
1025:
1017:
992:
984:
974:
460:Nippur
431:Inanna
399:Teššub
395:Šauška
229:Ishkur
210:Emesal
186:usumia
170:sukkal
116:sukkal
86:(also
84:Isimud
56:Inanna
29:Sukkal
22:Isimud
1869:Etana
1823:Gallu
1704:Nuska
1618:Nanna
1608:Enlil
1578:Nammu
1282:S2CID
1023:JSTOR
990:S2CID
494:fable
410:]
387:Ḫebat
343:akītu
326:Nuska
310:Eanna
263:Syria
259:]
240:Janus
237:Roman
225:Nuska
88:Isimu
1838:Udug
1818:AnzĂ»
1813:Asag
1795:Uttu
1790:Ugur
1725:Bitu
1603:Enki
1558:Abzu
1482:ISBN
1465:OCLC
1455:ISBN
1421:link
1403:OCLC
1393:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1329:ISSN
1300:link
1274:OCLC
1264:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1118:OCLC
1108:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1060:OCLC
1050:ISBN
1015:ISSN
982:OCLC
972:ISBN
426:Enki
397:and
332:and
322:Kusu
318:Antu
316:and
294:Uruk
281:and
246:and
196:. A
174:Enki
134:and
126:and
124:Uruk
120:Enki
97:UsmĂ»
76:Uruk
64:Enki
33:Enki
1628:Utu
1348:doi
1321:doi
1256:doi
1202:doi
1081:doi
964:doi
447:mes
314:Anu
231:.
223:or
202:Ara
162:in
60:Utu
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