Princess Isabella of Parma

1379: 695: 1155: 970: 1578: 562: 1143: 1298: 982: 1847: 440: 1979:

her husband, she concluded that men were 'deprived of feelings, only loved themselves'. In her opinion, a man is born to think but instead spends his life 'with entertainment, yelling, playing heroes, running up and down, in other words, doing nothing but what flatters his vanity or requires no thought of him'. She summarised why, in her opinion, men were nevertheless above women in society: so that their 'faults can make virtues shine brighter', to become better every day, and 'to be endured in the world, from which, if they did not hold all power in their hands, they would be exiled entirely'. Isabella concluded that the 'slavery' of women is caused by men sensing that women are superior to them.

51: 1908:, as she believed that they made children 'violent, stubborn, and harsh' immediately and in adulthood. She argued that unexplained restrictions and harsh punishments deprived children of the experience of 'fulfilling their duties willingly'. Their only behavioural example would then be 'violence' (as was the case with her brother). She believed that children had inherent 'goodwill and confidence', but those raised authoritatively would learn to act out of a 'servile fear of humiliation'. In Isabella's opinion, abusing parental authority leads children to think of themselves as 'slaves' and become 'unfeeling and self-mocking' to cope with their low self-esteem. 762: 710:, a title formerly belonging to his mother's family. Isabella arrived there with her mother on 20 November 1749; Parma was impoverished and its palaces were in ruins. Whereas Isabella thought highly of Spaniards and the French, she considered Italians to be 'ignorant of the art of thinking' and wanted to leave the country immediately. Her mother resented her loss of status and relative poverty and focused on arranging prestigious marriages for her children. She visited Versailles twice to negotiate a match for Isabella, between August 1752 and October 1753, then in the summer of 1757, when she died. Both times, she left her husband and children in Parma. 1203: 1589:(known as Marianne), only deteriorated. Isabella was seen as beautiful, while Marianne was considered the least attractive archduchess; Isabella was popular, while Marianne was ignored by her mother and siblings. The Infanta was intelligent and educated, and studying sciences had been Marianne's refuge from her lonely and contentious family life, an interest that connected her with her father, who now also adored Isabella. Isabella was also considered a better singer and violinist than the Archduchess. Motivated by jealously and feelings of inferiority, Marianne viewed Isabella as a rival even before she arrived in Austria and received her coldly. 1055: 1923: 1611: 1602:, 'The Charms of False Friendship' about her. The two nevertheless exchanged embraces, kisses, and compliments in public. Marianne seems to have been the only person to suspect the affair between Isabella and Marie, and she spied on them. Isabella often warned Marie to keep their letters safe from Marianne. Their coldness, turning into hostility, worsened the already distant relationship between Marianne and Joseph, and he never forgave his sister for antagonising his wife. Later, as head of the family, he used his power to isolate her and deprive her financially 859: 1178:

Isabella was 'in good health' but had been bedridden for days. Her miscarriages worsened her depression and eroded her will to live. Her death anxiety was aggravated every time by the risks of childbirth. In early March 1763, was reported in France that she was psychologically unwell, still grieving her last miscarriage, and displaying physical symptoms: she was 'extremely thin', had an 'almost constant' 'dry cough', and pain in her sides. It was concluded that her health was 'seriously threatened' and that her 'soul' needed to be 'calmed'.

1725: 1772:. She had also started to learn German. In a report commissioned by Maria Theresa, she was praised as 'beautiful' and 'kind', 'dignified' but never 'affected', calling her an 'angel of beauty and of goodness'. She liked to read but did not 'wish to appear a savant'—she was able to express her intelligence and knowledge while remaining in line with contemporary expectations of proper feminine behaviour. Contemporaries appreciated that she was both 'erudite' and good-hearted. She enjoyed dancing at balls but not 714: 1402:. She nevertheless agrees with other biographers that the letters convey a 'visceral need' for intimate proximity and an 'exclusive passion', especially by their frequency (often multiple letters a day) and through 'ambiguous' phrases. Isabella used a mix of words denoting platonic and romantic love to disguise her attraction, neutralising verbs referring to sexual or romantic feelings by following them with ones appropriate in friendship, such as in 'I yearn 582:, and performing stunts with a rope, and she liked to write, sing, and draw. Attempting to better her behaviour, Gonzalez forbade her access to ropes, horses, and swings. 'What to do in this sad situation? But I finally learned to be reasonable', Isabella commented as an adult. She started to entertain herself silently, later recalling that her 'head was always in the clouds, occupying itself with a hundred thousand ideas at once'. In 1746, a French 1912:

against children showed the adult's lack of 'understanding' and pedagogical talent. Painting an anonymous portrait of her brother, she concluded that beatings inspired 'hate', dishonesty, and a desire to 'avenge themselves' in children. Instead of these methods, which she say had been gaining popularity at the time, she advocated for kindness, 'almost unknown' as it was regarded as a 'weakness, a failure of firmness and reason'.

778:, to show more love to Isabella, because it was feared that news of her cold treatment spreading to foreign courts could diminish the chances of a politically advantageous marriage. The French ambassador to Parma assured Noailles that more attention was being paid to Isabella, while Madame Infante protested her maternal love: 'all the world must see how much I love her. For those who know me, it is certain'. 938:. To please her new family, she was ready to pretend and manipulate. Her bridegroom Joseph wrote to a friend that he would try to win his bride's 'respect and trust', but he considered it impossible for himself to be 'agreeable, to pose as a lover', as that went against his 'nature' which had never understood romantic love. Thoughts of his approaching wedding made him 'tremble' and feel melancholic. 1941:, Isabella wrote that a princess was the 'victim of a minister's unfortunate policies', sacrificed for the supposed public good. She criticised the idea of allying countries through marriages, arguing that this cannot lead to a lasting alliance. She concluded with saying that a princess might be able to make her 'sad situation' 'enviable' by invoking the will of God and serving Him. 1170:(named after her paternal grandmother). How Isabella felt about her child is unknown, but she only mentioned her once in her intimate correspondence (which was not written for semi-public consumption in the recipient court) and never in her private writings; a friend commented that her love for her child 'did not show much on the exterior'. 1321:, the sisters-in-law cancelled their meeting in hurried, disappointed notes. They were worried to keep their relationship a secret; in March 1761, Isabella reminded Marie of her 'given word' to never talk about something (she does not specify what), because 'there is nothing in the world as shameful as going against nature'. 1997:('Advice to Marie') consists of descriptions of their family members and ways of nurturing a good relationship with them. In her view, her husband was 'not primarily emotional' and viewed usual expressions of love such as terms of endearment or embraces as flattery or hypocrisy. She described her father-in-law Emperor 1667:. The coffin of her daughter Christina was placed beneath hers. Isabella's death, along with the death from smallpox of three or four of the imperial children, and the suffering most family members underwent because of the disease, contributed to Maria Theresa's 1768 decision to have younger members of the family 1222:. Marie was the third surviving child of the imperial couple, less than five months younger than Isabella, and the favourite child of the Empress. She was intelligent and artistically inclined. The two quickly developed a close relationship, spending so much time together that they earned a comparison with 1948:

This is not all. In the end, they want to marry her off. She is therefore condemned to leave everything behind, her family, her homeland, and for whom? For a stranger, for a person whose character and way of thinking she does not know, for a family who will perhaps only look at her with jealousy, but

1760:

visited Parma and described Isabella as 'one of the main wonders' of the city because of her 'marked talent' in all 'useful and pleasurable arts' and her 'good knowledge of the world'. Freyermuth argues that the travels she undertook as a child and her diverse experiences in Spain, France, Parma, and

1046:

where she met the rest of the imperial family. Her fiancé, who had declared multiple times that he was more afraid of marriage than of battles, reportedly turned red upon seeing her and could not wait for the wedding. While this might be an exaggeration, as Badinter argues, she quickly seduced Joseph

769:

While Isabella certainly exchanged letters with her mother, these have been lost. Around this time, her friends questioned Madame Infante about her coldness towards her eldest child. She replied that her 'character was too serious' to 'make a friend of daughter'. She believed that Isabella should be

3572:

She was christened Maria Elisabetha Ludovica Antonia, the Latin version of her names. In childhood, she was known as Doña Isabel or Isabelita; in adulthood, as Isabelle. Formally, she signed her name as Isabelle-Marie-Louise (French) or Isabella Maria Ludovica (German), never using Antonia, Antoine,

1978:

on Men'). She argued that women were as good and capable intellectually as men, perhaps even better, and mocked the male sex. Humorously, she described men as 'useless animals' who only exist to 'do bad things, be impatient, and create confusion'. Based on her experiences and maybe on her opinion of

1945:

What can the daughter of a great prince expect? Already at birth she is a slave to the prejudices of the people; she is born only to be subjected to this welter of honours, to this etiquette attached to greatness. Her position deprives her of knowing by whom she is surrounded. The rank which she

1911:

She considered corporal punishment (which her parents had embraced) to be futile and dangerous, a form of discipline originating in 'hardened hearts' and 'lowly sentiments', based on the 'false belief' that humans are 'no better than animals' and cannot be persuaded through reason. For her, violence

1642:

and was soon diagnosed with smallpox. The Empress, who had been nursing her, was persuaded to leave her room, as she had not had the disease yet and thus could have caught it. Afterwards, Joseph, Marianne, and Marie (her husband and his two sisters) took care of her. The fever induced labour, and on

477:. Madame Infante was ambitious and strong-willed, unlike her husband, and soon took on a leading role in the marriage, working through her French and Spanish contacts to secure a higher position for themselves and more power for the Bourbons. She had a contentious relationship with her mother-in-law 1565:

All that occupies me at this hour is to say if I could only see her, what sweetness it would be, what happiness, what inner satisfaction I would feel, if I could only contemplate that nose turned with such grace and attractiveness, which has so often carried me away, that mouth so suited to console

1181:

Meanwhile, the love of her husband and mother-in-law for her grew, and it seems that Isabella found a maternal figure in the Empress. She appears to have hidden her independence and her revolutionary beliefs well, being submissive towards both her husband and her mother-in-law. Biographers describe

733:

on 9 December, to whom their mother showed more affection. Isabella seems not to have been jealous and to have enjoyed having company. During Madame Infante's absences, Isabella reported on her siblings' well-being to their father and maternal grandmother. The Duke lived apart from his children for

1560:

Tout ce qui m'occupe à cette heure, c'est de dire si je pouvais seulement la voir, quelle douceur ne serait-ce pas, quel bonheur, quelle satisfaction intérieure ne ressentirais-je pas, si je pouvais seulement contempler ce nez tourné avec tant de grâce et d'attrait, qui m’a si souvent transportée,

1328:

led to feelings of guilt. Isabella also felt ashamed for not reciprocating the love of her husband, failing to fulfill her 'duty' as a wife. This worsened her depression and convinced her that the only solution was her death. She wrote to Marie that 'only the Almighty knows how gladly I would part

1241:

Marie, writing that 'love, that cruel god, torment' her and that death would be 'surely sweet', except for not being able to love Marie anymore. In the beginning of their relationship, she addressed Marie formally, calling her 'my lady my dear Sister', but soon started calling her 'my dear angel',

1186:

Thanks to God, our dear and charming daughter has recovered well and is in good health. In ten months of time, she gave birth and had two miscarriages. That is being too diligent. I wish therefore that she rest for six months to regain her strength. I ask you not to show her any desire of having a

1150:

While Joseph fell in love with Isabella and was an attentive husband, she did not fully reciprocate his feelings. As an archduchess, it was considered her duty to produce an heir as quickly as possible, and she became pregnant in late 1761. Although the pregnancy and childbirth caused her anxiety,

1796:

in favour of those she loved and being reluctant to change her opinions among her negative traits. She also stated that Isabella liked to mock people, but that once she had reached her goal and upset them, she was devastated. Her physical appearance was the opposite of what was fashionable among

674:

are lively and stay so to the grave. Their books are witty, their conversations also; few nations are so gifted in this. Their spirit is brilliant and full of fire, it is capable of designing anything with promptness and accuracy, it is vast, it understands everything, it is precise, few things

586:

complimented her 'dignity', saying that, aged four, she already knew 'who she is, to whom she belongs, and what she must be one day'. He also remarked on the coldness of her mother towards Isabella. Growing up as an only child until the age of ten with no playmates and under strict control, her

573:

Isabella's education was structured around contemporary ideals for princesses. The use of corporal punishment was ordered by her father and endorsed by her mother. According to her unpublished autobiography, she was an energetic and mischievous child, always loud, 'jumping, climbing, falling',

1177:

in August 1762 and in January 1763. Maria Theresa advised Joseph to wait for six months before trying for a son again so that Isabella could recover. The second miscarriage was kept secret, but Maria Theresa and Joseph were 'in great distress' according to the French ambassador. He wrote that

1386:

While earlier historians dismissed the language of the letters as a fashionable expression of friendship, later it became consensus that the two had a romantic, possibly sexual affair. Badinter argues that possessive desires, feeling pain over separated from the other, an 'obsession with the

943:

I am extremely worried about my future happiness; I am certainly not entering this state out of curiosity or bestial lust; only the thought of duty brings me to this, which costs me infinitely and disgusts me. A victim of the State, I am sacrificing myself, hoping that God will repay me...

510:

of her paternal grandparents. Her grandmother, Queen Elisabeth, loved her and showed interest in her development, reporting on her well-being and behaviour to her absent son. Based on these letters, her mother never showed warmth to Isabella, and was impatient with her; when the child threw

337:, politics, diplomacy, military theory, world trade, education and childrearing, human culture and societies, and the position of women. In her writings (which she kept secret), she argued for the intellectual equality of women. None of her writings were published in her life; her 1387:

beloved', jealousy, and dependency—seen as characteristics of romantic-sexual relationships both in the 18th century and since then—were apparent in their correspondence. Supporting the idea that Isabella experienced homosexual attraction but not heterosexual, she wrote in her

615:, she was surrounded by more attention and affection than she had previously received. The luxury and cheerfulness of the French court was a shock to her after the more rigid Spanish courtly customs. Aged eight, she was allowed to participate in court functions and attend the 1813:, the contemporary name for depressive tendencies. Despite her usual liveliness and love of sports, she had sudden periods of being unable to move and sitting in one place, staring in front of herself. It has been suggested by Tamussino that her problems, probably a form of 1006:

in late 1760. While she was sad to say goodbye to her family, she was happy to leave Parma. Maria Theresa refused to let anyone of her former staff accompany her. Publicly, Isabella disguised her sadness, but when she was in private with her father, siblings, confessor, and

845:

Isabella probably witnessed the cruelty of Keralio and Condillac, especially the latter, towards her brother. Despite his progressive idea of teaching through games and his reputation as a revolutionary pedagogue, he regularly beat Ferdinand with a rod or kicked him. In her

1787:

Despite her shy and reserved nature, Isabella was well-liked by most people. She observed others consciously and analysed their personalities, strengths, and weaknesses to build a good relationship with them. When her best friend and possible lover, Archduchess

1821:

as both of her grandfathers and her father showed similar symptoms. Her mother's death had a strong effect on her, and she became convinced that she would not live for more than four years from that time. Burdened by her marriage, difficult pregnancies and

1182:

her as living a 'double life' as both a 'liberated intellectual' and a 'submissive young woman'. Despite her personal doubts, contemporaries considered her to behave as expected from a wife, and she had an 'acute sense of duty' in her role as a princess.

1047:

by her obedience and letting him feel intellectually superior to her. Maria Theresa declared that Isabella was 'perfect', and it was generally agreed that she surpassed expectations. The only person who disliked her was the eldest archduchess,

2009:

and seeming coldness' is mixed in her love for her children. She stated that her death will not be a great loss for her mother-in-law, but will nevertheless cause her pain and that she will 'transfer all of the friendship she feels for to '.

1561:

cette bouche si propre à consoler par ses baisers, ces yeux dont le langage est si touchant. J'oublie où je suis, j'oublie ceux avec qui je suis. Je ne pense qu'à ce nouveau désir que je cherche à satisfaire à quelque prix que cela soit.

1650:

and displayed a 'courage' bordering on indifference to death. On 26 November, the doctors informed Joseph that Isabella was agonising, and she died on the next day at dawn, a month before her twenty-second birthday. As her body was still

1424:

occupied by anything but your charms'. Freyermuth argues that even though Europeans in the 18th century discussed these symptoms considered 'disgusting' more freely than in the 21st century, the comfortable way Isabella described her

2026:. They were then placed in the Habsburg family archives with his comments. He noted that other works by Isabella had been lost in a shipwreck, referring to an accident in 1792 when the belongings of the couple were transported from 930:, devoting seven hours a day to the language. She was anxious to please her future mother-in-law the Empress. It appears that Isabella prepared methodically for her future, paying attention to the political situation of the 1151:

she was relieved that she did not disappoint her family. She worried that she would be unable to withstand the pain, but behaved in the expected way, with 'no sensitivity nor grimacing' according to Maria Theresa .

1838:. In 1763, she declared that she had heard a voice telling her that her death was near, which put her in a 'gentle, peaceful, festive' mood, encouraged her to 'do anything' and gave her a 'mysterious power over '. 1676:

I have lost everything. My adorable wife and only friend is no more. (...) What a frightful separation! Can I survive it? Yes, and only to be unhappy all my life. (...) There is nothing I will enjoy ever again.

850:, Isabella would condemn the way her brother had been brought up, anonymously depicting both him and Condillac. She maintained a correspondence with Keralio in her adulthood, but rarely mentioned the Abbot. 2034:. Hrasky and Tamussino consider it improbable that there were further writings, 'given the abundance of what has been preserved'. Together with the rest of the family papers, Isabella's work was stored in 975:

The public wedding supper and banquet in the Redoute Wing of the Hofburg. Only the imperial family is seated, with the emperor and the empress in the middle, Joseph on their right and Isabella on the left.

1233:

It seems that Isabella soon became romantically and perhaps also sexually attracted to Marie. The latter's feelings developed gradually and remained more reserved. She was recovering from her love for

1893:

was Isabella's rejection of the contemporary upbringing of upper-class children and a covert condemnation of her own parents and the teachers they hired, especially the abusive tutors of her brother

798:, Thomas Fumeron. From Cerou's depart in April 1754, no educator was assigned to Isabella, only to her brother Ferdinand. In 1757 and 1758 respectively, a governor and a tutor were hired for him: 1566:

with its kisses, those eyes whose language is so touching. I forget where I am, I forget those with whom I am. I think only of this new desire that I seek to satisfy whatever the price may be.

794:

to manage their property and instruct Isabella in history, literature, and French. In 1754, at the request of the Madrid court (concerned about Cerou's religiosity), he was replaced by a French

333:

thinker, She was a prolific writer, and nineteen separate works (some of them unfinished) have been preserved from the three years of her marriage. In them, she discussed philosophy, religion,

5822: 1237:

after their relationship had been ended by Maria Theresa, who considered him inferior to an archduchess. Soon after Isabella's arrival, in October or November 1760, she started to playfully

1378: 8325: 8697: 8236: 1946:

bears, far from bringing her the slighest advantage, deprives her of the greatest pleasure of life. bligated to live in the world, she hardly has any acquaintances or friends.

1696:

in 1765, who physically repulsed him and whom he mistreated despite her attempts to accommodate him. She died of smallpox after two years of marriage. He adored his only child,

341:('Christian Meditations') were published in 1764, a year after her death. Some of her personal correspondence and other works have been published by biographers and historians. 1712:

than he had been before his marriage. There is no record of Marie's reaction to Isabella's death. She took care of her daughter until she died in childhood, and married Prince

1872:, which was published on Maria Theresa's orders in 1764, she contemplated religious questions and death from a Catholic perspective. She was planning a longer study titled 519:

her so severely that Queen Elisabeth called it a 'military drill'. Madame Infante reportedly found Isabella to be 'stubborn' and 'unbearable'. Isabella was entrusted to an

7758: 498:, and he did not see his family again until his child was eight years old. Her mother showed little affection towards Isabella and probably found the baby to be a burden. 1062:

depiction of the wedding procession by Martin van Meytens. The square shown here did not exist, and existing houses were left off the picture to showcase the procession.

907:

was unenthusiastic about marriage because of his low opinion of women, and relied on the advice of his mother in choosing a bride. His betrothal to Isabella's cousin,

7269: 1051:, who had been the second lady of the court but was now displaced by Isabella. She was jealous of her popularity, while she had always been slighted by her family. 5589: 5312: 8438: 1897:. She charged parents with full responsibility over their children, calling those who allow strangers to raise their offspring as 'lazy, indifferent, and weak'. 1394:

Freyermuth argues that most of the expressions employed by Isabella were regular in sophisticated correspondence at the time, and highlights that the expression

1340:

Before her death, Isabella told her mother-in-law that 'not everything was viewable' for Joseph among her papers. The Empress asked Countess Erdődy, Isabella's

7375: 5758: 1226:. Despite living in the same palace, they exchanged letters and small notes daily, which Freyermuth connects to the popularity of intimate correspondence and 911:, was broken off with the excuse that he had fallen in love with Isabella, although the decision was a political one made by his mother. On the bride's side, 2461:

Isabella had four known pregnancies during the three years of her marriage. Two of these ended in a miscarriage and two produced daughters, only one of whom

8247: 2485: 1697: 1167: 170: 1780:(all popular forms of entertainment in European royal courts of the time), preferring brisk-paced walks as physical exercise. Inspired by her grandmother 1344:, to burn Isabella's writings; it is unknown why this did not happen. The letters Isabella had written to her remained among Marie's papers. Her husband, 1337:. On its back, she had written the date and cause of Isabella's death, calling her the 'best and truest friend' who had 'lived as an angel and died as '. 8645: 8133: 6058: 1317:

could be placed), and Isabella commented that she hoped Marie would think of her each time she used it. If the weather prevented Joseph from going on a

1294:) of Mimi. Isabella combined the superlatives fashionable in letters between close friends with genuine signs of her obsession and adoration for Marie. 5640: 2102:

detailed characterisation of the members of the imperial family and advice on how to behave towards them; written to her sister-in-law Maria Christina

1154: 7142: 8220: 1764:

During negotiations for her marriage, Austrian observers reported that Isabella spoke French, Spanish, Italian, and some Latin, studied sciences and

465:

with an age difference of seven years: her mother had been twelve and her father nineteen years old when they married. As the firstborn daughter of

8274: 8194: 7751: 7644: 915:

were led by Madame Infante. The contract was finalised in the summer of 1759 in Versailles. Shortly after, aged thirty-two, Madame Infante died of

775: 8036: 7088: 6180: 1854:

Isabella left numerous writings from the time of her marriage. In them, she analysed her life and the world around her. Her first surviving work,

8714: 8279: 7263: 6550: 3014: 2018:

Isabella was a prolific writer of essays and studies during her marriage. A number of her works were found among the papers of her sister-in-law

926:, the parties decided to wait so that the young couple could mature. The death of Élisabeth further delayed the plans. Isabella started to learn 7119: 6766: 6427: 6365: 5344: 5289:

A Treasury of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories of History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors

5164:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

1704:

in 1770, aged seven. While the love he had felt for his wife helped develop his more positive attributes, after her death, he became even more

444: 7226: 1348:, understood them as proof of an 'exceptional friendship' between his wife and an 'unpararelled princess'. As of 2024, the letters are in the 8821: 8674: 8455: 8172: 1586: 1048: 631:

recorded that she did not seem to enjoy these performances and was considered 'timid'. At this time, Isabella was more comfortable speaking

6112: 2982: 1880:) before her death. In a shorter dissertation, she summarised the Viennese court's efforts to join the Habsburg monarchy into world trade. 7614: 8469: 8431: 8253: 7803: 7744: 6871: 6633: 6312: 6082: 2862: 663: 315: 666:

to general acclaim. After her stay in Versailles, she corresponded with her maternal family and her primary language had become French.

8639: 8598: 8189: 8183: 8127: 8086: 7982: 7716: 7624: 7368: 6962: 5322: 2001:

as an 'honourable, good-hearted' man and a 'reliable, true friend', but someone who is prone to listening to bad advisors. Of Empress

6694: 7629: 7619: 376:

in the span of ten months, and later a fourth pregnancy all adversely affected her physical and mental health. She was described as

1003: 8651: 8139: 5501:

Weissensteiner, Friedrich (1995). "Mária Krisztina. Mária Terézia kedvence" [Maria Christina. Maria Theresa's Favourite].

662:

saluted her, and she was seated in an identical armchair to that of her mother and aunts. Once, she performed in the apartment of

8691: 8346: 8230: 7788: 7203: 6910: 6261: 5722: 8831: 8548: 8490: 8424: 7724: 7679: 7656: 7588: 5817: 5786: 5633: 3326: 8633: 8121: 7684: 7650: 7556: 7361: 7154: 5752: 5148: 4712: 4681: 4475: 7191: 1356:, archivist of the Habsburg papers, in the late 19th century. Another censored edition was included in Joseph Hrasky's 1959 834:. While there is no proof that she attended lectures by Keralion and Condillac, Badinter argues that her later knowledge of 8806: 8726: 8291: 7894: 7700: 7572: 7171: 6905: 6094: 6070: 2894: 2770: 628: 1834:. As reasons for this she listed that she felt she was 'good for nothing', 'only did bad things', and saw no way to reach 1486:

Vous me faites tourner la tête Je suis dans l'état le plus violent, la sueur me coule sur le front, je suis sans haleine…

1234: 8811: 8627: 8388: 8115: 7959: 7882: 7694: 7609: 7394: 7291: 6343: 6221: 6205: 6106: 6088: 6064: 6034: 2712: 2019: 1990: 1789: 1215: 357: 8615: 8103: 7197: 7181: 7176: 6674: 6442: 6437: 5532: 5316: 3384: 1146:

Joseph at Isabella's bedside after the birth of their daughter Maria Theresa. He was beside her throughout the delivery.

694: 487:

ruler of Spain, whom she threatened in her influence over her son, but they worked together to promote Philip’s career.

8621: 8109: 6266: 6256: 6028: 5868: 5491: 5459: 5434: 5301: 5226: 5199: 5169:

Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

4383: 2836: 1643:

22 November, she prematurely gave birth. On her request, the baby was baptised Maria Christina, but died the same day.

1088: 770:'satisfied' with the affection shown to her because of Madame Infante's 'cold nature'. She was officially urged by the 319: 7258: 8225: 7933: 7905: 7286: 7041: 6684: 6545: 6012: 5781: 5764: 5740: 5626: 5411: 5248: 4324: 1230:

at the time. Two hundred pieces of correspondence by Isabella survived (those by Marie were burned after her death).

365: 17: 8522: 5600: 5445: 7977: 7938: 7540: 7136: 7124: 6653: 6571: 6566: 6246: 6236: 6076: 6007: 5986: 5802: 5283: 2956: 1577: 1166:. This was worsened by her husband not understanding her problems. On 20 March 1762, she gave birth to Archduchess 703: 417: 287: 8269: 7231: 7057: 7036: 5976: 1324:

Marie seems to have been more reserved than Isabella, but she did return her feelings. Their shared perception of

969: 7689: 7639: 7535: 6864: 6648: 6195: 6046: 5996: 5514: 5388: 2023: 1713: 1466:

Je suis amoureuse de toi comme une folle, saintement ou diaboliquement, je vous aime et aimerai jusqu'au tombeau.

1345: 561: 344:

Although her husband loved her, she did not fully return his feelings and found more fulfillment in her (likely

8743: 8351: 8319: 8031: 7307: 6761: 6638: 6617: 6519: 6333: 6185: 3140: 2738: 1927: 1638:

cases were reported around Vienna. On 18 November, four days after her arrival in Vienna, Isabella developed a

1325: 495: 4302: 3504: 1282:

connotations. Isabelle regularly portrayed the two of them as a heterosexual couple, for example, Marie being

364:

court, the shame and guilt inspired by her inability to reciprocate her husband's feelings, compounded by the

8826: 8215: 8178: 8015: 7130: 7093: 6952: 6890: 6524: 6251: 6052: 5812: 3202: 1998: 1076: 1036: 904: 738:

to be closer to the best hunting grounds. Isabella sent short notes to him detailing the sleeping habits and

449: 323: 139: 3711: 3286: 433: 299: 239: 8543: 8474: 8373: 8009: 7328: 5981: 5287: 3228: 2051: 2047: 1349: 78: 8242: 1692:

Joseph was devastated by her death and never fully recovered. On his mother's insistence, he remarried to

8836: 8657: 8378: 8145: 7971: 7866: 7793: 7662: 6817: 6499: 5375:

Leitner, Thea (1994). "Hamupipőke. Mária Anna (1738–1789)" [Cinderella. Maria Anna (1738–1789)].

5357: 5353: 1306: 991:. In reality, the composer was not present at the time, only arriving in Vienna two years later, in 1762. 919:, devastating her daughter, who might have become convinced at this time that she, too, would die young. 604: 279: 7776:

Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

8383: 8313: 8167: 7530: 6857: 6771: 6679: 6503: 6100: 5807: 4363: 3352: 1894: 1831: 1490:

You make my head spin I am in the most violent state, sweat runs down my forehead, I am breathless...

1470:

I love thee like a madwoman, in a holy way or diabolically, I love you and will love you to the grave.

1068: 1035:. They reached a castle near Vienna on 1 October, where they were received by Isabella's father-in-law 815: 726: 7098: 6226: 5570: 4650: 1716:

in 1766 Later, she wrote that Isabella's death was 'to the great regret of all, but above all of me'.

8841: 8003: 7312: 7083: 7031: 6983: 6931: 6231: 6175: 1835: 385: 7333: 6792: 6411: 6241: 1858:('Political and Military Observations') is dated to 1758, when she was aged seventeen. She wrote an 1585:

While most of her family loved her, her relationship with her eldest sister-in-law, the Archduchess

8586: 8074: 7461: 7253: 7186: 6699: 6658: 6643: 6447: 6323: 6002: 5649: 1693: 1614:

Isabella's tomb (center), with that of her daughter Christina underneath. In the foreground is the

1440:

A selection of quotes by Isabella in letters to Marie cited by Badinter as supporting a love affair

892: 3260: 1830:. She admitted in a letter that she would feel 'great temptation' to commit suicide if it was not 439: 8720: 8285: 8151: 7236: 7148: 6787: 6200: 6040: 3108: 1618:

of her older daughter Maria Theresa, and in the background that of Joseph's second wife, Josepha.

988: 735: 369: 122: 6745: 5551: 5241:« Je meurs d'amour pour toi... ». Lettres à l'archiduchesse Marie Christine. 1760–1763 4156: 1079:

on 6 October. That night, there was a display of decorative lighting with almost three thousand

8760: 8527: 8356: 7927: 7767: 7440: 6978: 6926: 6289: 6190: 5960: 4368: 2650: 1724: 1432:

all over ') suggest that they had been physically, probably sexually intimate with each other.

981: 291: 41: 7209: 6493: 3472: 3446: 2450:

guide to her sister-in-law Maria Christina on how to be on good terms with her husband Joseph

742:

of the two infants. Between November and April, Philip lived with his younger children in the

8816: 8308: 7943: 7593: 5891: 5746: 5728: 5162: 2796: 1540:

Je baise votre adorable cul en me gardant bien de vous offrir le mien qui est un peu foireux.

1305:

The two women agreed to meet in hidden places and Isabella wrote short notes to Marie during

900: 807: 744: 533: 429: 349: 295: 229: 5236: 2376:

argument against a patriarchal society and for the moral and intellectual equality of women

1544:

I kiss your lovely ass while being careful not to offer you mine, which is a bit of a mess.

1460:

I love you to the point of worship and my happiness is loving you and being certain of you.

1363: 1290:, or using the names of couples from contemporary comedies. She called herself the 'lover' ( 588: 8801: 8796: 8592: 8210: 8080: 7900: 7861: 7514: 7062: 6388: 6360: 6159: 5937: 5734: 5690: 3082: 2618: 2043: 1223: 1016: 908: 839: 754: 730: 600: 454: 330: 102: 5362:. Translated by Clegg, Ivy E. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. pp. 216–242 3410: 1781: 1623: 1123: 987:

A serenade in the same place. The imperial family is seated in the first row with a young

612: 8: 8341: 7965: 7829: 7798: 6957: 6136: 5991: 5914: 2592: 2313: 1905: 1757: 1127: 888: 646:

With time, Isabella started to enjoy her stay. She liked to accompany Queen Marie to the

551: 6893:, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. 1761:

later Austria stimulated her intellectual development and her critical thinking skills.

1297: 1118:

was used. Festivities lasted for days and were commemorated in a series of paintings by

1054: 7987: 7424: 7227:

Maria de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias and Princess Carlos of Bourbon-Two-Sicilies

5338: 3166: 1769: 1756:

with both enjoyment and talent, and wrote poems and studies. In 1758, French historian

1330: 1329:

with this life in which grievance is inflicted upon Him daily'. After Marie's death, a

1119: 935: 896: 799: 698:

Isabella (standing, in a light purple dress) with her family in 1757, at the age of 16.

469:, Madame Infante considered it beneath her to marry anyone who was not a monarch or an 421: 70: 1456:

Je vous aime à l'adoration et mon bonheur est de vous aimer et d'être assurée de vous.

1134:, as Maria Theresa wished to distract attention and display the wealth of her empire. 7888: 7845: 7736: 7477: 5700: 5667: 5510: 5487: 5455: 5430: 5407: 5384: 5297: 5262: 5254: 5244: 5222: 5205: 5195: 4389: 4379: 4320: 2920: 2676: 1846: 1353: 1142: 1043: 931: 884: 771: 566: 546: 478: 474: 381: 307: 162: 106: 56: 2046:, Hungary. There, a fire damaged them in 1956. As of 2024, they can be found in the 7824: 7819: 7445: 5845: 5716: 4397: 3730: 2462: 1901: 1814: 1227: 880: 786:

In the summer of 1749, Isabella's parents engaged Pierre Cerou, an educated French

632: 389: 251: 192: 1989:

Isabella wrote a long letter to her sister-in-law and possible lover, Archduchess

879:, followed a marriage policy intending to strengthen the relationship between the 7634: 6947: 6613: 5864: 5477: 5270: 2209: 1412: 927: 835: 761: 640: 267: 259: 202: 197: 8416: 7353: 6741: 6489: 6407: 6339: 6319: 6308: 6155: 1664: 1592:

Isabella responded with distrust. She described Marianne as 'duplicitous' and '

999: 655: 651: 353: 345: 118: 2273:

enlightened educational philosophy based on her adverse childhood experiences

2054:. Few of her writings have been published. She also composed music, and a few 1202: 490:

Madame Infante was fourteen when she gave birth to Isabella after a difficult

8790: 7921: 6722: 6689: 5293: 5266: 5171:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 96. 4393: 2002: 1966:

Isabella wrote a critical piece examining the status and behaviour of men in

1931: 1877: 1859: 1823: 1647: 1630:. She was around six months pregnant and believed that she might be carrying 1207: 1163: 876: 811: 707: 583: 579: 470: 219: 5274: 5209: 1391:

that while no man can live without women, any woman could live without men.

858: 574:

breaking furniture and ornaments. Her favourite pastimes were chasing after

6594: 6529: 5618: 5509:] (in Hungarian). Translated by Szántó, Judit. Fabula. pp. 63–74. 4375: 1610: 516: 311: 1748:. She was also artistically inclined: she painted, drew, sang, played the 1626:. In 1763, it was recorded that Isabella did not want to move back to the 1162:

Her pregnancy was difficult with many physical symptoms, depression and a

1032: 7114: 6470: 6432: 2055: 2039: 1810: 1753: 1745: 1668: 1615: 1334: 1314: 1174: 912: 831: 659: 507: 506:

For the first seven years of her life, Isabella was raised at the Madrid

377: 373: 50: 1967: 1798: 1733: 1709: 1367: 923: 491: 4098: 4096: 4094: 1516:

Il pourrait bien arriver que nous nous embrassions jusqu'à épuisement.

1447:

French original or *French translation of German original by Badinter

1398:, to love to the point of madness, is used both for Marie and for her 826:, and she continued to practice drawing, painting, and music with her 5483: 4688: 2441:

Questions to Answer in Relation to Winning the Heart of the Archduke

2370:

unpublished, quoted partially and analysed by Badinter and by Sanger

2267:

unpublished, quoted partially and analysed by Badinter and by Sanger

2027: 1773: 1660: 1652: 1593: 1531: 1279: 1275: 1238: 1111: 819: 575: 541: 537: 6849: 4310: 1922: 1028: 1011:

for the last time, she cried. They travelled from Parma through the

6828: 6329: 5956: 5910: 5696: 5686: 5594:

as a Source of Romantic Consolation in Vienna, Paris, and Stockholm

4719: 4312:

Femmes des Lumières et de l’Ombre. Un premier féminisme (1774–1830)

4091: 2501: 2395:

includes a German study on how to teach history to young archdukes

2006: 1975: 1818: 1737: 1701: 1635: 1426: 1283: 1243: 1218:(known as Marie) was Isabella's best friend and only confidante in 1131: 1059: 916: 791: 739: 608: 529: 524: 483: 466: 397: 393: 303: 275: 5533:"A Wedding Album – The Marriage of Joseph II to Isabella of Parma" 5258: 5219:

The Imperial Vaults of the PP Capuchins in Vienna (Capuchin Crypt)

4826: 4824: 1520:

It could very well happen that we kiss each other to exhaustion.

1382:

Isabella with her husband, mother-in-law, and sister-in-law Marie.

1242:'my most precious treasure', or 'my consolation'. Marie’s regular 322:

in 1760 by her marriage to Archduke Joseph of Austria, the future

6880: 5479:

In Destiny's Hands. Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa

2031: 1827: 1777: 1741: 1705: 1656: 1627: 1418:('one'), to make her declarations impersonal: 'when one sees you 1318: 1287: 1137: 1107: 1103: 1084: 1080: 795: 654:, and concerts were, and she was delighted by being treated as a 624: 616: 512: 413: 283: 214: 126: 94: 1197: 494:

lasting two days. Two months later, Philip left to fight in the

4958: 4956: 4926: 4821: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4767: 4731: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4516: 4514: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4305:[Isabella of Bourbon-Parma and the Rhetoric of Desire] 3709:

Poignant, Simon (1970). "L'Âge d'or" [The Golden Age].

2035: 1749: 1310: 1263: 1219: 1095: 1073: 891:, Louis XV decided to shift alliances and join Austria against 787: 713: 462: 425: 361: 334: 98: 74: 2338:

unfinished overview of human societies and cultural practices

1362:, 'The Personality of the Infanta of Parma'. In 2008, 7287:

Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz and Viscountess of La Torre

5653: 3573:

or Antoinette. On her tomb, she is named as Elisabetha Maria.

2382:

Vues générales que l'on doit avoir pour bien élever un prince

2327: 1639: 1496:

Je vous baise de toutes mes forces, mais plus avec le menton.

1271: 1192:

Maria Theresa, letter to the Duke of Parma, 18 January 1763,

1115: 1099: 1025: 1022: 823: 803: 620: 7270:

Maria de las Mercedes, Princess Irakli Bagration of Mukhrani

5124: 5076: 4953: 4914: 4853: 4851: 4811: 4809: 4779: 4592: 4577: 4543: 4541: 4511: 4494: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4319:] (in French). Nice: Editions Vaillant. pp. 81–91. 4201: 4174: 4137: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 2437:

Questions à définir au sujet de gagner le cœur de l'Archiduc

2218:

medtiations on various religious subjects, especially death

1671:, and the subsequent acceptance of the practice in Austria. 1554:

The face is a little sick, but your favourite place is not.

587:

childhood has been characterised as 'lonely and austere' by

8374:

Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva

5423:

Maria Theresia. Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie

5359:

Princesses, Ladies and Salonnières of the Reign of Louis XV

4968: 4890: 4553: 4317:

Women of Light and of Shadows: A First Feminism (1774–1830)

1793: 1682:

Archduke Joseph of Austria, letter to the Duke of Parma

1631: 1572: 1550:

Le visage est un peu malade, mais votre place favorite ne .

1012: 643:(which she used with her mother and paternal grandmother). 372:, the sudden loss of her mother, a difficult birth and two 7625:

Princess Marie des Neiges, Countess of Castillo de la Mota

5100: 5088: 5064: 5052: 5040: 3776: 3586: 2549:

Born three months premature and died shortly after birth.

2066:

Full Bibliography of Preserved Works by Isabella of Parma

1500:

I kiss you with all my might, but no longer with my chin.

1476:

Je suis très disposée à vous étouffer à force de caresses.

5028: 5016: 5004: 4980: 4943: 4941: 4868: 4866: 4848: 4806: 4743: 4633: 4631: 4538: 4446: 4424: 4422: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4191: 4189: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4043: 4021: 4019: 3992: 3980: 3956: 3932: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3895: 3893: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3839: 3788: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3692: 3690: 3688: 2059: 1954:

Archduchess Isabella of Austria, The Fate of Princesses,

1765: 1301:

Marie on a 1762 portrait attributed to Martin van Meytens

1092: 830:; she excelled at singing and playing the violin and the 527:

of Gonzalez (Marie-Catherine de Bassecourt-Grigny, later

4616: 4345: 4343: 4127: 4125: 4123: 3675: 3673: 3646: 3598: 2386:

General Points One Must Consider to Raise a Prince Well

1373: 599:

Between 6 January and 7 October 1749, Isabella lived in

384:, and biographers have suggested that she suffered from 7237:

Blanca, Archduchess Leopold Salvator of Austria-Tuscany

7143:

María Cristina, Infanta Sebastian of Portugal and Spain

4878: 4669: 4463: 3878: 3824: 1792:, wrote a description of Isabella, she mentioned being 1768:, and followed military movements in Austria's ongoing 1687: 806:

Bonnot de Condillac, a philosopher and close friend of

565:

Isabella in 1749, at the age of seven in a portrait by

8454:

Generations are numbered from the daughters-in-law of

8037:

Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

7766: 5112: 4938: 4902: 4863: 4836: 4755: 4628: 4526: 4482: 4434: 4419: 4261: 4230: 4213: 4186: 4108: 4062: 4031: 4016: 3968: 3944: 3905: 3890: 3851: 3836: 3812: 3800: 3749: 3685: 536:; 1693–1770). The Marquise retained a strong sense of 7182:

María de la Paz, Princess Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria

5136: 4992: 4604: 4340: 4303:"Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme et la rhétorique du désir" 4120: 4004: 3670: 3658: 3634: 2287:

unpublished, quoted partially and analysed by Sanger

2249:

unpublished, quoted partially and analysed by Sanger

2231:

unpublished, quoted partially and analysed by Sanger

2190:

unpublished, quoted partially and analysed by Sanger

4700: 3622: 3610: 822:, Fathers Fumeron and Belgrado, in the lives of the 765:

Ferdinand, Isabella's brother between 1765 and 1769.

396:

predisposed. She died at the age of twenty-one from

8646:

Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

8134:

Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

5427:

Maria Theresa. The Empress in Her Time. A Biography

4409: 4407: 2153:unpublished, quoted in part and analysed by Sanger 2134:unpublished, quoted in part and analysed by Sanger 1126:as of 2024. This was organised despite the ongoing 1122:, which can be viewed in the Hall of Ceremonies in 205:: Isabelle-Marie-Louise-Antoinette de Bourbon-Parme 200:: Isabella Maria Ludovica Antonia von Bourbon-Parma 7155:María Luisa Carlota, Hereditary Princess of Saxony 7094:María Luisa, Queen of Etruria and Duchess of Lucca 6551:Isabella Alfonsa, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 5420: 5400:Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme. La princesse et la mort 4694: 4367: 3710: 1784:, she distributed much of her income to the poor. 1480:I am quite inclined to smother you with caresses. 8698:Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 8446: 5454:] (in German). Österreichische Bundesverlag. 5404:Isabella of Bourbon-Parma. The princess and death 4249: 1366:published the full preserved correspondence with 8788: 8195:Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena 8032:Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 7651:Marie-Adélaïde, Countess Henckel of Donnersmarck 7383: 5383:]. Translated by Gergely, Erzsébet. Fabula. 4404: 1868:, 'The Adventures of Amazement'. In her 866: 8715:Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 8408:also an archduchess of Austria in her own right 8326:Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg 7657:Marie Gabrielle, Countess af Holstein-Ledreborg 7292:Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria and Hernani 6267:Amelia Philippina, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria 1411:, as you wish, and forever'. She relied on the 949:Archduke Joseph of Austria, quotes Badinter 603:, visiting her maternal family on their way to 195:: Isabel María Luisa Antonieta de Borbón-Parma 8549:Duchess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg 8016:Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 7615:Marie Françoise, Princess Edouard de Lobkowicz 7120:Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier 7089:María Amalia, Infanta Antonio Pascual of Spain 6767:Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca 5500: 4932: 4920: 4830: 4800: 4788: 4773: 4737: 4725: 4598: 4586: 4571: 4520: 4505: 4207: 4180: 4143: 3719:The Daughters of Louis XV: The Wing of Princes 2208:published in 1764 on orders by Maria Theresa; 1801:, but she was nevertheless considered pretty. 1506:Je vous baise tout ce que vous laissez baiser. 1333:of Isabella and her daughter was found in her 1138:Married life and relationship with her husband 962:Wedding festivities as depicted by van Meytens 366:same-sex attraction that she considered sinful 8432: 8237:Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies 8221:Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies 7752: 7557:Maria Luisa Carlota, Crown Princess of Saxony 7369: 6865: 6525:Maria Teresa, Princess and Duchess of Bavaria 5634: 5421:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (16 March 2017). 5192:The War of the Austrian Succession, 1740–1748 2159:written against her sister-in-law Maria Anna 1993:, as part of her preparations for death. The 1915: 1883: 1876:, but could only write its first part (about 1719: 1198:Relationship with Archduchess Maria Christina 725:Isabella's parents had two children in 1751: 558:, which inspired the jealousy of her mother. 274:; 31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) was a 8778:* also an archduchess of Austria by marriage 8774:did not have a royal or noble title by birth 6572:Inés Maria, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 6366:Maria Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier 6344:Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies 5648: 5239:, ed. (2008). "Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme ". 2121:found among short works on diverse subjects 1926:Her husband Joseph (right) with his brother 1863: 1597: 1357: 368:, made her unhappy. A lonely childhood with 8622:Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 8280:Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies 8110:Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 7264:Isabel Alfonsa, Countess Jan Kanty Zamoyski 7254:Infanta Beatriz, Princess of Citivella-Cesi 7232:María Teresa, Princess Ferdinand of Bavaria 6443:María de la Paz, Princess Ludwig of Bavaria 6313:Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily 5190:Anderson, Matthew Smith (23 January 1996). 2863:Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma 554:. Isabella developed a close bond with her 8640:Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia 8456:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8439: 8425: 8190:Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 8184:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria 8128:Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia 7759: 7745: 7376: 7362: 6872: 6858: 6288: 5641: 5627: 5343:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4300: 3713:L’Aile des Princes. Les filles de Louis XV 2490:Elizabeth Philippine Louise Josepha Joanna 49: 7630:Princess Cécile Marie, Countess of Poblet 7425:Margherita, Hereditary Princess of Mantua 7042:María Antonia Fernanda, Queen of Sardinia 6201:Maria Isabella, Queen of the Two Sicilies 5890: 5530: 5443: 5310: 5147:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFalvai2012 ( 4962: 4711:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFalvai2012 ( 4680:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFalvai2012 ( 4622: 4474:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFalvai2012 ( 4102: 3884: 2357:only a transcript of the original exists 1804: 1646:Following the birth, Isabella was rarely 1596:', and wrote a short dissertation titled 1359:Die Persönlichkeit der Infantin von Parma 1158:Isabella with her daughter Maria Theresa. 675:escape it, it is inventive in every way. 8010:Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria 7137:Infanta Josefa Fernanda, Mrs. José Guëll 7125:Isabel Fernanda, Countess Ignaz Gurowski 7037:María Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France 6927:Isabel Clara Eugenia, Duchess of Brabant 6387: 5936: 5902: 5856: 5753:Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France 5601:"Melancholy Princess: Isabella of Parma" 5281: 5235: 5189: 5130: 5106: 5082: 5046: 4974: 4947: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4857: 4842: 4761: 4749: 4637: 4559: 4547: 4532: 4488: 4457: 4440: 4428: 4349: 4267: 4243: 4224: 4195: 4114: 4085: 4073: 4056: 4037: 4025: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3899: 3872: 3860: 3845: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3708: 3696: 3679: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3592: 2465:and neither of whom lived to adulthood. 2212:; quoted in part and analysed by Sanger 1959: 1921: 1845: 1723: 1609: 1576: 1573:Relationship with Archduchess Maria Anna 1377: 1296: 1201: 1153: 1141: 1053: 1004:Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein 857: 760: 712: 693: 560: 438: 8599:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 8087:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 7972:Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria 7680:Princess Margarita, Countess of Colorno 7531:Carolina, Princess Maximilian of Saxony 7259:Infanta María Cristina, Countess Marone 7192:Infanta María Isabel, Countess of Paris 7099:María Isabel, Queen of the Two Sicilies 7068:Isabella, Archduchess Joseph of Austria 6135: 5691:Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy 5447:Isabella von Parma. Gemahlin Josephs II 5381:The Forgotten Children of the Habsburgs 5374: 5216: 4610: 4131: 2564:Ancestors of Princess Isabella of Parma 1266:). She once asked Isabella to call her 1102:in the courtyard of the palace. In the 689: 501: 473:, and Philip was only the third son of 370:demanding and unaffectionate caretakers 14: 8789: 8491:Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria 8404:also a princess of Tuscany by marriage 7685:Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala 7131:Infanta Luisa Teresa, Duchess of Sessa 6818:Prince or Princess of the Two Sicilies 6504:Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria 5803:Isabella Maria, Archduchess of Austria 5599:Timms, Elizabeth James (14 May 2018). 5397: 5351: 5142: 5118: 5094: 5070: 5058: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4815: 4706: 4675: 4469: 4361: 4296: 4010: 3743: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3426: 3306: 3302: 3290: 3182: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3044: 2936: 2816: 2812: 2800: 2692: 2582: 2578: 2574: 1970:contemporary European society, titled 1605: 1309:. They gifted each other contemporary 1015:and were greeted at the border by her 594: 569:painted during her stay in Versailles. 8652:Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg 8634:Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg 8420: 8400:*also an infanta of Spain by marriage 8140:Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg 8122:Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg 7740: 7640:Diane, Princess Franz of Hohenzollern 7357: 7210:Maria de las Mercedes, Queen of Spain 6879: 6853: 6746:Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark 6720: 6592: 6468: 6386: 6287: 6134: 5935: 5889: 5843: 5666: 5665: 5622: 5598: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4255: 3502: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3470: 3460: 3444: 3434: 3430: 3414: 3408: 3398: 3382: 3372: 3368: 3356: 3350: 3340: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3284: 3274: 3258: 3248: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3216: 3200: 3190: 3186: 3170: 3164: 3154: 3138: 3128: 3124: 3112: 3106: 3096: 3080: 3070: 3066: 3038: 3028: 3012: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2980: 2970: 2954: 2944: 2940: 2924: 2918: 2908: 2892: 2882: 2878: 2866: 2860: 2850: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2794: 2784: 2768: 2758: 2754: 2742: 2736: 2726: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2680: 2674: 2664: 2648: 2638: 2634: 2622: 2616: 2606: 2590: 2586: 1374:Appraisal of relationship by scholars 1187:grandson. She is too used to obeying. 445:Maria Isabel Ana of Naples and Sicily 8822:Infectious disease deaths in Austria 8727:Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria 8544:Duchess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria 8292:Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria 8248:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 7988:Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach 7701:Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein 7187:Infanta Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera 7172:Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti 7149:Amalia, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria 6984:Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress 5844: 5475: 5452:Isabella of Parma. Wife of Joseph II 5406:] (in French). Éditions Racine. 4413: 2306:published by Badinter and by Sanger 2284:Political and Military Observations 1688:Impact on Joseph and Maria Christina 1622:The imperial court spent summers in 1581:Marianne on a contemporary portrait. 1042:The Emperor accompanied Isabella to 8628:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 8389:Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg 8116:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 7883:Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal 7695:Archduchess Marie-Astrid of Austria 7462:Margherita Maria, Duchess of Modena 7084:Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal 7032:Mariana Victoria, Queen of Portugal 6644:Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi 6262:Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal 6083:Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias 5765:Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia 5741:Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal 5476:Vovk, Justin C. (20 January 2010). 3015:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 2713:Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria 1982: 1728:Isabella's daughter, Maria Theresa. 1526:Je baise ton petit cul d'archange.* 1352:. They were partially published by 1002:, Isabella was sent to Vienna with 670:Isabella's opinion of French people 607:. As the (then) only grandchild of 523:(governess), the French-born widow 408: 27:18th-century archduchess of Austria 24: 7768:Austrian archduchesses by marriage 7589:Marie Louise, Princess of Bulgaria 6932:Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy 6889:Generations indicate descent from 6649:Maria Cristina, Countess of Marone 6059:Maria Christina, Queen of Sardinia 5823:Maria Teresa, Countess of Chinchón 5377:A Habsburgok elfelejtett gyermekei 4273: 2837:Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma 2316:on a political and personal basis 2279:Remarques politiques et militaires 2242:Réflexions faites dans la solitude 2062:by her are preserved in Budapest. 2042:, then in a Habsburg residence in 1856:Remarques politiques et militaires 1797:noble ladies at the time: she had 1663:in the Maria Theresa Vault of the 1066:The wedding was celebrated in the 25: 8853: 8587:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 8342:Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen 8254:Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria 8226:Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal 8075:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 8004:Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain 7441:Maria Caterina, Duchess of Modena 6721: 6695:Margarita, 2nd Duchess of Hernani 6077:Maria Amalia, Queen of the French 6029:Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress 6013:Infante Francisco Javier of Spain 5915:Infanta Maria Bárbara of Portugal 5217:Beutler, Gigi (1 December 1999). 4309:. In Le Guennec, François (ed.). 1510:I kiss all that you let me kiss. 877:Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress 853: 818:. Isabella was instructed by her 748:, while Isabella stayed with her 443:Isabella (right) with her cousin 8616:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 8275:Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 8152:Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy 8104:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 7510:Isabella, Archduchess of Austria 6675:Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz 6593: 6334:Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 6324:Infanta Maria Isabel of Portugal 6008:Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain 5282:Farquhar, Michael (1 May 2001). 5155: 2957:Philip William, Elector Palatine 1949:in the best case with suspicion. 1313:(chairs with a hole under which 980: 968: 635:(which she had learned from her 420:was born on 31 December 1741 at 416:Isabel María Luisa Antonieta of 360:. Despite her popularity at the 7717:princess of Luxembourg by birth 7645:Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg 7063:María Luisa, Holy Roman Empress 6469: 6035:Luisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 5997:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 5982:Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress 5961:Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony 5573:[Maria Theresa Vault]. 5321:. Great Britain. Archived from 4653:[Maria Theresa Vault]. 4643: 4355: 4149: 3702: 2293:comments on government and war 2150:The Charms of False Friendship 2146:Les Charmes de la fausse amitié 2024:Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen 2013: 1599:Les Charmes de la fausse amitié 1346:Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen 1214:Her sister-in-law, Archduchess 802:, a soldier and scientist, and 734:seven months every year in the 264:Isabella Maria Ludovica Antonia 151: 8744:Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm 8320:Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm 7345:*title granted by Royal Decree 7308:Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo 6762:Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo 6618:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 6520:Mercedes, Princess of Asturias 6428:Isabella, Princess of Asturias 6412:Infante Francis, Duke of Cadiz 6186:Maria Louisa, Duchess of Lucca 5590:Rice, 'Women in Love: Gluck's 5507:The Daughters of Maria Theresa 5352:Latour, Thérèse-Louis (1927). 3566: 3141:Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 2739:Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 2228:Observations on the Prussians 2224:Observations sur les Prussiens 717:Isabella's home in Parma, the 544:from her previous position as 496:War of the Austrian Succession 428:as the first child of Infante 13: 1: 8832:Burials at the Imperial Crypt 8761:Princess Laetitia of Arenberg 8675:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony 8470:Archduchess Joanna of Austria 8447:Tuscan princesses by marriage 8270:Princess Stéphanie of Belgium 8216:Princess Margaretha of Saxony 8211:Princess Charlotte of Belgium 8179:Princess Hildegard of Bavaria 8173:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony 7934:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 7906:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 7573:Margherita, Duchess of Madrid 6979:María Teresa, Queen of France 6958:María Ana, Holy Roman Empress 6160:Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 6053:Francis I of the Two Sicilies 5429:] (in German). Beck C.H. 4370:Marie Antoinette: The Journey 3580: 3203:Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia 2447:National Archives of Hungary 2429:National Archives of Austria 2411:National Archives of Austria 2392:National Archives of Austria 2373:National Archives of Hungary 2354:National Archives of Austria 2335:National Archives of Hungary 2309:National Archives of Hungary 2270:National Archives of Austria 2252:National Archives of Hungary 2246:Reflections Made in Solitude 2234:National Archives of Hungary 2215:National Archives of Austria 2193:National Archives of Hungary 2175:National Archives of Hungary 2156:National Archives of Hungary 2137:National Archives of Hungary 2127:Les Aventures de l'étourderie 2118:National Archives of Austria 2099:National Archives of Hungary 1865:Les Aventures de l'étourderie 1091:and the same amount of white 1037:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 871: 867:Marriage with Archduke Joseph 436:(known as 'Madame Infante'). 403: 324:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 272:Isabelle-Marie-Louise-Antoine 8593:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 8475:Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo 8347:Princess Margherita of Savoy 8081:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 7960:Princess Elisabeth of France 7862:Infanta Isabella of Portugal 7384:Princesses of Parma by birth 7329:Leonor, Princess of Asturias 6911:Joanna, Princess of Portugal 6494::Princess Mercedes d'Orléans 6448:Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera 6176:Charlotte, Queen of Portugal 5524: 5311:Goldsmith, Margaret (1935). 2131:The Adventures of Amazement 2052:National Archives of Austria 2048:National Archives of Hungary 2005:, she wrote that 'a kind of 1429:after giving birth ('I shat 1350:National Archives of Hungary 1098:in two lines, complete with 790:writer with experience as a 781: 256:Isabel María Luisa Antonieta 7: 8807:Princesses of Bourbon-Parma 8658:Princess Elisabeth of Savoy 8523:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans 8379:Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg 8146:Princess Elisabeth of Savoy 7922:Archduchess Anna of Austria 7867:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 7794:Mechthild of the Palatinate 7725:princess of Nassau by birth 7610:Alicia, Duchess of Calabria 7515:Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain 7446:Vittoria, Duchess of Modena 7395:Vittoria, Duchess of Urbino 6634:Alfonso, Prince of Asturias 6222:Carlos, Count of Montemolin 5813:Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain 5354:"The Daughters of Louis XV" 4301:Freyermuth, Sylvie (2012). 3721:]. Arthaud. p. 200 2771:Henriette Adelaide of Savoy 2555: 2322:Traité historique des mœurs 2290:Biblioteca Palatina, Parma 2077:publication status/details 1841: 1732:Isabella was interested in 1655:, it was buried without an 1235:Louis Eugene of Württemberg 903:. The Empress' eldest son, 842:ideals shows that she did. 706:, Isabella's father became 175:Archduchess Maria Christina 10: 8858: 8812:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8581:Princess Isabella of Parma 8384:Princess Astrid of Belgium 8314:Princess Ileana of Romania 8286:Princess Blanca of Bourbon 8168:Princess Sophie of Bavaria 8069:Princess Isabella of Parma 7966:Infanta Maria Ana of Spain 6772:Felipe, Prince of Asturias 6680:Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine 6101:Leopold, Prince of Salerno 5869:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans 5808:Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma 5444:Tamussino, Ursula (1989). 5178: 3420: 3304: 3296: 3287:Louise Élisabeth of France 3176: 3060: 3056: 2983:Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 2930: 2814: 2806: 2686: 2580: 2576: 2303:On the Fate of Princesses 2299:Sur la sort des princesses 2260:Réflexions sur l'éducation 2108:L'Art d'écrire des lettres 1917:Sur le sort des princesses 1885:Réflexions sur l'éducation 1720:Personality and appearance 954: 848:Réflexions sur l'éducation 776:Adrien-Maurice de Noailles 682:Réflexions sur l'éducation 463:first cousins once removed 434:Louise-Élisabeth of France 392:, to which she was likely 300:Louise-Élisabeth of France 240:Louise Élisabeth of France 140:Archduke Joseph of Austria 35:Princess Isabella of Parma 8770: 8753: 8736: 8707: 8684: 8667: 8608: 8573: 8557: 8536: 8515: 8499: 8483: 8462: 8452: 8397: 8366: 8352:Princess Yolande of Ligne 8334: 8301: 8262: 8243:Princess Isabella of Croÿ 8203: 8160: 8096: 8061: 8045: 8024: 7996: 7952: 7914: 7875: 7854: 7838: 7825:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 7820:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 7812: 7781: 7774: 7710: 7672: 7602: 7581: 7565: 7549: 7523: 7502: 7486: 7478:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain 7470: 7454: 7433: 7417: 7401: 7389: 7342: 7321: 7300: 7279: 7246: 7219: 7164: 7107: 7076: 7050: 7024: 7008: 6992: 6971: 6940: 6919: 6906:María, Holy Roman Empress 6898: 6887: 6809: 6780: 6754: 6733: 6729: 6716: 6685:Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz 6667: 6626: 6605: 6601: 6588: 6559: 6546:Alfonso, Duke of Calabria 6538: 6512: 6481: 6477: 6464: 6420: 6399: 6395: 6382: 6353: 6300: 6296: 6283: 6252:Luisa, Duchess of Moscoso 6214: 6168: 6147: 6143: 6130: 6021: 5969: 5948: 5944: 5931: 5898: 5885: 5852: 5839: 5795: 5774: 5709: 5678: 5674: 5661: 5318:Maria Theresia of Austria 5243:(in French). Tallandier. 3490: 3482: 3454: 3432: 3428: 3392: 3370: 3362: 3334: 3312: 3308: 3268: 3246: 3238: 3210: 3188: 3184: 3148: 3126: 3118: 3090: 3068: 3064: 3022: 3000: 2992: 2964: 2942: 2938: 2902: 2880: 2872: 2844: 2822: 2818: 2778: 2756: 2748: 2720: 2698: 2694: 2658: 2636: 2628: 2600: 2584: 2326:A Historical Treatise on 2264:Reflections on Education 2210:available on Google Books 2165:Les Exercices de l'esprit 2112:The Art of Letterwriting 1930:in 1769 in a portrait by 1874:On the Customs of Peoples 1850:Isabella with her mother. 1437: 704:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 248:Isabella of Bourbon-Parma 235: 225: 213: 191: 186: 182: 171:Archduchess Maria Theresa 161: 133: 112: 84: 64: 48: 39: 34: 7846:Joanna, Queen of Castile 7594:Zita, Empress of Austria 6654:Juan, Count of Barcelona 6567:Carlos, Duke of Calabria 6003:Infante Gabriel of Spain 5987:Felipe, Duke of Calabria 5194:. Longman. p. 198. 5183: 4362:Fraser, Antonia (2002). 3559: 3083:Louis, Dauphin of France 2651:Maria Theresa of Austria 2619:Louis, Dauphin of France 2532:Suffered a miscarriage. 2518:Suffered a miscarriage. 2500:Died at the age of 7 of 2456: 2071:original (French) title 1891:Reflections on Education 1809:Isabella was considered 1714:Albert Casimir of Saxony 1708:, easily irritable, and 1694:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 1354:Alfred Ritter von Arneth 936:ongoing war with Prussia 862:Archduke Joseph in 1755. 461:Isabella's parents were 352:) relationship with her 8721:Infanta Blanca of Spain 8692:Princess Anna of Saxony 8231:Princess Anna of Saxony 7663:Alix, Princess of Ligne 7541:Princess Maria Carlotta 7177:Infanta María del Pilar 6788:Infanta Leonor of Spain 6227:Juan, Count of Montizón 6196:Carlos, Count of Molina 5818:Luis, Count of Chinchón 5782:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 5759:Luis, Count of Chinchón 5571:"Maria-Theresien-Gruft" 5556:Die Welt der Habsburger 5537:Die Welt der Habsburger 5531:Mutschlechner, Martin. 5398:Sanger, Ernest (2002). 5221:. Beutler Heldenstern. 4695:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 4651:"Maria-Theresien-Gruft" 4161:Die Welt der Habsburger 3353:Stanisław I Leszczyński 3229:Marie Adélaïde of Savoy 3109:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 2348:A Treatise on Religion 2201:Méditations chrétiennes 2080:location of manuscript 1832:forbidden by the church 1421:, one can no longer be 1326:homosexuality as sinful 989:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 736:Ducal Palace of Colorno 680:Isabella of Parma, 664:Maria Josepha of Saxony 629:Paul d'Albert de Luynes 339:Méditations chrétiennes 123:Capuchin Church, Vienna 8528:Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga 8309:Princess Zita of Parma 7928:Isabella Clara Eugenia 7895:Infanta Maria of Spain 7635:Anne, Queen of Romania 7620:Princess Marie Thérèse 7536:Princess Maria Antonia 7204:Infanta María Cristina 6829:Archduchess of Austria 6793:Infanta Sofía of Spain 6639:Jaime, Duke of Segovia 6290:Ferdinand VII of Spain 6247:Henry, Duke of Seville 6242:Francis, Duke of Cádiz 6191:Ferdinand VII of Spain 5787:Charles, Duke of Berry 2444:published by Badinter 2344:Traité sur la réligion 2205:Christian Meditations 2096:published by Badinter 1957: 1939:The Fate of Princesses 1934: 1864: 1851: 1805:Mental health problems 1729: 1679: 1619: 1598: 1582: 1383: 1358: 1302: 1211: 1195: 1159: 1147: 1110:where the pure golden 1063: 946: 863: 766: 722: 699: 677: 570: 458: 450:The Family of Philip V 292:House of Bourbon-Parma 271: 263: 255: 42:Archduchess of Austria 5892:Ferdinand VI of Spain 5747:Philip, Duke of Parma 5729:Ferdinand VI of Spain 5503:Mária Terézia leányai 4728:, pp. 74–76, 82. 3261:Anne Marie of Orléans 2797:Philip, Duke of Parma 2363:Traité sur les hommes 2187:The True Philosopher 1972:Traité sur les hommes 1961:Traité sur les hommes 1943: 1925: 1870:Christian Reflections 1849: 1727: 1674: 1613: 1580: 1389:Traité sur les hommes 1381: 1300: 1205: 1184: 1157: 1145: 1106:, there was a public 1057: 941: 901:Diplomatic Revolution 861: 764: 745:Palazzo della Pilotta 716: 697: 672: 656:French royal princess 564: 534:marquise of Borghetto 442: 296:Philip, Duke of Parma 230:Philip, Duke of Parma 117:Maria Theresa Vault, 8827:Deaths from smallpox 7901:Anna Juliana Gonzaga 7198:Infanta Maria Amelia 7058:Infanta María Josefa 6948:Ana, Queen of France 6389:Isabella II of Spain 6361:Isabella II of Spain 5977:María Josefa Carmela 5938:Charles III of Spain 5735:Charles III of Spain 2419:Pièces sur la morale 2401:Vues sur le commerce 2169:Spiritual Exercises 1826:desires, she became 1450:English translation 1224:Orpheus and Eurydice 1083:burning between the 909:Maria Luisa of Spain 755:Palazzo del Giardino 719:Palazzo del Giardino 690:Adolescence in Parma 502:Early life in Madrid 455:Louis Michel van Loo 103:Archduchy of Austria 8357:Laetitia d'Arenberg 7830:Bianca Maria Sforza 7804:Catherine of Saxony 7799:Eleanor of Scotland 7789:Eleanor of Portugal 6560:Great grandchildren 6137:Charles IV of Spain 5992:Charles IV of Spain 5552:"Isabella of Parma" 5237:Badinter, Élisabeth 5133:, pp. 107–109. 5097:, pp. 282–283. 5085:, pp. 100–102. 5073:, pp. 177–179. 5061:, pp. 137–140. 5037:, pp. 275–277. 5025:, pp. 273–274. 5013:, pp. 274–275. 4989:, pp. 285–289. 4977:, pp. 237–252. 4965:, pp. 306–308. 4933:Weissensteiner 1995 4921:Weissensteiner 1995 4899:, pp. 100–101. 4831:Weissensteiner 1995 4818:, pp. 277–280. 4801:Weissensteiner 1995 4789:Weissensteiner 1995 4774:Weissensteiner 1995 4738:Weissensteiner 1995 4726:Weissensteiner 1995 4697:, pp. 507–514. 4599:Weissensteiner 1995 4587:Weissensteiner 1995 4572:Weissensteiner 1995 4562:, pp. 73, 146. 4521:Weissensteiner 1995 4506:Weissensteiner 1995 4336:– via ORBilu. 4208:Weissensteiner 1995 4181:Weissensteiner 1995 4157:"Isabella of Parma" 4144:Weissensteiner 1995 3746:, pp. 228–229. 3607:, pp. 221–223. 3595:, pp. 48, 134. 3473:Katarzyna Opalińska 3447:Jan Karol Opaliński 2593:Louis XIV of France 2423:Pieces on Morality 2067: 1906:corporal punishment 1776:, horse-riding, or 1758:Pierre-Jean Grosley 1606:Death and aftermath 1262:(all words meaning 889:Madame de Pompadour 702:Following the 1748 595:Visit to Versailles 552:Barbara of Portugal 294:as the daughter of 8837:Daughters of dukes 7944:Claudia de' Medici 6206:Francisco de Paula 5701:Elisabeth of Parma 5284:"Unholy Matrimony" 3785:, pp. 16, 18. 3167:Louis XV of France 2537:Archduchess Maria 2367:A Treatise on Men 2314:dynastic marriages 2183:Le Vrai philosophe 2065: 1935: 1852: 1770:Third Silesian War 1740:, music, history, 1730: 1620: 1583: 1384: 1364:Élisabeth Badinter 1303: 1212: 1160: 1148: 1120:Martin van Meytens 1077:Vitaliano Borromeo 1064: 934:and following its 864: 800:Auguste de Keralio 767: 729:on 20 January and 723: 700: 589:Élisabeth Badinter 571: 467:Louis XV of France 459: 422:Buen Retiro Palace 71:Buen Retiro Palace 8784: 8783: 8414: 8413: 7889:Mary I of England 7734: 7733: 7351: 7350: 6963:Infanta Margarita 6881:Infantas of Spain 6847: 6846: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5668:Philip V of Spain 5109:, pp. 46–47. 5049:, pp. 29–32. 4935:, pp. 62–63. 4860:, pp. 30–31. 4833:, pp. 72–73. 4803:, pp. 70–71. 4776:, pp. 69–70. 4752:, pp. 33–34. 4740:, pp. 71–72. 4678:, pp. 34–36. 4574:, pp. 35–36. 4550:, pp. 64–65. 4472:, pp. 24–25. 4460:, pp. 60–61. 4105:, Chapter Twelve. 4088:, pp. 39–40. 4059:, pp. 34–35. 4001:, pp. 29–30. 3989:, pp. 28–29. 3965:, pp. 27–28. 3941:, pp. 26–27. 3929:, pp. 24–25. 3875:, pp. 22–23. 3797:, pp. 18–19. 3773:, pp. 17–18. 3655:, pp. 13–14. 3556: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3505:Zofia Czarnkowska 3411:Marie Leszczyńska 3327:Rafał Leszczyński 3041:Isabella of Parma 2921:Elisabeth Farnese 2677:Philip V of Spain 2553: 2552: 2546:22 November 1763 2543:22 November 1763 2454: 2453: 2312:argument against 1878:ancient Egyptians 1782:Marie Leszczyńska 1570: 1569: 1408:, for friendship 1278:, an object with 1228:epistolary novels 1124:Schönbrunn Palace 1044:Laxenburg castles 1000:marriage by proxy 932:Habsburg monarchy 772:Marshal of France 684:, quotes Badinter 613:Marie Leszczyńska 567:Jean-Marc Nattier 479:Elisabeth Farnese 475:Philip V of Spain 382:suicidal ideation 245: 244: 209: 208: 107:Holy Roman Empire 57:Jean-Marc Nattier 18:Isabella of Parma 16:(Redirected from 8849: 8842:Spanish infantas 8441: 8434: 8427: 8418: 8417: 7978:Eleonora Gonzaga 7939:Eleonora Gonzaga 7761: 7754: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7313:Infanta Cristina 6874: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6840: 6832: 6821: 6731: 6730: 6718: 6717: 6603: 6602: 6590: 6589: 6479: 6478: 6466: 6465: 6397: 6396: 6384: 6383: 6298: 6297: 6285: 6284: 6145: 6144: 6132: 6131: 6095:Maria Enrichetta 5946: 5945: 5933: 5932: 5900: 5899: 5887: 5886: 5854: 5853: 5846:Louis I of Spain 5841: 5840: 5717:Louis I of Spain 5676: 5675: 5663: 5662: 5650:House of Bourbon 5643: 5636: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5520: 5497: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5440: 5417: 5394: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5348: 5342: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5313:"Chapter Twelve" 5307: 5278: 5232: 5213: 5173: 5172: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4861: 4855: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4398:Internet Archive 4373: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4308: 4298: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4060: 4054: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3731:Internet Archive 3728: 3726: 3716: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3385:Anna Jabłonowska 2570: 2569: 2561: 2560: 2497:23 January 1770 2468: 2467: 2463:survived infancy 2093:Advice to Marie 2089:Conseils à Marie 2068: 2064: 1995:Conseils à Marie 1984:Conseils à Marie 1955: 1902:authoritarianism 1867: 1815:bipolar disorder 1683: 1601: 1435: 1434: 1400:Oberhofmeisterin 1361: 1342:Oberhofmeisterin 1250:('my old ') and 1193: 1128:Seven Years' War 1114:from Isabella's 1018:Oberhofmeisterin 984: 972: 950: 887:. Influenced by 685: 648:salon de la Paix 409:Birth and family 390:bipolar disorder 380:and experienced 302:. She became an 184: 183: 155: 153: 91: 88:27 November 1763 79:Kingdom of Spain 68:31 December 1741 53: 32: 31: 21: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8766: 8754:13th generation 8749: 8737:12th generation 8732: 8708:11th generation 8703: 8685:10th generation 8680: 8663: 8604: 8569: 8553: 8532: 8511: 8495: 8479: 8458: 8448: 8445: 8415: 8410: 8393: 8367:18th generation 8362: 8335:17th generation 8330: 8302:16th generation 8297: 8263:15th generation 8258: 8204:14th generation 8199: 8161:13th generation 8156: 8097:12th generation 8092: 8062:11th generation 8057: 8046:10th generation 8041: 8020: 7992: 7983:Anna de' Medici 7948: 7910: 7871: 7850: 7834: 7808: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7735: 7730: 7706: 7673:16th generation 7668: 7603:15th generation 7598: 7582:14th generation 7577: 7566:13th generation 7561: 7550:11th generation 7545: 7524:10th generation 7519: 7498: 7482: 7466: 7450: 7429: 7413: 7397: 7385: 7382: 7352: 7347: 7338: 7322:16th generation 7317: 7301:15th generation 7296: 7280:14th generation 7275: 7247:13th generation 7242: 7220:12th generation 7215: 7165:11th generation 7160: 7115:Queen Isabel II 7108:10th generation 7103: 7072: 7046: 7020: 7004: 6988: 6967: 6936: 6915: 6894: 6883: 6878: 6848: 6843: 6835: 6824: 6813: 6797: 6776: 6750: 6725: 6704: 6663: 6622: 6597: 6576: 6555: 6534: 6508: 6473: 6452: 6416: 6391: 6370: 6349: 6292: 6271: 6210: 6164: 6139: 6118: 6089:Maria Clothilde 6017: 5965: 5940: 5919: 5894: 5873: 5848: 5827: 5791: 5770: 5723:Felipe of Spain 5705: 5670: 5657: 5647: 5609: 5607: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5541: 5539: 5527: 5517: 5494: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5437: 5414: 5391: 5365: 5363: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5325:on 11 June 2022 5304: 5251: 5229: 5202: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4864: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4386: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4306: 4299: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4231: 4223: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4063: 4055: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 2895:Isabella d'Este 2558: 2459: 2405:Views on Trade 2044:Mosonmagyaróvár 2022:by her widower 2020:Maria Christina 2016: 1991:Maria Christina 1987: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1920: 1888: 1844: 1807: 1790:Maria Christina 1722: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1608: 1575: 1441: 1396:aimer à la rage 1376: 1216:Maria Christina 1200: 1194: 1191: 1140: 1069:Augustinekirche 996: 995: 994: 993: 992: 985: 977: 976: 973: 964: 963: 957: 952: 948: 874: 869: 856: 838:, history, and 836:military theory 784: 692: 687: 679: 671: 597: 504: 430:Philip of Spain 411: 406: 358:Maria Christina 201: 196: 178: 157: 154: 1760) 149: 145: 142: 129: 93: 89: 69: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8855: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8782: 8781: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8669: 8668:9th generation 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8612: 8610: 8609:8th generation 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8577: 8575: 8574:7th generation 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8558:6th generation 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8540: 8538: 8537:5th generation 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8516:4th generation 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8500:3rd generation 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8484:2nd generation 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8463:1st generation 8460: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8412: 8411: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8181: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8025:9th generation 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7997:8th generation 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7956: 7954: 7953:7th generation 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7918: 7916: 7915:6th generation 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7879: 7877: 7876:5th generation 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7855:4th generation 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7839:3rd generation 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7813:2nd generation 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7782:1st generation 7779: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7720: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7690:Princess Tania 7687: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7503:9th generation 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7487:8th generation 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7471:7th generation 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7455:6th generation 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7434:4th generation 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7418:3rd generation 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7402:2nd generation 7399: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7390:1st generation 7387: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7234: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7077:9th generation 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7051:8th generation 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7025:7th generation 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7009:6th generation 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6993:5th generation 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6972:4th generation 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6941:3rd generation 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6920:2nd generation 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6899:1st generation 6896: 6895: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6822: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6737: 6735: 6727: 6726: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6609: 6607: 6599: 6598: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6438:Maria de Pilar 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6403: 6401: 6393: 6392: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6336: 6326: 6316: 6304: 6302: 6294: 6293: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6113:Maria Isabella 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5941: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5895: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5671: 5659: 5658: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5596: 5587: 5575:Kapuzinergruft 5567: 5548: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5498: 5493:978-1450200813 5492: 5473: 5461:978-3215070686 5460: 5441: 5436:978-3406697487 5435: 5418: 5412: 5395: 5389: 5372: 5349: 5308: 5303:978-0140280241 5302: 5296:. p. 91. 5279: 5249: 5233: 5228:978-3950058413 5227: 5214: 5201:978-0582059504 5200: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5154: 5135: 5123: 5121:, p. 281. 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 5001:, p. 277. 4991: 4979: 4967: 4963:Tamussino 1989 4952: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4887:, p. 102. 4877: 4862: 4847: 4835: 4820: 4805: 4793: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4699: 4687: 4668: 4655:Kapuzinergruft 4642: 4627: 4625:, p. 248. 4623:Tamussino 1989 4615: 4603: 4591: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4537: 4525: 4510: 4493: 4481: 4462: 4445: 4433: 4418: 4403: 4385:978-1400033287 4384: 4378:. p. 24. 4364:"Born to Obey" 4354: 4339: 4325: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4229: 4212: 4200: 4185: 4173: 4148: 4136: 4119: 4107: 4103:Goldsmith 1935 4090: 4078: 4061: 4042: 4030: 4015: 4013:, p. 241. 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3904: 3889: 3885:Tamussino 1989 3877: 3865: 3850: 3835: 3833:, p. 198. 3823: 3821:, pp. 20. 3811: 3809:, pp. 19. 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3748: 3736: 3701: 3684: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3631:, p. 223. 3621: 3619:, p. 220. 3609: 3597: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523:Unnamed child 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509:Unnamed child 2506: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2494:20 March 1762 2492: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2140:autobiography 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2074:English title 2072: 2015: 2012: 1986: 1981: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1919: 1914: 1887: 1882: 1843: 1840: 1806: 1803: 1721: 1718: 1700:, who died of 1689: 1686: 1673: 1665:Imperial Crypt 1607: 1604: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1413:French pronoun 1375: 1372: 1199: 1196: 1189: 1139: 1136: 986: 979: 978: 974: 967: 966: 965: 961: 960: 959: 958: 956: 953: 940: 873: 870: 868: 865: 855: 854:Life in Vienna 852: 783: 780: 691: 688: 669: 668: 596: 593: 547:dame d'honneur 503: 500: 432:and his wife, 410: 407: 405: 402: 356:, Archduchess 312:crown princess 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 207: 206: 189: 188: 180: 179: 177: 176: 173: 167: 165: 159: 158: 147: 143: 138: 137: 135: 131: 130: 119:Imperial Crypt 116: 114: 110: 109: 92:(aged 21) 86: 82: 81: 66: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8854: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8442: 8437: 8435: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7365: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7334:Infanta Sofía 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6953:Infanta María 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781:Grandchildren 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6723:Juan Carlos I 6719: 6715: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6690:Juan Carlos I 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668:Grandchildren 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539:Grandchildren 6537: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215:Grandchildren 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022:Grandchildren 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796:Grandchildren 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5606: 5605:Royal Central 5602: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5413:2-87386-276-9 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5294:Penguin Books 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5250:9782847345087 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5145:, p. 40. 5144: 5139: 5132: 5131:Badinter 2008 5127: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5107:Badinter 2008 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5083:Badinter 2008 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5047:Badinter 2008 5043: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4975:Badinter 2008 4971: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4950:, p. 73. 4949: 4948:Badinter 2008 4944: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4923:, p. 68. 4922: 4917: 4911:, p. 47. 4910: 4909:Badinter 2008 4905: 4898: 4897:Badinter 2008 4893: 4886: 4885:Badinter 2008 4881: 4875:, p. 31. 4874: 4873:Badinter 2008 4869: 4867: 4859: 4858:Badinter 2008 4854: 4852: 4845:, p. 30. 4844: 4843:Badinter 2008 4839: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 72. 4790: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4764:, p. 33. 4763: 4762:Badinter 2008 4758: 4751: 4750:Badinter 2008 4746: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4709:, p. 36. 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4640:, p. 55. 4639: 4638:Badinter 2008 4634: 4632: 4624: 4619: 4613:, p. 71. 4612: 4607: 4601:, p. 39. 4600: 4595: 4589:, p. 40. 4588: 4583: 4581: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4560:Badinter 2008 4556: 4549: 4548:Badinter 2008 4544: 4542: 4535:, p. 75. 4534: 4533:Badinter 2008 4529: 4523:, p. 74. 4522: 4517: 4515: 4508:, p. 71. 4507: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4491:, p. 64. 4490: 4489:Badinter 2008 4485: 4477: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4458:Badinter 2008 4454: 4452: 4450: 4443:, p. 61. 4442: 4441:Badinter 2008 4437: 4431:, p. 60. 4430: 4429:Badinter 2008 4425: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4350:Farquhar 2001 4346: 4344: 4328: 4326:9782916986357 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4270:, p. 52. 4269: 4268:Badinter 2008 4264: 4257: 4252: 4246:, p. 53. 4245: 4244:Badinter 2008 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4227:, p. 54. 4226: 4225:Badinter 2008 4221: 4219: 4217: 4210:, p. 67. 4209: 4204: 4198:, p. 51. 4197: 4196:Badinter 2008 4192: 4190: 4183:, p. 64. 4182: 4177: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4146:, p. 66. 4145: 4140: 4134:, p. 70. 4133: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4117:, p. 38. 4116: 4115:Badinter 2008 4111: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4086:Badinter 2008 4082: 4076:, p. 36. 4075: 4074:Badinter 2008 4070: 4068: 4066: 4058: 4057:Badinter 2008 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4040:, p. 34. 4039: 4038:Badinter 2008 4034: 4028:, p. 66. 4027: 4026:Badinter 2008 4022: 4020: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3999:Badinter 2008 3995: 3988: 3987:Badinter 2008 3983: 3977:, p. 28. 3976: 3975:Badinter 2008 3971: 3964: 3963:Badinter 2008 3959: 3953:, p. 27. 3952: 3951:Badinter 2008 3947: 3940: 3939:Badinter 2008 3935: 3928: 3927:Badinter 2008 3923: 3917:, p. 24. 3916: 3915:Badinter 2008 3911: 3909: 3902:, p. 23. 3901: 3900:Badinter 2008 3896: 3894: 3887:, p. 55. 3886: 3881: 3874: 3873:Badinter 2008 3869: 3863:, p. 22. 3862: 3861:Badinter 2008 3857: 3855: 3848:, p. 21. 3847: 3846:Badinter 2008 3842: 3840: 3832: 3831:Anderson 1996 3827: 3820: 3819:Badinter 2008 3815: 3808: 3807:Badinter 2008 3803: 3796: 3795:Badinter 2008 3791: 3784: 3783:Badinter 2008 3779: 3772: 3771:Badinter 2008 3767: 3761:, p. 17. 3760: 3759:Badinter 2008 3755: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3732: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3705: 3699:, p. 16. 3698: 3697:Badinter 2008 3693: 3691: 3689: 3682:, p. 15. 3681: 3680:Badinter 2008 3676: 3674: 3667:, p. 14. 3666: 3665:Badinter 2008 3661: 3654: 3653:Badinter 2008 3649: 3643:, p. 13. 3642: 3641:Badinter 2008 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3593:Badinter 2008 3589: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2529:January 1763 2528: 2526:January 1763 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2488:Maria Theresa 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003:Maria Theresa 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1950: 1942: 1940: 1937:In the study 1933: 1932:Pompeo Batoni 1929: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1900:She rejected 1898: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1860:autobiography 1857: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:Maria Theresa 1695: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1612: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530:I kiss thine 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1380: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1286:and Isabelle 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1208:self-portrait 1204: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1168:Maria Theresa 1165: 1164:fear of death 1156: 1152: 1144: 1135: 1133: 1130:draining the 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 990: 983: 971: 951: 945: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 860: 851: 849: 843: 841: 840:Enlightenment 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 763: 759: 757: 756: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 732: 728: 720: 715: 711: 709: 708:duke of Parma 705: 696: 686: 683: 676: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 592: 590: 585: 581: 577: 568: 563: 559: 557: 553: 549: 548: 543: 539: 535: 532: 531: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 499: 497: 493: 488: 486: 485: 480: 476: 472: 471:heir apparent 468: 464: 456: 452: 451: 446: 441: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354:sister-in-law 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 331:Enlightenment 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 241: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 220:Bourbon-Parma 218: 216: 212: 204: 199: 194: 190: 185: 181: 174: 172: 169: 168: 166: 164: 160: 141: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8817:LGBT royalty 8777: 8773: 8580: 8564: 8506: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8068: 8052: 7722: 7714: 7509: 7493: 7408: 7344: 7067: 7015: 6999: 6837: 6826: 6815: 6740: 6612: 6595:Alfonso XIII 6530:Alfonso XIII 6498: 6488: 6406: 6338: 6328: 6318: 6307: 6181:Maria Amalia 6154: 5955: 5909: 5863: 5695: 5685: 5608:. Retrieved 5604: 5591: 5579:. Retrieved 5574: 5559:. Retrieved 5555: 5540:. Retrieved 5536: 5506: 5502: 5478: 5465:. Retrieved 5451: 5446: 5426: 5422: 5403: 5399: 5380: 5376: 5364:. Retrieved 5358: 5327:. Retrieved 5323:the original 5317: 5288: 5240: 5218: 5191: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4838: 4796: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4702: 4690: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4654: 4645: 4618: 4611:Leitner 1994 4606: 4594: 4567: 4555: 4528: 4484: 4465: 4436: 4396:– via 4376:Anchor Books 4374:. New York: 4369: 4357: 4352:, p. 4. 4330:. Retrieved 4316: 4311: 4263: 4251: 4203: 4176: 4164:. Retrieved 4160: 4151: 4139: 4132:Leitner 1994 4110: 4081: 4033: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3880: 3868: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3739: 3729:– via 3723:. Retrieved 3718: 3712: 3704: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3568: 3040: 2538: 2515:August 1762 2512:August 1762 2487: 2486:Archduchess 2460: 2436: 2426:unpublished 2418: 2408:unpublished 2400: 2389:unpublished 2381: 2362: 2351:unpublished 2343: 2332:unpublished 2321: 2298: 2278: 2259: 2241: 2223: 2200: 2182: 2172:unpublished 2164: 2145: 2126: 2115:unpublished 2107: 2088: 2017: 2014:Bibliography 1994: 1988: 1983: 1971: 1965: 1960: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1916: 1910: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1873: 1869: 1855: 1853: 1808: 1786: 1763: 1731: 1691: 1680: 1675: 1645: 1621: 1594:hypocritical 1591: 1584: 1559: 1549: 1539: 1534:little ass. 1525: 1515: 1505: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1438: 1430: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1341: 1339: 1323: 1315:chamber pots 1304: 1291: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1232: 1213: 1185: 1180: 1172: 1161: 1149: 1067: 1065: 1041: 1017: 1008: 998:Following a 997: 947: 942: 921: 913:negotiations 875: 847: 844: 827: 785: 768: 753: 749: 743: 724: 718: 701: 681: 678: 673: 650:for operas, 647: 645: 636: 623:, balls and 598: 580:horse-riding 572: 555: 545: 528: 520: 505: 489: 482: 460: 448: 412: 374:miscarriages 343: 338: 328: 247: 246: 90:(1763-11-27) 55:Portrait by 40: 29: 8802:1763 deaths 8797:1741 births 6471:Alfonso XII 6433:Alfonso XII 5577:(in German) 5516:963-6540292 5390:963-8169885 5143:Falvai 2012 5119:Sanger 2002 5095:Sanger 2002 5071:Sanger 2002 5059:Sanger 2002 5035:Sanger 2002 5023:Sanger 2002 5011:Sanger 2002 4999:Sanger 2002 4987:Sanger 2002 4816:Sanger 2002 4707:Falvai 2012 4676:Falvai 2012 4657:(in German) 4470:Falvai 2012 4011:Latour 1927 3744:Latour 1927 3629:Latour 1927 3617:Latour 1927 3605:Latour 1927 2040:World War I 1968:patriarchal 1811:melancholic 1754:harpsichord 1746:metaphysics 1616:sarcophagus 1532:archangelic 1368:annotations 1335:prayer book 1270:, Viennese 1256:mein Engerl 1206:Marie on a 1089:Stephansdom 832:harpsichord 660:royal guard 576:butterflies 394:genetically 378:melancholic 348:, possibly 304:archduchess 8791:Categories 5467:29 January 5259:2008478877 4256:Timms 2018 3581:References 1824:homosexual 1819:hereditary 1799:olive skin 1774:card games 1734:philosophy 1710:aggressive 1669:variolated 1653:infectious 1624:Schönbrunn 1587:Maria Anna 1268:baadwaschl 1210:from 1765. 1175:miscarried 1049:Maria Anna 1031:, Antónia 922:After the 872:Background 820:confessors 816:d'Alembert 611:and Queen 601:Versailles 404:Early life 386:depression 6734:Spouse(s) 6606:Spouse(s) 6500:HI&RH 6482:Spouse(s) 6400:Spouse(s) 6301:Spouse(s) 6148:Spouse(s) 6047:Maria Ana 5949:Spouse(s) 5903:Spouse(s) 5857:Spouse(s) 5679:Spouse(s) 5525:Web pages 5484:iUniverse 5339:cite book 5275:23391459M 5267:261400711 4414:Vovk 2010 4394:773606857 4332:15 August 3725:15 August 2539:Christina 2028:Rotterdam 1895:Ferdinand 1836:salvation 1706:sarcastic 1661:embalming 1648:conscious 1405:for love 1331:miniature 1276:washcloth 1244:nicknames 1112:tableware 1060:allegoric 1033:Battyhány 924:betrothal 885:Habsburgs 782:Education 727:Ferdinand 542:hierarchy 538:etiquette 517:chastised 290:from the 6891:Carlos I 6827:also an 6755:Children 6627:Children 6513:Children 6421:Children 6354:Children 6257:Josefina 6232:Fernando 6169:Children 6071:Giuseppe 5970:Children 5775:Siblings 5710:Children 5210:30358032 2556:Ancestry 2502:pleurisy 2050:and the 2007:mistrust 1976:Treatise 1952:— 1842:Writings 1828:suicidal 1752:and the 1738:morality 1702:pleurisy 1636:smallpox 1427:diarrhea 1284:Eurydice 1248:mon Alte 1190:— 1132:treasury 1087:and the 1081:lanterns 1026:Countess 917:smallpox 883:and the 881:Bourbons 808:Rousseau 740:teething 625:concerts 609:Louis XV 530:suo jure 525:Marquise 513:tantrums 484:de facto 398:smallpox 362:Viennese 346:romantic 276:princess 6816:also a 6700:Alfonso 6659:Gonzalo 6107:Alberto 5610:10 June 5581:11 June 5561:11 June 5542:11 June 5366:10 June 5329:11 June 5179:Sources 4661:11 June 4166:27 July 2281:(1758) 2032:Hamburg 1999:Francis 1928:Leopold 1862:titled 1817:, were 1778:hunting 1742:physics 1657:autopsy 1628:Hofburg 1311:toilets 1288:Orpheus 1252:mon âne 1108:banquet 1104:Hofburg 1100:torches 1096:candles 1085:Hofburg 1023:widowed 955:Wedding 899:in the 897:Prussia 893:Britain 812:Diderot 752:in the 639:) than 633:Spanish 617:theatre 414:Infanta 320:Hungary 316:Bohemia 308:Austria 284:infanta 252:Spanish 193:Spanish 156: 148: 144: 127:Austria 95:Hofburg 6237:Isabel 5513: 5490: 5458: 5433: 5410: 5387: 5300: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5247: 5225: 5208: 5198: 4392: 4382: 4323: 2480:Notes 2477:Death 2474:Birth 2083:notes 2038:until 2036:Vienna 1794:biased 1750:violin 1744:, and 1280:erotic 1264:donkey 1220:Vienna 1074:Nuncio 1029:Erdődy 1021:, the 928:German 905:Joseph 824:saints 814:, and 796:Jesuit 788:comedy 658:: the 641:French 619:, the 515:, she 492:labour 481:, the 426:Madrid 350:sexual 335:ethics 268:French 260:German 236:Mother 226:Father 203:French 198:German 134:Spouse 113:Burial 99:Vienna 75:Madrid 59:, 1758 7723:also 7715:also 6065:Carlo 6041:Carlo 5654:Spain 5592:Orfeo 5505:[ 5450:[ 5425:[ 5402:[ 5379:[ 5184:Books 5167:[ 4315:[ 4307:(PDF) 3717:[ 3560:Notes 2471:Name 2457:Issue 2328:Mores 1640:fever 1632:twins 1292:amant 1272:slang 1260:Eserl 1258:, or 1246:were 1239:court 1116:dowry 804:Abbot 792:tutor 731:Luisa 652:plays 621:opera 605:Parma 584:envoy 508:court 418:Spain 288:Spain 280:Parma 215:House 187:Names 163:Issue 150:( 146: 8565:None 8507:None 8402:; ** 8053:None 7494:None 7409:None 7016:None 7000:None 6838:both 5612:2022 5583:2022 5563:2022 5544:2022 5511:ISBN 5488:ISBN 5469:2023 5456:ISBN 5431:ISBN 5408:ISBN 5385:ISBN 5368:2022 5345:link 5331:2022 5298:ISBN 5263:OCLC 5255:LCCN 5245:ISBN 5223:ISBN 5206:OCLC 5196:ISBN 5149:help 4713:help 4682:help 4663:2022 4476:help 4390:OCLC 4380:ISBN 4334:2024 4321:ISBN 4168:2024 3727:2024 3503:31. 3471:15. 3445:30. 3383:29. 3351:14. 3325:28. 3259:27. 3227:13. 3201:26. 3139:25. 3107:12. 3081:24. 3013:23. 2981:11. 2955:22. 2893:21. 2861:10. 2835:20. 2769:19. 2711:18. 2649:17. 2591:16. 2060:odes 2058:and 2056:airs 1904:and 1766:maps 1319:hunt 1307:mass 1274:for 1173:She 1013:Alps 895:and 540:and 318:and 310:and 298:and 282:and 85:Died 65:Born 8406:; ^ 8294:^** 6836:*** 6742:HRH 6614:HSH 6490:HRH 6408:HRH 6340:HRH 6320:HRH 6309:HRH 6156:HRH 5865:HSH 3409:7. 3285:3. 3165:6. 3039:1. 2919:5. 2795:2. 2737:9. 2675:4. 2617:8. 2030:to 1659:or 1093:wax 1072:by 1058:An 1009:aya 828:aya 750:aya 637:aya 556:aya 550:to 521:aya 453:by 447:on 424:in 388:or 329:An 314:of 306:of 286:of 278:of 101:, 8793:: 8359:** 8322:** 8316:** 8288:** 8282:** 8239:** 8233:** 8175:** 8148:** 8142:** 8136:** 8130:** 8124:** 8118:** 8112:** 8106:** 8089:** 8083:** 8077:** 8071:** 7703:*^ 7697:*^ 7665:*^ 7659:*^ 7653:*^ 7647:*^ 6825:** 6330:HH 5957:HH 5911:HH 5697:HH 5687:HH 5603:. 5554:. 5535:. 5486:. 5482:. 5356:. 5341:}} 5337:{{ 5315:. 5292:. 5286:. 5271:OL 5269:. 5261:. 5253:. 5204:. 4955:^ 4940:^ 4865:^ 4850:^ 4823:^ 4808:^ 4781:^ 4630:^ 4579:^ 4540:^ 4513:^ 4496:^ 4448:^ 4421:^ 4406:^ 4388:. 4366:. 4342:^ 4275:^ 4232:^ 4215:^ 4188:^ 4159:. 4122:^ 4093:^ 4064:^ 4045:^ 4018:^ 3907:^ 3892:^ 3853:^ 3838:^ 3751:^ 3687:^ 3672:^ 2504:. 1974:(' 1736:, 1634:; 1416:on 1370:. 1254:, 1039:. 810:, 774:, 758:. 627:. 591:. 578:, 400:. 326:. 270:: 266:, 262:: 258:, 254:: 152:m. 125:, 121:, 105:, 97:, 77:, 73:, 8772:^ 8763:* 8746:* 8729:* 8723:* 8717:* 8700:* 8694:* 8677:* 8660:* 8654:* 8648:* 8642:* 8636:* 8630:* 8624:* 8618:* 8601:* 8595:* 8589:* 8583:* 8440:e 8433:t 8426:v 8250:^ 8186:^ 8012:^ 8006:^ 7974:^ 7968:^ 7962:* 7930:^ 7924:^ 7897:^ 7891:* 7885:* 7760:e 7753:t 7746:v 7377:e 7370:t 7363:v 7272:* 7266:* 7239:* 7212:* 7206:* 7200:* 7194:* 7157:* 7151:* 7145:* 7139:* 7133:* 7127:* 6873:e 6866:t 6859:v 6814:* 6346:* 6315:* 6115:* 6109:* 6103:* 6097:* 6091:* 6085:* 6079:* 6073:* 6067:* 6061:* 6055:* 6049:* 6043:* 6037:* 6031:* 5999:* 5767:* 5761:* 5755:* 5749:* 5743:* 5737:* 5731:* 5725:* 5719:* 5656:) 5652:( 5642:e 5635:t 5628:v 5614:. 5585:. 5565:. 5546:. 5519:. 5496:. 5471:. 5439:. 5416:. 5393:. 5370:. 5347:) 5333:. 5306:. 5277:. 5231:. 5212:. 5151:) 4715:) 4684:) 4665:. 4478:) 4416:. 4400:. 4258:. 4170:. 3733:. 721:. 457:. 250:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Princess Isabella of Parma

Index