Irish language - Knowledge

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and slender consonants, which is fundamental to Irish phonology and grammar, is not fully or consistently observed in urban Irish. This and other changes make it possible that urban Irish will become a new dialect or even, over a long period, develop into a creole (i.e. a new language) distinct from Gaeltacht Irish. It has also been argued that there is a certain elitism among Irish speakers, with most respect being given to the Irish of native Gaeltacht speakers and with "Dublin" (i.e. urban) Irish being under-represented in the media. This, however, is paralleled by a failure among some urban Irish speakers to acknowledge grammatical and phonological features essential to the structure of the language.

2088: 1589: 2102:(Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in the Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. 4083: 14260: 6080: 2319:. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. 520: 1505: 477: 17005: 11521: 10853: 14305: 2266:, only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish a fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. 1445:

insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.

12510: 1131: 1429:(monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the 1703: 4272:, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". In Galway, a city dominated by Old English merchants and loyal to the Crown up to the 3768:, as well as having many characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish. 2727: 2717: 2687: 2679: 2657: 2649: 2627: 2619: 2597: 2589: 2567: 2559: 2537: 2529: 2507: 2499: 2477: 2469: 1414: 2347:

strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada; figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279

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the language. The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s, and virtually none in the 1860s. The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin. Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in

4190:(1547–1618) lamented that "When their posterity became not altogether so wary in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified". 2212:(UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After the 1998 4377:

provide audio files in the three major dialects. The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in conceptualising a "standard Irish." In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the

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It has been suggested that the comparative standard is still the Irish of the Gaeltacht, but other evidence suggests that young urban speakers take pride in having their own distinctive variety of the language. A comparison of traditional Irish and urban Irish shows that the distinction between broad

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The language saw its most rapid initial decline in counties Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Wexford, and Wicklow. In recent years, County Wicklow has been noted as having the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in Ireland, with only 0.14% of its population claiming to have passable knowledge of

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With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language change began to occur but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than

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in County Meath to the north. In this area of "Englyshe tunge" English had never actually been a dominant language – and was moreover a relatively late comer; the first colonisers were Normans who spoke Norman French, and before these Norse. The Irish language had always been the language of the bulk

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Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in

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For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of

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Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht

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Sir CHARLES OMAN asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has protested against the recent attempt of the Provisional Government in Ireland to force compulsory Erse into all official correspondence, in spite of the agreement that Erse and English should be equally permissible .. MR

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is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy

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The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses of

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The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed. The census of 1851 showed, however, that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations.

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Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice

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English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to

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The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the

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It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media. Many are younger speakers who, after encountering Irish at school, made an effort to acquire fluency, while others have been educated through

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Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all twelve counties of Leinster. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there was no Leinster dialect as such. Instead, the main dialect used in the province was represented by a

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Ulster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht regions of Donegal. These regions contain all of Ulster's communities where Irish has been spoken in an unbroken line back to when the language was the dominant language of Ireland. The Irish-speaking communities in other parts of Ulster are a

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is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name

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praise'). The ratio of analytic to synthetic forms in a given verb paradigm varies between the various tenses and moods. The conditional, imperative and past habitual forms prefer synthetic forms in most persons and numbers, whereas the subjunctive, past, future and present forms prefer mostly

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The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, small groups of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which

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Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often

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The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the

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at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009, a paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority.

4392:, is a standard for the spelling and grammar of written Irish, developed and used by the Irish government. Its rules are followed by most schools in Ireland, though schools in and near Irish-speaking regions also use the local dialect. It was published by the translation department of 1839:, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." 1802:). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in 4194:

initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following:

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English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):

4170:, County Louth (now available in digital form). The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960. Her dialect was, in fact, a branch of the Irish of south-east Ulster. 1654:

Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by

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Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established:

1479:, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. 2759:

and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.

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Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke

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details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including:

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of the population. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".

675:, 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 2850:). There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province. 8801: 8823: 3881:

The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation

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The Act was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the

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it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build a better future for Ireland and all her citizens."

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Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which once stretched from east to west across the centre of Ireland. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in

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See the discussion and the conclusions reached in 'Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market,' The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 435–460:

2885:("mountain") is in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster, e.g. 9047:, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People) 1699:, a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at the beginning of the following academic year. 8947: 7680: 1842:

In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as

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Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.

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There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in

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There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as

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CHURCHILL .. I do not anticipate that Irish Ministers will willingly incur the very great confusion which would inevitably result from the use of Irish for the material parts of their correspondence.

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The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the

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Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale. The English administrator

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and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages.

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methods employed depending on tense, number, mood and person. For example, in the official standard, present tense verbs have conjugated forms only in the 1st person and autonomous forms (i.e.

9664: 6481:(in Munster), which were previously represented by the pre-reformed spellings. For this reason, the pre-reform spellings are used by some speakers to reflect the dialectal pronunciations. 4316:

The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a reduction in the number of Dublin's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the 19th century, when the

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have three forms: abstract, general and ordinal. The numbers from 2 to 10 (and these in combination with higher numbers) are rarely used for people, numeral nominals being used instead:

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The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968.

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and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are

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In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication.

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This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the

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was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the

8209: 9507: 9305:"Gá le doirse a oscailt do nuachainteoirí na Gaeilge: Cén chaoi gur féidir cainteoirí gníomhacha, féinmhuiníneacha a dhéanamh astu seo a fhoghlaimíonn an Ghaeilge ar scoil?" 2875:

with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word-final

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

9255: 7533: 14916: 7844: 7645: 12470: 9477: 8997:"Cur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí AnnluainCur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí Annluain" 8435: 8071: 7035: 4242:. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken". 1460:), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. 2239:

The Irish language has often been used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as

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Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish.

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examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with

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is generally on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or is -

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officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".

8771: 3874:, though with many local variations. Two smaller dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the 3568:

in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word

8564: 6803: 6675: 4434:, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in 1452:

in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (

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In 1996, the three electoral divisions in the State where Irish had the most daily speakers were An Turloch (91%+), Scainimh (89%+), Min an Chladaigh (88%+).

1729:, and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary 9304: 4102:) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from 2128: 8093: 9922: 9404: 2200:

Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

2221: 16925: 15384: 7561: 4308:, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish". Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851. 15936: 9332:

Nic Fhlannchadha, S.; Hickey, T.M. (12 January 2016). "Minority Language Ownership and Authority: Perspectives of Native Speakers and New Speakers".

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Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant

6980:... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...' 6844:... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...' 3052:

and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants but there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as

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requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or

17059: 14293: 9307:[Need to open doors for new speakers of Irish: How can active, self-confident speakers be made from those who learn Irish at school?]. 3139:

essentially a Connacht dialect but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the

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are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to

1630:(police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. 9023:

Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century

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and simplifying vowel combinations. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one was selected, for example:

2315:. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from 1780: 16954: 8509: 8465: 7909: 6269:). Extending the use of the overdot to Roman type would theoretically have the advantage of making Irish texts significantly shorter, e.g. 8045: 1558:(English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. 16121: 15545: 15457: 14328: 8996: 8250: 8621: 7557:"Is there an educational advantage to speaking Irish? An investigation of the relationship between education and ability to speak Irish" 7083:"1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008" 1467:

also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman

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result of language revival – English-speaking families deciding to learn Irish. Census data shows that 4,130 people speak it at home.

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Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the

15889: 15767: 14196: 12168: 12139: 8487: 834:, the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. 14301: 5272:-free; the 3rd person singular acts as a person-free personal form that can be followed or otherwise refer to any person or number. 17074: 16787: 15423: 14396: 10248: 6664: 1615: 1082:

may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).

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reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of the language.

9499: 8677:"An Analysis of the Irish-Speaking Communities of North America: Who are they, what are their opinions, and what are their needs?" 6780: 1859:, and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the 16959: 15983: 15772: 14216: 14206: 10142: 6609: 1640:

Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see

3914:) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like 17049: 16133: 16017: 15677: 15348: 14236: 14221: 14211: 10967: 10019: 9984: 9910: 9245: 8269: 7523: 4349:("new speakers") and use whatever opportunities are available (festivals, "pop-up" events) to practise or improve their Irish. 9469: 8408: 7825: 7803: 7635: 16935: 15966: 14226: 12615: 9959: 9941: 9893: 9885: 9874: 9552: 9443: 8462:"CAIN: Issues: Language: O'Reilly, C. (1997) Nationalists and the Irish Language in Northern Ireland: Competing Perspectives" 8061: 7498: 7425: 7109: 6680: 6550: 4881: 1195: 9278: 16837: 16220: 16106: 14901: 11471: 10437: 5980:

Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish

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Ulster Irish sounds quite different from the other two main dialects. It shares several features with southern dialects of

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The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the State.

1641: 1167: 8391: 8364: 3076:. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as : 655:, particularly in the last decades of the century. Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's 481:

Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011

16175: 16088: 16045: 15043: 14653: 14231: 4685: 2838:. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway ( 1822: 499: 7707: 4182:(1518–1581) commented as follows: "All English, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irish," while the 16940: 16704: 16607: 16101: 16012: 15787: 15590: 15550: 15538: 15533: 15521: 15449: 14286: 10838: 10368: 10012: 9030: 6690: 6255:

The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to when a traditional style is consciously being used, e.g.

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from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the

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The Official Languages Scheme was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the

1611: 9634: 1371:, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. 1174: 37:"Gaoidhealg" redirects here. For the shared literary form that was in use from the 13th to the 16th–18th century, see 15797: 15516: 14978: 14923: 13694: 13507: 10112: 10083: 10069: 9830: 9761: 9732: 9703: 9596: 8763: 7783: 7174: 7145: 3961:(1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde. The illustrative phrases he uses include the following: 2188: 1214: 1104: 611: 7926: 7774:Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1993). "Aspects of the societal status of Modern Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (eds.). 6299: 1470: 16963: 15987: 15619: 15562: 15502: 14760: 12050: 11705: 8848: 7749:"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7734: 6624: 4648: 1669: 9532: 5217: 4331:

Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, from the last decades of the 20th century, of a rapidly expanding system of

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is largely conveyed through the autonomous verb form, however there also exist other structures analogous to the

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Irish and some have been raised with Irish. Those from an English-speaking background are now often described as

2985:" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as 2308: 2263: 2114:. The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the 2087: 1148: 821: 489: 31: 8295: 6185:"long (sign)"), but it is ignored for purposes of alphabetisation. It is used, among other conventions, to mark 6065:; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context. 5174: 5170: 5166: 2853:

Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in

1181: 16232: 16128: 15802: 15782: 15737: 15435: 15338: 15088: 14646: 14589: 11550: 10378: 10374: 9852: 6685: 6650: 6262: 5025: 4918: 2398: 2282: 2278: 2205: 1665: 1637:, the requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. 1152: 288: 17: 5225: 5052: 3175:

respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds Ulster words like

544:

The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht

17054: 16210: 15919: 15833: 15260: 14617: 14279: 13677: 11346: 10808: 10664: 10329: 10265: 9379:"'I'm gonna speak Irish the way that's natural for me' – craoltóir buartha faoi éilíteachas shaol na Gaeilge" 9042: 7258:

An example of the use of the word "Gaelic" to describe the language, seen throughout the text of the article.

6635: 6144:. However, contemporary Irish uses the full Latin alphabet, with the previously unused letter used in modern 1651: 1120: 817: 374: 9218: 5295:, with a full complement of forms except for the verbal adjective. The two verbs share the one verbal noun. 425: 392: 16867: 16185: 16111: 15961: 15894: 15818: 15692: 15649: 15416: 15353: 15305: 15175: 15170: 14971: 13950: 11593: 10942: 10512: 10364: 10241: 7061: 6705: 6695: 5984:"her", "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word 5395: 4946: 1825:, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". 1540: 1163: 467: 449: 8902: 6507: 6491: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6202: 6194: 5919: 4987: 4423: 2998: 2958: 2954: 2876: 17044: 17039: 16205: 15578: 13150: 12415: 11902: 11728: 10500: 10415: 10017:

Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in

7459: 6327: 4939: 4888: 4669: 4662: 4362: 4328:, and accompanied by renewed literary activity. By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish. 3019:, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional. 2082: 850: 828:

is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but

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An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870

5385: 1821:

areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the

16910: 16549: 16215: 15909: 15310: 15135: 14944: 14795: 13721: 13596: 13201: 13170: 12555: 11245: 11082: 11078: 10815: 10488: 10386: 9795: 9665:"Irish 'fada' to get legal protection – and must appear in all State IT systems and computer keyboards" 9620: 8648: 8223: 6925: 6713: 6700: 4964: 4798: 4757: 4743: 4720: 4706: 4692: 4634: 4590: 4576: 4537: 4523: 4496: 4486: 4476: 4431: 4367:

There is no single official standard for pronouncing the Irish language. Certain dictionaries, such as

2811:, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see 1391:

From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this

11417: 7748: 6917: 1111:) was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. 16617: 16473: 16193: 16007: 15929: 15914: 15899: 15747: 15682: 15644: 15634: 15624: 15484: 15315: 15277: 14669: 14595: 13682: 13517: 13145: 11543: 11387: 9951: 8707: 5389: 5056: 4973: 4655: 4551: 2804: 2763:

Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide roughly with the provinces of

2228:

the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved

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Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by the end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911.

1426: 1383:, is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. 719: 16635: 14869: 13482: 8179: 7310: 7194: 16862: 15992: 15606: 15235: 14930: 14022: 13456: 13432: 12758: 11939: 11882: 11667: 11626: 11147: 10635: 8974: 7602: 7237: 6062: 6046: 5418: 5410: 5361: 4904: 3136: 794: 461: 189: 11452: 11412: 9378: 8531: 8348: 8321: 7984: 7326:"Interinstitutional Style Guide: Section 7.2.4. Rules governing the languages of the institutions" 2192:

A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish and

2098: 17029: 16930: 16879: 16595: 16347: 16096: 15956: 15762: 15707: 15697: 15664: 15497: 15409: 15205: 15165: 15145: 15125: 15028: 14951: 13733: 13381: 12927: 12646: 12465: 12355: 11044: 10977: 10962: 10856: 10777: 10422: 10234: 9822: 8154: 6894: 6023: 5802: 5261: 5193: 5139: 4544: 4430:, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" ( 4339:, teaching entirely through Irish. As of 2019 there are 37 such primary schools in Dublin alone. 4320:

saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the

1551: 1425:(two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and 1141: 805: 632: 179: 14472: 9777: 8505: 8461: 7906: 7014:""Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities"" 4268:, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century. The English administrator and traveller 3771:

One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx is the use of the negative particle

16950: 16827: 16453: 15973: 15828: 15717: 15668: 15343: 15140: 14781: 14201: 14120: 14083: 13155: 12445: 12440: 12055: 11368: 11240: 11074: 10987: 10927: 10483: 10175: 9591:. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. 8506:"Belfast Agreement – Full text – Section 6 (Equality) – "Economic, Social and Cultural issues"" 8042: 7305: 6659: 5530: 4713: 4604: 4273: 3954:, which generally became in east Leinster (as in Munster), and in the west (as in Connacht). 3311: 2394: 2316: 1869:), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. 1588: 1438: 742: 718:, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of 652: 628: 529: 8624:[Irish is the 21st official language of the European Union] (in Irish). Archived from 8128:

Siggins, Lorna (6 January 2003). "Only 25% of Gaeltacht households fluent in Irish – survey".

8016: 6964: 6828: 6083:

The official symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, showing a Gaelic typeface with dot diacritics

3331: 16612: 16583: 16116: 15363: 15295: 15265: 15220: 15215: 15190: 15048: 14767: 14707: 14678: 14622: 14612: 14579: 13967: 13782: 13527: 13427: 12798: 12641: 12620: 12032: 11581: 11397: 11117: 11055: 8625: 6776: 5452:"I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at me", cf. Russian У меня есть книга, Finnish 5349: 5292: 4277: 2808: 2213: 2209: 2193: 2134: 1379:

Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as

15333: 11437: 11122: 6332:, which simplified and standardised the orthography and grammar by removing inter-dialectal 4082: 1188: 16982: 16749: 16520: 16497: 16282: 16168: 16022: 15997: 15866: 15687: 15659: 15255: 15245: 15195: 15155: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15093: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15053: 15038: 15033: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 14841: 14788: 14522: 14494: 14349: 14309: 14110: 13982: 13716: 13366: 12763: 12686: 12495: 12420: 11633: 11501: 11422: 11233: 11228: 10982: 10957: 10922: 8726: 8144:

Hindley 1991, Map 7: Irish speakers by towns and distinct electoral divisions, census 1926.

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For the Tongue of the Gael: a Selection of Essays and Philological on Irish-Gaelic Subjects

5357: 4771: 4614: 4597: 3692: 3547: 3140: 2402: 2225: 2068:

and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged.

1574: 809: 14477: 10745: 10673: 9568: 8491: 1250:. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. 8: 16857: 16759: 16655: 16543: 16388: 16078: 16068: 15978: 15654: 15511: 15492: 15446: 15358: 15300: 15240: 15230: 15210: 15200: 15185: 15180: 15160: 15130: 15098: 15083: 15058: 14994: 14802: 14700: 14584: 14372: 14304: 14259: 13997: 13866: 13796: 13777: 13756: 13689: 13512: 13386: 13206: 13191: 13186: 13140: 13115: 12788: 12681: 12666: 12480: 12299: 12094: 12044: 11934: 11927: 11910: 11676: 11640: 11260: 11142: 11065: 10997: 10952: 10882: 10770: 10705: 10273: 10213: 6740: 6735:

Irish was the first official language of the Irish state. Irish is not widely used as an

6669: 6209: 5902:"John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by 5837: 5021: 4305: 4276:(1641–1653), the use of the Irish language had already provoked the passing of an Act of 4131: 3833:. Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending 2401:. Certain Irish vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features are still used in modern 2256: 2016: 1627: 1555: 1342:. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into 813: 664: 636: 345: 16684: 13396: 11112: 4264:

In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called

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Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in

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etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.

1695:

staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that

16884: 16817: 16812: 16739: 16722: 16640: 16327: 16322: 16255: 15884: 15752: 15702: 15639: 15614: 15610: 15528: 15472: 15270: 15225: 15150: 15120: 14627: 14163: 13894: 13787: 13751: 13672: 13627: 13522: 13348: 13239: 13196: 13125: 12932: 12707: 12475: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12360: 12217: 12173: 11997: 11833: 11791: 11496: 11407: 11157: 10691: 10493: 10349: 10308: 10186: 9614: 9398: 9359: 7607: 7584: 7125: 6039: 5808: 5406: 5402: 5324:'is praised, one praises' ), whereas all other persons are conveyed analytically (i.e. 5303: 5265: 5213: 5147: 5143: 5112: 5070: 5048: 4764: 4323: 4265: 4187: 4183: 4127: 4123: 2812: 2359: 2338: 2229: 1788:

There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a

1763: 1564: 1455: 1368: 1363: 934: 723: 683: 648: 620: 236: 194: 9882:

Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and its Teachers 1818–1827

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As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before

441: 16915: 16845: 16565: 16427: 16292: 16198: 16148: 16063: 15924: 15838: 14855: 14848: 14027: 14002: 13992: 13728: 13701: 13582: 13437: 13422: 13417: 13376: 13371: 13276: 13165: 13120: 13110: 13102: 12773: 12727: 12717: 12563: 12390: 12370: 12329: 11649: 11617: 11603: 11467: 11107: 11070: 10583: 10463: 10432: 10108: 10079: 10065: 10008: 10004: 9955: 9937: 9889: 9870: 9866: 9848: 9844: 9826: 9757: 9728: 9699: 9602: 9592: 9548: 9447: 9026: 9017:

See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and

7779: 7588: 7528: 7494: 7421: 7170: 7141: 7105: 6309: 6129: 6074: 5811:, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives: 5299: 5197: 5017: 5007: 4932: 4678: 4620: 4562: 4509: 4464: 4454: 4395: 3342: 3307: 3279: 2204:

had devolved government. During those years the political party holding power in the

2028: 1990: 1464: 856: 790: 778: 16421: 16158: 10682: 9976: 9363: 7702: 6995: 6079: 3034:) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words 2004: 1942: 495: 16774: 16754: 16575: 16530: 15904: 15585: 15567: 15454: 14809: 14728: 14552: 14445: 14431: 14056: 14017: 13972: 13959: 13879: 13858: 13761: 13706: 13391: 13211: 13130: 12942: 12722: 12661: 12551: 12430: 12425: 12395: 12365: 12319: 12281: 12147: 11915: 11890: 11858: 11839: 11800: 11776: 11718: 11694: 11566: 11447: 11392: 11187: 10947: 10698: 10427: 9540: 9349: 9341: 7829: 7799: 7574: 7566: 7455:""The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York" 7013: 6305: 6290: 5414: 5381: 5369: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5151: 5074: 5003: 4750: 4583: 4530: 4459: 4449: 4435: 3269: 2335:, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of 2201: 1978: 1856: 1607: 1582: 1380: 1090: 888: 825: 672: 585: 349: 184: 38: 14388: 12003: 11012: 10786: 10131: 9345: 6946: 6601: 5888:"lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun) 4234:

preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at

2307:. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the 1806:

areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent.

1722: 1036:, as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as 16874: 16802: 16797: 16627: 16505: 16432: 16073: 15757: 15732: 14862: 14563: 14527: 14501: 14460: 14099: 14037: 13977: 13940: 13912: 13874: 13839: 13819: 13602: 13592: 13577: 13464: 13271: 13135: 12898: 12753: 12712: 12702: 12546: 12485: 12405: 12400: 12385: 12380: 12293: 11958: 11852: 11812: 11713: 11482: 11442: 11250: 11203: 11166: 11086: 11038: 11033: 10937: 10442: 10293: 9749: 9720: 9691: 9309: 9250: 9150: 8594: 8413: 8130: 8098: 8049: 7913: 7488: 7415: 7198: 7162: 6736: 6176: 5373: 5269: 5249: 5237: 5126: 4415: 4409: 3761: 2348: 1827: 1687:

when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish.

1403: 1343: 1247: 1233: 1063: 1029: 781:

written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional

707: 676: 221: 171: 155: 11313: 10062:

Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts : Language Use and Attitudes

7800:"NUI Entry Requirements – Ollscoil na hÉireann – National University of Ireland" 7082: 2422: 1758:

reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the

454: 17009: 16905: 16744: 16732: 15573: 15557: 15507: 14693: 14506: 14489: 14344: 14138: 14128: 14104: 14051: 14007: 13922: 13884: 13829: 13824: 13792: 13637: 13617: 13442: 13343: 13322: 13317: 12954: 12888: 12883: 12872: 12853: 12847: 12843: 12656: 12651: 12610: 12537: 12523: 12435: 12410: 12375: 12334: 12324: 12260: 12247: 12187: 12131: 12123: 12114: 12087: 12070: 12026: 11979: 11950: 11743: 11656: 11524: 11402: 11284: 11132: 11097: 11050: 11002: 10992: 10912: 10875: 10354: 10339: 10288: 10283: 9858: 9836: 9819:

Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference

9799: 9146: 7845:"University of Galway president Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh to step down from his role" 7417:

The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality

7329: 7296:

Dalton, Martha (July 2019). "Nuclear Accents in Four Irish (Gaelic) Dialects".

7136:] (in Irish) (2d ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. pp. 507 s.v. 6644: 6616: 6088: 4781: 4503: 4317: 4179: 3710: 3575: 3301: 2872: 2824: 2387: 2332: 2242: 1954: 1789: 1751:

the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.

1593: 1495: 1476: 1449: 1392: 1285: 1269: 1000: 975: 946: 786: 782: 750: 746: 730: 691: 644: 624: 565: 353: 318: 307: 272: 140: 107: 100: 93: 75: 11332: 11317: 9544: 3248:

Munster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of the counties of

2343:

being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated.

1644:). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called 737:, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by 17023: 16560: 16393: 16267: 15742: 15727: 14558: 14545: 14455: 13935: 13907: 13814: 13806: 13548: 13500: 13286: 13234: 12963: 12903: 12893: 12793: 12768: 12559: 12009: 11847: 11506: 11486: 11363: 11272: 11198: 11060: 10478: 10405: 10344: 9018: 8653: 8649:"Irish to be fully recognised as an official EU language from New Year's Day" 6640: 6333: 6157: 5365: 5345: 5205: 5178: 5159: 5116: 4999: 4826: 4419: 4269: 4258: 3765: 3243: 3023: 2393:

Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the

2355: 2292: 1880: 1711: 1623: 1619: 1430: 1347: 1033: 1017: 1005: 878: 754: 711: 663:

Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in

418: 328: 283: 11300: 10626: 9606: 7169:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. pp. 423k. 6591: 5981: 4300:

lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork,

931:, used to refer to the language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. 16714: 16650: 16645: 16555: 16538: 16363: 16302: 15792: 15777: 14253: 14046: 13834: 13358: 13312: 13251: 13160: 12937: 12915: 12908: 12350: 12275: 12265: 12197: 11826: 11756: 11490: 11432: 11180: 11127: 10447: 10359: 10313: 10303: 10278: 10208: 10064:, ed. David Lasagabaster and Ángel Huguet. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2007. 10001:

Irish and English: Essays on the Linguistic and Cultural Frontier 1600–1900

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areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090

7989: 7343: 7190: 6672:, a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in Secondary schools in Ireland 6647:

used in Irish monasteries. It included Greek, Hebrew and Celtic neologisms.

6469:

despite the reformed spellings only reflecting South Connacht realisations

6186: 6168: 6153: 6096: 5929: 5221: 5209: 5033: 5029: 5011: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4791: 4736: 4641: 4627: 4569: 4516: 4491: 4481: 4471: 4427: 3867: 3724: 3259: 3227: 3027: 2953:

In South Connemara, for example, there is a tendency to replace word-final

2835: 2233: 1966: 1904: 1570: 1339: 1327: 1321: 980: 758: 738: 703: 687: 671:

and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of

314: 296: 231: 128: 12542: 11340: 11309: 11276: 10932: 9756:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 432. 9727:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 412. 9698:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 417. 7570: 7268: 5298:

Irish verb formation employs a mixed system during conjugation, with both

3400:

that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is

1731: 1268:

through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the

409: 16851: 16764: 16463: 16407: 16368: 15629: 14714: 14168: 14153: 13554: 13473: 13281: 13266: 13256: 13229: 13055: 13008: 12920: 12671: 12288: 12192: 12079: 11290: 11280: 11220: 11092: 10727: 10556: 10473: 10152: 9903:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

9898: 9586: 6219: 6108: 5833: 5377: 5353: 4875: 4821: 4246: 3875: 3812: 3737:

dialects today is that which is spoken, with slight differences, in both

3659:

after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after

3249: 2383: 2312: 2300: 1351: 1331: 1276:

to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some

766: 699: 476: 45: 14638: 12823: 12594: 10754: 8844: 8794:"Census of Population 2022 Profile 8 - The Irish Language and Education" 8764:"Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7730: 7675: 5252:; 2 relative forms, the present and future relative; and in some verbs, 3623:(the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases). 3406:, which is the independent form; Ulster Irish also uses a similar form, 1504: 726:

of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century.

16945: 16468: 16378: 16342: 16332: 16138: 14827: 14482: 14091: 14079: 13532: 13496: 13296: 13261: 13221: 12813: 12580: 12571: 10972: 10833: 10547: 8565:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6804:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6655: 6112: 6100: 6058: 6042: 5847: 5398: 5201: 5082: 5078: 5044: 4983: 4954: 4831: 4730: 3957:

Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in

3748: 3387:

in other dialects. These are strong tendencies, and the personal forms

3321: 3031: 1683: 1633:

In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the

1273: 1246:

inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as

1155: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 553: 16589: 14963: 10619: 9354: 7579: 7389: 4414:

In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives,

3442:

in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster

2062: 1831:, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper 16977: 16698: 16482: 16337: 16312: 16287: 15712: 14908: 14883: 14466: 13491: 12603: 12038: 11991: 11819: 11749: 11427: 11336: 11268: 11173: 11007: 10763: 10298: 10183: – Irish Gaelic Arts, Culture, And History Alive Worldwide Today 10051:

Labhrann Laighnigh: Téacsanna agus Cainteanna ó Shean-Chúige Laighean

9933: 9067:

Hell or Connnaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652–1660

8748:. Dublin, Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2017. pp. 66, 69. 6516:), realised and in Munster, reflecting the pre-Caighdeán spellings 6164: 5829: 5422: 5162: 5136: 4912: 4334: 4297: 4173: 3498: 3345:

verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is

3231: 3147:

have a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as

2831: 2304: 2296: 2287:

The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast

1892: 1852: 1775: 1741: 1422: 1281: 1265: 1259: 924: 798: 668: 656: 434: 402: 384: 366: 226: 16663: 16383: 12803: 12509: 11102: 10736: 10612: 10394: 10156: 8436:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7036:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 6629: 2122: 1718:

traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.

1338:. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the 1130: 16889: 16822: 16487: 16373: 16317: 15722: 14735: 14148: 13612: 13065: 13020: 12984: 12972: 12818: 12778: 12598: 12590: 12585: 12567: 12490: 12227: 12222: 12207: 11985: 11535: 9195:Ó Conluain & Ó Céileachair 1976, pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. 8536: 6324:

standard was subsequently approved by the State and developed into

6321: 6313: 6223: 6145: 6119: 6104: 5868:"I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle 5815: 5182: 5102: 5092: 4235: 4093: 4086: 3808: 3738: 3289: 2794: 2764: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2288: 2041: 1916: 1759: 1677: 1483: 1335: 928: 919: 908: 868: 695: 507: 12833: 11294: 11137: 9948:

Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893–1910

8824:"Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media" 7555:

Watson, Iarfhlaith; Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, Máire (September 2009).

5425:; this has disappeared in Modern Irish except in fossilised form. 5189:

by convention, though it originates in the Proto-Celtic ablative.

3866:

broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the

16807: 16792: 16691: 16478: 16458: 15432: 15401: 14876: 14834: 14539: 14533: 14158: 14133: 14012: 13987: 13622: 13587: 13560: 13487: 13469: 13060: 12996: 12625: 12255: 12232: 11922: 11895: 11737: 11610: 10574: 10226: 9277:

Walsh, John; OʼRourke, Bernadette; Rowland, Hugh (October 2015).

6317: 6050: 5825: 5434:("at", etc.) is used in conjunction with the transient "be" verb 5276: 4301: 4119: 4111: 3871: 3556:"it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said 2774: 2756: 2363: 2326: 1928: 1702: 640: 503: 118: 14376: 10169: 8881:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 8866:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 7361:"House of Commons, 1 August 1922: Ireland: Erse language (18)". 3845:, also common to the Isle of Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht 3581:

Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after

3424:

being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as

2331:. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The 16677: 16670: 16515: 16448: 16307: 14721: 14356: 14143: 13930: 13712:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

13632: 13607: 13571: 13565: 13478: 13401: 13327: 13246: 12748: 12237: 12182: 11963: 11323: 11305: 10538: 10529: 9782:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

9418: 8725:

Clarke, Sandra; Paddock, Harold; MacKenzie, Marguerite (1999).

8094:"Ar fheabhas! President praises volunteer Duolingo translators" 6054: 6035: 6031: 6027: 5229: 5186: 5155: 5066: 5037: 4167: 4107: 4103: 3734: 3126: 2784: 1834: 1792:. These regions are known individually and collectively as the 1726: 1707: 1597: 1434: 762: 715: 10565: 7640: 4373:, provide a single pronunciation. Online dictionaries such as 4257:. There were still an appreciable number of Irish speakers in 1755: 1413: 937:

of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include:

891:. The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent 667:

outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the

16727: 16297: 14742: 13032: 12838: 12783: 12676: 12270: 12212: 12202: 12160: 12110: 11477: 11328: 11028: 10898: 10468: 9334:

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

8622:"Is í an Ghaeilge an 21ú teanga oifigiúil den Aontas Eorpach" 6092: 3116: 2423:

Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022

2371: 1277: 1241: 902: 734: 659:

regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022.

323: 14938:

First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

10125: 8864:

A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, County Donegal

8590:"Thousands call for Irish Language Act during Belfast rally" 6912: 6910: 6908: 5154:. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or 1399:

Discouragement of its use by the Anglo-Irish administration.

1093: 877:

prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the

14917:

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

13291: 12828: 12808: 12743: 12576: 10643: 10099:

Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in

9919:

Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so poor for so long?

9208:, pp. 168–181, Seán Ó Mórdha (ed.), An Clóchomhar Tta 1981. 9152:

The History of the Town and Country of the County of Galway

9134:

The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary

7870:"Academic claims the forced learning of Irish 'has failed'" 7019:. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education. 4239: 4115: 3950:(crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of 3878:, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. 2418:

education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.

1673: 594: 10218: 10088:

Williams, J. E. Caerwyn & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.).

7943:

Nollaig Ó Gadhra, 'The Gaeltacht and the Future of Irish,

7554: 6708:, a detailed account of the current state of the language. 2152:"Family Transmission of the Language – Early Intervention" 506:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

145:

People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish "very well":

16415: 10603: 10136: 9473: 9204:

Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa, "Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir" in

8066: 7905:

Donncha Ó hÉallaithe: "Litir oscailte chuig Enda Kenny":

7636:"Douglas Hyde's inauguration – a signal of a new Ireland" 6905: 2054:

parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the

600: 591: 10867: 8970: 6473:, failing to represent the other dialectal realisations 6095:, was used to write Primitive Irish and Old Irish until 913: 749:. On the island, the language has three major dialects: 15844:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

10198: 9219:"Dublin : Gaelscoileanna – Irish Medium Education" 8270:"Official Languages Act 2003 (and related legislation)" 7889:"End compulsory Irish, says FG, as 14,000 drop subject" 6424:

does not reflect all dialects to the same degree, e.g.

5428:

Irish has no verb to express having; instead, the word

2354:

The Irish language is also one of the languages of the

2091:

Dublin airport sign in both English and Irish languages

1585:

Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect.

9539:. De Gruyter Mouton. 11 April 2014. pp. 235–316. 9331: 8724: 8350:

Official Languages Act 2003: Language Scheme 2019–2022

8207: 6676:

List of artists who have released Irish-language songs

2230:

legislation to recognise Irish as an official language

2105: 13024: 10187:

Trinity College Dublin The Irish Language Synthesiser

9930:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

8919:"State of Ireland & Plan for its Reformation" in 8409:"Plan could treble number speaking Irish, says Cowen" 8389: 7971:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

7956:

Welsh Robert and Stewart, Bruce (1996). 'Gaeltacht,'

6540:

despite not representing the Munster pronunciations.

1650:. As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need a pass in 1482:

It has been estimated that there were around 800,000

1105: 1096: 1037: 612: 603: 15574:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

13410: 9841:

The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape

9276: 8062:"Over 2.3m people using language app to learn Irish" 8017:"Why choose Irish-medium education? | Gaeloideachas" 6136:

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u

5356:

constructions. There are also a number of preverbal

1851:

areas, numerically and socially, are those of South

597: 291: 278: 14418: 8155:"The Gaeltacht | Our Language & the Ghaeltacht" 6103:. Since the introduction of Latin script, the main 2222:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1395:were complex but came down to a number of factors: 588: 9096:Williams & Uí Mhuiríosa 1979, pp. 279 and 284. 7562:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7030: 7028: 7026: 4174:Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century 1409:The spread of bilingualism from the 1750s onwards. 714:. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across 15937:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 9999:Kelly, James & Mac Murchaidh, Ciarán (eds.). 8393:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 8346: 8248: 7284:Alternate names: Erse, Gaelic Irish, Irish Gaelic 6996:"Gaelic: Definition of Gaelic by Merriam-Webster" 5793:The latter is most commonly used in mathematics. 4422:. One notable feature is that consonants (except 2871:, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of 2129:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 2123:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 17021: 9403:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9385:. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 4296:Much earlier, in 1819, James McQuige, a veteran 2358:, a non-governmental organisation that promotes 1326:By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into 16783:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 10918:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 8905:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 7189: 7102:Míle Míle i gCéin: The Irish Language in Canada 7023: 6858: 3959:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 3278:). The Gaeltacht areas of Cork can be found in 2979:(pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and " 1554:as the national and first official language of 14849:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 10107:, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. 10058:Language Use and Language Attitudes in Ireland 9376: 9025:, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. 7703:"Allocution en irlandais, par M. Douglas Hyde" 7524:"The Irish language and the Church of Ireland" 6767: 6765: 6743:, but its use is encouraged by the government. 5588:Irish has both decimal and vigesimal systems: 4438:), in Irish they have a grammatical function. 4386:("The Official Standard"), often shortened to 2879:as , rather than as in Munster. For example, 2216:, the language gradually received a degree of 2076: 1417:The distribution of the Irish language in 1871 160:People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish: 44:For the Niger–Congo language called "Ga", see 15417: 14979: 14654: 14404: 14287: 12988: 12095: 11906:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 11551: 10883: 10242: 9747: 9718: 9689: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8901:Borde, Andrew (1870). Furnivall, F.J. (ed.). 8737: 7160: 6873: 6443: 5928:) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and 3783:. Though southern Donegal Irish tends to use 3230:was possibly one of the last speakers of the 1577:. The record of his delivering his inaugural 12976: 10163: 10153:Irish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 9569:"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica" 9370: 8524: 8123: 8121: 7452: 7298:International Conference of Phonetic Science 3337:Some typical features of Munster Irish are: 2755:Irish is represented by several traditional 15546:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 13036: 13000: 10813: 10784: 10775: 10761: 10752: 10743: 10734: 10725: 10703: 10689: 10680: 10671: 10662: 10624: 10610: 10601: 10581: 10572: 10563: 10554: 10545: 10536: 10527: 10498: 10413: 10384: 10331: 10199: 10176: 10143: 10101: 10090: 10041: 10034: 10027: 9965: 9754:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9725:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9696:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9069:, p. 156. Hamish Hamilton. SBN 241-89071-3. 8971:"The Doegen Records Web Project | DHO" 7167:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 6762: 6711: 6614: 6599: 6589: 6564: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6501: 6495: 6485: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6434: 6425: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6325: 6276: 6270: 6256: 6231: 6230:for this purpose, i.e. the dotted letters ( 6218:"dot of lenition") was used in traditional 6213: 6180: 6123: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5985: 5969: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5923: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5841: 5819: 5807:In Irish, there are two classes of initial 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5663: 5657: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5518: 5507: 5496: 5485: 5474: 5463: 5444: 5435: 5429: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5286: 5280: 5130: 5120: 5106: 5096: 5086: 5060: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4344: 4332: 4321: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4097: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3752: 3742: 3700: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3574:. In effect the construction is a type of " 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3325: 3315: 3299: 3293: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3253: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3154: 3148: 3130: 3120: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2845: 2839: 2798: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2336: 2324: 2240: 2060: 2045: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1860: 1832: 1797: 1739: 1688: 1656: 1645: 1562: 1468: 1453: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1239: 1049: 1023: 1010: 993: 985: 968: 960: 952: 939: 896: 882: 872: 861: 848: 829: 797:(albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in 770: 569: 255: 79: 16969:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 15424: 15410: 14986: 14972: 14775:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 14661: 14647: 14411: 14397: 14294: 14280: 13012: 12109: 12102: 12088: 11558: 11544: 10890: 10876: 10249: 10235: 9444:"Irish Dialects copy of Irishlanguage.net" 9239: 9237: 9235: 8926: 8879:Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, County Donegal 8208:Trinity College Dublin (5 November 2020). 7927:"Study sees decline of Irish in Gaeltacht" 7439: 7437: 6854: 6852: 6308:), issued his own guidelines about how to 4212:(accusative case, the standard form being 4200:(accusative case, the standard form being 3902:. Examples are the placenames Crooksling ( 3733:Linguistically, the most important of the 2944:, when occurring at the end of words like 1066:), the language is usually referred to as 1043: 475: 14668: 9353: 8562: 8365:"20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language" 8118: 7578: 7413: 7354: 7309: 7217: 6801: 5275:There are two verbs for "to be", one for 1215:Learn how and when to remove this message 1016:in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford 686:, Irish was the dominant language of the 16788:Association football in Northern Ireland 9296: 9279:Research Report on New Speakers of Irish 8909:. N. Trubner & Co. pp. 131–135. 8861: 7958:The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature 7773: 6665:Irish words used in the English language 6078: 5417:. In Old and Middle Irish, prepositions 4993: 4224:(genitive case, the standard form being 4081: 3617:"in the shop", compared to the Standard 3351:in Munster, while other dialects prefer 3217:(to be able to – i.e. a form similar to 2187: 2155:"Administration, Services and Community" 2086: 1779: 1701: 1616:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland 1587: 1412: 1264:Primitive Irish underwent a change into 1028:also has a wider meaning, including the 743:one of the oldest vernacular literatures 17035:Languages attested from the 4th century 15984:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 14993: 10204:– Dictionaries and terminology resource 10145:Giotaí and Top 40 Offigiúla na hÉireann 9796:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9778:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9419:"Leabharlann Teanga agus Foclóireachta" 9302: 9243: 9232: 8705: 8498: 8127: 7924: 7671:"Douglas Hyde Opens 2RN 1 January 1926" 7665: 7663: 7434: 7124: 7104:. Ottawa: Borealis Press. p. 196. 6889: 6887: 6885: 6849: 6610:Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish 6484:Other examples include the genitive of 5726:A number such as 35 has various forms: 5125:), with fossilised traces of the older 4114:, with an inland boundary encompassing 3363:means "I"). "I was" and "you were" are 1330:, which was spoken throughout Ireland, 761:. All three have distinctions in their 500:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 17022: 12953: 10968:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 10219:Articles related to the Irish language 10023:, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276. 10020:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9911:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9588:Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai 9377:Ní Thuathaláin, Méabh (23 July 2019). 9184:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8851:from the original on 8 September 2018. 8646: 8296:"Review of Official Language Act 2003" 8252:Official Languages Act 2003: Guidebook 8203: 8201: 7842: 7826:"Obligation to appoint Irish speakers" 7778:. London: Routledge. pp. 471–90. 7737:from the original on 7 September 2018. 7633: 7295: 7077: 7075: 6957: 6821: 6142:⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩ 5421:different cases depending on intended 5291:"past" and "conditional", and one for 4400:in 1953 and updated in 2012 and 2017. 2250: 2218:formal recognition in Northern Ireland 1811:Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, 918: 907: 816:, and is also an official language of 16253: 16043: 15864: 15470: 15405: 14967: 14642: 14392: 14275: 14185: 14077: 13856: 13658: 13090: 12870: 12521: 12158: 12083: 11539: 10871: 10230: 10217: 10076:Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen 9886:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 9462: 9258:from the original on 16 February 2018 8900: 8876: 8712:Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador 8602:from the original on 15 November 2017 8512:from the original on 22 November 2013 8074:from the original on 4 September 2017 7982: 7886: 7755:from the original on 12 February 2018 7648:from the original on 7 September 2018 7603:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7238:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7099: 6990: 6988: 6681:List of English words of Irish origin 6551:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5059:(only in conjunction with the number 4446: 4311: 3896:(hill) would therefore be pronounced 3777:in place of the Munster and Connacht 3709: 2997:(). There is also a tendency to omit 2232:alongside English. The bill received 1357: 999: 974: 945: 149:Daily users outside education system: 106: 99: 92: 17070:Languages of the Republic of Ireland 14902:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 11565: 11219: 10172:Grammar with audio and pronunciation 10043:Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta 9987:from the original on 11 October 2017 8746:Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland 8106:from the original on 11 October 2017 7997:from the original on 29 January 2017 7660: 7486: 6882: 6152:occurs in a small number of (mainly 5796: 4249:so that people could understand it. 3398:independent/dependent forms of verbs 2940:"a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form 1642:Education in the Republic of Ireland 1534: 1499: 1153:adding citations to reliable sources 1124: 810:national and first official language 741:since the 5th century AD, Irish has 14078: 11988:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 11259: 9863:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 9537:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 8948:"The Irish Language in Co. Wicklow" 8731:Heritage: Newfoundland and Labrador 8674: 8647:Boland, Lauren (31 December 2021). 8563:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 8468:from the original on 9 October 2015 8406: 8383: 8198: 7683:from the original on 6 January 2013 7615:from the original on 8 January 2014 7248:from the original on 8 January 2014 7072: 6802:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 6304:(The Translation Department of the 3714:opposed to in Connacht and Ulster. 3022:The pronunciation prevalent in the 2311:, which saw many Irish sent to the 2177: 2106:Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022 1876:regions in the following counties: 1823:Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology 1238:Written Irish is first attested in 24: 16013:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 15788:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 15586:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 15431: 10256: 9513:from the original on 25 April 2018 9244:Ó Broin, Brian (16 January 2010). 9173:Quoted in de Brún 2009, pp. 11–12. 8977:from the original on 19 March 2016 8544:from the original on 15 March 2007 7453:O'Reilly, Edward (17 March 2015). 7387: 7318: 6985: 6691:List of Irish-language given names 6284: 6275:"you (pl.) will get" would become 6248:bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th 6099:was introduced in the 5th century 4356: 4142: 3064:being preferred to the more usual 2272: 2184:Irish language in Northern Ireland 2050:), County Donegal, is the largest 1809:According to data compiled by the 1612:History of the Republic of Ireland 1227: 692:took it with them to other regions 518: 25: 17086: 15798:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 15385:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14924:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 13508:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 10119: 9480:from the original on 3 March 2009 9303:Seoighe, Stiofán (22 July 2019). 8804:from the original on 17 July 2024 8774:from the original on 30 July 2017 8532:"Irish language future is raised" 7983:Magan, Manchán (9 January 2007). 7634:Murphy, Brian (25 January 2018). 7536:from the original on 10 July 2017 7493:. University of Wisconsin Press. 7467:from the original on 29 July 2017 4972: 4963: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4880: 4797: 4790: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 3495:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2902:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2891:is used for "we were" instead of 2362:, Celtic identity and culture in 1661:, the Irish language ombudsman). 1489: 1406:'s support of English over Irish. 27:Celtic language native to Ireland 17003: 15967:Tallest buildings and structures 14761:Government of the United Kingdom 14303: 14258: 12871: 12508: 12051:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 11520: 11519: 10852: 10851: 9788: 9770: 9741: 9712: 9683: 9657: 9627: 9579: 9561: 9525: 9502:[The Official Standard] 9492: 9436: 9411: 9325: 9270: 9211: 9198: 9189: 9176: 9167: 9158: 9139: 9126: 9117: 9108: 9105:Ní Mhunghaile 2010, pp. 239–276. 9099: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9065:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). 9059: 9050: 8845:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 8687:from the original on 10 May 2012 7806:from the original on 5 July 2012 7731:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 7708:Bibliothèque nationale de France 7002:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 6632:, a lapel pin for Irish speakers 6625:Dictionary of the Irish Language 6606:, a course in basic spoken Irish 6266: 6226:; An Caighdeán uses a following 5268:and an impersonal form which is 4304:and even the Protestant town of 4261:at the time of the 1851 census. 4039:Gath haad o showh go part laarg? 3908:) in County Dublin and Crukeen ( 3747:= Inlet of Streaming Water) and 3094:(done) tend to be pronounced as 2726: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2677: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2617: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2587: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2527: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2497: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2467: 2351:claimed to speak Irish at home. 1503: 1421:The change was characterised by 1129: 1089: 1020:to reflect local pronunciation. 584: 552:Problems playing this file? See 534: 17075:Definitely endangered languages 14420:Languages of the United Kingdom 10438:Dependent and independent forms 10192: 9810: 9533:"III the morphonology of Irish" 9035: 9011: 8989: 8963: 8954: 8940: 8913: 8894: 8885: 8870: 8855: 8837: 8816: 8786: 8756: 8718: 8706:Mannion, John (February 2003). 8699: 8668: 8640: 8614: 8582: 8556: 8480: 8454: 8428: 8400: 8357: 8340: 8314: 8288: 8262: 8242: 8216: 8172: 8147: 8138: 8086: 8054: 8034: 8009: 7976: 7963: 7950: 7937: 7925:Siggins, Lorna (16 July 2007). 7918: 7899: 7880: 7862: 7836: 7818: 7792: 7767: 7741: 7723: 7695: 7627: 7595: 7548: 7516: 7507: 7479: 7446: 7407: 7381: 7336: 7289: 7261: 7230: 7211: 7183: 7154: 7118: 7093: 7054: 7006: 6895:"Gaelic definition and meaning" 5388:, many grammars recognise only 4064:When shall I go to sleep, wife? 3886:where the standard spelling is 3807:in northernmost dialects (e.g. 3330:), both of which together form 2793:). Records of some dialects of 2309:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2295:and North America, but also to 1573:, was inaugurated as the first 1374: 1315: 1140:needs additional citations for 859:") the name of the language is 822:languages of the European Union 32:Irish language (disambiguation) 15803:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 12000:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 10029:Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir 9928:Hindley, Reg (1991, new ed.). 9246:"Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí" 9087:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 190. 9078:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 193. 8390:Government of Ireland (2010). 7985:"Cá Bhfuil Na Gaeilg eoirí? *" 7218:Ó Dónaill, Niall, ed. (1977). 6939: 6867: 6795: 6729: 6686:List of Ireland-related topics 6651:Irish language outside Ireland 6543: 6293:, Séamas Daltún, in charge of 6263:Irish Defence Forces cap badge 6068: 5026:nominative-accusative language 4426:) come in pairs, one "broad" ( 4378:dialects are less noticeable. 4280:(1536), ordaining as follows: 4089:– According to Statute of 1488 3815:), though even in these areas 2950:, tends to be pronounced as . 2283:Irish language in Newfoundland 2279:Irish language outside Ireland 2264:language of the European Union 1666:National University of Ireland 13: 1: 17060:Verb–subject–object languages 17050:Languages of Northern Ireland 15865: 14439:Recognised regional languages 14227:Celtic place names in Galicia 13857: 12071:extinct or ancestor languages 10092:Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael 9346:10.1080/13670050.2015.1127888 8224:"Official Languages Act 2003" 8210:"Official Languages Act 2003" 7843:Wilson, Jade (26 June 2024). 7130:Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla 7062:"Frequency of Speaking Irish" 6874:Ó Flannghaile, Tomás (1896). 6779:. 1 July 1937. Archived from 6750: 6636:Goidelic substrate hypothesis 6528:, which were standardised as 6451:"beach" were standardised as 6173:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ 6115:during the mid-20th century. 5908:, the vocative marker before 5471:"You (singular) have a book." 5073:: masculine, feminine; and 4 3821:"is not" is more common than 3375:in Munster but more commonly 3143:. For example, words ending - 3115:The northern Mayo dialect of 1647:Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge 1272:and is attested primarily in 1121:History of the Irish language 1057: 647:until the 19th century, when 633:Indo-European language family 16868:Northern Ireland flags issue 16044: 15819:List of conflicts in Ireland 15563:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 13659: 12169:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 9132:Quoted in Graham Kew (ed.), 8973:. Dho.ie. 5 September 1928. 8862:Hamilton, John Noel (1974). 7373:. 1240–1242. 1 August 1922. 7134:Irish and English dictionary 6922:Cambridge English Dictionary 6755: 6706:Status of the Irish language 6696:List of Irish-language media 4403: 3642:, "in the farm", instead of 3412:, whereas "I do not see" is 3310:; and those of Waterford in 2694: 2664: 2634: 2604: 2574: 2544: 2514: 2484: 2454: 2386:, known collectively as the 2116:Department of the Taoiseach, 1817:, only 1/4 of households in 1769: 1725:found few Irish speakers in 1541:Status of the Irish language 1253: 793:, has been succeeded by the 7: 16254: 15839:Gaelic clothing and fashion 15471: 13151:Welsh literature in English 13091: 12522: 12248:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 12159: 10209:General Gaelic Dictionaries 9136:(IMC, Dublin, 1998), p. 50. 8891:Williams 1994, pp. 467–478. 8708:"The Irish in Newfoundland" 7460:New-York Historical Society 7420:. Irish Books & Media. 6582: 5515:"You (plural) have a book." 5036:, and makes liberal use of 4077: 4035:How far is it to Waterford? 3860: 2818: 2750: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2413:The 2016 census data shows: 2170:"Cross-cutting Initiatives" 2112:Official Languages Act 2003 2083:Official Languages Act 2003 2077:Official Languages Act 2003 1626:, agricultural inspectors, 1606:From the foundation of the 1550:Irish is recognised by the 842: 10: 17091: 14945:First Minister of Scotland 14796:Northern Ireland Executive 13171:Scottish Gaelic literature 12556:Brigantia (ancient region) 10816:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 9506:(in Irish). January 2012. 9284:(Report). Foras na Gaeilge 9044:The Description of Ireland 8347:Roinn an Taoisigh (2019). 7960:. Oxford University Press. 7887:Regan, Mary (4 May 2010). 7513:McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131. 7487:Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). 7394:World History Encyclopedia 7205:English Universities Press 6926:Cambridge University Press 6899:Collins English Dictionary 6714:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 6701:Modern literature in Irish 6072: 5824:) describes the change of 5800: 5701:a deich is cheithre fichid 5584:(free variation) "Second." 4997: 4407: 4360: 4110:, to the garrison town of 3722: 3241: 3237: 2822: 2736: 2276: 2181: 2126: 2080: 1773: 1545: 1538: 1493: 1386: 1361: 1346:in Scotland, and into the 1319: 1257: 1231: 1118: 1114: 901:. Older spellings include 43: 36: 29: 16999: 16898: 16836: 16773: 16713: 16626: 16574: 16529: 16496: 16441: 16406: 16356: 16275: 16266: 16262: 16249: 16184: 16087: 16056: 16052: 16039: 15949: 15877: 15873: 15860: 15811: 15599: 15483: 15479: 15466: 15442: 15372: 15324: 15286: 15001: 14894:Representatives of states 14893: 14819: 14752: 14685: 14676: 14605: 14572: 14515: 14438: 14426: 14365: 14337: 14316: 14249: 14192: 14186: 14181: 14119: 14090: 14073: 14036: 13958: 13949: 13921: 13893: 13865: 13852: 13805: 13770: 13744: 13665: 13654: 13541: 13518:Hebridean Celtic Festival 13455: 13357: 13336: 13305: 13220: 13179: 13146:Welsh-language literature 13101: 13097: 13086: 13048: 12962: 12879: 12866: 12736: 12695: 12634: 12530: 12517: 12506: 12343: 12312: 12246: 12167: 12154: 12121: 12064: 12019: 11972: 11949: 11886:? (possibly hypothetical) 11874: 11790: 11768: 11727: 11704: 11686: 11675: 11666: 11591: 11573: 11515: 11460: 11379: 11212: 11156: 11021: 10905: 10897: 10847: 10834:Personal and family names 10826: 10801: 10785: 10776: 10762: 10753: 10744: 10735: 10726: 10718: 10690: 10681: 10672: 10663: 10655: 10611: 10602: 10594: 10520: 10511: 10456: 10404: 10322: 10264: 10224: 10164:Grammar and pronunciation 10096:. An Clóchomhar Tta 1979. 9952:Syracuse University Press 9545:10.1515/9783110226607.235 8877:Lucas, Leslie W. (1979). 6965:"Our Role Supporting You" 6829:"Our Role Supporting You" 6773:"Constitution of Ireland" 6240:ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ 6111:until it was replaced by 5519: 5508: 5497: 5486: 5475: 5464: 5445: 5409:. Different prepositions 4830: 4820: 4818: 4780: 4729: 4613: 4502: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4255:Faulkner's Dublin Journal 4007:Sir, can you speak Irish? 3999:Tam a goomah gramahagood. 3969: 3966: 3718: 3298:); those of Kerry lie in 2805:Irish Folklore Commission 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2071: 1635:Language Freedom Movement 1614:), new appointees to the 1563: 1469: 1427:transitional bilingualism 643:and was the population's 631:, which is a part of the 486: 474: 460: 448: 432: 416: 400: 382: 364: 359: 341:Official language in 339: 334: 304: 266: 256: 249: 214: 168: 134: 124: 114: 87: 74: 60: 55: 14931:Chief Minister of Jersey 13951:Ancient Celtic languages 11148:Gaelic Christian mission 10665:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 9974:, Issue 34, 6 May 2013: 9500:"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil" 7414:De Fréine, Seán (1978). 6859:O'Gallagher, J. (1877). 6722: 6621:, Irish language Society 6477:(in Mayo and Ulster) or 6107:used to write Irish was 5874:, now generally omitted) 5558:"Two people, a couple", 5384:. Verb forms are highly 4052:It is one a twenty mile. 2408: 2164:"Legislation and Status" 1706:Bilingual road signs in 1561:In 1938, the founder of 912:in Classical Gaelic and 837: 16960:Prostitution (Republic) 14952:First Minister of Wales 14222:Gaulish words in French 14207:Celtic words in English 12466:Scottish New Zealanders 12356:Anglo-Celtic Australian 11894:? (possibly related to 11418:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 10978:Jacobite rising of 1745 10026:Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. ' 9823:Oxford University Press 8322:"Irish Language Policy" 8249:An Coimisinéir Teanga. 7973:. Taylor & Francis. 7947:, Volume 90, Number 360 7912:20 January 2011 at the 6861:Sermons in Irish-Gaelic 6289:Around the time of the 5803:Irish initial mutations 4068:Gah hon rah moyd holow? 3550:construction involving 3543:"companion, mate", etc. 3531:"foreigner, non-Gael", 2934:"foreigner, non-Gael", 1847:. Today, the strongest 1552:Constitution of Ireland 914: 903: 820:and among the official 795:standard Latin alphabet 17065:Vertical vowel systems 15829:List of Irish kingdoms 15044:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14782:Isle of Man Government 13156:Early Irish literature 13037: 13025: 13013: 13001: 12989: 12977: 12446:Scotch-Irish Canadians 12441:Scotch-Irish Americans 12056:Welsh-medium education 11706:Southwestern Brittonic 10839:List of personal names 10814: 10704: 10625: 10582: 10573: 10564: 10555: 10546: 10537: 10528: 10501:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10499: 10416:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10414: 10385: 10332: 10200: 10177: 10144: 10102: 10091: 10042: 10035: 10028: 9972:Dublin Review of Books 9966: 9619:: CS1 maint: others ( 9164:Ó Laoire 2007, p. 164. 8960:Cited in Ó Gráda 2013. 7485:See the discussion in 7220:Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla 6712: 6660:Place names in Ireland 6615: 6600: 6590: 6565: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6502: 6496: 6486: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6361: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6328:an Caighdeán Oifigiúil 6326: 6295:Rannóg an Aistriúcháin 6277: 6271: 6257: 6232: 6214: 6181: 6140:; it does not contain 6124: 6118:The traditional Irish 6084: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5986: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5942: 5936: 5924: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5842: 5820: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5766:"15 of 20 (genitive)" 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5580: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5436: 5430: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5287: 5281: 5131: 5121: 5107: 5097: 5087: 5061: 4394: 4388: 4383:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4382: 4375:Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge 4369: 4363:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4345: 4333: 4322: 4274:Irish Confederate Wars 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4098: 4090: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3753: 3743: 3701: 3697:⟨(e)ach⟩ 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3539: 3537:"a wonder, a marvel", 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3326: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3284: 3274: 3264: 3254: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3145:⟨bh, mh⟩ 3131: 3121: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2946: 2942:⟨(a)ibh⟩ 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2420: 2395:island of Newfoundland 2337: 2325: 2241: 2197: 2158:"Media and Technology" 2092: 2061: 2046: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1861: 1833: 1798: 1785: 1740: 1714: 1689: 1657: 1646: 1600: 1512:This section is empty. 1471:Muircheartach Ó Cíonga 1454: 1418: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1240: 1062:In English (including 1050: 1044: 1038: 1024: 1011: 994: 986: 969: 961: 953: 940: 897: 883: 873: 862: 851:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 849: 831:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 830: 773:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 771: 570: 523: 488:This article contains 258:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 80: 16936:Mass media (Republic) 16880:National coat of arms 15768:IRA Northern Campaign 14768:Government of Ireland 14679:Good Friday Agreement 14670:British–Irish Council 13783:Scottish independence 13528:Celtic Media Festival 13411:National music scenes 12642:Proto-Celtic religion 12344:Related ethnic groups 12033:Skol Veythrin Karenza 11973:Celtic-speaking areas 11898:or pre-Indo-European) 11453:An Coimisinéir Teanga 11413:An Comunn Gàidhealach 11118:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 10157:Swadesh-list appendix 10040:, ed. Seán Ó Mórdha. 9946:McMahon, Timothy G.. 9155:. Dublin 1820: p. 80. 9114:See Fitzgerald, 1984. 8407:Breadun, Deaglan De. 8048:29 March 2015 at the 7969:Hindley, Reg (1991). 7571:10.1515/IJSL.2009.039 7100:Doyle, Danny (2015). 7089:(table), Census, 2010 6777:Government of Ireland 6596:, Anglicisms in Irish 6082: 5774:"5 of 30 (genitive)" 5747:a cúigdéag ar fhichid 5673:a deich is trí fichid 5624:daichead, dá fhichead 5279:with only two forms, 4994:Syntax and morphology 4085: 4011:Sor, woll galow oket? 3711:[ciəˈɾˠaːn̪ˠ] 3181:(meaning "to look"), 2415: 2397:, in a form known as 2214:Good Friday Agreement 2210:Ulster Unionist Party 2191: 2135:Government of Ireland 2099:An Coimisinéir Teanga 2090: 1783: 1762:app. Irish president 1705: 1658:An Coimisinéir Teanga 1591: 1579:Declaration of Office 1441:were Irish speakers. 1416: 1001:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 682:For most of recorded 629:Celtic language group 522: 162:(ROI, 2022) 1,873,997 101:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 17055:Languages of Ireland 16858:County coats of arms 16750:List of Irish people 15824:List of Irish tribes 15674:Cromwellian conquest 15660:Plantation of Ulster 15591:Ireland (since 1922) 14995:Languages of Europe 14789:Government of Jersey 14686:Member jurisdictions 14310:Languages of Ireland 14107:(Medieval Welsh law) 13717:Scottish nationalism 13367:Ancient Celtic music 12687:Romano-Celtic temple 12496:Welsh New Zealanders 12421:Irish New Zealanders 11502:Kingdom of the Isles 11423:Seachtain na Gaeilge 11388:Údarás na Gaeltachta 11143:Insular Christianity 10958:Plantation of Ulster 10923:High King of Ireland 9817:McCabe, Richard A.. 9041:Ellis, Henry (ed.). 8937:See Fitzgerald 1984. 8923:, Henry VIII, ii, 8. 8921:State Papers Ireland 8540:. 13 December 2006. 8159:Údarás na Gaeltachta 8070:. 25 November 2016. 7832:on 30 November 2005. 7776:The Celtic Languages 7751:. 23 November 2017. 7679:. 15 February 2012. 7371:Houses of Parliament 7200:Teach Yourself Irish 5755:a cúig ar thríochaid 5731:a cúigdéag is fichid 4027:Benytee, toor haran! 4023:Wife, give me bread! 3995:I am well, thank you 3975:Anglicised spelling 3141:Plantation of Ulster 3135:) is in grammar and 2403:Newfoundland English 2236:on 6 December 2022. 2226:St Andrews Agreement 1960:Contae Dhún na nGall 1575:President of Ireland 1286:ecclesiastical terms 1149:improve this article 1004:in West/Cork, Kerry 909:[ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] 30:For other uses, see 16973:in Northern Ireland 16964:in Northern Ireland 16705:Legendary creatures 16618:Traditional singing 16454:Saint Patrick's Day 16089:Republic of Ireland 16018:Tourist attractions 16003:ROI–UK border 15988:of Northern Ireland 15941:in Northern Ireland 15773:IRA Border Campaign 15748:War of Independence 15718:Second Great Famine 15703:Act of Union (1800) 15655:Flight of the Earls 15512:Lordship of Ireland 15447:Republic of Ireland 15287:States with limited 14803:Scottish Government 14606:Languages by region 14373:Irish Sign Language 13797:Irish republicanism 13778:Breton independence 13757:Scottish devolution 13690:Cornish nationalism 13513:Pan Celtic Festival 13387:Scottish folk music 13141:Scottish literature 12667:Celtic Christianity 12471:Scottish Travellers 12456:Scottish Argentines 12300:Scottish Travellers 12045:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 12020:Immersive education 10998:Highland Clearances 10953:Flight of the Earls 10771:Irish Texts Society 10274:Proto-Indo-European 10155:(from Wiktionary's 9635:"Irish Orthography" 8508:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8464:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8371:. 29 September 2020 8180:"Gaeltacht Affairs" 7348:The Free Dictionary 7269:"Irish: Ethnologue" 7222:. p. 600 s.v. 7126:Dinneen, Patrick S. 7000:Merriam-Webster.com 6258:Óglaiġ na h-Éireann 6156:) native words and 5982:possessive pronouns 5809:consonant mutations 5779:fiche 's a cúigdéag 5638:a deich is daichead 5526:"They have a book." 5344:The meaning of the 5293:transient qualities 5185:case is called the 4815: 4443: 4442:Consonant phonemes 4044:seo go Port Láirge? 3565:Éireannach is ea mé 3332:Gaeltacht na nDéise 3275:Contae Phort Láirge 3187:(painful or sore), 2803:) were made by the 2696:All Gaeltacht Areas 2257:European Parliament 2251:European Parliament 2206:Stormont Parliament 2022:Contae Phort Láirge 1886:Contae na Gaillimhe 1721:In 2007, filmmaker 1697:Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh 1652:Leaving Certificate 1556:Republic of Ireland 1051:Gaeilge na hÉireann 920:[ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] 887:, the form used in 814:Republic of Ireland 785:, a variant of the 147:(ROI, 2022) 195,029 17045:Goidelic languages 17040:Fusional languages 17010:Ireland portal 16328:Skirts and kidneys 15834:List of High Kings 15753:Anglo-Irish Treaty 15693:First Great Famine 15678:Settlement of 1652 15650:Tyrone's Rebellion 15640:Desmond Rebellions 15529:Kingdom of Ireland 14338:Minority languages 14317:Official languages 13788:Welsh independence 13752:Cornish devolution 13673:Breton nationalism 13523:Celtic Connections 13126:Cornish literature 12476:Ulster Protestants 12461:Scottish Canadians 12451:Scottish Americans 12361:Anglo-Irish people 11998:Cape Breton Island 11834:Early Modern Irish 11594:Continental Celtic 11497:Kingdom of Munster 11438:Comunn na Gàidhlig 11408:Conradh na Gaeilge 11045:Lebor Gabála Érenn 10809:Leaving Cert Irish 10778:Sáirséal agus Dill 10350:Newfoundland Irish 10309:Early Modern Irish 10074:Shibakov, Alexey. 10056:Ó Laoire, Muiris. 10049:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. 9964:Ó Gráda, Cormac. ' 9923:Gill and MacMillan 9880:De Brún, Pádraig. 9639:www.nualeargais.ie 9573:www.britannica.com 9056:See Ó hÓgáin 2011. 8442:. 19 December 2023 7876:. 19 January 2006. 7608:The New York Times 7242:The New York Times 7195:Ó Cróinín, Donncha 7042:. 19 December 2023 6244:are equivalent to 6236:"struck letters") 6085: 5846:), it is shown in 5763:a cúigdéag fichead 5458:le livre est à moi 5390:11 irregular verbs 5376:, etc. There is a 5341:analytical forms. 5277:inherent qualities 4813: 4441: 4324:Conradh na Gaeilge 4312:Modern urban usage 4188:Richard Stanihurst 4124:Earldom of Kildare 4091: 3952:⟨ao⟩ 3888:⟨cn⟩ 3884:⟨cr⟩ 3870:and southwards to 3801:has almost ousted 3234:dialect of Irish. 2961:, in word such as 2813:Newfoundland Irish 2399:Newfoundland Irish 2360:self-determination 2339:Conradh na Gaeilge 2262:While an official 2198: 2093: 1855:, the west of the 1786: 1754:In November 2016, 1715: 1601: 1592:Bilingual sign in 1565:Conradh na Gaeilge 1475:, commissioned by 1456:Conradh na Gaeilge 1419: 1369:Early Modern Irish 1364:Early Modern Irish 1358:Early Modern Irish 1030:Gaelic of Scotland 976:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 947:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 893:⟨dh⟩ 824:. The public body 524: 237:Early Modern Irish 164:(NI, 2021) 228,600 151:(ROI, 2022) 71,968 108:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 94:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 17017: 17016: 16995: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16402: 16401: 16293:Bacon and cabbage 16245: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16112:Foreign relations 16035: 16034: 16031: 16030: 15962:Notable buildings 15856: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15392: 14961: 14960: 14856:Knowledge economy 14636: 14635: 14427:Official language 14386: 14385: 14269: 14268: 14245: 14244: 14177: 14176: 14069: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14028:Cisalpine Gaulish 13848: 13847: 13734:national identity 13729:Welsh nationalism 13722:national identity 13702:Irish nationalism 13650: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13583:Cornish wrestling 13451: 13450: 13372:Breton Folk music 13337:Regional cultures 13180:National cultures 13166:Gaelic literature 13121:Breton literature 13082: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13073: 12862: 12861: 12774:Chief of the Name 12647:Celtic polytheism 12564:Sub-Roman Britain 12504: 12503: 12391:Irish Australians 12371:Cornish Americans 12330:Scottish diaspora 12077: 12076: 11870: 11869: 11786: 11785: 11729:Western Brittonic 11618:Cisalpine Gaulish 11533: 11532: 11468:Haplogroup R-M269 11359: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11108:Gaelic folk music 11071:Gaelic literature 10865: 10864: 10797: 10796: 10746:Cló Iar-Chonnacht 10711: 10648: 10640: 10632: 10489:Modern literature 10423:Initial mutations 10005:Four Courts Press 9960:978-0-8156-3158-3 9942:978-0-4150-6481-1 9894:978-1-85500-212-8 9875:978-3-11-022659-1 9867:De Gruyter Mouton 9845:Walter de Gruyter 9554:978-3-11-022660-7 9470:"Beginners' Blas" 7711:. 28 January 1922 7611:. 29 March 2005. 7529:Church of Ireland 7500:978-0-299-30274-0 7427:978-0-85342-516-8 7244:. 29 March 2005. 7111:978-0-88887-631-7 6580: 6579: 6549:Article 1 of the 6233:litreacha buailte 6228:⟨h⟩ 6199:⟨é⟩ 6191:⟨e⟩ 6150:⟨v⟩ 6128:) consists of 18 6075:Irish orthography 5932:of voiced stops. 5852:⟨h⟩ 5797:Initial mutations 5787:tríocha 's a cúig 5739:a cúig is tríocha 5504:"We have a book." 5493:"She has a book." 5008:Irish conjugation 4980: 4979: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4811: 4810: 4681: 4623: 4565: 4512: 4075: 4074: 3851:"I walk", Ulster 3657:⟨d⟩ 3653:⟨t⟩ 3628:⟨f⟩ 3466:in the Standard; 3308:Iveragh Peninsula 3280:Cape Clear Island 3161:⟨f⟩ 3026:(the area around 2745: 2744: 2665:County Waterford 2442:Change 2011–2022 1991:Iveragh Peninsula 1815:, Sport and Media 1569:(Gaelic League), 1535:Status and policy 1532: 1531: 1465:Church of Ireland 1225: 1224: 1217: 1199: 1039:Gaeilge na hAlban 867:, from the South 651:gradually became 639:to the island of 621:Goidelic language 574:), also known as 539: 514: 513: 496:rendering support 492:phonetic symbols. 153:(NI, 2021) 43,557 16:(Redirected from 17082: 17008: 17007: 17006: 16685:Tuatha Dé Danann 16273: 16272: 16264: 16263: 16251: 16250: 16186:Northern Ireland 16164: 16154: 16144: 16054: 16053: 16041: 16040: 15875: 15874: 15862: 15861: 15738:Home Rule crisis 15568:Northern Ireland 15481: 15480: 15468: 15467: 15455:Northern Ireland 15426: 15419: 15412: 15403: 15402: 15325:Dependencies and 15261:Northern Ireland 15002:Sovereign states 14988: 14981: 14974: 14965: 14964: 14954: 14947: 14940: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14904: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14870:Social inclusion 14865: 14858: 14851: 14844: 14837: 14830: 14812: 14810:Welsh Government 14805: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14745: 14738: 14731: 14729:Northern Ireland 14724: 14717: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14663: 14656: 14649: 14640: 14639: 14618:Northern Ireland 14413: 14406: 14399: 14390: 14389: 14308: 14307: 14296: 14289: 14282: 14273: 14272: 14262: 14183: 14182: 14075: 14074: 14057:Galwegian Gaelic 13956: 13955: 13854: 13853: 13762:Welsh devolution 13656: 13655: 13408: 13407: 13397:Sean-nós singing 13392:Welsh folk music 13382:Irish folk music 13349:Highland culture 13131:Irish literature 13111:Arthurian Legend 13099: 13098: 13088: 13087: 13040: 13028: 13016: 13004: 12992: 12980: 12960: 12959: 12951: 12950: 12928:Neo-Christianity 12868: 12867: 12799:Gaelic astrology 12759:Celtic festivals 12662:Celtic mythology 12635:Ancient religion 12552:Iron Age Britain 12519: 12518: 12512: 12491:Welsh Argentines 12431:Irish Uruguayans 12426:Irish Travellers 12396:Irish Brazilians 12386:Irish Argentines 12366:Breton Americans 12320:Cornish diaspora 12282:Irish Travellers 12156: 12155: 12148:Celtic languages 12104: 12097: 12090: 12081: 12080: 11859:Galwegian Gaelic 11840:Classical Gaelic 11801:Classical Gaelic 11695:Common Brittonic 11684: 11683: 11673: 11672: 11567:Celtic languages 11560: 11553: 11546: 11537: 11536: 11523: 11522: 11461:Related subjects 11448:Clans of Ireland 11398:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 11393:Foras na Gaeilge 11257: 11256: 11241:Medical families 11217: 11216: 11188:Classical Gaelic 11113:Sean-nós singing 11056:Gaelic astrology 11039:Gaelic mythology 10948:Statutes of Iona 10892: 10885: 10878: 10869: 10868: 10855: 10854: 10819: 10790: 10789: 10781: 10780: 10767: 10766: 10758: 10757: 10749: 10748: 10740: 10739: 10731: 10730: 10709: 10701: 10699:BBC Radio Ulster 10695: 10694: 10686: 10685: 10677: 10676: 10668: 10667: 10646: 10638: 10630: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10607: 10606: 10587: 10578: 10569: 10560: 10551: 10542: 10533: 10518: 10517: 10504: 10484:Early literature 10419: 10390: 10369:Northern Ireland 10335: 10323:Sociolinguistics 10251: 10244: 10237: 10228: 10227: 10215: 10214: 10203: 10180: 10147: 10105: 10103:Stair na Gaeilge 10094: 10053:. Coiscéim 2011. 10045: 10038: 10031: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9977:"CÉ FADA LE FÁN" 9969: 9804: 9803: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9750:Gussmann, Edmund 9745: 9739: 9738: 9721:Gussmann, Edmund 9716: 9710: 9709: 9692:Gussmann, Edmund 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9645:on 26 March 2023 9641:. Archived from 9631: 9625: 9624: 9618: 9610: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9512: 9505: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9446:. Archived from 9440: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9423:www.teanglann.ie 9415: 9409: 9408: 9402: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9357: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9283: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9241: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9215: 9209: 9202: 9196: 9193: 9187: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9156: 9143: 9137: 9130: 9124: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9097: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9070: 9063: 9057: 9054: 9048: 9039: 9033: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8967: 8961: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8828: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8675:O Broin, Brian. 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8628:on 18 March 2008 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8490:. Archived from 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8276:. 31 August 2020 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8186:. 5 October 2020 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8125: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8058: 8052: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8021:gaeloideachas.ie 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7922: 7916: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7828:. Archived from 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7667: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7582: 7565:(199): 143–156. 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7432: 7431: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7332:. 27 April 2016. 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7163:Gussmann, Edmund 7158: 7152: 7151: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7068:. 21 March 2023. 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7032: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6992: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6969:Foras na Gaeilge 6961: 6955: 6954: 6947:"Irish language" 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6914: 6903: 6902: 6891: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6833:Foras na Gaeilge 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6769: 6744: 6733: 6717: 6620: 6605: 6595: 6568: 6556: 6555: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6415:"Irish language" 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6331: 6306:Irish government 6303: 6291:Second World War 6280: 6274: 6260: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6217: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6174: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6127: 6024:initial mutation 6017: 6008: 5999: 5989: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5927: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5887: 5882:"requirement" – 5881: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5823: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5653:"half-hundred") 5652: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5610:a deich is fiche 5607:30: vigesimal – 5604: 5596: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5482:"He has a book." 5481: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5454:minulla on kirja 5451: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5382:verbal adjective 5374:relative clauses 5339: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5290: 5284: 5134: 5124: 5110: 5100: 5090: 5064: 5034:satellite framed 5028:. It is neither 5004:Irish declension 4989: 4976: 4967: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4884: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4816: 4812: 4801: 4794: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4619: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4508: 4444: 4440: 4425: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4348: 4338: 4327: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4101: 4046: 4017: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3756: 3746: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3688: 3683:"on the house", 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3559:is Éireannach mé 3555: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3525:"sledgehammer", 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3329: 3319: 3305: 3297: 3287: 3277: 3267: 3257: 3226:Irish President 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3134: 3124: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3058:(difficult) and 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2928:"sledgehammer", 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2802: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2650: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2620: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2560: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2530: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2500: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2427: 2426: 2342: 2330: 2246: 2202:Northern Ireland 2178:Northern Ireland 2066: 2049: 2036: 2024: 2017:County Waterford 2012: 1998: 1986: 1979:Dingle Peninsula 1974: 1962: 1950: 1948:Contae Mhaigh Eo 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1864: 1857:Dingle Peninsula 1838: 1801: 1745: 1694: 1660: 1649: 1608:Irish Free State 1568: 1567: 1527: 1524: 1514:You can help by 1507: 1500: 1474: 1473: 1459: 1381:Geoffrey Keating 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1280:words, some via 1245: 1220: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1164:"Irish language" 1157: 1133: 1125: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1027: 1014: 1003: 997: 989: 978: 972: 964: 956: 949: 943: 922: 917: 911: 906: 900: 894: 889:Classical Gaelic 886: 876: 865: 855:("The Official 854: 833: 826:Foras na Gaeilge 818:Northern Ireland 776: 769:. There is also 673:Northern Ireland 615: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 573: 541: 540: 521: 479: 470: 444: 428: 412: 405: 396: 395: 387: 378: 377: 369: 350:Northern Ireland 310: 293: 280: 261: 260: 174: 110: 103: 96: 91:Connacht Irish: 83: 53: 52: 39:Classical Gaelic 21: 17090: 17089: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17081: 17080: 17079: 17020: 17019: 17018: 17013: 17004: 17002: 16987: 16955:outside Ireland 16926:Historic houses 16894: 16875:Irish Wolfhound 16846:Brighid's Cross 16832: 16803:Gaelic handball 16798:Gaelic football 16769: 16740:Hiberno-Normans 16709: 16622: 16570: 16525: 16506:Hiberno-English 16492: 16437: 16398: 16352: 16258: 16237: 16180: 16162: 16152: 16142: 16083: 16074:Ulster loyalism 16048: 16027: 15945: 15869: 15848: 15807: 15733:Dublin lock-out 15669:Confederate War 15620:Norman invasion 15607:Battles of Tara 15595: 15551:1801–1923 15539:1691–1800 15534:1536–1691 15522:1169–1536 15475: 15462: 15438: 15430: 15400: 15395: 15394: 15389: 15368: 15326: 15320: 15306:Northern Cyprus 15288: 15282: 15176:North Macedonia 14997: 14992: 14962: 14957: 14950: 14943: 14936: 14929: 14922: 14915: 14907: 14900: 14889: 14882: 14875: 14868: 14863:Misuse of drugs 14861: 14854: 14847: 14840: 14833: 14826: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14780: 14773: 14766: 14759: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14681: 14672: 14667: 14637: 14632: 14601: 14568: 14528:Beurla Reagaird 14516:Other languages 14511: 14502:Scottish Gaelic 14434: 14422: 14417: 14387: 14382: 14361: 14333: 14312: 14302: 14300: 14270: 14265: 14241: 14188: 14173: 14115: 14111:Early Scots law 14100:Early Irish law 14086: 14061: 14038:Scottish Gaelic 14032: 13973:Proto-Brittonic 13945: 13941:Beurla Reagaird 13917: 13913:Scottish Gaelic 13889: 13861: 13844: 13840:Columba Project 13820:Celtic Congress 13801: 13766: 13740: 13661: 13642: 13603:Gaelic handball 13593:Gaelic football 13578:Cornish hurling 13537: 13447: 13406: 13353: 13332: 13318:Gaelic clothing 13301: 13216: 13175: 13136:Manx literature 13093: 13070: 13049:Other claimants 13044: 12949: 12899:Celtic Congress 12875: 12858: 12754:Celtic calendar 12732: 12691: 12630: 12526: 12513: 12500: 12486:Welsh Americans 12406:Irish Catholics 12401:Irish Canadians 12381:Irish Americans 12339: 12313:Celtic diaspora 12308: 12242: 12171: 12163: 12150: 12117: 12108: 12078: 12073: 12060: 12015: 11968: 11959:Beurla Reagaird 11945: 11883:Ancient Belgian 11866: 11853:Scottish Gaelic 11813:Primitive Irish 11782: 11764: 11723: 11700: 11679: 11662: 11587: 11569: 11564: 11534: 11529: 11511: 11456: 11443:Columba Project 11381: 11375: 11351: 11255: 11208: 11204:Scottish Gaelic 11167:Primitive Irish 11152: 11083:Scottish Gaelic 11017: 10943:Nine Years' War 10906:General history 10901: 10896: 10866: 10861: 10843: 10822: 10793: 10714: 10651: 10590: 10507: 10452: 10400: 10379:in Newfoundland 10375:Outside Ireland 10318: 10294:Primitive Irish 10260: 10255: 10220: 10195: 10166: 10132:Learning Irish? 10122: 10117: 10078:. epubli 2017. 9990: 9988: 9975: 9905:, Oxford, 2015. 9859:Hickey, Raymond 9837:Hickey, Raymond 9813: 9808: 9807: 9794: 9793: 9789: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9746: 9742: 9735: 9717: 9713: 9706: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9672: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9612: 9611: 9599: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9483: 9481: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9453: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9427: 9425: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9396: 9395: 9388: 9386: 9375: 9371: 9330: 9326: 9316: 9314: 9310:The Irish Times 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9251:The Irish Times 9242: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9212: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9168: 9163: 9159: 9147:Hardiman, James 9144: 9140: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9051: 9040: 9036: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8990: 8980: 8978: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8950:. 27 June 2019. 8946: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8875: 8871: 8860: 8856: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8723: 8719: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8645: 8641: 8631: 8629: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8595:The Irish Times 8588: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8494:on 13 May 2007. 8486: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8414:The Irish Times 8405: 8401: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8258:. pp. 1–3. 8255: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8206: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8131:The Irish Times 8126: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8099:The Irish Times 8092: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8050:Wayback Machine 8043:Ideas.repec.org 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7981: 7977: 7968: 7964: 7955: 7951: 7942: 7938: 7931:The Irish Times 7923: 7919: 7914:Wayback Machine 7904: 7900: 7885: 7881: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7849:The Irish Times 7841: 7837: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7807: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7388:Irving, Jenni. 7386: 7382: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7311:10.1.1.486.4615 7294: 7290: 7277: 7275: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7251: 7249: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7098: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6973: 6971: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6893: 6892: 6883: 6872: 6868: 6857: 6850: 6837: 6835: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6783:on 17 July 2009 6771: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6643:, a variety of 6585: 6575: 6563: 6546: 6506:"life, world" ( 6297: 6287: 6285:Spelling reform 6272:gheobhaidh sibh 6247: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6227: 6198: 6190: 6177:Hiberno-English 6172: 6149: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6077: 6071: 5851: 5832:. Indicated in 5805: 5799: 5771:a cúig tríochad 5687:cheithre fichid 5337: 5014: 4998:Main articles: 4996: 4814:Vowel phonemes 4416:Scottish Gaelic 4412: 4410:Irish phonology 4406: 4365: 4359: 4357:Standardisation 4314: 4176: 4145: 4143:General decline 4080: 3978:Irish spelling 3970:Leinster Irish 3951: 3887: 3883: 3863: 3762:Scottish Gaelic 3727: 3721: 3706: 3696: 3656: 3652: 3627: 3494: 3436:is replaced by 3265:Contae Chiarraí 3246: 3240: 3160: 3144: 2941: 2901: 2827: 2821: 2770:Cúige Chonnacht 2753: 2741: 2485:County Donegal 2430:Gaeltacht Area 2425: 2411: 2349:Irish Americans 2285: 2277:Main articles: 2275: 2273:Outside Ireland 2253: 2186: 2180: 2167:"Economic Life" 2131: 2125: 2108: 2085: 2079: 2074: 1972:Contae Chiarraí 1922:An Cheathrú Rua 1862:Fíor-Ghaeltacht 1828:The Irish Times 1778: 1772: 1764:Michael Higgins 1548: 1543: 1537: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1498: 1492: 1404:Catholic Church 1389: 1377: 1366: 1360: 1344:Scottish Gaelic 1324: 1318: 1288:: examples are 1262: 1256: 1248:Primitive Irish 1236: 1234:Primitive Irish 1230: 1228:Primitive Irish 1221: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1158: 1156: 1146: 1134: 1123: 1117: 1106: 1092: 1088: 1064:Hiberno-English 1060: 1045:Gaeilge Mhanann 892: 845: 840: 708:Scottish Gaelic 677:Irish Americans 613: 587: 583: 559: 558: 550: 548: 547: 546: 545: 542: 535: 532: 525: 519: 494:Without proper 482: 466: 440: 424: 421: 408: 401: 391: 390: 383: 373: 372: 365: 352: 348: 342: 335:Official status 327: 322: 311: 306: 277:Leinster Irish 252: 245: 222:Primitive Irish 217: 210: 175: 172:Language family 170: 163: 161: 159: 154: 152: 150: 148: 146: 144: 137: 136:Native speakers 104: 98:Munster Irish: 97: 70: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17088: 17078: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17030:Irish language 17015: 17014: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16966: 16957: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16921:Heritage Sites 16918: 16913: 16908: 16902: 16900: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16871: 16870: 16860: 16855: 16848: 16842: 16840: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16779: 16777: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16745:Irish diaspora 16742: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16733:Gaelic Ireland 16725: 16719: 16717: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16707: 16702: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16632: 16630: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16593: 16586: 16580: 16578: 16572: 16571: 16569: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16546: 16541: 16535: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16524: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16502: 16500: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16476: 16474:Rose of Tralee 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16445: 16443: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16418: 16412: 16410: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16360: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16283:List of dishes 16279: 16277: 16270: 16260: 16259: 16247: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16199:D'Hondt method 16190: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16166: 16160:Seanad Éireann 16156: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16125: 16124: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16093: 16091: 16085: 16084: 16082: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16060: 16058: 16050: 16049: 16037: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15970: 15969: 15964: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15943: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15900:Extreme points 15897: 15892: 15890:Climate change 15887: 15881: 15879: 15871: 15870: 15858: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15815: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15708:1803 Rebellion 15705: 15700: 15698:1798 Rebellion 15695: 15690: 15685: 15683:Williamite War 15680: 15671: 15665:1641 Rebellion 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15645:Spanish Armada 15642: 15637: 15635:Tudor conquest 15632: 15627: 15625:Bruce campaign 15622: 15617: 15603: 15601: 15597: 15596: 15594: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15571: 15570:(1921–present) 15565: 15560: 15558:Irish Republic 15555: 15554: 15553: 15543: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15526: 15525: 15524: 15519: 15517:800–1169 15508:Gaelic Ireland 15505: 15500: 15495: 15489: 15487: 15477: 15476: 15464: 15463: 15461: 15460: 15452: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15429: 15428: 15421: 15414: 15406: 15397: 15396: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15387: 15382: 15380:European Union 15376: 15374: 15373:Other entities 15370: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15330: 15328: 15327:other entities 15322: 15321: 15319: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15292: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15274: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15251:United Kingdom 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15064:Czech Republic 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15005: 15003: 14999: 14998: 14991: 14990: 14983: 14976: 14968: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14913: 14905: 14897: 14895: 14891: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14880: 14873: 14866: 14859: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14756: 14754: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14694:United Kingdom 14689: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14677: 14674: 14673: 14666: 14665: 14658: 14651: 14643: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14592: 14590:Northern Irish 14587: 14582: 14576: 14574: 14573:Sign languages 14570: 14569: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14549: 14542: 14537: 14530: 14525: 14519: 14517: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14498: 14497: 14487: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14442: 14440: 14436: 14435: 14430: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14416: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14393: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14380: 14369: 14367: 14366:Sign languages 14363: 14362: 14360: 14359: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14331: 14326: 14320: 14318: 14314: 14313: 14299: 14298: 14291: 14284: 14276: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14263: 14256: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14193: 14190: 14189: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14129:Gaelic warfare 14125: 14123: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14105:Cyfraith Hywel 14102: 14096: 14094: 14088: 14087: 14071: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14059: 14054: 14052:Deeside Gaelic 14049: 14043: 14041: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14030: 14025: 14023:Hispano-Celtic 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13978:Proto-Goidelic 13975: 13970: 13964: 13962: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13927: 13925: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13899: 13897: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13871: 13869: 13863: 13862: 13850: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13830:Celtic society 13827: 13825:Celtic Revival 13822: 13817: 13811: 13809: 13803: 13802: 13800: 13799: 13793:United Ireland 13790: 13785: 13780: 13774: 13772: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13748: 13746: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13736: 13726: 13725: 13724: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13698: 13697: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13680: 13669: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13638:Welsh handball 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13618:Highland games 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13551: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13494: 13485: 13476: 13461: 13459: 13453: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13414: 13412: 13405: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13363: 13361: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13351: 13346: 13344:Gaelic culture 13340: 13338: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13323:Highland dress 13320: 13315: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13287:Pictish stones 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13183: 13181: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13107: 13105: 13095: 13094: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13042: 13030: 13018: 13006: 12994: 12982: 12969: 12967: 12957: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12940: 12930: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12913: 12912: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12891: 12889:Celtic nations 12886: 12884:Celtic Revival 12880: 12877: 12876: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12851: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12699: 12697: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12657:Celtic Animism 12654: 12652:Celtic deities 12649: 12644: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12611:Cisalpine Gaul 12608: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12583: 12574: 12549: 12540: 12538:Gaelic Ireland 12534: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12515: 12514: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12436:Manx Americans 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12411:Irish Chileans 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12376:English people 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12335:Welsh diaspora 12332: 12327: 12325:Irish diaspora 12322: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12291: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12252: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12165: 12164: 12152: 12151: 12132:Celtic studies 12124:Celtic nations 12122: 12119: 12118: 12107: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12084: 12075: 12074: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12007: 12001: 11995: 11989: 11983: 11980:Lower Brittany 11976: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11940:Paleo-Hispanic 11931: 11919: 11907: 11899: 11887: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11862: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11830: 11823: 11816: 11804: 11796: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11753: 11741: 11733: 11731: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11690: 11688: 11681: 11670: 11668:Insular Celtic 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11637: 11627:Hispano-Celtic 11623: 11622: 11621: 11607: 11599: 11597: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11570: 11563: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11540: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11480: 11475: 11472:human genetics 11464: 11462: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11403:Culture Vannin 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11326: 11321: 11303: 11298: 11288: 11265: 11263: 11254: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11229:Royal families 11225: 11223: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11170: 11162: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11133:Highland games 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11098:Insular script 11095: 11090: 11068: 11063: 11061:Gaelic kinship 11058: 11053: 11051:Gaelic warfare 11048: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11022:Gaelic culture 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11003:Gaelic Revival 11000: 10995: 10993:Irish diaspora 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10963:1641 Rebellion 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10928:Irish kingdoms 10925: 10920: 10915: 10913:Gaelic Ireland 10909: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10895: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10872: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10811: 10805: 10803: 10802:Qualifications 10799: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10782: 10773: 10768: 10759: 10750: 10741: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10696: 10687: 10683:Raidió Na Life 10678: 10669: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10641: 10633: 10617: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10579: 10570: 10561: 10552: 10543: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10410: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10391: 10382: 10372: 10362: 10357: 10355:Leinster Irish 10352: 10347: 10342: 10340:Connacht Irish 10337: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10289:Proto-Goidelic 10286: 10284:Insular Celtic 10281: 10276: 10270: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10258:Irish language 10254: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10231: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10173: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10150: 10140: 10128: 10126:Discover Irish 10121: 10120:External links 10118: 10116: 10115: 10097: 10086: 10072: 10054: 10047: 10024: 10015: 10013:978-1846823404 9997: 9967:Cé Fada le Fán 9962: 9944: 9926: 9915: 9906: 9896: 9878: 9856: 9834: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9800:United Nations 9787: 9769: 9762: 9748:Doyle, Aidan; 9740: 9733: 9719:Doyle, Aidan; 9711: 9704: 9690:Doyle, Aidan; 9682: 9656: 9626: 9597: 9578: 9560: 9553: 9524: 9491: 9461: 9450:on 1 July 2016 9435: 9410: 9369: 9324: 9295: 9269: 9231: 9210: 9197: 9188: 9175: 9166: 9157: 9138: 9125: 9116: 9107: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9058: 9049: 9034: 9031:978-0268014278 9019:Leerssen, Joep 9010: 8999:. RTÉ Archives 8988: 8962: 8953: 8939: 8925: 8912: 8893: 8884: 8869: 8854: 8836: 8815: 8785: 8755: 8736: 8717: 8698: 8667: 8639: 8613: 8581: 8569:The Irish News 8555: 8523: 8497: 8479: 8453: 8427: 8399: 8382: 8356: 8339: 8313: 8287: 8261: 8241: 8230:. 22 July 2020 8215: 8197: 8171: 8146: 8137: 8117: 8085: 8053: 8033: 8008: 7975: 7962: 7949: 7936: 7917: 7898: 7893:Irish Examiner 7879: 7874:Independent.ie 7861: 7835: 7817: 7791: 7784: 7766: 7740: 7722: 7694: 7659: 7626: 7594: 7547: 7515: 7506: 7499: 7478: 7445: 7433: 7426: 7406: 7380: 7369:. London, UK: 7353: 7335: 7330:European Union 7317: 7288: 7260: 7229: 7210: 7207:. p. 227. 7182: 7175: 7161:Doyle, Aidan; 7153: 7146: 7117: 7110: 7092: 7071: 7053: 7022: 7005: 6984: 6956: 6938: 6904: 6881: 6866: 6848: 6820: 6808:The Irish News 6794: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6662: 6653: 6648: 6645:Medieval Latin 6638: 6633: 6627: 6622: 6617:Cumann Gaelach 6612: 6607: 6597: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6569: 6545: 6542: 6417: 6416: 6366: 6352: 6334:silent letters 6286: 6283: 6215:ponc séimhithe 6182:(síneadh) fada 6163:Vowels may be 6158:colloquialisms 6089:writing system 6073:Main article: 6070: 6067: 6020: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5961: 5960:"at the start" 5947: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5889: 5875: 5843:ponc séimhithe 5801:Main article: 5798: 5795: 5586: 5585: 5571: 5551: 5543: 5528: 5527: 5516: 5505: 5494: 5483: 5472: 5461: 5330:'he praises', 5285:"present" and 5142:with nouns in 4995: 4992: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4361:Main article: 4358: 4355: 4346:nuachainteoirí 4335:Gaelscoileanna 4318:Gaelic revival 4313: 4310: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4221:leithscéalaibh 4180:William Gerard 4175: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3944:(crooked) and 3868:Liffey estuary 3862: 3859: 3723:Main article: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3690: 3689:"at the door". 3649: 3624: 3611:"to/for the": 3605:"of the", and 3579: 3544: 3491: 3394: 3327:An Sean Phobal 3302:Corca Dhuibhne 3285:Oileán Chléire 3255:Contae Chorcaí 3242:Main article: 3239: 3236: 3112:respectively. 2873:Cois Fharraige 2825:Connacht Irish 2823:Main article: 2820: 2817: 2800:Cúige Laighean 2752: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545:County Galway 2542: 2541: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2410: 2407: 2388:Celtic nations 2333:Gaelic revival 2274: 2271: 2252: 2249: 2243:An Dream Dearg 2224:. In the 2006 2182:Main article: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161:"Dictionaries" 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2143: 2127:Main article: 2124: 2121: 2107: 2104: 2081:Main article: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2039: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2010:Contae Chorcaí 2002: 2001: 2000: 1988: 1984:Corca Dhuibhne 1964: 1955:County Donegal 1952: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1790:first language 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1742:Gaelscoileanna 1628:Garda Síochána 1624:tax collectors 1620:postal workers 1594:Grafton Street 1547: 1544: 1539:Main article: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1523:September 2024 1510: 1508: 1496:Gaelic Revival 1494:Main article: 1491: 1490:Gaelic Revival 1488: 1450:Gaelic revival 1411: 1410: 1407: 1400: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1373: 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1320:Main article: 1317: 1314: 1306:(Sunday, from 1294:(bishop) from 1270:Latin alphabet 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1205:September 2024 1137: 1135: 1128: 1119:Main article: 1116: 1113: 1059: 1056: 1054:respectively. 871:form, spelled 844: 841: 839: 836: 808:status as the 806:constitutional 787:Latin alphabet 783:Irish alphabet 747:Western Europe 731:writing system 724:unique dialect 645:first language 627:branch of the 625:Insular Celtic 566:Standard Irish 549: 543: 533: 528: 527: 526: 517: 516: 515: 512: 511: 498:, you may see 484: 483: 480: 472: 471: 464: 458: 457: 452: 446: 445: 438: 430: 429: 422: 417: 414: 413: 406: 398: 397: 388: 380: 379: 370: 362: 361: 360:Language codes 357: 356: 354:European Union 343: 340: 337: 336: 332: 331: 326:(historically) 319:Irish alphabet 312: 308:Writing system 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 286: 281: 275: 273:Connacht Irish 268: 264: 263: 262:(written only) 253: 251:Standard forms 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 220: 218: 215: 212: 211: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 190:Insular Celtic 178: 176: 169: 166: 165: 138: 135: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 105:Ulster Irish: 89: 85: 84: 76:Standard 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15589: 15587: 15584: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15572: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15513: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15503:Early history 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15469: 15465: 15459: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15445: 15444: 15441: 15437: 15434: 15427: 15422: 15420: 15415: 15413: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15371: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15339:Faroe Islands 15337: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15323: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15311:South Ossetia 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15285: 15279: 15276: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15136:Liechtenstein 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14989: 14984: 14982: 14977: 14975: 14970: 14969: 14966: 14953: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14906: 14903: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14892: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14853: 14850: 14846: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14818: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14779: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14765: 14762: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14753:Member bodies 14751: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14723: 14719: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14698: 14695: 14691: 14690: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14675: 14671: 14664: 14659: 14657: 14652: 14650: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14575: 14571: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14559:Scottish Cant 14557: 14555: 14554: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14414: 14409: 14407: 14402: 14400: 14395: 14394: 14391: 14378: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14364: 14358: 14355: 14351: 14348: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14306: 14297: 14292: 14290: 14285: 14283: 14278: 14277: 14274: 14261: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14248: 14238: 14237:– in Portugal 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14217:– in Galician 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14191: 14184: 14180: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14118: 14112: 14109: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14081: 14076: 14072: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13920: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13896: 13892: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13815:Celtic League 13813: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13807:Pan-Celticism 13804: 13798: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13769: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13743: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13683:reunification 13681: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13674: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13664: 13657: 13653: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13556: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13540: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13458: 13454: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13335: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13304: 13298: 13297:Triple spiral 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13116:Bardic Poetry 13114: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13089: 13085: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13047: 13039: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13022: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13007: 13003: 12998: 12995: 12991: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12964:Celtic League 12961: 12958: 12956: 12952: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12904:Celtic League 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12894:Pan-Celticism 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12869: 12865: 12855: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12794:Gaelicisation 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12769:Celticisation 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12577:Iron Age Gaul 12575: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12560:Roman Britain 12557: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12520: 12516: 12511: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12416:Irish Mexican 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12301: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12273: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12140:Celtic tribes 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12105: 12100: 12098: 12093: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12072: 12068: 12063: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12011: 12010:Y Fro Gymraeg 12008: 12005: 12004:Gàidhealtachd 12002: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11873: 11861: 11860: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11835: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11779: 11778: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11759: 11758: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11687:Reconstructed 11685: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574:Reconstructed 11572: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11554: 11549: 11547: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11526: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11508: 11507:Gaelicisation 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11382:organisations 11378: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11066:Bardic poetry 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11014: 11013:Gàidhealtachd 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10888: 10886: 10881: 10879: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10858: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10818: 10817: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10788: 10787:Glór na nGael 10783: 10779: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10742: 10738: 10733: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10708: 10707: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10692:Raidió Fáilte 10688: 10684: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10645: 10642: 10637: 10634: 10629: 10628: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10586: 10585: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10345:Munster Irish 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10252: 10247: 10245: 10240: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10223: 10216: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10188: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10114: 10113:0-901519-90-1 10110: 10106: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10084:9783745066500 10081: 10077: 10073: 10071: 10070:1-85359-929-8 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9917:Garvin, Tom, 9916: 9913: 9912: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9831:0-19-818734-3 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9783: 9779: 9773: 9765: 9763:83-7363-275-1 9759: 9755: 9751: 9744: 9736: 9734:83-7363-275-1 9730: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9707: 9705:83-7363-275-1 9701: 9697: 9693: 9686: 9671:. 8 July 2021 9670: 9666: 9660: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9622: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9598:1-85791-327-2 9594: 9590: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9509: 9501: 9495: 9479: 9476:. June 2005. 9475: 9471: 9465: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9406: 9400: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9299: 9280: 9273: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9220: 9214: 9207: 9201: 9192: 9185: 9179: 9170: 9161: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9142: 9135: 9129: 9120: 9111: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9068: 9062: 9053: 9046: 9045: 9038: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9014: 8998: 8992: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8957: 8949: 8943: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8922: 8916: 8908: 8906: 8897: 8888: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8832: 8825: 8819: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8656: 8655: 8654:TheJournal.ie 8650: 8643: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8585: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8396:. p. 11. 8395: 8394: 8386: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8352: 8351: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8302:. 3 July 2015 8301: 8297: 8291: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8254: 8253: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8211: 8204: 8202: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8141: 8133: 8132: 8124: 8122: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8037: 8022: 8018: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7966: 7959: 7953: 7946: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7787: 7785:0-415-01035-7 7781: 7777: 7770: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7510: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7443:Ó Gráda 2013. 7440: 7438: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7191:Dillon, Myles 7186: 7178: 7176:83-7363-275-1 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7147:1-870166-00-0 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7015: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6981: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6855: 6853: 6845: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6641:Hiberno-Latin 6639: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6602:Buntús Cainte 6598: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6541: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6510:; pre-reform 6504: 6498: 6494:; pre-reform 6488: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6342:beirbhiughadh 6339: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003:their shoe – 6002: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5983: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5850:by adding an 5849: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5772: 5767: 5764: 5759: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366:interrogative 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346:passive voice 5342: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5318:'we praise', 5316: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5260:forms. Verbs 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5224:; 2 numbers: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179:prepositional 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160:Demonstrative 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5113:prepositional 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000:Irish grammar 4991: 4988:/iə,uə,əi,əu/ 4986:of Irish are 4985: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270:Fynes Moryson 4267: 4262: 4260: 4259:County Dublin 4256: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4161:Westmeath 17% 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Myle hewryht. 4054: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3926:(monastery), 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744:Gaoth Dobhair 3740: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3499:diphthongised 3492: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3244:Munster Irish 3235: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3205:(difficult), 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:Joyce Country 3020: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2951: 2948: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2663: 2654: 2635:County Meath 2633: 2624: 2603: 2594: 2575:County Kerry 2573: 2564: 2543: 2534: 2513: 2504: 2483: 2474: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2428: 2419: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Celtic League 2352: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Great Britain 2291:, chiefly to 2290: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2047:Gaoth Dobhair 2043: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910:Oileáin Árann 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1881:County Galway 1879: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1723:Manchán Magan 1719: 1713: 1712:County Galway 1709: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:in 1922 (see 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1542: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1477:Bishop Bedell 1472: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:United States 1428: 1424: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348:Manx language 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334:and parts of 1333: 1329: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1219: 1216: 1208: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: – 1165: 1161: 1160:Find sources: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1138:This section 1136: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:, as well as 1069: 1065: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1008:, as well as 1007: 1002: 998: 996: 990: 988: 982: 977: 973: 971: 965: 963: 957: 955: 948: 944: 942: 936: 932: 930: 926: 921: 916: 910: 905: 899: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 866: 864: 858: 853: 852: 835: 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 774: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706:gave rise to 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Irish history 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617: 608: 581: 577: 572: 567: 563: 557: 555: 531: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 491: 485: 478: 473: 469: 465: 463: 459: 456: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 437: 436: 431: 427: 423: 420: 419:Linguist List 415: 411: 407: 404: 399: 394: 389: 386: 381: 376: 371: 368: 363: 358: 355: 351: 347: 344: 338: 333: 330: 329:Irish Braille 325: 320: 316: 313: 309: 303: 298: 295: 290: 287: 285: 284:Munster Irish 282: 276: 274: 271: 270: 269: 265: 259: 254: 248: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 223: 219: 213: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180:Indo-European 177: 173: 167: 157: 142: 139: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 109: 102: 95: 90: 88:Pronunciation 86: 82: 77: 73: 66: 63: 62: 59: 54: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 17001: 16971: / 16962: / 16953: / 16931:Homelessness 16850: 16818:Road bowling 16813:Martial arts 16760:Ulster Scots 16697: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16662: 16641:Mythological 16588: 16548: 16521:Ulster Scots 16510: 16481: / 16420: 16348:Three-in-One 16159: 16150:Dáil Éireann 16149: 16139: 16097:Constitution 15986: / 15957:Architecture 15939: / 15812:Other topics 15793:Celtic Tiger 15778:The Troubles 15676: / 15667: / 15613: / 15609: / 15510: / 15498:Protohistory 15316:Transnistria 15278:Vatican City 14911:(of Ireland) 14594: 14551: 14544: 14532: 14495:Ulster Scots 14465: 14450: 14350:Ulster Scots 14323: 14254:Celts portal 14212:– in Spanish 14047:Arran Gaelic 13968:Proto-Celtic 13936:Bungi Creole 13902: 13835:Celtic unity 13771:Independence 13570: 13553: 13377:Gaelic music 13313:Celtic Dress 13262:High crosses 13252:Celtic cross 13230:Bell shrines 13161:Irish annals 12943:Neo-Druidism 12938:Celtic Wicca 12909:Celtic union 12873:Modern Celts 12764:Celtic women 12672:Celtic Rites 12621:Transylvania 12481:Ulster Scots 12351:Anglo-Celtic 12198:Celtiberians 12143: 12135: 12127: 12115:modern Celts 12066: 11938:? (possibly 11933: 11926:? (possibly 11921: 11914:? (possibly 11909: 11901: 11889: 11881: 11857: 11838: 11832: 11827:Middle Irish 11825: 11818: 11811: 11806: 11799: 11775: 11757:Middle Welsh 11755: 11748: 11736: 11693: 11655: 11648: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11592: 11582:Proto-Celtic 11580: 11491:Clan MacLeod 11433:ULTACH Trust 11314:Corcu Loígde 11193: 11186: 11181:Middle Irish 11179: 11172: 11165: 11128:Gaelic games 11079:Modern Irish 11043: 10988:Great Hunger 10674:Raidió Rí-Rá 10494:Lexicography 10393: 10360:Ulster Irish 10314:Modern Irish 10304:Middle Irish 10279:Proto-Celtic 10257: 10201:Teanglann.ie 10193:Dictionaries 10135: 10100: 10089: 10075: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10033: 10018: 10000: 9991:23 September 9989:. Retrieved 9980: 9971: 9947: 9929: 9918: 9909: 9902: 9899:Doyle, Aidan 9881: 9862: 9840: 9818: 9811:Bibliography 9790: 9772: 9753: 9743: 9724: 9714: 9695: 9685: 9673:. Retrieved 9668: 9659: 9647:. Retrieved 9643:the original 9638: 9629: 9587: 9581: 9572: 9563: 9536: 9527: 9515:. Retrieved 9494: 9482:. Retrieved 9464: 9452:. Retrieved 9448:the original 9438: 9426:. Retrieved 9422: 9413: 9387:. Retrieved 9382: 9372: 9340:(1): 38–53. 9337: 9333: 9327: 9315:. Retrieved 9308: 9298: 9286:. Retrieved 9272: 9260:. Retrieved 9249: 9222:. Retrieved 9213: 9205: 9200: 9191: 9183: 9178: 9169: 9160: 9151: 9141: 9133: 9128: 9123:McCabe, p.31 9119: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9074: 9066: 9061: 9052: 9043: 9037: 9022: 9013: 9001:. Retrieved 8991: 8979:. Retrieved 8965: 8956: 8942: 8920: 8915: 8904: 8896: 8887: 8878: 8872: 8863: 8857: 8839: 8830: 8818: 8808:20 September 8806:. Retrieved 8797: 8788: 8776:. Retrieved 8767: 8758: 8749: 8745: 8744:"7. Irish". 8739: 8730: 8720: 8711: 8701: 8689:. Retrieved 8683:(in Irish). 8680: 8670: 8658:. Retrieved 8652: 8642: 8630:. Retrieved 8626:the original 8616: 8604:. Retrieved 8593: 8584: 8572:. Retrieved 8568: 8558: 8546:. Retrieved 8535: 8526: 8514:. 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July 2019 8306:10 December 8280:10 December 8234:10 December 8190:15 December 8164:15 December 8026:15 December 8001:17 December 7759:11 February 7715:6 September 7652:6 September 7619:19 February 7278:22 December 7252:19 February 7046:17 February 6931:22 December 6739:in most of 6544:Sample text 6442:"bed", and 6440:/ˈl̠ʲabˠəj/ 6310:standardise 6298: [ 6278:ġeoḃaiḋ siḃ 6220:orthography 6187:long vowels 6109:Gaelic type 6069:Orthography 6018:(unchanged) 6012:her shoe – 5994:his shoe – 5974:"in Galway" 5971:i nGaillimh 5968:"Galway" – 5940:"Father" – 5862:"throw!" – 5834:Gaelic type 5790:"30 and 5" 5750:"15 on 20" 5742:"5 and 30" 5715:cúig fichid 5564:"Two men", 5561:beirt fhear 5547:dhá leabhar 5378:verbal noun 5370:subjunctive 5354:resultative 5333:molann sibh 5254:independent 5246:conditional 5242:subjunctive 5177:forms. The 5132:cuspóireach 5122:tabharthach 5016:Irish is a 4432:palatalised 4266:Old English 4184:Old English 4106:, south of 3905:Cnoc Slinne 3890:. 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12997:Ireland 12955:Nations 12854:Coinage 12844:Warfare 12737:Society 12728:Cornish 12718:British 12626:Galatia 12616:Balkans 12524:Studies 12261:Cornish 12256:Bretons 12233:Noricum 12188:Britons 12161:Peoples 12067:Italics 12041:(Irish) 12012:(Wales) 11923:Rhaetic 11896:Rhaetic 11891:Camunic 11875:Unknown 11777:Pictish 11769:Pictish 11738:Cumbric 11719:Cornish 11611:Gaulish 11485:(incl. 11380:Related 11331:(incl. 11308:(incl. 11293:(incl. 11271:(incl. 10620:RTÉ One 10575:An Gael 10479:Braille 10457:Writing 10406:Grammar 10266:History 10178:An Gael 9925:, 2005. 9428:8 April 9224:8 April 8778:29 July 8632:14 June 8548:19 June 7945:Studies 7540:29 July 7471:29 July 7390:"Ogham" 7363:Hansard 7224:Gaeilge 6953:. 2021. 6878:. 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