International Security Studies Program (Fletcher School)

358: 528:. He is also an expert on terrorism, intelligence gathering and internal conflicts. Shultz has been the director of ISSP since 1989. He entered the Fletcher School in 1983, and was the Associate Professor and later Professor of International Politics. Shultz has served on the Special Operations Policy Advisory Group of the U.S. Department of Defense, where he was the only civilian in that position. He has also done security research and served as advisor for several U.S. civil and military organizations, and held chairs at the U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval War College, and the U.S. Department of Defense. He has testified in the U.S. congress. 337:, that spans over two days. The simulation puts real countries in hypothetical but realistic crisis situations. Students are teamed into the civil and military leadership of each country involved, need to react to sudden and mounting crises, make decisions, and report those to the Control Team, who oversees and manages the evolution of the entire scenario. These decisions can be of economic, military or diplomatic nature. Organizers and participants in the simulation also include members of the U.S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, from multiple institutions including the continuing involvement of the 279:(1997). In them, security specialists were asked to review the curriculum of their subfields in light of the dramatic changes in global politics, with each author providing a syllabus for a graduate course along with analysis essays, and brief critiques. The books advocated for a broadened scope of the field, that had previously over-emphasized deterrence (in the Western alliance and the post-1945), to also include peace missions, non-military instruments of power and the influence of culture and values. 3098: 2664:. Expert witnesses panel: Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr.; Shultz, Richard H.; Moodie, Michael L.; Davis, Jacquelyn K. (CIS Number: 93H18185; Sudoc Number: Y4.AP6/1:D36/5/994/PT.2; Collation: ii+482+vii p. il. Index.; Item Number: 1011 (Microfiche); 1011A (Microfiche) ed.). Washington DC: Committee on Appropriations. House; Subcommittee on Defense Appropriations, Committee on Appropriations. House. March–May 1993. 598:, is Professor of Practice in International Politics. She previously taught at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard, and the Harvard Law School. She specializes in international treaties, international security and arms control, and civil military relations. During the Carter Administration she was Assistant and later, Under Secretary of the US Air Force, where she was awarded the 477:

war period between 1991 and 2013, 112 more PhD dissertations were completed. Dissertation topics included WMD proliferation, counterterrorism strategy and policy, humanitarian interventions, the management of non-traditional crises, strategic information warfare, cyber space, rethinking deterrence, special operations, and the changing dimensions of alliances and security cooperation.

291:, a retired U.S. Army general and Founding Director of the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, was appointed as the director of the center. The center was funded by Jan Henrik Jebsen, a Norwegian businessman and philanthropist, with a three-year grant of $ 1.5 million. The center closed in 2008, after three years of activity. 247:, faculty member at the Fletcher School since 1968, become the first chairman of ISSP. In the creation of the program, he was assisted by his colleague Robert Pfaltzgraff. Upon Ra'anan's departure from the school in 1987 to join Boston University, Pfaltzgraff succeeded him, taking the title of director. He was succeeded by 1841:

Baldwin, David A. (October 1995). "Security Studies and the End of the Cold War Rethinking America's Security: Beyond Cold War to New World Order by Graham Allison; Gregory F. Treverton; The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations by John Lewis Gaddis;

547:

and post-soviet issues. He was the Professor of International Politics at Fletcher from 1967 to 1987, and headed ISSP from its inception until 1987. Concurrently, he was the director of Boston University's Center for the Study of Ideology, Conflict and Policy. After Fletcher Ra'anan worked at Boston

286:

was established within ISSP. Its purpose was increasing the understanding and competency of counter-terrorism professionals. Two main areas of research were predicting, preventing and preempting terrorist activity, and the role of women and business in the campaign against terrorism. Its activities

476:

ISSP offers a doctoral program. From 1971 to 1991, it awarded 73 PhDs, many being on the Cold War, but also other topics like transnational terrorism, the implications of a multinuclear world, nonviolent resistance movements, counterinsurgency strategy, and crisis decision-making. In the post-cold

403:

ISSP also holds individual speaker series, with civilian policymakers and military commanders invited as guest speakers talking on diverse issues such as the North Korea nuclear program, Nicaraguan insurgency, or the role of the U.S. Air Force in the Gulf War. Some notable speakers have been Gen.

224:

The Fletcher School has until now had no coordinated and defined program of studies enabling a candidate for a graduate degree to concentrate on security affairs, and we know of no school which offers such a program.(...) International Security Affairs the study of the evolution and impact of the

319:

An emphasis is placed in the civil-military exchanges as well as fomenting interactions between US and foreign students. Professor Robert L. Pfaltzgraff highlighted the importance of the international aspect of the school by pointing that "It's much more beneficial for the students from the US to

299:

ISSP places security studies within the broader framework of international relations. It offers courses on time-tested subjects, namely role of force, crisis management, military strategy, decision making, intelligence, civil-military relations. It also has followed the contemporary developments,

270:

and intelligence. Shortly after the end of the Cold War, in 1991, the ISSP in cooperation with Columbia University's International Security Policy Program, and the National Strategy Information Center, conducted an extensive curriculum review. This joint effort resulted in the publication of two

1145:(ISSP-IFPA 36th annual conference, 2006, co-sponsorship of: U.S. Strategic Command, The National Nuclear Security Administration of The Department of Energy, The Office of the Secretary of Defense (Policy), The Defense Threat Reduction Agency) (Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 2006) 316:, non-state actors. These studies have benefited of being in conjunction with the other fields of study in the school, including regional studies, and courses of political science, history, economics, and law, as the set of factors that either condition, influence or limit armed conflict. 464:, a staff officer at Headquarters Marine Corps, or working on peacekeeping operations. He also highlighted the value of bringing diversity of views to the school, and the value of the fellow's academic research in informing policy. Graduates from the program have also reached the rank of 287:

included the creation of a database that collected historical data on the life paths of hundreds of terrorists and analyzed their letters, wills, and interviews. This information, based on open-source data, was used to identify the factors that tend to predict terrorist acts.

1708:"Bostonians changing the world; from Paul Revere t Mary Bakey Eddy to John F. Kennedy to Paul Farmer, this city has a long, rich history of producing smart folks whose reach has been felt around the globe. On the following pages, we prove the tradition is still in good hands" 377:. Attendance include participants from the U.S. Congress, the military, and academia, as well as other civilians from the U.S. and abroad. ISSP and IFPA have published a book, briefing, or report after each annual conference, outlining the contributions of the participants. 459:

Major Jay L. Hatton positively valued this program, pointing that the breadth and depth of Fletcher's educational experience provide the knowledge and analytical skills enabling them to access policy-making or scholarly posts. These include becoming faculty at the

602:. She has served on several Federal Commissions, including the Commission on Roles and Missions of the United States Armed Forces. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has served as a consultant to the Office of Compliance, Adviser, 1008:(ISSP-IFPA conference, co-sponsors: Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for Operations and Planning, the Office of the Secretary of Defense for Net Assessment, the Army War College) (Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1997) 568:, and technology innovation. He was an Associate Professor of International Security Studies at the Fletcher School, until his death in 2015. He had also taught at the U.S. Air War College and U.S. Naval War College, done research in 1055:, edited by Fenzel, Michael R.; Hornbarger, Christopher E. (ISSP-IFPA conference, 2000, co-sponsors: co-sponsorship of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Army; the Office of the Secretary of Defense for Net Assessment) 2997: 216:

Prior to the establishment of ISSP, the Fletcher School was already offering courses in security studies, with also a significant number of master and PhD theses exploring the political-military and security-related topics.

2815: 995:(ISSP-IFPA conference, 1995, co-sponsors: Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, U.S. Army, Louisiana Maneuvers Task Force, U.S. Army War College) (Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1996.) 344:

Since the inception of Simulex, Professor Robert Pfaltzgraff has designed the scenarios, which typically reflect contemporary tensions and developments. Notably, Simulex 1989 scenario envisioned the fall of the

689:

For each annual conference, ISSP published a book or report to encapsulate the topics discussed. The publications range from collections of presented essays, to transcripts or summaries of speaker sessions.

1078:, edited by Captain Omar J. Jones and Kelley Reese (ISSP-IFPA conference, 2001, co-sponsors: Office of the Secretary of Defense, Net assessment, and the United States Army) (U.S. Dept. of the Army, 2001) 2616:

Thomas, Jack; English, Bella (22 September 2001). "The Making of a President On Sept. 11, America Was Changed Forever Since Then, The Image we Have of George W. Bush has been Evolving Before Our Eyes".

2917: 2763: 2017: 361:

Front cover of "Naval expeditionary forces and power projection : into the 21st century", published in 1992 by the Marine Corps University, stemming from a 1991 conference conducted by ISSP

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threat or use of organized force in subnational, national, and international affairs, including concerns and efforts for the limitation, termination, or elimination of the use of such force.

1538: 1018:

Security in Southeastern Europe and the U.S.-Greek relationship (ISSP-IFPA conference, 1997, co-sponsored: The Constantinos G. Karamanlis Foundation, and The Lillian Voudouris Foundation)

369:(IFPA) hold an annual security conference since 1972, focusing on topical issues of contemporary relevance. These conferences have had cosponsors including the U.S. Army, Air Force, the 941:, edited by Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr, and Shultz, Richard H., Jr. (17th annual conference, 1988, co-sponsored by the National Defense University) (Macmillan/ Lexington Books, 1990). 3004: 2811: 963:, edited by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr., Richard H. Schultz Jr. (conference, 1989, co-sponsors: Army War College, and the National Defense University) (Lexington Books, 1991) 902:, edited by Chung Min Lee (ISSP-IFPA 16th conference, 1987, co-sponsors: U.S. Army War College, National Defense University) (Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1987) 1715: 669:

Hassan Abbas, holding the joint professorship at Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) and South Asia Institute at the School of Arts and Science.

2513: 1099:, edited by Tim Campbell; Madhavi Chavali; Kelley Reese (ISSP-IFPA conference, 2002, co-sponsored: The United States Coast Guard, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency) 357: 18: 1909:"The Knowledge way to better intelligence; Open-source information gathering can rival, if not surpass, the clandestine intelligence produced by government agencies" 220:

In 1971 ISSP was established with the financial support of the Scaife Family Charitable Trust. With it came a more formalized program and expanded course offering.

3122: 3046: 208:. ISSP conducts its academic activity through courses, simulations, conferences, and research. It also has a military fellows program for midcareer U.S. officers. 548:

University until his retirement in 2009. He has also taught at MIT, Columbia University, and the City University of New York. He was an advisor of U.S. President

3117: 1681: 928:, edited by Richard H. Shultz Jr. et al. (ISSP Conference 1987, co-sponsors: U.S. Army War College and the National Defense University) (Lexington Books, 1989) 452:

are sponsored as fellows to go study at the Fletcher School, in lieu of attending war college. This includes the Marine Corps, which in 1985 started to sponsor

1484: 2913: 2767: 2013: 3112: 1842:

The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications by Michael J. Hogan; Security Studies for the 1990s by Richard Shultz; Roy Godson; Ted Greenwood".

1158:(ISSP-IFPA 37th annual conference, 2007, co-sponsors: Naval War College, Defense Threat Reduction Agency) (Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 2007) 3064: 976:, edited by Richard H. Shultz Jr., Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr' (19th annual conference, 1991) (Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. Air University Press, 1992) 2327: 626:

for 21 years, and was Vice Chair and Senior Consultant of Conflict Management Group (CMG), a non-profit international dispute resolution organization.

2990: 660:

Professor Philip Zelikow, White Burkett Miller Professor of History at the University of Virginia, and director of several congressional commissions.

1530: 1182:(ISSP-IFPA 38th annual conference, 2010, co-sponsors: The Air Force Chief of Staff's Strategic Studies Group, The Defense Threat Reduction Agency) 2636: 1031:(conference 1999, co-sponsors: Air Force. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Programs) (Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1999) 2125: 1771:(February 1995). "Security Studies for the 1990s. by Richard Schultz; Roy Godson; Ted Greenwood; International Peacekeeping. by Paul F. Diehl". 3146: 384:(USSOCOM). The conference, titled "Positioning Special Operations Forces for Global Challenges", was attended, among other speakers, by Adm. 3052: 453: 848:, Edited by Ra'anan, Uri, and Charles M. Perry. (ISSP-IFPA conference, 1984) (Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers, 1985) ( 2840: 320:

have experience with students from elsewhere," arguing that the "US national security is set within an international security setting."

2594: 1938: 2874: 2457: 2092: 3013: 2943: 611: 381: 201: 148: 2689: 2401: 2039: 590:, a policy consulting organization. He also served as the director of the ISSP at Fletcher. He has testified in the U.S. congress. 1916: 2431: 1877: 1707: 230:

Application for Support to Establish a New Field of Graduate Specialization in International Security Affairs, February 15, 1971

3058: 2509: 619: 599: 1365: 3139: 2841:"Faculty Research Profiles - Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr.– Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies" 1980: 1492: 240: 1590:

Levey, Robert (January 25, 1980). "Reaction to State of Union: The Experts Persia Gulf warning restating 'old policy'".

862:, edited by Perry, Charles M., and Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr. (Pergamon-Brassey's, 1987) (ISSP-IFPA conference, 1985) 1671: 1137:(ISSP-IFPA 35th annual conference, 2004, co-sponsors: United States Northern Command, Defense Threat Reduction Agency) 1114:,(ISSP-IFPA conference, co-sponsored: U.S. Department of Energy, the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library & Museum) (2003) 2195:

Castelli, Christopher J. (June 7, 2013). "House Bill Would Grant National Defense Panel Access To Strategic Review".

756:(9th annual conference, 1980), edited by Uri Ra'anan, Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr., Geoffrey Kemp. (Archon Books, 1982) 607: 2301: 1501: 2379: 1129:(ISSP-IFPA 34th annual conference, 2003, sponsored by The United States Navy The Defense Threat Reduction Agency) 2480: 623: 2231: 436:

Besides ISSP's course offering, it also has a program for mid-career military officers, and a doctoral program.

2335: 2088: 2068:

Story, Louise (17 November 2002). "SECURITY NOW FOCUS OF STUDY IN NEW HAVEN SECURITY IS NOW A FOCUS OF STUDY".

1749: 1311: 1298: 1255: 1216: 968: 946: 933: 920: 907: 887: 867: 853: 840: 827: 814: 801: 788: 774: 761: 739: 725: 579: 338: 989:, edited by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Richard H. Shultz (Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 1994) 2982: 3072: 2014:"Richard Shultz - Professor of International Politics and Director, International Security Studies Program" 1806:

Smith, Dan (February 1995). "Security Studies for the 1990s by Richard Shultz; Roy Godson; Ted Greenwood".

703:(1st annual conference, 1972), edited by Harry H. Bendorf (The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1973) 544: 2791: 2357: 301: 2866: 560:

specialized in studying the leadership and policymaking processes in organizations, strategic planning,

2675: 2210:

McLeary, Paul (10 June 2013). "Admiral: Global Special Operations 'Network' To Be Unveiled This Fall".

1608: 1261:

Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for U.S. Policy and U.S. Anny Roles and Missions

987:

Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for U.S. Policy and U.S. Army Roles and Missions

664: 449: 2632: 794:

The U.S. defense mobilization infrastructure : problems and priorities : a conference report

3188: 3183: 2715:

Nolan, Martin K (April 20, 1980). "Reagan Names Foreign-Policy Advisers with 'Wide Range of Views'".

2118: 913:

Emerging Doctrines and Technologies: Implications for Global and Regional Political-Military Balances

809:, edited by Uri Ra'anan and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr. (11th annual conference, 1982) (Archon, 1984) 586:

Professor of International Security Studies at Fletcher. He is also the founder and president of the

444:

In addition to military personnel enrolling in the standard degrees at the school, every year select

915:, edited by Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr. (15th annual conference, 1988) (Macmillan, New York, 1988) 2669: 2176: 2155: 370: 1779:(1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association: 305–308. 1134:

National Security Strategy and Policy: Planning for and Responding to Threats to the U.S. Homeland

2085:"Simulex 2009 CSL team challenges students of Tufts Univ. Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy" 835:, edited by Uri Ra'anan, Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr. (13th annual conference, 1984) (Archon, 1985) 783:, edited by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr., Uri Ra'anan and Warren Milberg (1981) (conference, 1979) 565: 461: 374: 94: 2978:

Fletcher Security Review - The Security Studies Journal of the Fletcher School, Tufts University

3084: 3030: 2228:"40th IFPA-Fletcher Conference - "Positioning Special Operations Forces for Global Challenges"" 594: 313: 267: 254:

ISSP followed its contemporary developments, in its first 20 years focusing on issues like the

136: 107: 2844: 1964:

Barnard, Anne (2 July 2006). "Health Fears Mount in Gaza; Power Shortage May Lead to Crisis".

1177: 1434: 1179:

National Security Strategy and Policy: Air, Space, & Cyberspace Power in the 21st Century

673: 409: 305: 259: 2586: 2286:

Saltus, Richard (5 April 1991). "Air Force says it might have won the war in 2 more weeks".

2174:

Wasserbly, Daniel (June 5, 2013). "US Special Operations Forces to be spared funding cuts".

1029:

The United States as a 21st Century Aerospace Power: Strategic Control and National Security

860:

Selling the Rope to Hang Capitalism? the Debate on West-East Trade & Technology Transfer

1942: 1336: 1192: 2453: 2084: 1437:(January 1992). "Naval Expeditionary Forces and Power Projection: Into the 21st Century". 1412:

Hatton, Jay L. (September 1999). "How many marines does it take to change a light bulb?".

1132: 822:, edited by Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr, and Uri Ra'anan (conference, 1983) (Archon, 1984) 8: 1768: 583: 393: 309: 2940:"Department of the Air Force Nomination of Antonia Handler Chayes To Be Under Secretary" 2939: 1088: 2942:. Santa Barbara, CA: The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. June 21, 1979. 2693: 2505: 2405: 2043: 1859: 1823: 1788: 1124: 1073: 640: 385: 380:

In 2013, ISSP and IFPA held their 40th annual security conference, in cooperation with

1908: 1263:(Carlisle Barracks, Perma.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1994) 1058: 2812:"A Nation Challenged - The Quick Dollar – Anthrax Brings the Profiteers Out in Force" 2730:

Higgins, Richard (6 October 1985). "Soviet Specialists Look at Gorvachev's Tactics".

2427: 2150: 1881: 1745: 1307: 1294: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1234: 1228: 1219: 1212: 1183: 1159: 1146: 1115: 1100: 1097:

Meeting the homeland security challenge : maritime and other critical dimensions

1079: 1064: 1052:

Strategic Responsiveness Early and Continuous Joint Effectiveness Across the Spectrum

1050: 1032: 1019: 1009: 996: 977: 964: 942: 929: 916: 903: 890: 883: 870: 863: 849: 836: 823: 810: 797: 784: 770: 757: 735: 721: 704: 647: 556: 517: 508: 490: 288: 263: 248: 236: 122: 1109: 926:

Guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency : U.S.-Soviet policy in the Third World

900:

Protracted warfare--the Third World arena : a dimension of U.S.-Soviet conflict

833:

Security commitments and capabilities : elements of an American global strategy

732:

Arms Transfers to the Third World: The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries

3019: 2898: 2789:

Wrenn, Chris (Fall 2008). "Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy".

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Naftali, Timothy (17 July 2000). "Secrets Agents, Grand Schemes, Second Thoughts".

2268: 1851: 1815: 1780: 1667: 654: 489:, an online academic journal. Haider Ali Hussein Mullick, adjunct professor at the 205: 193: 152: 86: 2914:"Antonio Handler Chayes - Professor of Practice of International Politics and Law" 2633:"Faculty Research Profiles - Richard Shultz - Professor of International Politics" 2124:. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Center for Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College. 1334:

Dutil, Ronald V. (January 1992). "Looking at the Corps in the 'New World Order'".

1140: 657:

former commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, former Vice Chief of Naval Operations.

333:

Since 1974 ISSP has conducted annually an international crisis simulation, called

3097: 2253:"ROK's Yonhap: Other Nuclear States May Verify N.K. Nuke Dismantlement: Bolton". 1904: 796:, edited by Robert L Pfaltzgraff, Uri Ra'anan (Archon, 1983) (conference, 1981) 421: 1819: 1357: 539: 417: 405: 244: 65: 3012: 1988: 3177: 2042:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. 2008. Archived from 1880:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. 2008. Archived from 1649: 882:(Institute For Foreign Policy Analysis, 1985) (14th annual conference, 1985) 717: 549: 445: 425: 397: 197: 90: 33: 20: 2428:"Major General Kevin W. Mangum - Commanding General, USAACE and Fort Rucker" 1230:

Naval expeditionary forces and power projection : into the 21st century

1006:

Strategy, Force Structure, and Defense Planning for the Twenty-First Century

880:

Terrorism and other "low-intensity" operations : international linkages

2764:"William C. Martel - Associate Professor of International Security Studies" 2212: 1676: 582:

and crisis management. He entered the Fletcher Faculty in 1970, and is the

561: 465: 2454:"REAR ADMIRAL JOHN N. CHRISTENSON - CHIEF OF STAFF, U.S. EUROPEAN COMMAND" 2382:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. February 19, 2013 2360:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. February 19, 2014 1575:

Taylor, Benjamin (June 3, 1980). "Stars of academia split on candidates".

1187: 1163: 1150: 1090:

The 33rd IFPA-Fletcher Conference on National Security Strategy and Policy

1023: 1013: 981: 3158:

Resilience: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Science and Humanitarianism

2967: 2305: 1855: 1531:"Fletcher, America's First School for Diplomats, Turning 50 Amid Changes" 1281: 1268: 1238: 1223: 1119: 1104: 1083: 1068: 1036: 1000: 894: 874: 389: 346: 1863: 1306:, edited by Richard H. Shultz, Robert L. Pfaltzgraff (Brassey's, 2000) ( 708: 2843:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from 2766:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from 2404:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from 2304:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from 1792: 1290: 1247: 615: 513: 413: 159: 1827: 1500:(3). The Fletcher School of Law and Dioplomacy: 95–109. Archived from 734:(5th annual conference, 1976), edited by Uri Ra'anan (Westview, 1978) 2227: 1390:

Greenwood, John E. (January 2000). "Editorial: The jointness train".

603: 1784: 1111:

Nuclear Energy and Science for the 21st Century, Atoms for Peace +50

714:

The other arms race : new technologies and non-nuclear conflict

2977: 1142:

Nuclear & non-nuclear forces in twenty-first-century deterrence

961:

The United States Army : challenges and missions for the 1990s

255: 1156:

A new maritime strategy for twenty-first-century national security

754:

Projection of power : perspectives, perceptions, and problems

720:, Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr., Uri Ra'anan. (Lexington Books, 1975) 2896:

Kisterlitz, Julie (November 3, 2001). "Troops and consequences".

2153:(Spring 1999). "Failed states: Warlordism and "tribal" warfare". 1126:

Security Planning and Military Transformation after Iraqi Freedom

172: 352: 2835: 2833: 1485:"International Security Studies: Looking Back and Moving Ahead" 2656: 2654: 2230:. Massachusetts: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis. 2013. 1652:(23 September 1990). "Gulf hostages' fate looms as an issue". 1075:

National security for a new era : focusing national power

1941:. Monterey Institute of International Studies. Archived from 569: 543:

was an international security scholar with research focus on

2830: 1194:

The Marine Corps: America's Expeditionary Force in Readiness

1063:(ISSP-IFPA conference, 2000) (U.S. Army War College, 2000) 2651: 2271:(6 March 1985). "Pastora Lashes US, Contras, Sandinistas". 2087:. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Center for Strategic Leadership, 1740:

Shultz, Richard; Godson, Roy; Greenwood, Ted, eds. (1993).

1293:, and George Quester (Washington/ London: Brassey's, 1997) 767:

National security policy : the decision-making process

424:, (Chief Washington Correspondent for The New York Times), 2859: 2510:"Announcing "Fletcher Security Review": An Online Journal" 2116: 2082: 2008: 2006: 1981:"Profile: The Jebsen Center for Counter-Terrorism Studies" 428:(Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union). 300:

studying salient issues of each period like the Cold War,

239:(a former diplomat in Vietnam, and deputy director of the 2916:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. 2635:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. 2512:. Medford, MA: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. 2112: 2110: 1060:

National strategies and capabilities for a changing world

578:

is a political scientist specialized in security policy,

552:. Ra'anan was a refugee escaping Hitler's Europe in 1939. 516:, with his early works including influential research on 3047:

Center for International Environment and Resource Policy

2932: 2867:"Iran, N. Korea, U.S. image next president's challenges" 974:

The Future of air power in the aftermath of the Gulf War

3069:

Hitachi Center for Technology and International Affairs

2972: 2625: 2003: 1274:

The national security strategy and the Korean Peninsula

939:

U.S. Defense Policy in an Era of Constrained Resources.

392:(chairman, House Armed Services Committee), Ambassador 2973:

Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis official website

2107: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1358:"The crises are imaginary, the diplomacy lessons real" 439: 2540:

Nagl, John (3 May 2013). "Admiration Of the Nation".

1739: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1211:(Pergamon-Brassey's, cop. 1985), by Robert J. Hanks. 820:

National Security Policy: The Decision-Making Process

349:, which was played one week before the actual event. 2662:

Department of Defense Appropriations for 1994 Part 2

2578: 2394: 1870: 1603: 1601: 1483:Pfaltzgraff, Robert L.; Shultz, Richard H. (2013). 1304:

The Role of Naval Forces in 21st Century Operations

1276:, by Murray A Neeper (U.S. Army War College, 1995) 3065:The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies 1449: 235:The program was founded during the tenure of Dean 2738: 2479:Mullick, Haider Ali Hussein (February 23, 2014). 2334:. Medford, MA. September 25, 2009. Archived from 1634:"U.S.-Soviet relations topic of Nichols series". 1482: 3175: 2968:IFPA-Fletcher annual conference official website 2902:. Vol. 33, no. 44. pp. 3420–3425. 2320: 2076: 1902: 1763: 1761: 1701: 1699: 1598: 1385: 1383: 1250:, and Ted Greenwood (New York: Brassey's, 1993) 1233:, (Command and Staff College Foundation, 1993.) 572:, and has been an Advisor to the U.S. Air Force. 2889: 2682: 2584: 2446: 1939:"Brigadier General (Retired) Russell D. Howard" 1629: 1627: 1625: 1524: 1522: 1197:(2011)(ISSP-IFPA 39th annual conference, 2011) 684: 643:, former Supreme Allied Commander NATO, Europe. 3147:PRAXIS: The Fletcher Journal of Human Security 2906: 2585:Hussein Mullick, Haider Ali (March 29, 2013). 2548: 2498: 2261: 2167: 1735: 1733: 2998: 2758: 2756: 2615: 2188: 2143: 2063: 2061: 1758: 1696: 1642: 1638:. Worcester, Mass. 12 April 1989. p. A4. 1407: 1405: 1380: 846:Strategic Minerals and International Security 420:(Acting Undersecretary of the US Air Force), 353:Annual security conference and guest speakers 192:) is a center for the study of international 49:International Security Studies Program (ISSP) 3053:Institute for Business in the Global Context 2803: 2723: 2563: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2472: 2380:"SPEAKER - U. S. Army General Carter F. Ham" 2203: 1957: 1896: 1834: 1622: 1519: 1429: 1427: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1329: 1327: 2609: 2559:(8162). London, England: 5. March 18, 2000. 2279: 2246: 2032: 1730: 1660: 618:and served on the Executive Council of the 284:Jebsen Center for Counter-Terrorism Studies 200:development. It was established in 1971 at 3005: 2991: 2895: 2782: 2753: 2708: 2420: 2350: 2197:Inside the Pentagon's Inside the Air Force 2058: 2040:"Jebsen Center to Close in September 2008" 1972: 1931: 1850:(1). Cambridge University Press: 117–141. 1799: 1583: 1568: 1553: 1402: 807:International security dimensions of space 2745:"India's Victory Turns Eyes to Mideast". 2528: 2504: 2267: 2220: 2173: 1424: 1389: 1344: 1324: 781:Intelligence policy and national security 716:(3rd annual conference, 1974), edited by 622:since 2009. Chayes was a Board member of 3015:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 2194: 1767: 1705: 1648: 1528: 701:European security and the Nixon doctrine 356: 294: 202:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 149:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 2809: 2729: 2569: 2478: 2294: 2209: 1963: 1840: 388:(USN, commander, USSOCOM), Congressman 3176: 3079:International Security Studies Program 3059:Council on Emerging Market Enterprises 2358:"SPEAKER - General Stanley McChrystal" 2285: 1666: 1574: 1560:"Ambassador E.A. Gullion Dies at 85". 1411: 1209:American sea power and global strategy 650:, former the Prime Minister of Greece. 182:International Security Studies Program 2986: 2788: 2714: 2149: 2067: 1978: 1805: 1744:. New York: Brassey's. p. viii. 1589: 1433: 1355: 1333: 1287:Security Studies for the 21st Century 1202: 620:American Society of International Law 588:Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis 367:Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis 277:Security Studies for the 21st Century 78:Educational and research organization 2810:Kaufman, Leslie (October 27, 2001). 2572:Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition 2542:Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition 2539: 663:Dr. Stephen Flynn, President of the 493:, became its first editor-in-chief. 431: 3140:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 2692:. Boston University. Archived from 2372: 2117:Lt. Col. Vince Lindenmeyer (2009). 2083:Lt. Col. Vince Lindenmeyer (2009). 1979:Cohen, Georgiana (March 10, 2008). 1814:(1). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 125. 1706:Blanding, Michael (30 April 2006). 1493:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 1289:, edited by Richard H. Shultz Jr., 1172:Conference books and reports 2010's 1045:Conference books and reports 2000's 955:Conference books and reports 1990's 748:Conference books and reports 1980's 695:Conference books and reports 1970's 630: 471: 440:ISS Senior Military Fellows Program 13: 1356:Gibel, Brian (December 19, 2000). 512:is an expert and early scholar of 396:, and Deputy Secretary of Defense 164:Fletcher Security Review (journal) 14: 3200: 2961: 2873:. Washington. 26 September 2008. 1680:. pp. 64–66, 68–70, 72, 74. 1529:Campbell, Colin (April 4, 1984). 769:(1983) (12th annual conference) ( 520:in Vietnam. He notably published 3096: 2749:. December 18, 1971. p. 11. 2946:from the original on 2012-10-01 2920:from the original on 2014-02-23 2877:from the original on 2014-02-13 2818:from the original on 2014-02-13 2639:from the original on 2013-12-25 2597:from the original on 2014-02-02 2516:from the original on 2014-03-12 2460:from the original on 2014-01-16 2434:from the original on 2013-10-08 2234:from the original on 2014-01-02 2131:from the original on 2013-02-15 2095:from the original on 2014-02-13 2020:from the original on 2014-01-23 1919:from the original on 2012-11-15 1718:from the original on 2009-11-01 1684:from the original on 2012-10-22 1541:from the original on 2014-02-13 1368:from the original on 2014-02-13 679: 635:Some prominent alumni include: 624:United Technologies Corporation 454:Commandants of the Marine Corps 382:U.S. Special Operations Command 241:U.S. Disarmament Administration 2216:. Springfield, Va. p. 21. 1742:Security Studies for the 1990s 1244:Security Studies for the 1990s 580:international relations theory 339:United States Army War College 275:(1993) followed by an updated 273:Security Studies for the 1990s 173:http://fletcher.tufts.edu/ISSP 1: 3040:Centers, institutes, programs 2792:Air & Space Power Journal 2328:"Petraeus speaks at Fletcher" 1913:The Christian Science Monitor 1564:. April 1, 1998. p. B06. 1362:The Christian Science Monitor 1318: 456:as fellows to study at ISSP. 323: 3073:Institute for Human Security 2481:"Pakistan Mustn't Surrender" 1246:, edited by Richard Shultz, 685:Conference books and reports 522:The Secret War Against Hanoi 7: 1820:10.1177/0022343395032001021 600:Distinguished Service Medal 302:wars of national liberation 10: 3205: 2587:"The Bloody Audit of Iraq" 1878:"Jebsen Center - About Us" 993:War in the information age 665:Center for National Policy 501: 496: 485:In 2013 ISSP launched the 480: 328: 211: 134:Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr., 3131: 3105: 3094: 3039: 3028: 1808:Journal of Peace Research 1672:"What Rumsfeld Got Right" 576:Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr. 532: 448:from all branches of the 168: 158: 142: 128: 116: 100: 82: 74: 70:Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr. 61: 53: 34:42.4076611°N 71.1216889°W 3163:Fletcher Security Review 3089:Maritime Studies Program 2156:Naval War College Review 487:Fletcher Security Review 371:Office of Net Assessment 1773:The Journal of Politics 462:Marine Corps University 375:Marine Corps University 95:international relations 39:42.4076611; -71.1216889 3132:Media and publications 3085:World Peace Foundation 3032:Medford, Massachusetts 2674:: CS1 maint: others ( 1636:Telegram & Gazette 648:Konstantine Karamanlis 595:Antonia Handler Chayes 526:The Marines Take Anbar 365:ISSP jointly with the 362: 314:low-intensity conflict 268:low intensity conflict 233: 180:The Fletcher School's 137:Antonia Handler Chayes 108:Medford, Massachusetts 2871:Tribune Business News 2508:(December 23, 2013). 2177:Jane's Defence Weekly 674:Joseph F. Dunford Jr. 509:Richard H. Shultz Jr. 410:Stanley A. McChrystal 360: 306:nuclear proliferation 295:Scope and methodology 262:, European security, 260:nuclear proliferation 222: 123:Richard H. Shultz Jr. 2046:on February 18, 2009 1856:10.1353/wp.1995.0001 1769:Mansbach, Richard W. 1677:The Atlantic Monthly 1670:(July–August 2008). 1439:Marine Corps Gazette 1414:Marine Corps Gazette 1392:Marine Corps Gazette 1337:Marine Corps Gazette 446:field grade officers 2799:(3). USAF: 108–109. 2308:on January 23, 2014 2257:. December 3, 2003. 2089:US Army War College 1991:on January 24, 2014 1562:The Washington Post 584:Shelby Cullom Davis 394:Thomas R. Pickering 310:collective security 144:Parent organization 50: 30: / 3123:Faculty (category) 2847:on October 3, 2013 2696:on October 1, 2013 2485:The New York Times 2408:on August 17, 2011 1907:(8 January 2007). 1903:Raymond, Douglas; 1884:on August 31, 2006 1609:"A Lasting Legacy" 1535:The New York Times 1203:Other publications 641:James G. Stavridis 386:William H. McRaven 363: 48: 3171: 3170: 3118:Alumni (category) 2338:on March 10, 2014 2269:Constable, Pamela 1340:. pp. 53–55. 557:William C. Martel 518:guerrilla warfare 491:Naval War College 432:Advanced programs 289:Russell D. Howard 264:crisis management 237:Edmund A. Gullion 178: 177: 3196: 3189:Tufts University 3184:Security studies 3100: 3033: 3022: 3021:Tufts University 3016: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2899:National Journal 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2555:"Men of power". 2552: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2506:Stavridis, James 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2402:"Lecture Series" 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1987:. Archived from 1976: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1905:Broadwell, Paula 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1631: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1489: 1480: 1447: 1446: 1435:Mundy, Carl E Jr 1431: 1422: 1421: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1353: 1342: 1341: 1331: 655:Patrick M. Walsh 631:Prominent alumni 472:Doctoral program 231: 206:Tufts University 194:security studies 153:Tufts University 93:research within 87:Security studies 51: 47: 45: 44: 42: 41: 40: 35: 31: 28: 27: 26: 23: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3127: 3101: 3092: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2964: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2814:. NYTimes.com. 2808: 2804: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2728: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2670:cite conference 2667: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2583: 2579: 2574:. p. A.32. 2568: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2544:. p. 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A.1. 1956: 1930: 1915:. p. 09. 1895: 1869: 1844:World Politics 1833: 1798: 1757: 1750: 1729: 1714:. p. 18. 1695: 1668:Kaplan, Robert 1659: 1650:Gelbspan, Ross 1641: 1621: 1597: 1582: 1567: 1552: 1518: 1448: 1423: 1401: 1379: 1364:. p. 15. 1343: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1301: 1284: 1271: 1258: 1241: 1226: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1190: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1153: 1138: 1130: 1122: 1107: 1094: 1086: 1071: 1056: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1026: 1016: 1003: 990: 984: 971: 954: 953: 952: 950: 949: 936: 923: 910: 897: 877: 857: 843: 830: 817: 804: 791: 778: 764: 747: 746: 745: 743: 742: 728: 711: 694: 693: 692: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 670: 667: 661: 658: 651: 644: 632: 629: 628: 627: 591: 573: 553: 534: 531: 530: 529: 503: 500: 498: 495: 482: 479: 473: 470: 441: 438: 433: 430: 406:David Petraeus 354: 351: 330: 327: 325: 322: 296: 293: 249:Richard Shultz 227: 213: 210: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 162: 156: 155: 146: 143: 140: 139: 132: 129: 126: 125: 120: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 104: 102: 98: 97: 89:education and 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 63: 59: 58: 55: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3201: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:Alumni (list) 3111: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2770:on 2014-01-23 2769: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2741: 2734:. p. 26. 2733: 2726: 2719:. p. 14. 2718: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2690:"Uri Ra'anan" 2685: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2620: 2612: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2557:The Economist 2551: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2433: 2430:. U.S. Army. 2429: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2381: 2375: 2359: 2353: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2307: 2303: 2302:"Our Mission" 2297: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2007: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1967: 1960: 1945:on 2014-02-04 1944: 1940: 1934: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1656:. p. 16. 1655: 1651: 1645: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1556: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1507:on 2014-02-21 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 988: 985: 983: 979: 975: 972: 970: 966: 962: 959: 958: 948: 944: 940: 937: 935: 931: 927: 924: 922: 918: 914: 911: 909: 905: 901: 898: 896: 892: 889: 885: 881: 878: 876: 872: 869: 865: 861: 858: 855: 851: 847: 844: 842: 838: 834: 831: 829: 825: 821: 818: 816: 812: 808: 805: 803: 799: 795: 792: 790: 786: 782: 779: 776: 772: 768: 765: 763: 759: 755: 752: 751: 741: 737: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 718:Geoffrey Kemp 715: 712: 710: 706: 702: 699: 698: 691: 675: 671: 668: 666: 662: 659: 656: 652: 649: 645: 642: 638: 637: 636: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596: 592: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558: 554: 551: 550:Ronald Reagan 546: 542: 541: 537: 536: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510: 506: 505: 494: 492: 488: 478: 469: 467: 463: 457: 455: 451: 447: 437: 429: 427: 426:Javier Solana 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 401: 399: 398:Ashton Carter 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 359: 350: 348: 342: 340: 336: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 292: 290: 285: 280: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 243:). 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