290:: the free and responsible practice of science is fundamental to scientific advancement and human and environmental well-being. Such practice, in all its aspects, requires freedom of movement, association, expression and communication for scientists, as well as equitable access to data, information, and other resources for research. It requires responsibility at all levels to carry out and communicate scientific work with integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, and transparency, recognizing its benefits and possible harms. In advocating the free and responsible practice of science, the council promotes equitable opportunities for access to science and its benefits, and opposes discrimination based on such factors as ethnic origin, religion, citizenship, language, political or other opinion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, or age.
164:
2804:
277:(IAA; 1899â1914) and the International Research Council (IRC; 1919â1931). In 1998, Members agreed that the Council's current composition and activities would be better reflected by modifying the name from the International Council of Scientific Unions to the International Council for Science, while its rich history and strong identity would be well served by retaining the existing acronym, ICSU.
302:
The ICSU Secretariat (20 staff in 2012) in Paris ensured the day-to-day planning and operations under the guidance of an elected executive board. Three Policy
Committees â Committee on Scientific Planning and Review (CSPR), Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the conduct of Science (CFRS) and
29:
1976:
2390:
212:
In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary
National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the
1701:
2716:
1842:
2300:
1713:
303:
Committee on
Finance â assisted the executive board in its work and a General Assembly of all Members was convened every three years. ICSU has three Regional Offices â Africa, Asia and the Pacific as well as Latin America and the Caribbean.
1752:
1691:
2656:
2636:
1792:
2315:
2038:
1762:
2360:
2701:
2268:
2533:
2423:
2211:
2177:
1981:
1961:
1669:
1624:
2033:
1787:
1782:
2028:
2418:
2142:
1879:
1956:
1847:
1674:
2100:
1807:
2241:
2681:
1934:
1035:
2236:
2001:
2355:
2095:
1802:
2563:
2152:
807:
994:
2598:
2105:
1971:
1924:
2751:
1153:
2726:
1113:
2375:
2305:
499:
2365:
2013:
2711:
2335:
1991:
1946:
1812:
1735:
1093:
2613:
1899:
2696:
1065:
2483:
477:
2588:
2080:
233:
The ICSU's mission was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international
250:
Provide independent, authoritative advice to stimulate constructive dialogue between the scientific community and governments, civil society, and the private sector."
2488:
521:
2593:
2523:
897:
659:
2261:
1594:
247:
Promote the participation of all scientists â regardless of race, citizenship, language, political stance, or gender â in the international scientific endeavour.
2568:
1679:
825:
2849:
1929:
2829:
2736:
2508:
2443:
2320:
1684:
1248:
1143:
1133:
579:
294:
The
International Science Council's Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in Science (CFRS) "oversees this commitment and is the guardian of this work."
2721:
2548:
2085:
1869:
1664:
1328:
1323:
1183:
1103:
753:
699:
2503:
1629:
597:
2844:
2666:
2553:
771:
311:
The principal source of ICSU's finances was the contributions it receives from its members. Other sources of income are the framework contracts from
2538:
717:
2834:
2676:
2558:
1728:
789:
2528:
2478:
2231:
2137:
2048:
999:
681:
2608:
2573:
2513:
843:
619:
2578:
2370:
1777:
1740:
1260:
861:
2543:
2468:
2458:
2172:
1587:
1294:
1011:
735:
437:
198:
103:
2824:
2661:
2518:
2493:
2132:
1757:
1316:
1311:
641:
543:
319:
bodies, foundations and agencies, which are used to support the scientific activities of the ICSU Unions and interdisciplinary bodies.
2646:
2380:
1889:
1862:
365:
2651:
2463:
2189:
2068:
2023:
1939:
1338:
1304:
1203:
2746:
2273:
2063:
2043:
1659:
1649:
2691:
2686:
2498:
2473:
2433:
2167:
1580:
1055:
1045:
561:
455:
383:
274:
2839:
2413:
2256:
2199:
2157:
1822:
1634:
1221:
1023:
966:
2731:
2603:
2583:
2288:
2216:
2194:
2147:
1559:
1123:
931:
879:
214:
47:
254:
Activities focused on three areas: International
Research Collaboration, Science for Policy, and Universality of Science.
2706:
1083:
1546:
2438:
1919:
1832:
1745:
1723:
1402:
2385:
2781:
2741:
2206:
1894:
1525:
1511:
1494:
2453:
2448:
2428:
1358:
419:
401:
347:
1455:
2766:
2756:
2395:
1857:
1282:
1163:
178:
2310:
2008:
1966:
1914:
1654:
1619:
2776:
2018:
1852:
1708:
1696:
1639:
1603:
1193:
270:
263:
218:
57:
2330:
2295:
1986:
1797:
1718:
1644:
2053:
2761:
2631:
2251:
2184:
2127:
2058:
1996:
1951:
1272:
1173:
976:
125:
2794:
2641:
2325:
2162:
2117:
2112:
1837:
1827:
1817:
2246:
2226:
1772:
1767:
1909:
1904:
1226:
2854:
2771:
315:(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and grants and contracts from
1550:
671:
2671:
2090:
2073:
1874:
234:
273:
in the world, representing the evolution and expansion of two earlier bodies known as the
8:
1884:
244:
Facilitate interaction amongst scientists across all disciplines and from all countries.
667:
1572:
1521:
1507:
1490:
1368:
707:
533:
1499:
163:
2122:
1438:
209:. Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions.
1486:
Science
International: A History of the International Council of Scientific Unions
2283:
2221:
1563:
1484:
815:
609:
569:
467:
202:
1556:
2808:
1567:
1504:
Solomon's house revisited: the organization and institutionalization of science
489:
485:
316:
131:
2818:
2278:
1389:
887:
833:
725:
605:
529:
507:
373:
427:
391:
1036:
International
Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
1217:
939:
921:
869:
851:
761:
689:
631:
445:
241:
Identify and address major issues of importance to science and society.
2803:
177: Members as participants in the Caribbean Academy of Sciences or
905:
808:
International Union for
Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine
779:
743:
511:
463:
409:
355:
1426:
587:
1154:
International Union for Vacuum
Science, Technique and Applications
1114:
International
Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
797:
649:
627:
551:
206:
500:
International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences
1267:
1255:
312:
117:
1403:"Introduction · Documentation on the ICSU/ISSC merger process"
1094:
International Council for Scientific and Technical Information
1453:
1348:
1243:
222:
113:
28:
1066:
International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
1539:
1289:
986:
Association of Academies and Societies of Sciences in Asia
478:
International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
142:
1456:"ISC Steatite 7: Freedoms and Responsibilities in Science"
522:
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1220:
project, closed Dec 2014 transferred Jan 2015 to ICS as
898:
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
660:
International Union of History and Philosophy of Science
1602:
1518:
Nationalism and Internationalism in Science, 1880-1939
1349:
International Network for Advancing Science and Policy
826:
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
2792:
1249:
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
1144:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
1134:
International Federation of Societies for Microscopy
1075:
International Council for Laboratory Animal Science
580:
International Union of Forest Research Organizations
1329:
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
1184:
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
1104:
International Federation for Information Processing
754:
International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics
700:
International Union of Materials Research Societies
598:International Union of Food Science and Technology
288:Principle of Freedom and Responsibility in Science
947:
772:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2816:
718:International Union of Microbiological Societies
1449:
1447:
790:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
682:International Union of Immunological Societies
1588:
844:International Union of Physiological Sciences
620:International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
2850:Scientific organizations established in 1931
1444:
1261:Committee on Data for Science and Technology
1021:
862:International Union of Psychological Science
2830:International organizations based in France
1295:International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
736:International Union of Nutritional Sciences
438:International Union for Quaternary Research
221:(ISC) at a constituent general assembly in
199:international non-governmental organization
16:International non-governmental organisation
1595:
1581:
1317:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
642:International Union of Geological Sciences
544:International Union of Biological Sciences
280:
195:International Council of Scientific Unions
157:International Council of Scientific Unions
27:
366:International Brain Research Organization
228:
2845:Scientific organizations based in France
1339:Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
1305:International Human Dimensions Programme
1012:Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage
162:
1506:. Science History Publications, U.S.A.
1024:Fédération internationale des géomÚtres
322:
2835:International scientific organizations
2817:
1454:International Science Council (n.d.).
1056:International Commission for Acoustics
1046:International Arctic Science Committee
562:International Union of Crystallography
456:International Sociological Association
384:International Cartographic Association
275:International Association of Academies
269:The ICSU itself was one of the oldest
1576:
967:Society for Social Studies of Science
1124:International Foundation for Science
932:International Union of Radio Science
880:International Union of Soil Sciences
215:International Social Science Council
48:International Social Science Council
1604:International Science Council (ISC)
1204:Union Internationale de Spéléologie
1084:International Commission for Optics
13:
995:Latin American Academy of Sciences
915:International Union of Toxicology
262:In July 2018, the ICSU became the
14:
2866:
2825:International Council for Science
1531:
187:International Council for Science
22:International Council for Science
2802:
1359:World Climate Research Programme
420:International Mathematical Union
402:International Geographical Union
348:International Astronomical Union
1477:
1283:Global Climate Observing System
1164:International Water Association
179:University of the South Pacific
1439:ISC's A Brief History web page
1432:
1420:
1395:
1383:
948:Associate member organizations
271:non-governmental organizations
1:
1553:Scholarly Societies directory
1520:. Cambridge University Press
1460:International Science Council
1429:, updated on 14 December 2011
1376:
1194:The World Academy of Sciences
264:International Science Council
219:International Science Council
58:International Science Council
2840:Organizations based in Paris
297:
7:
1516:Crawford, Elisabeth (2002)
1489:Cambridge University Press
1441:, updated on 6 October 2017
1392:, updated on 6 October 2017
1390:ICSU's Our Members web page
1273:Committee on Space Research
1211:
1174:Pacific Science Association
977:African Academy of Sciences
306:
69:; 93 years ago
10:
2871:
257:
87:; 6 years ago
2622:
2404:
2346:
1610:
1022:
203:international cooperation
193:, after its former name,
151:
137:
123:
109:
99:
81:
63:
53:
43:
35:
26:
1680:Bosnia & Herzegovina
1483:Greenaway, Frank (2006)
1227:InterAcademy Partnership
1562:23 October 2013 at the
1427:ISC's About Us web page
281:Universality of science
1551:University of Waterloo
292:
229:Mission and principles
205:in the advancement of
182:
1407:icsu-issc.gitbooks.io
672:Philosophy of science
284:
166:
323:Member organizations
235:scientific community
217:(ISSC) to form the
23:
1783:Dominican Republic
668:History of science
183:
21:
2790:
2789:
1374:
1373:
1369:World Data System
1209:
1208:
945:
944:
708:Materials science
534:Molecular Biology
446:Quaternary Period
161:
160:
2862:
2807:
2806:
2798:
1685:Republika Srpska
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1543:
1542:
1540:Official website
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1232:
1231:
1052:ICA (acoustics)
1027:
1026:
1003:
952:
951:
327:
326:
176:
170:
147:
144:
95:
93:
88:
77:
75:
70:
44:Merged into
31:
24:
20:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2624:
2618:
2406:
2400:
2348:
2342:
2284:British Academy
2257:Science Academy
2163:Slovak Republic
2064:North Macedonia
1612:
1606:
1601:
1564:Wayback Machine
1538:
1537:
1534:
1500:FrÀngsmyr, Tore
1480:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1214:
997:
950:
816:Medical physics
610:Food technology
570:Crystallography
468:Social Sciences
325:
309:
300:
283:
260:
231:
181:
174:
172:
168:
154:
153:Formerly called
141:
128:
91:
89:
86:
73:
71:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2855:Science policy
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2812:
2811:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2279:United Kingdom
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Czech Republic
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:United Nations
1554:
1544:
1533:
1532:External links
1530:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1497:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1004:
992:
988:
987:
984:
980:
979:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
959:
956:
949:
946:
943:
942:
937:
934:
929:
925:
924:
919:
916:
913:
909:
908:
903:
900:
895:
891:
890:
885:
882:
877:
873:
872:
867:
864:
859:
855:
854:
849:
846:
841:
837:
836:
831:
828:
823:
819:
818:
813:
810:
805:
801:
800:
795:
792:
787:
783:
782:
777:
774:
769:
765:
764:
759:
756:
751:
747:
746:
741:
738:
733:
729:
728:
723:
720:
715:
711:
710:
705:
702:
697:
693:
692:
687:
684:
679:
675:
674:
665:
662:
657:
653:
652:
647:
644:
639:
635:
634:
625:
622:
617:
613:
612:
603:
600:
595:
591:
590:
585:
582:
577:
573:
572:
567:
564:
559:
555:
554:
549:
546:
541:
537:
536:
527:
524:
519:
515:
514:
505:
502:
497:
493:
492:
490:Remote Sensing
486:Photogrammetry
483:
480:
475:
471:
470:
461:
458:
453:
449:
448:
443:
440:
435:
431:
430:
425:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
404:
399:
395:
394:
389:
386:
381:
377:
376:
371:
368:
363:
359:
358:
353:
350:
345:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
324:
321:
317:United Nations
308:
305:
299:
296:
282:
279:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
230:
227:
173:
167:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
139:
135:
134:
132:Peter Gluckman
129:
124:
121:
120:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
85:July 2018
83:
79:
78:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:Transnational
2345:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:United States
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:9780521524742
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:9780881350661
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:9780521028103
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:Organisation
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
941:
940:Radio science
938:
935:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
881:
878:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
563:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
517:
516:
513:
509:
506:
503:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
465:
462:
459:
457:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
421:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
343:
342:
338:
336:Member Since
335:
332:
330:Abbreviation
329:
328:
320:
318:
314:
304:
295:
291:
289:
278:
276:
272:
267:
265:
255:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
238:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
171: Members
165:
156:
150:
146:
140:
136:
133:
130:
127:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
84:
80:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2407:associations
2311:Vatican City
2173:South Africa
2138:Saudi Arabia
1714:Burkina Faso
1517:
1503:
1485:
1478:Bibliography
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1434:
1422:
1412:26 September
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1385:
1222:Future Earth
888:Soil science
834:Pharmacology
726:Microbiology
606:Food science
530:Biochemistry
508:Anthropology
374:Neuroscience
310:
301:
293:
287:
285:
268:
261:
253:
232:
211:
194:
190:
186:
184:
110:Headquarters
36:Abbreviation
18:
2217:Switzerland
2212:Switzerland
2101:Philippines
2054:New Zealand
2049:Netherlands
1930:South Korea
1925:North Korea
1793:El Salvador
998: [
428:Mathematics
392:Cartography
201:devoted to
2819:Categories
2623:Affiliated
2405:Unions and
2306:Uzbekistan
2227:Tajikistan
2153:Seychelles
2034:Mozambique
2024:Montenegro
1977:Madagascar
1972:Luxembourg
1915:Kazakhstan
1758:Costa Rica
1655:Bangladesh
1650:Azerbaijan
1377:References
1218:Diversitas
958:Associate
922:Toxicology
870:Psychology
852:Physiology
762:Biophysics
690:Immunology
632:Geophysics
2316:Venezuela
2190:Sri Lanka
2158:Singapore
1992:Mauritius
1967:Lithuania
1870:Indonesia
1843:Guatemala
1640:Australia
1630:Argentina
906:Mechanics
780:Chemistry
744:Nutrition
512:Ethnology
464:Sociology
410:Geography
356:Astronomy
298:Structure
197:) was an
126:President
82:Dissolved
64:Formation
54:Successor
2376:CODESRIA
2331:Zimbabwe
2237:Thailand
2232:Tanzania
2168:Slovenia
2118:Portugal
2086:Pakistan
2019:Mongolia
1987:Malaysia
1848:Honduras
1808:Ethiopia
1803:Eswatini
1753:Colombia
1719:Cameroon
1709:Bulgaria
1692:Botswana
1611:National
1560:Archived
1465:24 April
1212:See also
588:Forestry
307:Finances
145:.science
2809:Science
2625:members
2361:AASSREC
2349:members
2321:Vietnam
2301:Uruguay
2274:Ukraine
2262:TĂBÄ°TAK
2247:Tunisia
2143:Senegal
2123:Romania
2059:Nigeria
2039:Namibia
2029:Morocco
2009:Moldova
2002:COMECSO
1962:Lesotho
1957:Lebanon
1900:Jamaica
1885:Ireland
1853:Hungary
1828:Germany
1823:Georgia
1813:Finland
1798:Estonia
1778:Denmark
1675:Bolivia
1665:Belgium
1660:Belarus
1645:Austria
1635:Armenia
1620:Albania
1613:members
1502:(1990)
1150:IUVSTA
858:IUPsyS
822:IUPHAR
804:IUPESM
798:Physics
650:Geology
628:Geodesy
594:IUFoST
552:Biology
266:(ISC).
258:History
207:science
143:council
138:Website
92:2018-07
90: (
72: (
2795:Portal
2752:IUVSTA
2579:IUPsyS
2569:IUPHAR
2564:IUPESM
2524:IUHPST
2504:IUFoST
2391:OSSREA
2381:FLACSO
2371:CLACSO
2326:Zambia
2269:Uganda
2252:Turkey
2222:Taiwan
2207:Sweden
2148:Serbia
2133:Rwanda
2128:Russia
2113:Poland
2091:Panama
2069:Norway
2014:Monaco
1997:Mexico
1982:Malawi
1952:Latvia
1910:Jordan
1890:Israel
1838:Greece
1818:France
1724:Canada
1702:ANPOCS
1697:Brazil
1625:Angola
1524:
1510:
1493:
1268:COSPAR
1256:CODATA
1235:Abbr.
1180:SCOPE
1140:IIASA
1090:ICSTI
1072:ICLAS
1062:ICIAM
983:AASSA
955:Abbr.
912:IUTOX
894:IUTAM
786:IUPAP
768:IUPAC
750:IUPAB
696:IUMRS
656:IUHPS
576:IUFRO
518:IUBMB
496:IUAES
474:ISPRS
434:INQUA
339:Field
333:Union
313:UNESCO
175:
169:
118:France
2737:IIASA
2712:ICSTI
2702:ICLAS
2697:ICIAM
2637:AASSA
2609:WAPOR
2599:IUTOX
2594:IUTAM
2589:IUSSP
2559:IUPAP
2554:IUPAC
2549:IUPAB
2534:IUMRS
2509:IUFRO
2489:IUBMB
2484:ISPRS
2459:INQUA
2424:IASSA
2195:Sudan
2185:Spain
2044:Nepal
1935:KSSRC
1920:Kenya
1905:Japan
1895:Italy
1863:ICSSR
1858:India
1833:Ghana
1788:Egypt
1741:China
1736:Chile
1729:SSHRC
1670:Benin
1345:INASP
1324:SCOPE
1244:CIAAW
1190:TWAS
1130:IFSM
1110:IFLA
1100:IFIP
1042:IASC
1032:IAHR
1002:]
991:ACAL
936:1922
928:URSI
918:1996
902:1947
884:1993
876:IUSS
866:1982
848:1955
840:IUPS
830:1972
812:1999
794:1922
776:1922
758:1966
740:1968
732:IUNS
722:1982
714:IUMS
704:2005
686:1976
678:IUIS
664:1922
646:1922
638:IUGS
624:1919
616:IUGG
602:1996
584:2005
566:1947
558:IUCr
548:1925
540:IUBS
526:1955
504:1993
482:2002
460:2011
442:2005
424:1922
406:1923
388:1990
370:1993
362:IBRO
352:1922
223:Paris
114:Paris
2777:TWAS
2767:SSRC
2747:ISDE
2727:IFLA
2722:IFIP
2717:IFDO
2687:IASC
2682:IAHR
2677:IAAP
2662:ECPR
2657:EADI
2647:ASTC
2642:ACSS
2604:URSI
2584:IUSS
2574:IUPS
2544:IUNS
2539:IUMS
2529:IUIS
2519:IUGS
2514:IUGG
2499:IUCr
2494:IUBS
2479:ISEE
2469:IPSA
2464:IPRA
2444:IFSM
2419:IALS
2366:CASS
2356:ACSS
2289:ESRC
2242:Togo
2200:SNAS
2178:HSRC
2106:PSSC
2096:Peru
2081:Oman
1947:Laos
1940:KAST
1880:Iraq
1875:Iran
1768:Cuba
1746:CASS
1557:ICSU
1547:ICSU
1522:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1467:2021
1414:2022
1355:WCRP
1335:SCOR
1312:SCAR
1301:IHDP
1290:IGBP
1279:GCOS
1200:UIS
1170:PSA
1160:IWA
1120:IFS
1080:ICO
1018:FIG
1008:CIE
973:AAS
670:and
630:and
608:and
532:and
510:and
488:and
466:and
452:ISA
416:IMU
398:IGU
380:ICA
344:IAU
286:The
237:to:
191:ICSU
185:The
104:INGO
100:Type
74:1931
67:1931
2782:UIS
2772:TNI
2762:PSA
2757:IWA
2742:ISA
2732:IFS
2707:ICO
2692:ICA
2672:GYA
2667:FIG
2652:CIE
2632:AAS
2614:WAU
2474:ISA
2454:IMU
2449:IGU
2439:IEA
2434:ICA
2429:IAU
2396:USP
2386:UAI
2336:RCZ
1566:at
1549:at
1365:WDS
963:4S
39:ISC
2821::
2414:4S
2074:UB
1458:.
1446:^
1405:.
1000:pt
225:.
116:,
2797::
1596:e
1589:t
1582:v
1469:.
1416:.
189:(
94:)
76:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
