139:, manufacturers and distributors should not give material or financial inducements to health workers. Three WHA resolutions on infant and young child nutrition subsequent to the adoption of the Code specifically cautioned against conflicts of interest. A 1996 resolution (WHA resolution 49.15) called for caution in accepting financial support for health professionals working in infant and young child health which may create conflicts of interest. The need to avoid conflicts of interest was expanded in 2005 (WHA resolution 58.32) to cover programmes in infant and young child health and reiterated in 2008 (WHA resolution 61.20).
240:
On its own, the
International Code is not legally enforceable. Companies are only subject to legal sanctions for failing to abide by the Code where it has been incorporated into the legislature of a nation state. Many countries have fully or partially adopted the Code as law. Other countries have no
163:
Free
Supplies: Two subsequent resolutions (WHA 39.28 and WHA 47.5 ) effectively call for an end to all free or low-cost supplies to any part of the health care system. Manufacturers and distributors are therefore prohibited from providing products to health care facilities for free or at low cost.
56:
and that substitutes are used safely if needed. The Code also covers ethical considerations and regulations for the marketing of feeding bottles and teats. A number of subsequent WHA resolutions have further clarified or extended certain provisions of the Code.
156:
Formula feeding should be demonstrated only to those mothers or family members who need to use it and the information given should include a clear explanation of the risks of formula feeding and hazards of improper use of
244:
Code violations by baby food manufacturers are still widespread, especially (but not exclusively) in countries that have not implemented the Code as a national measure or where monitoring and enforcement is weak. The
125:
Materials regarding products given to health professionals by manufacturers and distributors should be limited to âscientific and factualâ matters. They should not be tools to promote the use of products.
213:
In line with the recommendation for exclusive breastfeeding in WHA resolution 54.2 , all complementary foods must be labeled as suitable for use by infants from six months and not earlier.
352:
334:
262:
185:
Labels of infant formula must contain a statement on the superiority of breastfeeding and that the product should only be used after consultation with health professionals.
233:, has been the subject of an international boycott campaign since 1977 for its milk-substitute marketing practices prior to and since the development of the Code (see
507:"Monitoring compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in west Africa: multisite cross sectional survey in Togo and Burkina Faso"
229:, international agencies and campaign groups for failing to abide by the Code. One of the largest food and beverage manufacturers in the world, the Swiss giant
153:. This includes the display of products, placards and posters concerning such products and distribution of materials provided by manufacturers and distributors.
188:
Pictures or text which may idealize the use of infant formula and certain wordings, such as 'humanizedâ or âmaterializedâ or similar terms should not be used.
80:. The Code and resolutions also contain specific provisions and recommendations relating to labelling of infant formula and other breastmilk substitutes.
265:(ATNI) and other international organizations perform monitoring of implementation of the Code across the world both independently and with governments.
554:
108:
Health risks to infants who are artificially fed or who are not exclusively breastfed should be highlighted through appropriate labeling and warnings.
93:
should be objective and consistent and emphasize the importance of breastfeeding. In no case should such materials refer to a brand name of a product.
60:
Since 1981, 84 countries have enacted legislation implementing all or many of the provisions of the Code and subsequent relevant WHA resolutions.
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349:
463:
480:
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Labels must contain explicit warnings on labels to inform consumers about the risks of contamination of powdered formula with pathogenic
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318:
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250:
635:
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274:
165:
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Nutrition and health claims on labels for breastmilk substitutes should not be permitted unless allowed by
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The
International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes: A common review and evaluation framework
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guidelines on safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula (WHA resolution 61.20 ).
33:
667:
279:
25:
457:
672:
73:
484:
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Promotional devices such as discounts and special displays at the retail level are prohibited.
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for infant formula must be in simple and easy to understand terms in an appropriate language.
29:
150:
136:
119:
437:
8:
590:
456:
World Health
Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
336:
International Code of
Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: Frequently Asked Questions.
77:
531:
506:
395:
536:
290:
258:
459:
Guidelines for the safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula
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at the institutional level. In no case should these samples be passed on to mothers.
526:
518:
375:
599:
577:
467:
444:
402:
382:
356:
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Company representatives may not initiate direct or indirect contact with mothers.
418:
128:
Product samples may be given only when necessary for professional evaluation or
652:
90:
49:
592:
Compliance with the
International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes.
661:
522:
199:
192:
68:
The Code aims to shield breastfeeding from commercial promotion that affects
53:
37:
21:
350:"FTSE4Good Inclusion Criteria for the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes."
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Donated equipment and materials should not refer to brand names of products.
540:
396:"World Health Assembly: New UN Resolution tackles intrinsic contamination."
647:
45:
570:
222:
179:
41:
230:
129:
625:
254:
69:
630:
481:"WHA Resolution 54.2 - 2001: Infant and young child nutrition"
96:
All forms of product advertising and promotion are prohibited.
376:
International Code of
Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.
505:
Aguayo VM, Ross JS, Kanon S, Ouedraogo AN (January 2003).
320:
International Code of
Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
122:
the responsibility to encourage and protect breastfeeding.
18:
International Code of
Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
246:
206:
504:
225:
industry has been the subject of pointed criticism from
638:, International Baby Food Action Network, 2004 and 2007
620:
168:, âlow costâ means less than 80% of the retail price.)
52:, to ensure that mothers are not discouraged from
36:(WHO) in 1981. The Code was developed as a global
99:Mothers should not be given free product samples.
20:(also known as the WHO Code) is an international
659:
284:
40:strategy and recommends restrictions on the
241:legislation on baby food marketing at all.
149:Promotion of any product is forbidden in a
653:Alive & Thrive BMS Code Resources page
530:
89:Information and educational materials on
636:Breaking the Rules, Stretching the Rules
370:
368:
289:. Pinter & Martin, UK. p. 424.
432:
430:
660:
621:International Baby Food Action Network
251:International Baby Food Action Network
438:Understanding the International Code.
420:Reinstating the Nestlé Boycott (1988)
365:
339:Geneva, 2008. Accessed 5 August 2011.
427:
164:(According to guidelines under the
13:
14:
689:
609:
275:Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
216:
166:Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
648:Alive & Thrive BMS Code page
626:Baby Milk Action (Great Britain)
583:
563:
547:
498:
473:
450:
411:
388:
342:
327:
311:
263:Access to Nutrition Initiative
227:non-governmental organizations
91:infant and young child feeding
1:
304:
287:The Politics of Breastfeeding
205:Labels must conform with WHO/
63:
7:
553:World Health Organization.
511:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
333:World Health Organization.
317:World Health Organization.
268:
10:
694:
616:Full Code in English (PDF)
408:, Issue 41, November 2008.
678:World Health Organization
385:Accessed 6 February 2012.
362:, accessed 5 August 2011.
285:Gabrielle Palmer (2009).
34:World Health Organization
523:10.1136/bmj.326.7381.127
202:(WHA resolution 58.32 ).
195:(WHA resolution 58.32 ).
144:iii. Health care systems
580:Accessed 5 August 2011.
447:Accessed 5 August 2011.
424:Accessed 5 August 2011.
406:Baby Milk Action Update
280:Breastfeeding promotion
26:breastfeeding promotion
631:Baby Nahrung (Germany)
360:FTSE4Good Index Series
137:conflicts of interest
48:substitutes, such as
30:World Health Assembly
193:national legislation
151:health care facility
135:In order to prevent
78:health care systems
598:2017-02-19 at the
576:2011-11-15 at the
466:2010-03-10 at the
443:2017-07-15 at the
417:The Boycott Book.
401:2011-09-27 at the
394:Baby Milk Action.
381:2017-12-12 at the
355:2011-07-28 at the
113:ii. Health workers
259:Save the Children
685:
603:
589:UNICEF Ukraine.
587:
581:
567:
561:
551:
545:
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496:
495:
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492:
483:. Archived from
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600:Wayback Machine
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468:Wayback Machine
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445:Wayback Machine
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403:Wayback Machine
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383:Wayback Machine
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366:
357:Wayback Machine
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343:
332:
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316:
312:
307:
297:
271:
219:
178:Information on
118:The Code gives
66:
28:adopted by the
12:
11:
5:
691:
681:
680:
675:
670:
668:Infant formula
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610:External links
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309:
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235:Nestlé boycott
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217:Implementation
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200:microorganisms
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120:health workers
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74:health workers
65:
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50:infant formula
24:framework for
9:
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673:Breastfeeding
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619:
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579:
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566:
560:Geneva, 1996.
559:
557:
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517:(7381): 127.
516:
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508:
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487:on 2017-04-08
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470:Geneva, 2007.
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324:Geneva, 1981.
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296:9781905177165
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173:iv. Labelling
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54:breastfeeding
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38:public health
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32:(WHA) of the
31:
27:
23:
22:health policy
19:
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489:. Retrieved
485:the original
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329:
319:
313:
286:
243:
239:
220:
212:
67:
59:
17:
15:
602:Kyiv, 2004.
571:Code Watch.
46:breast milk
662:Categories
491:2011-08-05
305:References
84:i. Mothers
64:Provisions
644:(Spanish)
253:(IBFAN),
223:baby food
157:products.
42:marketing
596:Archived
574:Archived
541:12531842
464:Archived
441:Archived
399:Archived
379:Archived
374:UNICEF.
353:Archived
269:See also
130:research
569:IBFAN.
436:IBFAN.
70:mothers
539:
532:140002
529:
348:FTSE.
293:
255:UNICEF
231:Nestlé
180:labels
642:ibfan
537:PMID
291:ISBN
221:The
76:and
16:The
527:PMC
519:doi
515:326
247:WHO
237:).
207:FAO
44:of
664::
535:.
525:.
513:.
509:.
429:^
367:^
261:,
257:,
249:,
72:,
558:.
543:.
521::
494:.
461:.
422:.
322:.
299:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.