384:
surrounding quantification of long-term outcomes on maternal and child health apart from breastfeeding initiation, and suggested that outcomes may differ substantially among poor and wealthy countries. Additionally, the authors described potential negative outcomes associated with full implementation of the Baby
Friendly Initiative, including promoting unrealistic breastfeeding expectations, mothers feeling pressured to breastfeed, and increased feelings of maternal guilt. Further high quality studies were recommended to evaluate both long-term breastfeeding outcomes and other aspects of maternal health.
215:
all Public Health Units in
Ontario to begin implementation of BFI. Other provinces and territories are implementing strategies at regional and local levels. As of 2008, 18 health care facilities (9 hospitals & birthing centres and 9 community health services) had been designated "Baby-Friendly" across the country. The B.C. Women's Hospital and Health Centre has been recognized as a breast-feeding and “baby-friendly” hospital by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF since 2008. It is the largest hospital in Canada to receive the designation.
362:
United States explaining "All of the United States BFHI evidence comes from observational studies, the vast majority of which are of very low or low quality. Although there is consistent empirical evidence that BFHI has led to improvements in breastfeeding outcomes in the very short and short terms, its impact on BF outcomes in the long term remains unclear". Looking at 58 studies, the review found that community support was the key to long-term sustainability of breastfeeding that was initiated in the BFHI hospital setting.
376:
and several anecdotal stories of babies harmed at hospitals following the Baby
Friendly Initiative as evidence that the current guidelines are potentially harmful and not meeting the needs of mother or baby. Additionally, critics point to the Initiative not requiring hospitals to inform mothers about the risks of exclusive breastfeeding, and only discussing the risks of not breastfeeding, as providing insufficient information to allow mothers to make a fully-informed decision regarding infant feeding choices.
299:. It has been estimated that if all babies were breastfed, over ÂŁ35m would be saved by the NHS in England and Wales each year in treating gastroenteritis alone. Despite that, in 2013 breastfeeding rates in the UK were amongst the lowest in Europe: 78 per cent of babies born in the UK were breastfed at birth, falling to 63 per cent at one week. Only one in five babies still received breastmilk at six months.
254:
membership level in which maternity facilities are encouraged to implement the standards and network with other maternity facilities but with no external assessment process, and the designation level where there is external assessment and on-going monitoring to ensure the standards are met and sustained.
375:
A 2017 study focusing on hospital readmission among infants based on method of feeding raised concerns that exclusive breastfeeding is linked to double the rate of readmission to hospital among neonates as compared to formula feeding. Critics of the Baby
Friendly Initiative point to this type of data
361:
examined the impact of BFHI implementation on breastfeeding and child health outcomes worldwide and in the United States. The authors suggested that following the BFHI Ten Steps had a positive impact on short, medium, and long-term breastfeeding outcomes. However, they warned their results for the
306:
In 2022, 600,000 newborn babies were supported in the UK, and UNICEF reported that "the majority of maternity units (93%) and health visiting services (90%) across the UK are now working towards Baby
Friendly accreditation, and new neonatal and children's centre standards have been introduced to help
353:
One group of authors expressed concerns in a paper published in
October 2016. It questioned whether full compliance with the ten steps of the initiative might inadvertently lead to the promotion of potentially hazardous practices and/or counterproductive outcomes. Specific concerns described in this
339:
It involves changing long-standing policies, protocols and behaviors. The Baby-Friendly
Hospital Initiative includes a very rigorous credentialing process that includes a two-day site visit, where assessors evaluate policies, community partnerships and education plans, as well as interview patients,
291:
and community health settings. The Baby
Friendly Initiative accredits health-care facilities that adopt internationally recognised best practice standards for breastfeeding. During each stage of accreditation, the Initiative provides support as facilities implement standards relating to policies and
387:
Notably, despite the substantial criticism regarding the increased pressure and anxiety felt by mothers due to Baby
Friendly implementation, the current guidelines provided by Baby Friendly USA make no mention of the importance of maternal mental health in the context of a healthy baby, nor do they
379:
A 2021 article outlines the harms caused by insufficient milk intake in neonates, and discusses accidental neonatal starvation alongside current scientific evidence while offering a historical and policy perspective on the rise of the Baby
Friendly initiative in part as a response to inappropriate
214:
have mandated the implementation of the BFHI. All public health units in Ontario have been required to work towards having BFI designation since 2011. In 2012, the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care in Ontario added BFI status to their progress indicators for Public Health Units thus requiring
192:
is a healthy alternative to formula. A special formula is manufactured for premature babies, although the World Health Organization recommends it only if breast-milk is medically not an option such as if a premature baby has to be fed formula through a tube to maintain a healthy weight. The World
253:
The BFHI started in Ireland in 1998 under the auspices of the Irish Health Promoting Hospitals Network (a WHO programme). The BFHI in Ireland became an independent registered charity in mid-2016 and changed their name to Baby Friendly Health Initiative. They offer two levels - a participation or
1347:
383:
A 2021 review of systematic reviews raised further doubts about some of the claims raised in support of the Baby Friendly Initiative, as it was found that the majority of cited studies concluding benefits of implementation were of low or very low quality. The authors raised a number of concerns
371:
in 2019 showed that increased rates of implementation of the BFHI were temporally associated with a decrease in the rate of infant deaths in the first six days after birth. The authors said that their findings dispelled the suggestion that hospital-based breastfeeding initiatives might increase
232:
In Cuba, 49 of the country's 56 hospitals and maternity facilities have been designated as "baby-friendly". In the six years following the initiation of the BFHI program, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at four months almost tripled - from 25 per cent in 1990 to 72 per cent in 1996.
174:
As of 2011, approximately 15,000 facilities in more than 152 countries had been inspected and accredited as "Baby-Friendly." The number of accredited hospitals has continued to grow. As of 2019, a survey found that 28% of the hospitals in the US were registered as Baby Friendly.
104:
and hip fractures in later life. The BFHI aims to increase the numbers of babies who are exclusively breastfed worldwide, a goal which the WHO estimates could contribute to avoiding over a million child deaths each year, and potentially many premature maternal deaths as well.
327:
was the first hospital to receive the "Baby Friendly" certification granted by Baby-Friendly USA for the city in 2008. In 2011, New York University Langone Medical Center became the second hospital to receive the Baby-Friendly Hospital designation in New York City.
1351:
372:
infant death from asphyxiation. The authors did not discuss the other potential harms to mother and baby that critics have raised, such as increased incidence of neonate hospital admission due to dehydration and poor maternal mental health outcomes.
1704:
Flaherman, Valerie; Schaefer, Eric W.; Kuzniewicz, Michael W.; Li, Sherian X.; Walsh, Eileen M.; Paul, Ian M. (August 2018). "Health Care Utilization in the First Month After Birth and Its Relationship to Newborn Weight Loss and Method of Feeding".
1006:
528:"Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods, and Hydrolyzed Formulas"
302:
In 2013 the success of the initiative in Scotland showed that 90% of Scottish mothers gave birth in a UNICEF-accredited Baby Friendly hospital. This compared to 30% of mothers in England, 58% for Wales and 57% in Northern Ireland.
170:
or other infant care aids provided by formula companies and recommends that when formula is medically needed, it should be given in a small cup or spoon, rather than a bottle and should only be used to supplement breastfeeding.
354:
paper included increased risk of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse, rigidly-enforced rooming-in practices leading to exhausted or heavily medicated mothers caring for newborns, and an unnecessary ban on pacifier use.
262:
Sweden is considered the global leader in terms of BFHI implementation: four years after the programme was introduced in 1993, all of the then 65 maternity centres in the country had been designated "baby-friendly".
344:
As of 2 May 2018, the United States had 512 hospitals that hold the Baby-Friendly designation. This translates to 24.57% of annual births. As of 2019, 28% of hospitals in the U.S. have been accredited by the WHO.
223:
China, now has more than 6,000 Baby-Friendly Hospitals, exclusive breastfeeding in rural areas rose from 29 per cent in 1992 to 68 per cent in 1994; in urban areas, the increase was from 10 per cent to 48 per cent.
1682:
1236:
1532:
183:
The World Health Organization recommends that if a mother is unable to breastfeed, chooses not to breastfeed, or if her baby (often premature) shows signs that it isn't getting enough breast-milk, a healthy
1387:"The Baby Friendly Initiative is transforming healthcare for babies, their mothers and families in the UK as part of a wider global partnership between the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF"
998:
1503:
869:
Bartick, M. C.; Stuebe, A. M.; Schwarz, E. B.; Luongo, C; Reinhold, A. G.; Foster, E. M. (2013). "Cost analysis of maternal disease associated with suboptimal breastfeeding".
1029:
1268:
500:
478:
945:
1674:
57:
1757:
1240:
1528:
1027:
Technical Document:Public Health Accountability Agreement Indicators 2011-13 Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Public Health Division Health Promotion Division
464:
Adopted at the WHO/UNICEF meeting on "Breastfeeding in the 1990s: A Global Initiative", held at the Spedale degli Innocenti, Florence, Italy, 30 July-1 August 1990.
324:
1348:"More Scottish women give birth in UNICEF UK accredited hospitals than in rest of UK, leading to more mothers successfully starting to breastfeed their babies"
1167:
Hofvander, Yngve (2007). "Breastfeeding and the Baby Friendly Hospitals Initiative (BFHI): Organization, response and outcome in Sweden and other countries".
1119:
96:. There are benefits for mothers too: women who don't breastfeed have increased risk of developing heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol,
1473:
971:
602:
1627:"Impact of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding and child health outcomes: a systematic review: BFHI breastfeeding and health outcomes"
1097:
323:, which was certified in September 1996. All of these early adopters were able to achieve 100% breastfeeding initiation rates. In New York City, the
1499:
803:
1296:
193:
Health Organization advocates the importance of a baby being close to its mother whenever possible even if the mother does not breastfeed.
457:
315:
The first hospitals verified as Baby-Friendly in the US were on the Pacific Coast. The first US hospital to receive this designation was
72:
for their first six months of life. Studies have shown that breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from serious illnesses, including
271:
In 2014 78.60% of babies were born in BFHI hospitals. Between 2001 and 2013, the increase in certified hospitals was from 38 to 176.
557:
121:
1a. Comply fully with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and relevant World Health Assembly resolutions.
414:
1214:
1036:
1565:
1265:
1064:
1590:
Bass, Joel L.; Gartley, Tina; Kleinman, Ronald (1 October 2016). "Unintended Consequences of Current Breastfeeding Initiatives".
949:
474:
437:
1968:
1749:
1887:
580:
380:
advertising of formula in Africa, which led to poor outcomes among children who traditionally would have been breastfed.
242:
84:, and respiratory and ear infections. Adults who were breastfed as babies may be less likely to develop risk factors for
388:
have any indication of mental health experts having been involved in creating or editing the implementation guidelines.
1963:
1325:
778:
920:
1115:
245:
has advanced past the Award of Level 2 Participation stage and is well on its way to receiving BFHI accreditation.
1973:
975:
292:
procedures, staff education, effective auditing, educating pregnant women and mothers, and other relevant areas.
1477:
820:
Schwarz, E. B.; Ray, R. M.; Stuebe, A. M.; Allison, M. A.; Ness, R. B.; Freiberg, M. S.; Cauley, J. A. (2009).
56:
that provide maternity services for protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding, in accordance with the
767:
297:
Seven Point Plan for the Promotion, Protection and Support of Breastfeeding in Community Health Care Settings
48:
in 1990. The initiative is a global effort for improving the role of maternity services to enable mothers to
1101:
151:
6. Do not provide breastfed newborns any food or fluids other than breast milk, unless medically indicated.
52:
babies for the best start in life. It aims at improving the care of pregnant women, mothers and newborns at
1081:
163:
10. Coordinate discharge so that parents and their infants have timely access to ongoing support and care.
1145:
626:"The effect of breastfeeding duration on lung function at age 10 years: a prospective birth cohort study"
1427:
527:
800:
673:
Rich-Edwards JW, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rosner B, Hu FB, Michels KB, Willett WC (1 September 2004).
241:
In Hong Kong several hospitals have shown interest in being designated Baby Friendly. However, only
69:
33:
1285:
581:"Effect of Breastfeeding on Lung Function in Childhood and Modulation by Maternal Asthma and Atopy"
295:
In 1998, its principles were extended to cover the work of community health-care services with the
287:(NHS) to ensure a high standard of care for pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers and babies in
283:
Baby Friendly Initiative was launched in the United Kingdom in 1995. The Initiative works with the
624:
Ogbuanu, I. U.; Karmaus, W.; Arshad, S. H.; Kurukulaaratchy, R. J.; Ewart, S. (10 November 2008).
154:
7. Enable mothers and their infants to remain together and to practise rooming-in 24 hours a day.
138:
3. Discuss the importance and management of breastfeeding with pregnant women and their families.
284:
45:
1675:"New Study Shows Baby-Friendly Practices Associated with Decreased Rates of Early Infant Deaths"
728:"Breastfeeding in Infancy and Blood Pressure in Later Life: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
130:
2. Ensure that staff have sufficient knowledge, competence and skills to support breastfeeding.
332:
454:
124:
1b. Have a written infant feeding policy that is routinely communicated to staff and parents.
367:
1210:
320:
53:
1928:
148:
5. Support mothers to initiate and maintain breastfeeding and manage common difficulties.
8:
1840:"The impact of Baby Friendly Initiative accreditation: An overview of systematic reviews"
411:
93:
1864:
1839:
1820:
1807:
1780:
1730:
1651:
1626:
1554:
1455:
1192:
1180:
1061:
894:
846:
837:
821:
723:
721:
704:
691:
674:
650:
625:
1869:
1824:
1812:
1722:
1656:
1607:
1603:
1447:
1184:
886:
851:
749:
696:
655:
549:
358:
1734:
1459:
1196:
708:
68:
UNICEF, WHO, and many national government health agencies recommend that babies are
1859:
1851:
1802:
1792:
1714:
1646:
1638:
1599:
1439:
1176:
999:"Push on for more baby-friendly hospitals, support for breastfeeding key component"
898:
878:
841:
833:
739:
686:
645:
637:
592:
539:
675:"Breastfeeding during infancy and the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood"
1958:
1428:"Breastfeeding Rates in US Baby-Friendly Hospitals: Results of a National Survey"
1272:
1068:
882:
807:
461:
441:
418:
316:
160:
9. Counsel mothers on the use and risks of feeding bottles, teats and pacifiers.
73:
1386:
455:
Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding.
434:
157:
8. Support mothers to recognize and respond to their infants' cues for feeding.
1718:
1625:
PĂ©rez-Escamilla, Rafael; Martinez, Josefa L.; Segura-PĂ©rez, Sofia (July 2016).
1426:
Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chamberlain LB, Philipp BL, Bauchner H (September 2005).
503:. Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality. 6 December 2012. Archived from
167:
145:
and support mothers to initiate breastfeeding as soon as possible after birth.
101:
504:
501:"Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries"
335:
in Maryland describes the process of receiving the Baby Friendly designation.
1952:
1750:"Exclusively Breastfed Newborns Have Double the Risk of Being Rehospitalized"
211:
142:
97:
85:
49:
822:"Duration of lactation and risk factors for maternal cardiovascular disease"
641:
597:
1873:
1816:
1726:
1660:
1611:
1500:"NYU Langone Medical Center Awarded Official Baby-Friendly USA Designation"
1451:
1443:
1321:
1188:
1083:
New Brunswick Provincial Report of the Baby-Friendly Self-Assessment Survey
890:
855:
753:
700:
659:
553:
544:
113:
The criteria for a hospital's Baby Friendly accreditation (2018) include:
1797:
912:
744:
727:
1781:"Breastfeeding Insufficiencies: Common and Preventable Harm to Neonates"
1411:
Lopez Williams, Sarah (17 October 1996). "Evergreen gets world praise".
1237:"About Baby Friendly: All about us: History of Baby Friendly in the UK"
1855:
1642:
280:
189:
185:
1624:
623:
288:
1933:
1938:
1838:
Fair, Frankie J.; Morrison, Alison; Soltani, Hora (1 June 2021).
89:
672:
525:
1425:
207:
81:
77:
37:
1141:
526:
Greer, F. R.; Sicherer, S. H.; Burks, A. W. (1 January 2008).
127:
1c. Establish ongoing monitoring and data-management systems.
1703:
1324:. Health & Social Care Information Centre. 19 May 2006.
40:), launched in 1992 in India following the adoption of the
1943:
868:
58:
International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
1350:(Press release). UNICEF. 27 November 2013. Archived from
1923:
1211:"The Gender Dimension of the MDGs in R. O. C. (Taiwan)"
946:"What if a baby is born preterm and cannot breastfeed?"
819:
348:
166:
The program also restricts use by the hospital of free
1918:
1098:"B.C. Women's Hospital recognized as 'baby-friendly'"
1929:
BFHI information from the World Health Organization
1837:
1589:
1747:
1523:
1521:
972:"Feeding in exceptionally difficult circumstances"
1950:
1748:del Castillo-Hegyi, Christie (24 January 2018).
36:(WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (
1518:
1555:"The CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions"
1410:
1322:"Infant Feeding Survey - 2005, Early results"
578:
1260:
1258:
477:. Sacred Heart University. 2 February 2015.
974:. World Health Organization. Archived from
948:. World Health Organization. Archived from
475:"Breastfeeding Initiation at BFI Hospitals"
178:
1229:
940:
938:
141:4. Facilitate immediate and uninterrupted
1863:
1806:
1796:
1650:
1255:
1166:
996:
845:
743:
690:
649:
596:
543:
406:
404:
402:
400:
1529:"The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative"
935:
913:"The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative"
1951:
1476:. HHC Today. July 2008. Archived from
481:from the original on 17 September 2016
412:The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative.
1778:
1302:from the original on 26 February 2007
1266:What is the Baby Friendly Initiative?
1009:from the original on 27 February 2017
781:from the original on 26 December 2018
722:Richard M. Martin, David Gunnell and
605:from the original on 26 December 2018
560:from the original on 26 December 2018
429:
427:
397:
1888:"Guidelines and Evaluation Criteria"
1760:from the original on 26 January 2022
1571:from the original on 21 January 2022
1506:from the original on 3 December 2013
1502:. NYU Langone Medical Center. 2011.
1080:New Brunswick Department of Health.
1060:Breastfeeding Committee for Canada.
349:Criticism and responses to criticism
1535:from the original on 9 January 2022
923:from the original on 9 January 2022
196:
32:), is a worldwide programme of the
13:
1217:from the original on 25 March 2016
1181:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02038.x
1122:from the original on 24 April 2016
997:Ubelacker, Sheryl (1 April 2013).
838:10.1097/01.AOG.0000346884.67796.ca
692:10.1097/01.ede.0000129513.69321.ba
435:Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative.
424:
14:
1985:
1912:
1685:from the original on 1 March 2021
1328:from the original on 22 June 2012
1148:from the original on 11 July 2017
579:Mahr, Todd A. (1 November 2008).
317:Evergreen Hospital Medical Center
274:
18:Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
1779:Wilde, Vera K (4 October 2021).
1604:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1529
732:American Journal of Epidemiology
310:
1880:
1831:
1772:
1741:
1697:
1667:
1618:
1583:
1547:
1492:
1474:"Baby-Friendly Harlem Hospital"
1466:
1419:
1404:
1379:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1278:
1203:
1160:
1134:
1108:
1090:
1074:
1054:
1021:
990:
964:
905:
862:
813:
793:
760:
715:
1844:Maternal & Child Nutrition
1631:Maternal & Child Nutrition
666:
617:
572:
519:
493:
467:
447:
117:Critical management procedures
1:
391:
340:physicians and staff members.
307:more services improve care."
63:
883:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318297a047
768:"World Cancer Research Fund"
236:
206:In Canada, the provinces of
7:
1969:Breastfeeding organizations
1939:Baby Friendly Initiative UK
1293:UK Baby Friendly Initiative
1239:. UNICEF UK. Archived from
871:Obstetrics & Gynecology
826:Obstetrics & Gynecology
799:World Health Organization.
775:UK Baby Friendly Initiative
433:World Health Organization.
108:
10:
1990:
1719:10.1016/j.acap.2017.11.005
1531:. Johns Hopkins Medicine.
1286:"Local Authority Approach"
248:
1964:World Health Organization
1919:World Health Organization
810:, accessed 20 April 2011.
801:10 facts on breastfeeding
365:A study published in the
266:
257:
201:
34:World Health Organization
460:2 September 2011 at the
243:Queen Elizabeth Hospital
218:
179:Recommended alternatives
26:Baby Friendly Initiative
1275:Accessed 4 August 2011.
1116:"Healthcare Facilities"
1071:Accessed 2 August 2011.
1067:5 December 2011 at the
642:10.1136/thx.2008.101543
598:10.1542/peds.2008-2139H
444:Accessed 4 August 2011.
421:Accessed 4 August 2011.
285:National Health Service
227:
46:breastfeeding promotion
1974:Breastfeeding advocacy
1444:10.1542/peds.2004-1636
545:10.1542/peds.2007-3022
417:11 August 2011 at the
342:
333:Johns Hopkins Hospital
325:Harlem Hospital Center
134:Key clinical practices
806:16 April 2011 at the
440:23 April 2019 at the
368:Journal of Pediatrics
337:
70:breastfed exclusively
42:Innocenti Declaration
1924:UNICEF International
1798:10.7759/cureus.18478
1681:. 18 November 2019.
1271:27 July 2011 at the
1243:on 12 September 2014
1030:"Technical Document"
321:Kirkland, Washington
143:skin-to-skin contact
1895:babyfriendlyusa.org
1707:Academic Pediatrics
1376:, Summer 2023, p. 2
507:on 26 December 2018
94:high blood pressure
1480:on 3 December 2013
1042:on 3 February 2014
978:on 31 October 2013
745:10.1093/aje/kwh338
724:George Davey Smith
1934:MotherBaby Summit
1856:10.1111/mcn.13216
1679:Baby Friendly USA
1643:10.1111/mcn.12294
1413:The Seattle Times
1104:on 12 April 2019.
917:Baby Friendly USA
359:systematic review
190:milk from a donor
54:health facilities
24:), also known as
1981:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1354:on 20 April 2016
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1175:(8): 1012–1016.
1169:Acta Paediatrica
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1100:. Archived from
1094:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1035:. Archived from
1034:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
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932:
930:
928:
909:
903:
902:
866:
860:
859:
849:
817:
811:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
777:. UNICEF. 2007.
772:
764:
758:
757:
747:
719:
713:
712:
694:
670:
664:
663:
653:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
600:
591:(9): S176–S177.
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
547:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
497:
491:
490:
488:
486:
471:
465:
451:
445:
431:
422:
408:
197:Regional schemes
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1949:
1948:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1898:
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