Internal consistency of the Bible

3216:, pp. 3–5 "Slowly, with the rise of rationalism, particularly as associated with figures such as Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and especially Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632–1677), the view that the Torah was a unified whole, written by Moses, began to be questioned. ... This culminated in the development of the models of the Documentary Hypothesis in the 19th century, according to which the Torah (or Hexateuch) is composed of four main sources or documents which were edited or redacted together: J, E, P, and D. Each of these sources or documents is embedded in a (relatively) complete form in the current Torah, and is typified by vocabulary, literary style, and theological principles." 149:, speaking in 1854 at the Hartford Bible Convention, claimed that the Bible is "the most inconsistent, the most monstrous and blasphemous representations of God that can possibly be conceived by the human mind" and argued that "The book that contradicts science and contradicts itself is a book of no authority whatsoever". A modern Islamic critic argues that if the Bible can be shown to be inconsistent, "then those who preach the Bible and read the Bible must seriously reconsider their source of information concerning their faith." 3204:"In some cases seemingly trivial points of difference can actually have an enormous significance for the interpretation of a book or the reconstruction of the history of ancient Israel or the life of the historical Jesus. And then there are instances that involve major issues, where one author has one point of view on an important topic (How was the world created? Why do the people of God suffer? What is the significance of Jesus' death?), and another author has another." 4776: 1317:) attributes to the prophet Jeremiah, actually comes from Zechariah (11:12f), it is not surprising that some scribes sought to mend the error either by substituting the correct name or by omitting the name altogether. A few scribes attempted to harmonize the Johannine account of the chronology of the Passion with that in Mark by changing 'sixth hour' of John 19:14 to 'third hour' (which appears in Mark 15:25). At John 1:28, 1191:, which makes up over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition. Scholars regard the Alexandrian text-type as generally more authoritative when treating textual variations. The majority of differences are minor—matters such as variant spellings—although at a few points the oldest manuscripts show important inconsistencies compared with the more recent ones: these include the endings of 2533:, p. 9 "One aspect of narrative in Genesis that requires special attention is its high tolerance for different versions of the same event, a well-known feature of ancient Near Eastern literature, from earliest times through rabbinic midrash. ... This could not have happened if the existence of variation were seen as a serious defect or if rigid consistency were deemed essential to effective storytelling." 19: 160:", and that if there appear to be contradictions between two texts, they believe that "more careful reading is required to show that they really cohere". Barton argues that "this is not the Bible that we have in fact got". He also points out that Judaism understands that texts "may sometimes be in dialogue with each other" and "something positive may emerge from a kind of creative tension". 1014:..." and returned to Jerusalem and Judah". But the two lists disagree on the number of members of each family. In total, there are nearly twenty numerical discrepancies between the lists. Furthermore, in both cases a total figure of 42,360 people is given, but the partial figures do not add up to the total. A third version of the list exists in the apocryphal book 1472:(354-430 CE) produced a 5th-century attempt to explain away all of the apparent contradictions he was aware of. He wrote that because there are those who would "rob of their credit as veracious historians", "we must prove that the writers in question do not stand in any antagonism to each other." Whereas more modern apologists, such as 1879:, Judas returns the bribe Christians believe he had immorally accepted for handing over Jesus, throwing the money into the temple before hanging himself. The temple priests, unwilling to return the defiled money to the treasury, used it instead to buy a field known as the Potter's Field, as a plot in which to bury strangers. In 1255:. By the end of the 4th century unanimity had been achieved in the West concerning the New Testament canon as it is today, and by the 5th century most of the East had come into harmony by accepting the Book of Revelation. Nonetheless, a full dogmatic articulation of the canon for Roman Catholicism was not made until the 1072:

remain prized and frequently used ritual objects, and scribes have continually worked as carefully as possible to copy them, always holding dear the belief that they were producing as accurate and correct a text as they could. Unfortunately even this commitment and care could not guarantee a letter-perfect text".

2092:"I make peace and create evil, I the Lord do all these things". He contrasted this with Jesus' saying that "a tree was known by its fruit; a good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit" and then pointed to several injunctions and lessons in the Old Testament that the New Testament contradicts. For example, 1071:

recounted "how he restored the scrolls to their original state" and noted "the importance of having textual consistency in the scrolls, because criticisms of how Jews preserved and transmitted the Torah text contained accusations that they willfully changed it." Levy also suggests that "Torah scrolls

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is feminine, but the predicate is masculine". Rabbis have suggested that this is because sin starts out weak like a woman, but ends as strong as a man. Also, in verse 7 of this story, which concerns 'daughters' so that all four suffixes should be feminine, two of them are masculine. Cherry says that

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For example, Dr C Gempt suggests: "The details that seem at variance can be reconciled ... after refusing the money the priests bought the field in Judas' name ... and it was there that he hanged himself. ... His body was no longer hanging by the time it was discovered, but had fallen ...

3251:

The discrepancies occur in the following families: Arah, Pahath-Moab (through the line of Jeshua and Joab), Zattu, Bani, Bebai, Azgad, Adonikam, Bigvai, Adin, Bezai, Hashum, Bethlehem (and Netophah), Bethel (and Ai), Magbish, Lod (and Hadid and Ono), Senaah, Asaph, Shallum (and Ater, Talmon, Akkub,

1822:

Archer claims that the original Greek shows "there is no real contradiction between these two statements" because "Greek makes a distinction between hearing a sound as a noise (in which case the object to the verb 'to hear' takes the genitive case) and hearing a voice as a thought-conveying message

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to answer objections, agreeing that some had done so. However, he stated that he did not believe the problem was widespread, nor did he approve of the practice, further stating that he believed that those making the alternations introduced "heresies opposed to the meaning of the doctrine of Jesus".

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There are further examples of other types of inconsistency in the Old Testament. In the account of the slaughtering of an animal before the Temple, it states that the animal "was killed at the entrance to the tabernacle, north of the altar, and cut up". The most natural interpretation of the Hebrew

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as writing that, when Genesis 12:6 has "and the Canaanite was then in the land", it could not have been written by Moses. Hobbes may have been the first European to question this attribution in print, arguing that the words can "only sensibly be used by someone who is writing when the Canaanites no

91:

For many believers, the internal consistency of the Jewish and Christian scriptures is important because they feel that any inconsistencies or contradictions, or, for some, particular kinds of inconsistencies or contradictions, could challenge belief in the truth of their contents and the view that

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According to Ehrman, a more important difference among the Gospels is with the book of John. He argues that the concept that Jesus existed before his birth, was a divine being, and became human is only claimed in the Gospel of John. However, some scholars disagree, locating pre-existent and divine

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Modern New Testament scholarship tends to view these not as separate statements, but rather one statement that has either been preserved in two different forms, or has been altered by the Gospel writers to present a point of view that expresses the needs of the Christian community at the time. The

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France, regarding the "distinctive contribution" of each of the four gospels, commented, "In accepting that God intended his church to have four Gospels, not just one, Christians have also recognized that each has something different to say about Jesus. It is only after we have listened to each in

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Some scholars believe that Paul and James do not contradict each other but speak about different questions. They assert that the perspective of Paul is different from, and complementary to, that of James: "When Paul claims that one is justified by faith alone, apart from works, he is referring to

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Christian theologians agree that the New Testament has a single and consistent theological focus on the salvific nature of Christ, but the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament consists of several different theologies. Some of these complement each other, while others are contradictory, even within the same

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Several grammatical errors are known to appear in copies of the Torah. As Shai Cherry notes, "Since one of the Rabbinic assumptions is that the Torah is perfect, at a minimum one would expect there to be no grammatical mistakes. After all, shouldn't God be an inerrant grammarian?" For examples of

1045:, deny that such inconsistencies are evidence that the words were not all created by God. He asserts that such hypotheses are false, and that the contradictory portrayals of creation are not because they were written by different authors. "Instead we refer them to the different qualities of God." 1036:

as has long been recognized, there remain a number of variations or inconsistencies of detail, which suggests that two or more accounts have been combined. In particular, the creative acts are introduced in different ways. While in some cases God creates simply by speaking ("And God said..."), in

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reports Jesus saying directly that the sanctuary would be destroyed, but actually speaking "of the sanctuary of his body". Brown suggests that the various accounts show that Jesus did not have God's detailed foreknowledge of what was to happen to the Temple. In evidence for this lack of detailed

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claim that: "on many points, especially about Jesus' early life, the evangelists were ignorant ... they simply did not know, and, guided by rumour, hope or supposition, did the best they could". More critical scholars see the nativity stories either as completely fictional accounts, or at least

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The infallibility approach followed by some theologians and scholars, primarily of the Catholic and Anglican churches, and some mainline Protestant denominations, avoids many of the pitfalls of inerrancy by holding that the Bible is without error only in matters essential to salvation, and that

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written by different authors in different time periods. "Most biblical scholars accept Genesis 1 as originating around the sixth century B.C. with a group of scribes who were concerned about the preservation of the liturgical traditions of the Jews (thus the concern for the seven-day schema of

956:). In some cases, seemingly trivial points of differences can actually have an enormous significance for the interpretation of a book or for the reconstruction of the history of Ancient Israel, how the world was created, why God allows suffering, or the religious significance of Jesus's death. 120:

argue that "the Bible's teachings, if perfect, must be consistent with one another" and that "the Bible is consistent with itself from beginning to end". Similarly, Catholic writers have stated that "If we believe the Scriptures are divinely inspired, we must also believe them to be internally

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has Jesus and his disciples eating the Passover meal together. Jesus is then arrested that night, and early the next morning he is put on trial and quickly crucified. According to the John gospel, Jesus also has a last meal with his disciples, and is crucified the following day, the "day of

822:

does the text say that a particular book is written by the evangelist who is attributed as its author. Writers such as M. N. Ralph say that in reading the Gospels one will be struck by "a great deal of evidence" that they are compilations inherited from written and oral sources "rather than

125:

argues that the Bible is consistent in asserting that it is the word of God, and that this is a reason for accepting that it is of divine origin: "The sixty-six books speak with a consistent voice that these are the words of God". An internally consistent Bible is also helpful in Christian

2793: 1620:, but the names, and even the number of generations, differ between the two. Apologists have suggested that the differences are the result of two different lineages, Matthew's from King David's son, Solomon, to Jacob, father of Joseph, and Luke's from King David's other son, Nathan, to 1337:. The statement in Mark 8:31, that 'the Son of man must suffer many things ... and be killed and after three days rise again', seems to involve a chronological difficulty, and some copyists changed the phrase to the more familiar expression, 'on the third day'. The author of the 241:) "were excluded from the prophetic collection because their inspiration appeared to be human rather than Divine". However, "In the broadest sense, the Scriptures taken as a whole, and subsequently the totality of Jewish spiritual teaching, fall within the connotation of God's word." 900:, and says plainly that Mount Gerizim is the site where all future sacrifices must be offered. Since the location of God's holy site is probably the central original difference between Judaism and Samaritanism, it makes sense that this passage is in one version and not the other. 355:, whose reconciliation of difficult texts echoes that of Osiander, allows that textual scholarship and an understanding of the historical context of individual passages is necessary to establish true, original biblical text, but that text, once discovered, is without error. 1312:

is introduced by the formula "As it is written in Isaiah the Prophet". Later scribes, sensing this involves a difficulty replaced "As it is written in Isaiah the Prophet" with the general statement "As it is written in the prophets". Since the quotation, which Matthew

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dispute by suggesting the removal of Jude, James, Hebrews, and Revelation; this was not generally accepted by his followers, but these books are still ordered last in the German-language Luther Bible. The canons of other important communions were defined in the

595:

The question of inconsistency covers not only the text but even the composition of scripture. Since the Bible never enumerates its own component parts, those who believe it is inerrant must appeal to extra-biblical authority to justify which books to include.

1823:(in which case it takes the accusative)" and "in neither account is it stated that his companions ever heard that Voice in the accusative case". Archer points to similar circumstances where "the crowd who heard the sound of the Father talking to the Son in 1025:

chapter 4, verses 1 and 8 state that Moses is about to teach the laws "today". Verse 8, in the Hebrew text, even says that the "entire Torah" is to be taught today. However, verse 5 suggests that the laws have already been delivered some time in the past.

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leaders demonstrate that they, in some measure similar to modern scholars, were concerned about its true textual state; some of them even tried to clarify known textual doubts and to eliminate many troublesome inconsistencies." However, the modern writer

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A wide variety of inconsistencies have been noted both within the New Testament and between the New Testament and the Hebrew scriptures. These fall into a number of broad categories. The more prominent are identified and discussed below, with examples.

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are identical, and that each copy is consistent in its statements and in its language. The aim is to preserve the work in a condition as close to its original state as possible. This extends to consistency in spelling and the use of individual words.

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creation and the notion of the sabbath). Genesis 2, on the other hand, originates from an earlier, more primitive tradition dated to around the tenth century B.C." Fundamentalists argue that this is simply the same story told twice, the first time (

1883:, on the other hand, Judas, having not committed suicide out of guilt, used the bribe money to buy the field himself, and his death in the field is attributed thus: "falling headlong, he burst open in the middle and all his intestines gushed out". 1628:

points out that Luke makes no mention of Mary, and questions what purpose a maternal genealogy would serve in a Jewish setting. He also points out that Jesus is 42 generations away from King David in Luke, but only 28 generations away in Matthew.

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The question of internal consistency in the Bible also involves the attribution of authorship to its books. For instance, the words of the Torah, or the first five books of the Old Testament, have traditionally been believed to be by the hand of

1114:. The study of these is central to both Jewish and Christian theologies, even if they differ in their approaches. For example, although both religions believe in the coming Messiah, the Jewish expectation is different from the Christian view. 1238:

All major modern Christian communions accept a uniform canon of 27 books, although a few small and isolated communities have either fewer or more. Nevertheless, the idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from

1893:

of the two accounts has been tried since ancient times and occasionally still today. However, modern scholars tend to find these unconvincing, pointing out, for instance, the absence of any indication of suicide in the story in Acts.

1978:". The Epistle of James, in contrast, claims that Christians are to obey the "whole law", that "a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone", and that "faith without works is dead". Protestants, with their belief in 1399:

wrote: "The problem cannot be resolved by observing that the alleged contradictions are trivial ... are far from trivial there are very many of them, and they often relate to issues at the heart of the Christian faith and life."

2079:

set out in detail and discussed at length the contradictions between the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old and New Testaments, Marcion argued, cannot be reconciled to each other. The code of conduct advocated by Moses was

1662:("For he who is not against us is for us "). Bonhoeffer called these two sayings "the claim to exclusiveness and the claim to totality". He argued that both are necessary and that "The cross of Christ makes both sayings true." 384:

only "to the extent to which it conforms to the salvific purpose of God," without necessarily being reliable on matters such as paleontology or political history; this view is challenged by some conservative Catholic scholars.

4303:. "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the 'pillars' of the Church, James, Peter, and John 'gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the 359:

guidance is necessary for the correct interpretation of apparent inconsistencies; the latter part being common to all Orthodox and Catholic Christians, regardless of views of biblical inerrancy, being the primary role of the

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works that precede salvation. Conversely, when James insists on works as necessary to justification, he has in view works that follow and validate salvation." Paul states in various passages that works have to follow faith (

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argues that the books of the Bible were written for and against different points of view—that the Bible's authors were often motivated to write because they wanted to challenge or correct those who had written before them.

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writes that "if a sinner can get into relationship with God only by faith (Paul), the ultimate validation of that relationship takes into account the works that true faith must inevitably produce (James)." Douglas J. Moo,

2218:). There are differences of opinion as to how the new covenant affects the validity of biblical law. The differences are mainly as a result of attempts to harmonize biblical statements that the biblical law is eternal ( 1773:). Ehrman suggests the John author changed the day for theological reasons: John is the only gospel that explicitly identifies Jesus as the "Lamb of God", so has Jesus dying on the same day as the Passover lambs. 2751:"Clearly, Vatican II intended to recapitulate traditional teaching on inspiration....In this regard, Vatican II's statement on inspiration concurs with the views of many evangelical Christians." (65:5, p. 1024) 3409:

K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text Of The New Testament: An Introduction To The Critical Editions & To The Theory & Practice Of Modern Text Criticism", Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (June 1995).

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Gospel of Mark, generally considered the earliest of the Gospels, presents the 'inclusive' formulation, in association with an account of Jesus rebuking his followers for stopping someone from carrying out

853:, which is found written only in Latin in the 4th century at the earliest, but is not observed in any Greek manuscripts prior to 1215. A similar example from the Old Testament is the difference between the 1694:; the Gospel of Mark also includes this story, but without the concluding observation. The Luke version presents both versions. There is still lively discussion about which version is the more authentic; 626:

The contents of canons have varied over time, books regarded as authoritative by some Christians at some points in history being excluded from the collections of later communities—this was the fate of the

1837:

So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers, And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem.

1728:

it is reported as a direct statement: "And Jesus answering said unto him, Seest thou these great buildings? there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down." However, in

1476:, in producing a book that provides explanations for many Bible difficulties, writes: "Be fully persuaded in your own mind that an adequate explanation exists, even though you have not yet found it." 1075:

Furthermore, Shnayer Leiman writes that "Errors have crept into the best Torah scrolls. Every so often a Torah has to be returned to the ark due to an error discovered while being read in public."

1228: 163:

Some Christian writers, however, while agreeing that inaccuracies and inconsistencies occur, argue that these do not necessarily make the Bible false and that it is no longer desirable to try to

100:

or classical Jewish thought". Levy also writes that, "Despite the popular, pious-sounding assumption that the Torah text is letter-perfect, frequent and extensive discussions by highly respected

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describe the standard listeners should apply to themselves: be in no doubt of one's own standing. Other commentaries argue that, juxtaposed, the sayings declare the impossibility of neutrality.

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remains the most popular explanation for the origins of the synoptic gospels: according to this, there are two sources, the Gospel of Mark and a lost, hypothetical sayings collection called

545:

have studied inconsistencies in and between texts and canons as a means to study the bible and the societies that created and influenced it. The field has given rise to theories such as

380:, which stated that scripture teaches "solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation," meaning that Scripture is 2135:

both. Even within the Old Testament, Marcion found contradictions. For example, God commanded that no work should be done on the Sabbath, yet he told the Israelites to carry the

908:

Most questions of biblical inconsistency relate to contradictions in the narrative. Some relate to apparently minor details; for example: the number of soldiers in an army (e.g.

279:(1646) asserts that the Bible's authority depends "wholly upon God (who is truth itself), the Author thereof; and therefore it is to be received, because it is the Word of God". 501:(Introduction) that no distortion had taken place: "the statement concerning the alteration is unacceptable to thorough scholars and cannot be understood in its plain meaning". 1259:

of 1546, as until then the authority of the Scriptures was not considered higher than that of Sacred Tradition, papal bulls, and ecumenical councils. Martin Luther revived the

305:'s statement that "God cannot lie." Luther accepted that mistakes and inconsistencies existed, but concluded that they did not necessarily undermine the truth of the Gospel. 1554:

states this form of exegesis involves the "fullest possible use of linguistic, literary, historical, archaeological, and other data bearing on that author's environment".

1381:

in Matthew and Luke. To fit in all canonical material, Tatian created his own narrative sequence, which is different from both the synoptic sequence and John's sequence.

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asserts that repetitions and contradictions are the result of texts that have been woven together from diverse sources written by different authors, at different times.

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by weaving together all four gospels into one. The gospel compilation eliminated all the discrepancies that exist between the four gospels. For example, it omits the

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Eliot Rabin writes: "For the past 400 years, readers have been openly questioning the traditional attribution of these five books to Moses." For instance, he quotes

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have "God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter", so that "all Scripture is totally true and trustworthy":

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suggests that such episode could have been originally part of such work; however, Kyle R. Hughes disagrees and states that the pericope was originally part of the

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such problems ought to be ascribed to "sloppy editing", but that those who believe the Torah is perfect would say that these errors were put there intentionally.

1724:

notes the apparent disagreements between the New Testament books in reporting the words of Jesus concerning his prediction of the destruction of the Temple. In

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its individuality that we can hope to gain the full richness which comes from the 'stereoscopic' vision of Jesus as seen through four different pairs of eyes!"

3387:(Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995), p. 1; Isaac Kalimi, "The Task of Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament Theology - Between Judaism and Christianity" in Wonil Kim, 959:

Modern scholars find inconsistencies in the Old Testament and Torah and ascribe many of them to the process by which they were created. For example, the

841:

Manuscripts also differ. Usually the differences are minor—matters of spelling and the like—but occasionally they are significant, as in the case of the

1788: 4033: 106: 4041: 331:

Modern Christian approaches to biblical consistency are reminiscent of the split between Luther and Osiander, and can be broadly divided between

244:

Many modern Jewish scholars have an accommodating view of the nature of the Torah, not necessarily viewing it as strictly internally consistent.

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is an example); books long regarded as canonical in one branch of Christianity may be dropped by others on doctrinal grounds (the fate of the

4930: 3660:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library)

869:: the Septuagint version is shorter and avoids the narrative inconsistencies of the familiar Masoretic story, notably the famous incident of 539:

compiled many of the Bible's self-contradictions. And in 1860, William Henry Burr produced a list of 144 self-contradictions in the Bible.

454:

and New Testament included chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; what he considered theological impossibilities (

2542:

Hengel, M., The Septuagint as a Collection of Writings Claimed by Christians: Justin and the Church Fathers before Origen, in Dunn, JDG.,

4961: 1424:: it unified the narratives of the four canonical gospels into a single coherent narrative of Jesus's life and death, only excluding the 1248: 586: 2033:." Also, the letter "seems to place a total ban on women's speech in church, which is strangely inconsistent with Paul's permission in 4375: 1550:

is determining the meaning of scripture by understanding the author's environment outside the Bible, as well as the scripture itself.

1889:

points to the obvious contradiction: "Luke's account of the death of Judas in Acts 1:18 is scarcely reconcilable with Matt 27:3–10."

1235:(published in 1611) are not included in more modern English translations, as scholars believe they were later additions to the text. 2571: 3807: 2690:

Raymond F Collins (1989). "Essay 65: "Inspiration", 65:29–50, pp. 1029f". In Raymond Brown; Joseph Fitzmyer; Roland Murphy (eds.).

2021:: "Inconsistencies have been found within later chapters, for instance between an apparently softer stance on sacrificial food in 1753:

prescience, he points out that there are many stones left upon other stones in the remains of Herod's temple, for instance in the

468:) of the text. He argued that the falsification of the Torah could have taken place while there existed only one copy kept by the 4790: 1651: 4197:"It was not lawful to take into the Temple-treasury, for the purchase of sacred things, money that had been unlawfully gained." 1251:. The very idea of a closed canon did not exist prior to the 2nd century, when it became necessary to counter movements such as 803:

longer are in the land ... But the Canaanites were in the land when Moses was alive." Rabin also quotes the 11th-century rabbi,

4855: 3954: 2764: 2026: 1300:

mentions several internal inconsistencies in the New Testament in earlier manuscripts that later scribes attempted to correct:

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Critics of traditional Jewish and Christian belief have also argued that inconsistencies undermine the value of scripture. The

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more than three. In Mark and Luke they come with spices to anoint Jesus, but in the Fourth Gospel this has already been done.

4629: 3869: 3577: 3517: 2911: 2884: 2022: 1697:

Barton and Muddiman cite inconsistencies between the gospel writers about what happened at Christ's tomb. They note that "In

1595: 1512: 1170: 996: 884:

in the readings of many sentences. Some distinctions seem motivated by (or reflect) actual philosophical differences between

807:, as saying that Moses could not have written, in Deuteronomy 34:5, "And Moses died there", but it must have been written by 590: 1361:

and the translator of the Ethiopic version correct the account by transferring the words to 9:2, where the furniture of the

917: 4860: 1815:"And those who were with me saw the light, to be sure, but did not understand the voice of the One who was speaking to me" 1390: 1150: 1054: 4598: 1574: 1098:

book. Despite the lack of a single unifying theology, common themes recur, including (although no list can be exhaustive)

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wording is that the slaughtering was done by the one making the offering rather than by the priest. If so, it contradicts

4893: 4700: 2046: 1130: 4394: 3139: 836: 4566: 4304: 3925: 1925: 1464: 2108: 4905: 4888: 4669: 4650: 4608: 4587: 4547: 4530: 4272: 4008: 3764: 3736: 3708: 3667: 3621: 3439: 3415: 3191: 3062: 3029: 2995:

The Pentateuch, or Torah, is the first five books of the bible - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

2861: 2842: 2465: 1764:

Ehrman points out another problem (which he calls "particularly clear") concerning on which day Jesus was crucified.

23: 1608:

has been analysed by many scholars. A well-known example is the nativity narratives found in the Gospel of Matthew (

4878: 2837:, chapter "An Andalusi-Muslim Literary Typology of Jewish Heresy and Sedition", pp. 56 and further, Tahrif: p. 58, 1745: 1741: 992: 760: 96:

that "the textual integrity of every biblical book should be extremely important to those interested in either the

1990:

might be a forgery, and relegated it to an appendix in his Bible (although he later accepted its canonicity – see

1952:). The Jewish Christians disagreed, believing that everyone, including the gentiles, must keep the Mosaic law. In 1708: 1002:

There are several places in the Old Testament where numerical figures can be directly compared. For example, both

921: 4972: 2587: 2155: 1273: 1068: 984: 980: 971: 967: 276: 2665: 2455: 2227: 2089: 4639:

Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: introduction and annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

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The Bible Dilemma: Historical Contradictions, Misquoted Statements, Failed Prophecies and Oddities in the Bible

3556: 3539: 2139:

around Jericho seven times on the Sabbath. No graven image was to be made, yet Moses was directed to fashion a

1876: 1227:

was appended to the gospel at a later date, but no manuscript evidence for this assertion has been discovered.

521: 39: 4640: 4577: 4537: 3265: 2745:

Raymond F Collins (1989). "Essay 65: "Inspiration"". In Raymond Brown; Joseph Fitzmyer; Roland Murphy (eds.).

2543: 2171: 1675: 1643: 1609: 1570: 109:

states that even though it contains inconsistencies, this "does not imply that God did not reveal the Torah".

2954:

Prolegomena to the History of Israel: With a Reprint of the Article 'Israel' from the Encyclopædia Britannica

2235: 1824: 1770: 1733: 1729: 1715: 1613: 1544: 941: 1830: 1749: 1737: 1725: 1701: 1674:

describe the attitude listeners are to have to other possible disciples: when in doubt, be inclusive, while

672: 1679: 1647: 1358: 325: 3261: 1880: 1816: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1507:, and it has been argued that Mark 16:9–20 was added later so that the Gospel of Mark originally ended at 823:

eyewitness accounts". So scholars conclude that the attributions are "not to the person who compiled it."

4984: 4925: 4900: 4800: 4619: 2167: 1810: 1396: 599:

Over the centuries, different communities have accepted shifting collections of books. The size of these

340: 2163: 4910: 3183:

Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don't Know About Them)

2223: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2199: 1858: 1244: 975: 892:. Some of these are glaringly obvious, like the inclusion of a passage in the Samaritan version of the 462:, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as what he saw as a lack of reliable transmission ( 49: 3846: 2175: 2011: 2003: 1953: 1949: 1329:

in order to remove what he regarded as a geographical difficulty, and this reading is extant today in

37:

Classic texts that discuss questions of inconsistency from a critical secular perspective include the

5003: 4956: 4358: 4347: 2260: 2207: 1999: 1691: 1281: 755: 554: 450:

was the author of the Torah. His arguments against the authenticity of the biblical text in both the

2179: 1508: 4915: 4755: 4336: 2105: 2050: 2007: 1913: 1166: 620: 476:. Ibn Hazm's arguments had a major impact upon Muslim literature and scholars, and these and other 153: 146: 2183: 1102:, the divine origins of human morality, God's election of a chosen people, the idea of the coming 4920: 4760: 4693: 3682:

W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, "Jesus from the Jewish point of view", in William Horbury (ed.),

2239: 1037:

others we are told that he performed certain actions: he made, separated, named, blessed, placed.

797: 775: 745: 644: 167:, because "we have learned that each of the four Gospels has its own ... unique image of Jesus". 2339:

Taking a Stand for the Bible: Today's Leading Experts Answer Critical Questions about God's Word

909: 152:

One response to this kind of criticism is to argue that no inconsistencies exist. As theologian

4840: 4835: 4805: 4536:

Brettler, Marc Avi (2004). "Torah: Introduction". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).

3291:

Wisdom and Torah: The Reception of 'Torah' in the Wisdom Literature of the Second Temple Period

2231: 1338: 1154: 960: 656: 652: 636: 550: 514: 377: 344: 336: 3052: 2901: 2874: 4850: 4810: 4452: 4448: 4437: 3507: 3019: 2806: 2653:

Christology, Controversy, and Community: New Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole

2517: 2503: 1975: 1562: 1530: 1180: 846: 815:, has it that God dictated those words to Moses, who wrote them down with a tear in his eye. 92:

they are of divine origin. On the subject of the Jewish text, B. Barry Levy writes about the

3811: 3593: 2835:

Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century

1007: 913: 4820: 3369:

Torah Through Time: Understanding Bible Commentary from the Rabbinic Period to Modern Times

2967:

The trouble with Kings: the composition of the book of Kings in the Deuteronomistic history

2928:

Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity: Essays and Lectures in Modern Jewish Thought

2243: 1921: 1526: 1265: 1146: 1011: 877: 711: 664: 604: 557:(concerning the origins of the Torah and the history of Israel contained in the books from 253: 234: 4233: 4201: 491:

what they considered misleading interpretations of the text. The 14th-century commentator

8: 4883: 4825: 4815: 4795: 4137: 3996: 3465:

What We Have Heard from the Beginning: The Past, Present, and Future of Johannine Studies

2648: 2568: 2255: 2136: 2062: 1957: 1639: 1634: 1433: 1322: 1188: 1142: 1084:

such mistakes, Cherry notes that, in the Cain and Abel story, where 'sin' is mentioned, "

1022: 832: 473: 348: 238: 2704: 1748:

has people accusing Jesus and blaspheming him as someone who had said such words, while

1003: 676: 4830: 4765: 4740: 4686: 4037: 3534: 2377: 1917: 1850: 1809:"The men who travelled with him stood speechless, hearing the voice but seeing no one" 1802: 1782: 1617: 1469: 1454:, a critic of Christianity, who had complained that some Christians had remodelled the 1425: 1378: 1334: 1232: 1204: 510: 381: 332: 295: 187: 183: 127: 86: 3463:

Felix Just, "Combining Key Methodologies in Johannine Studies", in Tom Thatcher (ed),

2234:. Most biblical scholars admit the issue of the law can be confusing and the topic of 1909: 442:

was first explored in the writings of Ibn Hazm (10th century), who rejected claims of

4665: 4646: 4625: 4604: 4583: 4562: 4543: 4526: 4482: 4268: 4004: 3894: 3865: 3760: 3732: 3704: 3663: 3617: 3573: 3513: 3468: 3435: 3411: 3187: 3058: 3025: 2907: 2880: 2857: 2838: 2640: 2624: 2461: 2132: 2081: 1941: 1705: 1690:

in his name. The Gospel of Matthew has the other, 'exclusive' version, preceded by a

1484: 1269: 1184: 1122: 719: 546: 535: 443: 202: 69: 3951: 3757:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke

2768: 1740:, similar words are again said to be from those bearing false witness. Furthermore, 4951: 4745: 4229: 4198: 3911: 3903: 3752: 3724: 3655: 3548: 3451: 2810: 2563: 1987: 1937: 1886: 1721: 1605: 1480: 1342: 1297: 1256: 1042: 893: 786: 737: 632: 566: 542: 459: 455: 367: 309: 287: 117: 4184: 949: 873:

asking who David is as though he does not know his own harpist and shield-bearer.

4518:. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House, 1987. N.B.: "Revised edition of 4398: 4308: 3958: 3859: 3380: 3181: 3156: 3143: 2575: 1846: 1500: 1404: 1314: 1277: 1216: 953: 842: 628: 612: 529:

considered the Bible to be "a book rich in contradictions". In the 18th century,

321: 294:(although not all churches regard the same list of books as apocryphal, see also 131: 1395:

The problem of contradictions in the Gospels is of importance to Christians. As

1111: 156:

explains, some Christians read the Bible with the assumption that "Scripture is

59: 4976: 4946: 4750: 4466: 4370: 3887:"The Lukan Special Material and the Tradition History of the Pericope Aulterae" 3177: 2558: 2265: 2124: 2101: 2096:

had children eaten by bears; Jesus said, "Let the little children come to me".

1967: 1929: 1890: 1870: 1798: 1732:, the event becomes words from people who "bear false witness against him"; in 1712: 1698: 1599: 1538: 1534: 1518: 1504: 1473: 1440: 1421: 1346: 1285: 1200: 1196: 1138: 1118: 858: 724: 640: 600: 582: 570: 562: 558: 526: 352: 317: 283: 272: 164: 113: 44: 3907: 1666:

commented similarly, adding he thought there are two different contexts where

4997: 4726: 4722: 4390: 4320: 4296: 4127:

He Came Down from Heaven: The Preexistence of Christ And the Christian Faith.

4075:

A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew

3961:

Created 2 February 1995 / Last Modified 24 January 2000. Accessed 4 May 2008.

3696: 3136: 2789: 2215: 2195: 2159: 2058: 2018: 1983: 1903: 1492: 1350: 1305: 1240: 1176: 897: 793: 732: 668: 615:, which contains all the books of all other churches plus such titles as the 414: 410: 302: 258: 64: 4662:

The text of the New Testament: its transmission, corruption, and restoration

4142:

The Preexistent Son: Recovering the Christologies of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

3482:

The Text of the New Testament. Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

3315:

Breuer, M., "The study of the Bible and fear of Heaven", in Carmy, S. (ed),

2600: 1179:

has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th century AD

269:

generally preferred in the early Church, to be "completely free of errors".

4980: 4718: 2876:

Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm

2291:

Writings of Thomas Paine — Volume 4 (1794–1796): the Age of Reason by Paine

2285: 2238:

is still frequently debated among New Testament scholars (for example, see

2151: 2085: 2054: 1991: 1971: 1754: 1663: 1621: 1551: 1488: 1260: 1134: 925: 889: 706: 698: 648: 530: 266: 170: 122: 97: 74: 2352:

Ignatius Catholic Study Bible: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon

1503:" "is universally accepted to have not been written by the author" of the 519:

The study of inconsistencies in the Bible has a long history. In his 1670

209:, "The Torah that we have today is the one dictated to Moses by God". The 4454:

The canon of the New Testament: its origin, development, and significance

4019:

D. A. Carson, Commentary on Matthew, Expositor's Bible Commentary CDROM,

3427: 1933: 1625: 1416: 1374: 1330: 1309: 1220: 1187:, also very early but prone to paraphrase and other corruptions; and the 1126: 492: 484: 360: 4307:; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision' ( 2289: 4775: 3356:

Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations

3343:

Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law

3330:

Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law

3317:

Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations

2313:

Fixing God's Torah: The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law

2128: 1948:

and Jewish Christians were no longer obligated to keep the Mosaic law (

1566: 1447: 1407: 1354: 1252: 1099: 881: 854: 812: 647:

but repudiated by the Protestants because they are not included in the

497: 487:, found that there had been no corruption of the text but denounced as 426: 406: 402: 372: 262: 206: 138:

of books written by various people who had no contact with each other.

4559:

All That's Wrong with the Bible: Contradictions, Absurdities, and More

2100:

had the sun stopped in order to prolong the slaughter of his enemies.

1153:, etc. have continued to be a matter of dispute among theologians and 4020: 4003:, p. 60–61, Touchstone (September 1, 1995, reprint of his 1943 book) 3252:

Hatita and Shobai), Delaiah (and Tobiah and Nekoda), and the singers.

2669: 2601:""Lessons from Luther on the Inerrancy of Holy Writ" Luther, Martin. 2140: 1979: 1687: 1479:

Of those who accept that there are inconsistencies, scholars such as

1326: 1304:

In the earlier manuscripts of Mark 1:2, the composite quotation from

675:, were excluded from the canons of almost all later communities (see 660: 291: 135: 4073:, Brill (1996), pp. 333–334; William David Davies, Dale C. Allison, 3834:

Feminist companion to the New Testament and early Christian writings

3018:

Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey; McKnight, Edgar V. (1990).

2104:

quoted Jesus as commanding "Let not the sun go down on your wrath" (

3552: 2116: 1945: 1547: 1522: 1015: 616: 398: 290:

churches follow the Jewish practice of describing certain books as

226: 214: 101: 54: 3952:"Is there a Contradiction in the Genealogies of Luke and Matthew?" 2457:

The Bible Against Itself: Why the Bible Seems to Contradict Itself

3928:: Matthew, Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester, England (1985), p. 17. 3098:

The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics

2982:(Macmillan, London, 1930) II, p. 209; quoted in Brand Blanchard, 2112: 2076: 2068: 1961: 1842: 1765: 1483:

have examined contradictions in the Gospels, particularly in the

1224: 1208: 1192: 1103: 945: 937: 933: 885: 866: 850: 819: 693: 477: 464: 225:, are said to have heard and reported the word of God, while the 218: 3861:

Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why

2733:

Understanding the New Testament and Its Message: An Introduction

1517:" is almost universally accepted not to be part of the original 811:. However, it is also noted that the second-century commentator 504: 3645:

Archer, Gleason L., "Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties", p. 4.

3124:

A Walk Through the New Testament: An Introduction for Catholics

2187: 2097: 2093: 1854: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1411: 1370: 1362: 1318: 1212: 929: 876:

There are also important differences between the Masoretic and

808: 451: 431: 230: 210: 18: 3354:

Leiman, S. Z., "Response to Rabbi Brewer", in Carmy, S. (ed),

1761:

Christology within the Pauline epistles and synoptic gospels.

301:

Assertions that the Bible contains inconsistencies contradict

4709: 3729:

Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity

2191: 2147: 2120: 1982:, have had difficulty reconciling these contradictory views. 1974:, and that believers are therefore "not under law, but under 1353:), which is contrary to the Old Testament description of the 1060: 862: 849:

that bears explicit witness to the doctrine of the Christian

804: 789:. Modern scholarship calls these attributions into question. 782: 608: 469: 418: 394: 222: 198: 142: 93: 4678: 2480:

Maimonides, Commentary on Mishnah, Sanhedrin 11:1, Article 8

1195:, describing Jesus' post-resurrection appearances, from the 785:, and the New Testament Gospels have been attributed to the 870: 837:

Textual criticism § Application to religious documents

667:

etc. Some books that could have been included, such as the

447: 422: 4600:

Systematic theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine

4077:, Continuum International Publishing (2004), pp. 333–334. 3535:"Tatian's Diatessaron and the Analysis of the Peutateuch" 3391:(Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), p. 235. 2651:, "Is There a New Paradigm?", in Horrell, Tuckett (eds), 1107: 1010:

present the list of Jewish families that "came up out of

480:

ideas were modified only slightly by some later authors.

347:

in the United States in general, holds that the original

3227:

Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know

2708:, Chapter III, from the Catechism of the Catholic Church 165:

harmonize all four Gospels into "one consistent account"

4060:, Continuum International Publishing (2000), pp. 41–43. 3634:

The Harmony Of The Gospels (Extended Annotated Edition)

2143:. Marcion therefore rejected the entire Old Testament. 1624:, father of Mary and father-in-law of Joseph. However, 1529:

mentioned a similar episode narrated in the apocryphal

1117:

Within Christianity, themes such as the nature of God (

565:

respectively), and similar theories to explain why the

32:

internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible

3759:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 104–121. 2210:) and will never be replaced or added to (for example 1861:

writes "the text now stands, it is an evident error".

1496:

constructed from traditions that predate the Gospels.

1048: 324:

twice, and that there were three separate episodes of

275:

wrote that "the author of Holy Scripture is God". The

2226:) with New Testament statements that suggest that it 2040: 1944:" or "Pillars of the Church". Paul believed that the 1573:). However, the two-source hypothesis is not without 1059:

Jewish scholars are concerned that all copies of the

429:

had tampered with the scriptures, a concept known as

320:, including the suggestion that Jesus must have been 3017: 1654:; and he who does not gather with Me scatters") and 1333:. 33 69 and many others, including those behind the 966:

On this point, Ronald Witherup gives the example of

4265:

Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary

3731:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans. p. 319. 2956:, 1885. reprinted Cambridge University Press, 2013. 1436:, but was eventually abandoned in the 5th century. 1078: 3939:Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels 3794:"The role and function of repentance in Luke-Acts" 3278:Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period 2666:"The Baptist Faith and Message, I. The Scriptures" 1805:which are sometimes perceived as a contradiction: 1789:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 4401:. Many scholars are referred to in the footnotes. 3434:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (May 2003), 2899: 2744: 2689: 1970:claims several times that believers are saved by 1736:, Jesus' words are used to blaspheme him; and in 916:), the year a certain king began his reign (e.g. 4995: 4391:"James 2:21-24 and the justification of Abraham" 4154:Jesus, Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 3810:. Christian Century. p. 918. Archived from 3781:The Role and Function of Repentance in Luke-Acts 3111:Understanding the Hebrew Bible: A Reader's Guide 3100:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 312–313. 3085:Understanding the Hebrew Bible: A Reader's Guide 2903:The Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture 2645:Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels 2629:Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels 2067:In the 2nd century CE, the Christian theologian 631:from the first few centuries of the Church (the 4561:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 4327:. See section titled: "The Incident at Antioch" 3432:The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? 2969:, Supplements to Vetus testamentum, Brill, 1991 2154:relationship between God and his followers and 896:that restates the command to build an altar on 261:, a 2nd-century Christian writer, declared the 205:. According to the 12th-century Jewish scholar 4058:John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of a Legend 3289:Kruger, T., in Schipper, B. and Teeter, D. A. 2943:, 1860, reprinted Library of Alexandria, 1987. 2765:"Vatican II and the Truth of Sacred Scripture" 2491:Messengers of God: A Jewish Prophets Who's who 2037:that (veiled) women could pray and prophesy." 201:is viewed by some as the literal word of God, 4694: 4516:Bible Difficulties and Seeming Contradictions 4052: 4050: 3389:Reading the Hebrew Bible for a New Millennium 3319:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1996, pp.159–181. 3054:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 2872: 2749:(1st ed.). Pearson. pp. 1023–1033. 505:Biblical criticism and criticism of the Bible 366:According to Roman Catholic biblical scholar 4582:. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Pub. House. 4166: 4164: 4162: 4101:An Introduction to New Testament Christology 2694:(1st ed.). Pearson. pp. 1023–1033. 2390:Proceedings of the Hartford Bible Convention 2119:; in the New Testament, neither is allowed. 3990: 3808:"The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism" 3616:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, p. 132 3614:Augustine through the ages: an encyclopedia 3371:, Jewish Publication Society, 2010, p. 174. 1801:examines two verses in Acts describing the 769: 587:Development of the Christian Biblical canon 4774: 4701: 4687: 4232:concluded, "there is no real divergence". 4047: 3512:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 14. 3499: 3400:God as Communion By Patricia A. Fox, p. 28 2893: 2557:"Quod auctor sacrae Scripturae est Deus". 2548:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 69. 2367:, Moody Publishers, 2008, pp. 16 & 34. 1067:B. Barry Levy notes that the 16th-century 229:(the category that includes books such as 4617: 4427:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 1130. 4414:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 1108. 4159: 4116:, Harper Collins Publishing (2009), p. 74 3806:Spong, John Shelby (September 26, 1979). 3587: 3585: 3129: 3051:Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1995-02-13). 2866: 2365:Seven Reasons Why You Can Trust the Bible 2315:, Oxford University Press, 2001, Preface. 112:On the other hand, Christian evangelists 4638: 4535: 4252:Inter-Varsity Press New Bible Commentary 4250:to the ground where it had split open." 4106: 4090:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 997. 3831:Amy-Jill Levine, Marianne Blickenstaff, 3496:By Philip Wesley Comfort, Philip Comfort 3358:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1996, p.186. 3345:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 166. 3213: 3050: 2530: 2444:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1988, p. 89. 2341:, Harvest House Publishers, 2009, p. 24. 2328:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, p.106 17: 4791:Allegorical interpretation of the Bible 4659: 4575: 3918: 3723: 3695: 3594:"Contra Celsus, Book II, Chapter XXVII" 3509:Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective 3332:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 57. 3306:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 42. 3242:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 96. 2856:: The Jews in the Middle Ages, p. 146, 2392:, Partridge & Brittan, 1854, p. 46. 1776: 1291: 995:, where it is done by the Levites, and 569:disagree with each other, and with the 4996: 4596: 4556: 3944: 3884: 3857: 3686:, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984. 3582: 3505: 3176: 3113:, KTAV Publishing House, 2006, p. 114. 3087:, KTAV Publishing House, 2006, p. 113. 2906:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. 1704:there are three women at the tomb, in 1642:pointed out another conflict, between 1243:has no foundation in history, and the 1167:Textual criticism § New Testament 421:and other traditions, maintained that 376:, one of the documents adopted at the 4682: 4234:""Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah 3805: 3751: 3662:. Yale University Press. p. 36. 3654: 3636:, Jazzybee Verlag, 2012, Chapter VII. 3532: 2453: 2354:, Ignatius Press, 2013, Introduction. 1596:Historical reliability of the Gospels 1432:. It enjoyed great popularity in the 1171:Textual variants in the New Testament 651:and supported doctrines to which the 621:Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians 607:, who consider the five books of the 591:Development of the Hebrew Bible canon 4664:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4487:Marcion: The Gospel of the Alien God 4217:An Introduction to the New Testament 3276:Oded Lipschitz, Joseph Blenkinsopp, 2198:as an eternal covenant (for example 2071:composed a work (now lost) entitled 1391:Historicity of the canonical Gospels 1055:Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible 370:, this approach found expression in 312:took a different view, proposing in 4380:, Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p. 141 4267:, Smyth & Helwys (2005) p. 15. 4203:Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah 2900:John F. A. Sawyer (15 April 2008). 2194:was given to the Jewish people and 2047:Christian views on the Old Covenant 1960:", Paul publicly rebuked Peter for 1841:The verse places Jacob's burial in 1827:... perceived it only as thunder". 1652:He who is not with Me is against Me 1450:) replied to the pagan philosopher 1207:; and an explicit reference to the 1049:Copying errors in the Old Testament 983:) being poetic and the second one ( 417:, based on their interpretation of 282:Some Christian groups, such as the 13: 4508: 4501:. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993). 4321:Catholic Encyclopedia: "Judaizers" 4172:Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties 3926:Tyndale New Testament Commentaries 3703:. London: Allen Lane. p. 85. 3612:Fitzgerald, A. and Cavadini, JC., 3591: 3385:The Task of Old Testament Theology 2747:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary 2738: 2692:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary 2041:Old Testament versus New Testament 1864: 1795:Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties 1041:However, orthodox rabbis, such as 750:Eastern Orthodox canon (78 books) 611:alone to be authoritative, to the 576: 177: 126:apologetics defending the Bible's 14: 5015: 4846:Internal consistency of the Bible 4524:Does the Bible Contradict Itself? 4103:, Paulist Press, 1994, pp. 49–51. 3229:, Liturgical Press (2001), p. 26. 2720:The Critical Meaning of the Bible 2493:, Jason Aronson, 1998, pp. 36–37. 2337:Ankerberg, J. and Burroughs, D., 2284: 1986:, for example, asserted that the 903: 4491: 4476: 4460: 4442: 4430: 4417: 4404: 4383: 4363: 4352: 4341: 4330: 4314: 4290: 4277: 4257: 4243: 4222: 4209: 4191: 4177: 4146: 4131: 4119: 4093: 4080: 4063: 4026: 4013: 3985:The Nativity: History and Legend 3972:The Nativity: History and Legend 3684:The Cambridge History of Judaism 2941:Self-Contradictions of the Bible 2873:Camilla Adang (1 January 1996). 2735:, (Paulist Press, 1998), p. 7–8. 2326:Rationality and Religious Theism 1604:Internal consistency within the 1160: 1079:Internal consistency of the text 976:two separate stories of creation 4660:Metzger, Bruce Manning (1992). 4254:, 21st Century edition, p. 1071 3977: 3964: 3941:, Kregel Academic, 2002, p. 35. 3931: 3878: 3851: 3840: 3825: 3799: 3786: 3773: 3745: 3717: 3689: 3676: 3648: 3639: 3626: 3606: 3563: 3526: 3506:Watson, Francis (26 May 2013). 3487: 3474: 3457: 3444: 3421: 3403: 3394: 3374: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3322: 3309: 3296: 3283: 3270: 3255: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3207: 3170: 3149: 3137:The Comma Johanneum and Cyprian 3116: 3103: 3090: 3077: 3044: 3011: 2998: 2989: 2986:(Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 27. 2972: 2959: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2847: 2828: 2816: 2799: 2783: 2762: 2756: 2725: 2712: 2698: 2683: 2658: 2634: 2618: 2593: 2588:Westminster Confession of Faith 2581: 2551: 2536: 2524: 2510: 2507:, 2nd ed., vol. 3, pp. 577–578. 2496: 2483: 2474: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2408: 1769:Preparation for the Passover" ( 1274:Westminster Confession of Faith 1247:, like that of the Old, is the 677:Canonicity of the Book of Enoch 277:Westminster Confession of Faith 265:, the Greek translation of the 3858:Ehrman, Bart D. (2009-10-06). 3701:The Historical Figure of Jesus 3557:Society of Biblical Literature 3540:Journal of Biblical Literature 3186:. Harper Collins. p. 19. 3021:Mercer dictionary of the Bible 2722:, Paulist Press (1981), p. 19. 2431:, Abingdon Press, 2010, Ch. 4. 2429:A Doubter's Guide to the Bible 2395: 2383: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2305: 2278: 1521:, but a later addition. Since 1384: 1373:produced a gospel text called 1357:(Exod. 30:1-6). The scribe of 1249:result of a historical process 987:) being more anthropomorphic. 974:, which most scholars view as 861:descriptions of the battle of 826: 522:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 483:Ibn al-Layth, Ibn Rabban, and 339:. The former, followed by the 80: 40:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 1: 4708: 4423:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 4410:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 4287:(Baker Academic, 2008) p. 33. 4086:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 3570:The New Catholic Encyclopedia 3302:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 3238:Barton, J. and Muddiman, J., 3126:, Paulist Press, 2009, p. 15. 2440:Garvey, JD. and Garvey, SJ., 2271: 1920:, there was conflict between 1833:is another troublesome part: 316:(1537) a number of attempted 26:family's Bible dating to 1859 4603:. Leicester: Inter-Varsity. 4557:Conner, Jonah David (2017). 4499:Five Views on Law and Gospel 3494:Encountering the Manuscripts 2647:(HarperCollins, 1995) p. 8; 2418:, Routledge, 2010. pp. 1–15. 2246:); hence the various views. 2086:Jesus set this precept aside 1511:. Similarly, the so-called " 1229:Sixteen New Testament verses 603:varies enormously, from the 247: 7: 4801:The Bible and homosexuality 4645:. Oxford University Press. 4618:Gutierrez, M L (May 2010). 4576:Geisler, Norman L. (1980). 4542:. Oxford University Press. 4425:The Oxford Bible Commentary 4412:The Oxford Bible Commentary 4088:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3632:St. Augustine of Hippo, in 3304:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3280:(Eisenbrauns, 2003) p. 359. 3240:The Oxford Bible Commentary 2930:, SUNY Press, 1997, p. 206. 2879:. BRILL. pp. 223–224. 2631:(HarperCollins, 1995) p. 8. 2405:, Islamic Books, 2003, p.4. 2249: 2146:One Christian view is that 1897: 1580: 1499:As a further example, the " 1205:the woman taken in adultery 1092: 1030:The Oxford Bible Commentary 1012:the captivity of the exiles 999:where done by the priests. 341:Southern Baptist Convention 308:German Lutheran theologian 10: 5020: 3157:"The Samaritan Pentateuch" 2649:John S. Kloppenborg Verbin 2590:, Chapter I, Paragraph iv. 2521:, 2nd ed., vol. 21, p.214. 2044: 1901: 1868: 1845:, contradicting verses in 1786: 1780: 1612:) and the Gospel of Luke ( 1593: 1589: 1414:(120-180 CE) produced the 1388: 1245:canon of the New Testament 1164: 1052: 830: 773: 671:, quoted as scriptural in 580: 508: 251: 181: 130:since it implies a common 84: 50:Dictionnaire philosophique 4970: 4939: 4931:Witchcraft and divination 4871: 4783: 4772: 4733: 4716: 4597:Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). 4305:right hands of fellowship 3908:10.1163/15685365-12341419 3533:Moore, George F. (1890). 2823:The Encyclopedia of Islam 2794:القول في التوراة والإنجيل 2668:. Sbc.net. Archived from 2350:Hahn, S., and Mitch, C., 2261:Criticism of Christianity 2228:does not now apply at all 2190:perspective however, the 2156:abolished the Mosaic laws 2115:was permitted and so was 2111:). In the Old Testament, 1912:of historians founded by 1131:views of the old covenant 756:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 388: 192: 4756:Historicity of the Bible 4185:"Acts 7:15 Commentaries" 4032:See the commentaries by 3885:Hughes, Kyle R. (2013). 2854:Under Crescent and Cross 2792:, Ch. 1 Sect. 4 titled ( 2763:Bea, Augustin Cardinal. 2051:Christianity and Judaism 1980:salvation by faith alone 1692:story about a strong man 770:Attribution of the books 458:expressions, stories of 4761:Chronology of the Bible 4071:Jesus, Rhetoric and Law 3572:(Detroit: Gale, 2003). 3469:Baylor University Press 3004:"More Than One Bible". 2980:The Faith of a Moralist 2489:Ronald H. Isaacs, RH., 2401:Rashad Abdul Mahaimin, 2240:New Perspective on Paul 2029:, and a harder line in 1369:In the 2nd century AD, 776:Authorship of the Bible 761:Orthodox Tewahedo canon 746:Eastern Orthodox Church 645:Eastern Orthodox Church 629:many apocryphal Gospels 555:deuteronomistic history 326:cleansing of the Temple 30:Disputes regarding the 4841:Criticism of the Bible 4836:Muhammad and the Bible 4806:The Bible and violence 4642:The Jewish study Bible 4624:. Dog Ear Publishing. 4539:The Jewish study Bible 4389:Dr. R. Bruce Compton: 3428:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie 2454:Helms, Randel (2006). 2442:Why a Church Catholic? 1839: 1465:Harmony of the Gospels 1367: 1339:Epistle to the Hebrews 1106:, and the concepts of 1039: 961:documentary hypothesis 657:intercession of saints 637:deuterocanonical books 551:documentary hypothesis 515:Criticism of the Bible 378:Second Vatican Council 345:evangelical Christians 27: 4851:Biblical hermeneutics 4811:The Bible and slavery 4449:Bruce Manning Metzger 4325:Catholic Encyclopedia 4301:Catholic Encyclopedia 4040:on Matthew 2:30, and 3983:Vermes, Geza (2006). 3970:Vermes, Geza (2006). 3783:, BRILL, 2002 p. 194. 3753:Brown, Raymond Edward 3656:Brown, Raymond Edward 3293:, BRILL, 2013, p. 38. 2655:(BRILL, 2000), p. 39. 2518:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2504:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2416:The Bible: The Basics 2088:. Marcion pointed to 2075:. In the Antithesis, 1835: 1563:two-source hypothesis 1545:Grammatico-historical 1531:Gospel of the Hebrews 1302: 1223:have speculated that 1181:Alexandrian text-type 1155:various denominations 1053:Further information: 1034: 847:First Epistle of John 831:Further information: 763:(81 books, variable) 655:objected such as the 34:have a long history. 21: 4889:Crime and punishment 4821:Alcohol in the Bible 4796:The Bible and ethics 4297:"St. James the Less" 4263:Charles H. Talbert, 4170:Archer, Gleason L., 3792:Guy D. Nave (2002), 3225:Ronald D. Witherup, 2731:Vincent P. Branick, 2460:. Millennium Press. 2244:Pauline Christianity 2232:does not fully apply 2133:de-institutionalised 1922:Pauline Christianity 1777:Acts of the Apostles 1527:Papias of Hierapolis 1426:genealogies of Jesus 1403:In the 2nd century, 1379:genealogies of Jesus 1292:Internal consistency 1266:Thirty-Nine Articles 1219:). Scholars such as 1110:, faithfulness, and 818:In none of the four 665:prayers for the dead 653:Protestant reformers 393:In the Middle Ages, 349:biblical manuscripts 254:Biblical inspiration 4826:Ethics in the Bible 4816:The Bible and humor 4436:Carroll Bierbower, 4377:The Letter of James 4283:Mikeal C. Parsons, 4138:Simon J. Gathercole 4056:R. Alan Culpepper, 3997:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 3987:, (Penguin), p. 33. 3974:, (Penguin), p. 42. 3837:, Volume 5, p. 175 3135:Daniel B. Wallace," 2545:Jews and Christians 2403:Jesus and the Bible 2294:. Project Gutenberg 2256:Biblical literalism 2158:, according to the 2063:Ethics in the Bible 1958:Incident at Antioch 1640:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1446:(184/185 – 253/254 1199:; the absence from 1189:Byzantine text-type 1151:biblical prophecies 1143:ordination of women 833:Biblical manuscript 639:, canonical in the 474:Temple in Jerusalem 322:crowned with thorns 314:Harmonia evangelica 4831:Women in the Bible 4766:Biblical authority 4741:Biblical criticism 4520:Bible Difficulties 4397:2016-03-03 at the 4215:Raymond E. Brown, 4125:Douglad McCready, 4114:Jesus, Interrupted 4069:Ian H. Henderson, 3957:2012-11-14 at the 3864:. Harper Collins. 3697:Sanders, Ed Parish 3480:Bruce M. Metzger, 3142:2007-04-09 at the 2809:'s explication of 2805:See, for example, 2574:2018-04-17 at the 2378:Answers in Genesis 1918:Early Christianity 1803:Conversion of Paul 1783:Conversion of Paul 1618:genealogy of Jesus 1514:Pericope Adulterae 1485:infancy narratives 1470:Augustine of Hippo 1430:pericope adulterae 1428:and the so-called 1420:, the first known 1341:places the golden 1335:King James Version 1282:Synod of Jerusalem 1233:King James Version 924:), the details of 845:, a clause in the 511:Biblical criticism 470:Aaronic priesthood 296:biblical apocrypha 188:Divine inspiration 184:Biblical inerrancy 121:coherent". Pastor 87:Biblical inerrancy 28: 24:American Christian 4991: 4990: 4631:978-1-60844-021-4 4483:Adolf Von Harnack 4156:(1999), pp. 32–35 3895:Novum Testamentum 3871:978-0-06-197702-2 3725:Hurtado, Larry W. 3578:978-0-7876-4004-0 3519:978-0-8028-4054-7 3008:, issue 43, 1994. 3006:Christian History 2984:Reason and Belief 2913:978-1-4051-7832-7 2886:978-90-04-10034-3 2082:an eye for an eye 1942:Jewish Christians 1940:, the so-called " 1916:believes that in 1296:Biblical scholar 1270:Church of England 1185:Western text-type 1123:nontrinitarianism 918:2 Chronicles 36:9 910:1 Chronicles 21:5 767: 766: 720:Roman Catholicism 547:Julius Wellhausen 543:Biblical scholars 536:The Age of Reason 446:and posited that 444:Mosaic authorship 203:dictated to Moses 70:The Age of Reason 5011: 5004:Biblical studies 4856:African American 4778: 4746:Biblical studies 4703: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4656: 4635: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4553: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4471:The early church 4464: 4458: 4446: 4440: 4438:"The Antithesis" 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4367: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4318: 4312: 4294: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4261: 4255: 4247: 4241: 4230:Alfred Edersheim 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4199:Alfred Edersheim 4195: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4157: 4152:Bart D. Ehrman, 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4112:Bart D. Ehrman, 4110: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4011: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3855: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3589: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3471:, 2007), p. 356. 3461: 3455: 3452:Misquoting Jesus 3448: 3442: 3425: 3419: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3015: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2952:Wellhausen, J., 2950: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2870: 2864: 2851: 2845: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2767:. 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Metzger 1284:of 1672 for the 1268:of 1563 for the 1257:Council of Trent 1203:of the story of 1043:Mordechai Breuer 894:Ten Commandments 787:Four Evangelists 738:Protestant canon 682: 681: 633:Gospel of Thomas 617:Book of Josephus 567:Synoptic Gospels 460:extramarital sex 368:Raymond E. Brown 310:Andreas Osiander 288:Eastern Orthodox 134:source for this 118:Dillon Burroughs 5019: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4966: 4940:Christian Bible 4935: 4867: 4779: 4770: 4729: 4712: 4707: 4672: 4653: 4632: 4611: 4590: 4569: 4550: 4514:Ardt, William. 4511: 4509:Further reading 4506: 4505: 4496: 4492: 4481: 4477: 4465: 4461: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4399:Wayback Machine 4388: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4244: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4210: 4196: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4014: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3959:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3937:Thomas, R. L., 3936: 3932: 3924:France, R. 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Taylor, 2971: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2912: 2892: 2885: 2865: 2846: 2827: 2815: 2798: 2782: 2755: 2737: 2724: 2711: 2697: 2682: 2657: 2641:Graham Stanton 2633: 2625:Graham Stanton 2617: 2592: 2580: 2559:Thomas Aquinas 2550: 2535: 2523: 2509: 2495: 2482: 2473: 2466: 2446: 2433: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2382: 2369: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2324:Golding, JL., 2317: 2304: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2266:Great Apostasy 2263: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2230:, or at least 2186:etc.). From a 2141:bronze serpent 2125:Jewish Sabbath 2042: 2039: 2012:Galatians 5:13 2004:Ephesians 2:10 1954:Galatians 2:14 1930:James the Just 1902:Main article: 1899: 1896: 1877:Matthew 27:3–8 1871:Judas Iscariot 1866: 1863: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1781:Main article: 1778: 1775: 1600:Gospel harmony 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1539:Gospel of Luke 1535:Bart D. Ehrman 1519:Gospel of John 1505:Gospel of Mark 1474:Gleason Archer 1422:gospel harmony 1397:Francis Watson 1386: 1383: 1347:Holy of Holies 1293: 1290: 1286:Greek Orthodox 1197:Gospel of Mark 1162: 1159: 1139:predestination 1119:trinitarianism 1094: 1091: 1080: 1077: 1050: 1047: 950:Galatians 1:18 928:'s itinerary ( 905: 904:Contradictions 902: 828: 825: 774:Main article: 771: 768: 765: 764: 758: 752: 751: 748: 742: 741: 735: 729: 728: 725:Catholic canon 722: 716: 715: 709: 703: 702: 696: 690: 689: 686: 641:Roman Catholic 583:Biblical canon 578: 575: 571:Gospel of John 527:Baruch Spinoza 506: 503: 495:argued in the 390: 387: 353:Gleason Archer 318:harmonisations 284:Roman Catholic 273:Thomas Aquinas 249: 246: 194: 191: 179: 176: 114:John Ankerberg 107:Joshua Golding 82: 79: 45:Baruch Spinoza 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5016: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906:Homosexuality 4904: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4727:New Testament 4724: 4723:Old Testament 4720: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4673: 4671:0-19-507297-9 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4652:9780195297515 4648: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4610:0-310-28670-0 4606: 4602: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4589:0-310-39281-0 4585: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4549:9780195297515 4545: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4531:0-570-04470-7 4528: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4497:Gundry, ed., 4494: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4359:James 2:14–26 4355: 4349: 4348:James 2:10–11 4344: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4309:Galatians 2:9 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4273:1-57312-277-7 4270: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4009:0-684-81501-X 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3814:on 2010-06-15 3813: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3779:Nave, D. N., 3776: 3768: 3766:0-385-05907-8 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3738:0-8028-6070-2 3734: 3730: 3727:(June 2003). 3726: 3720: 3712: 3710:0-7139-9059-7 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3669:0-300-14008-8 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3622:0-8028-3843-X 3619: 3615: 3609: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3484:, pp. 199–200 3483: 3477: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3450:Bart Ehrman; 3447: 3441: 3440:0-8028-2219-3 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3416:0-8028-4098-1 3413: 3406: 3397: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3341:Levy, B. B., 3338: 3331: 3328:Levy, B. B., 3325: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3266:Nehemiah 7:66 3263: 3258: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3214:Brettler 2004 3210: 3195: 3193:9780061863288 3189: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3173: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3066: 3064:9780802837813 3060: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3033: 3031:9780865543737 3027: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2926:Strauss, L., 2923: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2862:0-691-01082-X 2859: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2843:0-691-00187-1 2840: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2790:Izhar ul-Haqq 2786: 2771:on 8 May 2012 2770: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2672:on 2009-03-03 2671: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2531:Levenson 2004 2527: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2469: 2467:0-9655047-5-1 2463: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2366: 2363:Lutzer, EW., 2360: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286:Paine, Thomas 2281: 2277: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204:Exod 12:14–17 2201: 2200:Exod 31:16–17 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:New Testament 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2123:enforced the 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2059:Antinomianism 2056: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:I Corinthians 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:Titus 2:11–12 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Martin Luther 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1904:Antinomianism 1895: 1892: 1891:Harmonization 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1859:Albert Barnes 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730:Mark 14:57–58 1727: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1676:Matthew 12:30 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Matthew 12:30 1641: 1637: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Matthew 1:1–6 1607: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525:reports that 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1493:E. 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Sanders 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Raymond Brown 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441:Church Father 1437: 1435: 1434:Syriac Church 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:New Testament 1172: 1168: 1161:New Testament 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1090: 1087: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 993:Ezekiel 44:11 988: 986: 982: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914:2 Samuel 24:9 911: 901: 899: 898:Mount Gerizim 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 838: 834: 824: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 801: 800: 795: 794:Thomas Hobbes 790: 788: 784: 777: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 736: 734: 733:Protestantism 731: 730: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 687: 684: 683: 680: 678: 674: 670: 669:Book of Enoch 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 592: 588: 584: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 538: 537: 532: 528: 524: 523: 516: 512: 502: 500: 499: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438:The theme of 436: 434: 433: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:Ibn al-Qayyim 412: 411:Ibn Taymiyyah 408: 404: 400: 396: 386: 383: 379: 375: 374: 369: 364: 362: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337:infallibility 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 303:Martin Luther 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 268: 264: 260: 259:Justin Martyr 255: 245: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 189: 185: 175: 172: 168: 166: 161: 159: 155: 150: 148: 147:Joseph Barker 144: 139: 137: 133: 129: 128:divine origin 124: 119: 115: 110: 108: 103: 99: 95: 88: 78: 76: 72: 71: 66: 65:Denis Diderot 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 46: 42: 41: 35: 33: 25: 20: 16: 4879:Commentaries 4872:Hebrew Bible 4845: 4719:Hebrew Bible 4661: 4641: 4620: 4599: 4578: 4558: 4538: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4385: 4376: 4365: 4354: 4343: 4332: 4324: 4316: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4235: 4224: 4216: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4179: 4171: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4057: 4044:on Lk 11:23. 4036:on Mk 9:40, 4028: 4015: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3920: 3910:– via 3899: 3893: 3880: 3860: 3853: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3816:. 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