Interlingue - Knowledge

897:

Occidental, seeing it as a credible association that gave weight to their argument that an auxiliary language should proceed from study of natural languages instead of attempting to fit them into an artificial system. Ric Berger was particularly positive in describing the upcoming language as a victory for the natural school and "almost the same language" in 1948. Berger still had reservations, however, doubting whether a project with such a similar aspect and structure would be able to "suddenly cause prejudices to fall and create unity among the partisans of international languages". Berger also feared that it might simply "disperse the partisans of the natural language with nothing to show for it" after Occidental had created "unity in the naturalistic school" for so long.

1461:

significant words each has respectively added to the common human culture, that much they receive." In an article entitled "International o Romanic" (International or Romance) in 1929, he gave examples from a number of categories in which particular languages had a particularly large influence. Those included Greek for science and philosophy (teorema, teosofie, astronomie), Latin for politics and law (social, republica, commission), Scandinavian, Dutch and English for navigation (log, fregatte, mast, brigg, bote), and various other international vocabulary originating in other languages (sabat, alcohol, sultan, divan, nirvana, orang-utan, bushido, té, dalai-lama, cigar, jazz, zebra, bumerang, etc.).

1172: 353: 382: 1290:, a body of academics formed to study the problem of an international language and which recommended Esperanto with reforms (leading to the language known as Ido), occurred in 1907 before Occidental was announced. De Wahl thus chose to send a memorandum of principles on which to base an international language, a memorandum which arrived after the committee had already adjourned. It was only noted in passing by Louis Couturat, who was already familiar with de Wahl and his collaborators. The principles stated in the memorandum are listed in a request for the committee to declare: 661: 4579: 493: 973:

words put together by professional linguists that brought great respect, despite in principle only confirming the path that de Wahl had started. In these circumstances the efforts by Ric Berger to move all users of Interlingue en masse to Interlingua de IALA was a shock. His heresy caused doubt and interruptions in Interlingue circles, especially after he became involved in the publication of "Revista de Interlingua". The former idea of a natural fusion of both languages was shown to be unrealistic, with the new language becoming a rival.

1219:(Modern Latin for a time, before returning to Esperanto). The method sought after by these "partisans of naturalism" was the distillation of existing words into their parts to obtain the international roots within them (such as naturalisation to nat-ur-al-is-ation), then used in other words to keep root words to a minimum while maintaining a natural appearance. This decomposition of existing words gave rise to a large number of affixes. For example, just those used to form nouns referring to a type of person are as follows: 579: 571: 1199:), which he encountered for the first time in 1888 during his period as a Volapükist and for which he was in the process of composing a dictionary of marine terms. He quickly became a fervent supporter of Esperanto for a number of years in which he collaborated with Zamenhof on some parts of the language's design and translated one of the first works into Esperanto: "Princidino Mary", published in 1889 originally under the name Princino Mary. He remained an Esperantist until 1894 when the vote to 135: 1452:

is one of the greatest differences between it and Interlingua, which has a vocabulary taken from so-called 'prototypes' (the most recent common ancestor to its source languages) while Interlingue/Occidental focused on active, spontaneous derivation. Vocabulary was deemed technically permissible even if it did not match forms in other living languages, with these derived words described as "forms that living languages would have been able to produce using their own means".

4391:[limateˈrjaːltsivilizaˈtsjoːnliˈstsjentsjeeˈmeːmliˈarteuˈniːfikaseˈpluːeˈpluːlikultiˈvaːtewroˈpaːnoˈsentiseˈkwaːziinˈheːminˈomniˈlandesˌkweːlesˈhaːveewroˈpaːntsivilizaˈtsjoːnitˈesˈpluːeˈpluːinliˈtoːtˈmundehoˈdiːeˈprɛskˈomniˈstaːtesˈgwɛreaperliˈsaːmˈarmessinˈtsɛsaliˈmeːdjesdeinterkomunikaˈtsjoːnameˈljoːraseeinkonseˈkwentsjedeˈtoːliˈtɛraˈsembladimiˈnweːrseunpariˈzaːnoesˈnuːpluˈprɔksimaunaŋˈgleːzooaunʒerˈmaːnokwamileˈseːtˌanteˈtsentˈanusaunpa.iˈzaːnofranˈtseːs] 1314:'s principle that "That international language is best which in every point offers the greatest facility to the greatest number", stating that the international language should be easiest for the majority of those "who must apply it", or in other words those that need it in international relations. De Wahl believed that the number of speakers did not always need to be taken into account, particularly in specialized areas such as botany where for example the term 3855: 7020:...la simileco inter ambaŭ interlingvoj estas tiom granda, ke certe eblos iu racia sintezo inter ili, konkludis Matejka en 1951...La senato de Interlingue-Union kaj la Interlingue-Academie pritraktis la proponojn, ke (1) Interlingue Union iĝu kolektiva membro de IALA kaj (2) Interlingue-Union restu favora al estonta aktiveco de IALA kaj morale subtenu ĝin. La unua propono ne estis akceptita, sed jes la dua, do praktike kunlaboro kaj subteno de Interlingua. 4565: 1470:

Occidental-Union, was eventually selected based on five criteria: symbolic character, simplicity, originality, unlikeliness to be confused with another symbol, and for being bichromatic (having two colours) as opposed to polychromatic. Beyond the five criteria, the Occidentalists at the time referenced the advantages of the lack of a fixed meaning for the tilde in the public sphere, and its similarity to a waveform, implying speech.

3863: 992: 4551: 4536:

irony. We can no longer pronounce these words without feeling their terrible banality and absolute lack of meaning. The future is beyond dark and it promises us more suffering than rays of hope. Peace will follow war, just as the day follows the night and the calm comes after the storm. A new world will be born out of the chaos, and in this new world this time we interlinguists will also play a decisive role.

4530:

sanguant ironie. Noi plu ne posse pronunciar ti paroles sin sentir lor terribil banalitá e absolut vacuitá de sens. Li future es obscurissim e it promesse nos plu mult sufrenties quam radies de espera. Li pace va sequer li guerre quam li die seque li nocte e quam li calma succede al tempeste. Un nov munde va nascer ex li caos e in ti nov munde anc noi interlinguistes va ti-ci vez luder un rol decisiv.

10462: 1443:

mix of the two: "(Occidental's chaotic appearance) is not the fault of Occidental itself, but rather that of its users and especially the French and English, or those that think that the international language should be a mixture of those two languages that is a fundamental error, especially if these forms present exceptions and irregularities in Occidental's system." Alphonse Matejka wrote in

1075:, Esperanto and Ido, later on finding the most aesthetic (essentially naturalistic) solution in Occidental-Interlingue. Many subsequently moved to IALA's Interlingua, which however did not prove to be much more successful despite the impression its scientific origin made, and those who remained loyal to Occidental-Interlingue did not succeed in imparting their enthusiasm to a new generation. 42: 726:

letters; even a large collection of poetry translated into Occidental was never delivered. The only letter of his received in Switzerland came in 1947, asking the Occidental Union why it had not answered any of his. Meanwhile, de Wahl's house and his entire library had been destroyed during the bombardment of Tallinn. De Wahl himself was incarcerated for a time after refusing to

722:, which also destroyed instructional materials. The prohibition of auxiliary languages in Germany was particularly damaging as this was where most Occidentalists lived at the time. The inability to accept payment for subscriptions was a financial blow that continued after the war along with Germany's division into zones of influence, not all of which allowed payments. 924:-), while Interlingua simply accepted them as part and parcel of a naturalistic system. The control languages (Italian, Spanish and/or Portuguese, French, English) used by Interlingua to form its vocabulary for the most part require an eligible word to be found in three source languages (the "rule of three"), which would conflict with Occidental's Germanic 754:(a small yet official Romance language in Switzerland). This allowed some communication to take place between the Occidentalists in Switzerland and Sweden. The other centres of Occidental activity in Europe did not fare as well, with the stocks of study materials in Vienna and Tallinn having been destroyed in bombings and numerous Occidentalists sent to 982:

the blue, came this heaven-sent gift: a new constructed language even more "naturalistic" than Occidental. In spite of attempts by diehard supporters of Occidental to stave off the inevitable — for instance, by such tactics as renaming their language Interlingue — most remaining Occidentalists made the short pilgrimage to the shrine of Interlingua.

782:"allow time and practice to take care of modifications that would prove to be necessary". As a result, some words had more than one permissible form, which could not be resolved by decree alone, thus leaving the ultimate decision to the community by including both possible forms in the first Occidental dictionaries. One example concerned the verb 4348:

users of the language had encountered it after first learning Esperanto, data on learnability of the language for those without experience in other international auxiliary languages is scarce. One experiment to ascertain learning time was carried out in the years 1956 to 1957 in a Swiss Catholic high school (gymnasium) in

5419:

cannot know what actually happened. Immediately after the coming of Hitler I had the "honour", as president of an international organisation, to be watched by the Gestapo, which interrogated me multiple times and searched through my house, confiscating a large part of my correspondence and my interlinguistic material."

959:

language and the proposal for the rest of his life. In early 1948 the Czechoslovak Occidentalists had begun requesting a new name that would allow them to continue their linguistic activities without suspicion, proposing the name Interal (International auxiliari lingue), to which the union responded that the term

7689:

Nu, si li europan popules va un die introducter un tal radical ortografic reforma in su lingues quam li turcos, it va esser natural que anc li lingue international va secuer ti reforma, ma til tande, noi pensa, noi have ancor sufficent témpor e prefere ne chocar li publica e destructer li etymologie,

6655:

Translation: "Unfortunately, in 1947 we were not able to publish more than two printed editions: the enormous increase of printing costs and the difficulties transferring the credits accumulated in certain countries were the reasons why we had to be prudent about expenses...even though printing costs

4535:

If we were to still be living in the happy time that preceded the world war, then this article would also reflect the serenity by which we used to greet the beginning of a new year. But today, the pious desire that we ordinarily express with a cordial 'Happy new year' has been transformed into bloody

4381:

Li material civilisation, li scientie, e mem li arte unifica se plu e plu. Li cultivat europano senti se quasi in hem in omni landes queles have europan civilisation, it es, plu e plu, in li tot munde. Hodie presc omni states guerrea per li sam armes. Sin cessa li medies de intercomunication ameliora

963:

would be more appropriate and that they were free to introduce the language as "Interlingue (Occidental)", or even remove the mention of Occidental in parentheses if they wanted. Ric Berger began advocating for a change of name from Occidental to Interlingue in 1948 which he also hoped would aid in a

749:

During the war, Occidentalists noticed that the language was often permitted to be sent by telegram within and outside of Switzerland (especially to and from Sweden) even without official recognition, surmising that censors were able to understand it and may have thought them to be written in Spanish

7831:

Translation: "But I do not understand why the word "celibatario" does not fit Ido. If you have the root "celibat" you derive words such as "legatario, millionario" etc. in the same way. Someone who like M. de B does not understand the sense of the suffix in "secundari" may learn the word as a whole,

5792:

English translation: "At the assembly of the Swiss Association for Occidental in Bienne it was noted with satisfaction that despite the war the cooperation at least with the Swedish worldlanguage friends was always able to be maintained, in that the letters and telegrams written in Occidental passed

981:

Interlingua had a ready-made constituency. Almost thirty years had passed since the creation of Occidental, whose strength in the "naturalistic" world had prevented other "naturalistic" projects from developing their own movements. But Occidental's star had waned since the war. Now, like a bolt from

950:

continued to report into 1946 on who had survived the war, who among them were ready to participate again and those who were still out of touch. The magazine was financially strained by inflated postwar printing costs and its inability to collect payments from certain countries, a marked contrast to

683:

The growing movement began campaigning more assertively for Occidental in the early 1930s, leveraging its at-sight readability by contacting organizations such as companies, embassies, printing houses and the LON with letters entirely in Occidental that were often understood and answered. Recordings

6749:

Li recent evenimentes politic e li division del munde in du sectores de influentie (occidental e oriental) ha mettet nor propagatores de quelc landes in delicat situation. It ha devenit desfacil nu parlar pri un lingue de quel li nómine in cert landes evoca suspectiones in li circul politic. Pro to

4529:

Si noi vell viver ancor in li felici témpor quel precedet li guerre universal, tande anc li present articul vell reflecter li serenitá per quel noi acustomat salutar li comensa de un nov annu. Ma hodie, li pie desir quel noi ordinarimen expresse per un cordial 'Felici nov annu' ha transformat se in

4396:

Translation: "Material civilization, science, and even art unify themselves more and more. The educated European feels himself almost at home in all lands that have European civilization, that is, more and more, in the entire world. Today almost all states war with the same armaments. Without pause

3874:

to verbs, and the usage of numerous suffixes and prefixes, was created to resolve irregularities that had plagued creators of language projects before Occidental, who were forced to make the choice between regularity and unnatural forms, or irregularity and natural forms. The prevailing view before

1451:

Occidental's erring on the side of regularity led to vocabulary that was still recognizable but different from the international norm, such as ínpossibil in place of impossibil (ín + poss + ibil), scientic (scientific, from scient-ie + -ic), and descrition (description, from descri-r + -tion). This

1442:

De Wahl stressed that Occidental's natural appearance did not imply wholesale importation of national expressions and usage, and warned that doing so would lead to chaos. One of his articles on this subject was directed toward English and French users who he believed incorrectly saw Occidental as a

7868:

Male al la "Regul De Wahl", kiu ebligas en Interlingue regulajn derivaĵojn, Interlingua konservas plurajn radikojn, ekz. ag/act (agente/actor), frang/fract (frangibil/fraction), ung/unct (unguento/unction), tiel ke sen lingvistikaj antaŭscioj pri infinitiva kaj supina formoj oni ne povas diveni la

6841:

Translation: "One should not forget that the name Occidental had been selected in 1922, when it had absolutely no political significance. And today, by strange chance the title of the Occidental-Union coincides with that of a political league opposed to the Russians. It is possible that in Tallinn

5418:

English translation: The final exchange of telegrams between us was your telegram in March 1938 where you asked me if I would go to The Hague to participate in the IALA conference, and my quick negative response, not followed by a letter explaining why. You certainly had guessed the cause, but you

1469:

The symbol of Occidental and its dimensions were chosen in 1936 after some deliberation and many other proposed symbols that included stylized letters, a star (as in Esperanto and Ido), a setting sun to represent the sun in the west (the Occident), a globe, and more. The tilde, already used by the

861:

ression). The simplified orthography eventually became the standard by 1939. With questions still remaining about the official form of some words and a lack of general material destined for the general public, much time during World War II was spent on language standardization and course creation,

725:

De Wahl, in Tallinn, was unable to communicate with the Occidental Union in Switzerland from 1939 to October 1947, first due to the war and thereafter the interception of mail between Switzerland and the Soviet Union. Unaware of this, de Wahl was bewildered at the lack of response to his continued

605:

Occidental began gathering followers due to its readability, despite a complete lack of grammars and dictionaries. Two years later in 1924, de Wahl wrote that he was corresponding with about 30 people "in good Occidental" despite the lack of learning material, and users of other languages began to

5645:

Post la okupo de Tallinn per sovetia armeo estis deportita kaj malaperinta la edzino de De Wahl, lia domo komplete forbruliĝis dum bombardado, detruiĝis lia riĉa biblioteko kaj manuskriptoj. Post la alveno de naziaj trupoj De Wahl rifuzis translokiĝon al Germanio kaj estis enkarcerigita. Por savi

4347:

often featured letters from new users and former users of other international languages (primarily Esperanto and Ido) attesting to the language's simplicity. New users demonstrated their quick command of the language, and experienced auxiliary language users shared their experiences. Because many

3950:

The major prefixes and suffixes used in word derivation in Interlingue are added to either the present theme (infinitive minus -r), verbal root (infinitive minus two preceding vowels), or perfect theme (present theme + t or +s for verbs finishing with -d or -r) of verbs, as well as other types of

8381:

We do not hesitate to form words like "ludette, plorada, substantival, plumallia, tassade, sucrage, glotton, stridore, hesitatori, successosi, flexura" etc. etc. without asking ourselves whether these words are international or not. Even when they are in fact not international, they nevertheless

7749:

Occidental esset publicat de Prof. E. de Wahl in 1922. It ha monstrat nos que li vocabularium del grand lingues de civilisation posse esser regularisat per un sistema de derivation admirabilmen simplic, sin arbitrari formes, sin inventet regules». Pro to Occidental es un excellent combination de

1203:

failed; he was one of just two that voted neither for Esperanto unchanged, nor for the reform proposed by Zamenhof, but for a completely new reform. Occidental would not be announced for a full 28 years after de Wahl had abandoned Esperanto, a period in which he spent working with other language

972:

In the field of naturalistic planned languages Occidental-Interlingue was until then unchallenged (especially after the death of Otto Jespersen, author of Novial), as all new projects were nearly imitations of it. This applied to Interlingua as well, but it carried with it a dictionary of 27 000

883:

meant that it had been set up with a staff of professional linguists under a neutral and scientific pretext to bolster a final recommendation for Esperanto. Relations soon improved, however, as it became clear that the IALA intended to be as impartial as possible by familiarizing itself with all

6045:

English translation: "Because the president and secretary of the Academy are located in countries in a state of war, the leading Occidentalists of the neutral countries, Switzerland and Sweden, believe it necessary to set up an INTERIM ACADEMY which will function until the other will be able to

3941:

Suffixes are added either to the verbal root or the present theme of the verb (the infinitive minus -r). An example of the latter is the suffix -ment: move/r, move/ment (not movetment), experi/r, experi/ment (not experitment), and -ntie (English -nce): tolera/r (tolerate), tolera/ntie, existe/r

1362:

In an article on the future development of language, de Wahl wrote in 1927 that due to European dominance in the sciences and other areas Occidental required a form and derivation recognizable to Europeans, but that it should also be fitted with a grammatical structure capable of taking on more

781:

During the war many Occidentalists took to standardizing the language. De Wahl had created Occidental with a number of unchangeable features, but believed that its following of the "laws of life" gave it a firm enough base that it could follow a "natural evolution" with a flexibility that would

6953:

Proque yo esperat que noi vell posser un vez fusionar con Interlingua, ti-ci nov nómine devet facilisar li transition por nor membres, evitante talmen, coram li publica, un nov radical changeament de nómine. Yo dunc proposit, in februar 1948, in Cosmoglotta, remplazzar li nómine Occidental per

5390:

Translation: "The reality is that Occidental, like the other international languages, is prohibited in Germany, that the Occidental societies have been disbanded there (also in Czechoslovakia and Austria) even before the war, and that only regime change in those countries will make Occidental

1460:

Though seemingly favourable to the Romance language family, de Wahl did not see Occidental as a Romance language and did not tolerate any nationalism or chauvinism in the choice of words for the language. His opinion on justice in the choice of vocabulary was that: "However many special, new,

1447:

that de Wahl "always claimed a minimum of autonomy for his language and bitterly fought against all propositions that intended to augment the naturalism of the language only by blindly imitating the Romance languages, or as de Wahl said crudely in one of his letters to me, 'by aping French or

958:

created an uncomfortable situation for the Occidental-Union, whose name unfortunately coincided with that of an anti-Russian political league; the Swiss Occidentalists believed that was why all of de Wahl's letters from Tallinn were intercepted. De Wahl remained unaware of developments in the

896:

In 1945, the IALA announced that it planned to create its own language and showed four possible versions under consideration, all of which were naturalistic as opposed to schematic. Occidentalists were by and large pleased that the IALA had decided to create a language so similar in nature to

822:

to be somewhat heavy, but commented that the latter was certainly permissible and that Occidental might take on a similar evolution to natural languages in which both forms come into common use, with the longer form having a heavier and formal character and the shorter form a lighter and more

8982:

Translation: "En somme, on se trouvait acculé à cette antinomie : les mots internationaux ne sont pas réguliers, et les mots réguliers ne sont pas internationaux; l'opinion dominante était qu'il fallait sacrifier la régularité à l'internationalité dans la formation des mots. Julius Lott

1379:

Exceptions are not made to make study more difficult for foreigners, but to make speaking shorter and more fluid It is clear that in this language as the most impersonal, abstract and businesslike one of all, regularity will be greater and more expanded than in all other national and tribal

745:

A or B was published every month between January 1937 and September 1939, and then (after the initial shock of the war) every month from September 1941 to June 1951. During the war, only those in neutral Switzerland and Sweden were able to fully devote themselves to the language, carrying on

5908:

English translation: "When I arrived in Prague after my escape from the concentration of Leitmeritz, I had literally nothing except a ragged prison uniform, the so-called "pyjama" of the prison camps...Soon after I arrived in Prague I published an ad to search friends of the international

1357:

Such words, still not large in number, have seen a large increase in the past century, and in the future will grow in exorbitant proportion when, through international communication, the ideas of stable Oriental cultures will inundate and influence the sick Europe, which is now losing its

7719:

Qui in li divers revues interlinguistic...retrosecue li labores de Wahl til lor origines, ti va constatar, que li autor de Occidental ja in su unesim publicationes esset un consecuent representant e protagonist del strict naturalitá del futuri lingue international; ma in contrast a altri

7832:

as it is done in Ido, but I think it is better to have a perhaps somewhat fluctuating suffix than to learn 100 new root words, where I never know if the inventors in one case have preferred an international word or in another a "logical" new formation that I could never even imagine."

7750:

naturalitá e regularitá. Ti du caracteres merita esser expresset in li insigne e yo proposi representar ti du atributes per li equigambi rect-triangul sur li diametre de un circul. Li equigambie expresse que li naturalitá e li regularitá esset tractat con egal cuidas per sr. de Wahl.

5448:

Translation: "I myself lost my entire rich Occidental-Interlingue possessions in 1936 through home raids by the infamous Gestapo...How thankful you must be to your governments which have avoided such catastrophes that our land (Germany) has suffered, one after another, for 35 years

7321:

Tal paroles nu ancor ne tro numerosi, ja in li secul passat ha augmentat in grand quantitá, e in futur va crescer in exorbitant proportion, quande, per li international comunication, li idées del stabil oriental cultures va inundar e influer li maladi Europa, quel just nu perdi su

1380:

languages and idioms. But it will never be able to attain a total schematism Also here the real solution will be a harmonization of the two contrary principles. It requires the sensitive penetration of the real necessity in the instinct of the international superpopulation."

1283:, queen). In de Wahl's opinion it was always preferable to opt for a productive suffix than to be forced to coin new words from completely new radicals later on. In addition to this, de Wahl's rule developed later allowed for regular derivation from double-stem Latin verbs. 1083:

publication ceased for a few years. While issue 269 was published in 1972 after publishing once per season between 1963, issue 289 was not reached until summer 2000 for an average of less than one issue per year. According to Harlow, "in 1985 Occidental's last periodical,

7286:

In ti témpor yo esset in Sydney, e pro que yo havet grand interesse por li indigenes e volet converter mi blanc fratres a un bon opinion pri ili, yo scrit in li presse pri ti heroic action e comparat li brutalitá del blanc rasse con li conciliantie e self-sacrificie del

4928:

Translation: "He asserts that Occidental, despite being easily readable, is very difficult to write and that one could hardly find 10 people in the world able to write it without errors. Well, with me alone there is already three times that number corresponding in good

3887:

In short, one finds oneself confronted by the antinomy that the words that are international are not regular, and the words that are regular are not international; the prevailing opinion was that regularity should be sacrificed for internationality in the formation of

967:

The 1951 debut of Interlingua weakened Interlingue-Occidental, which until then had been unchallenged in the field of naturalistic planned auxiliary languages. Vĕra Barandovská-Frank's perception of the situation at the time was as follows (translated from Esperanto):

5942:

English translation: "The letters from France are starting to arrive in Switzerland. Especially appreciated are those from Mr. Lerond, a teacher in Bréville tra Donville (Manche) and from Mr. René Chabaud, who happily returned safe and sound from a prison camp in

9205:

En svisa katolika gimnazio en Disentis (Grizono) okazis en la jaroj 1956–1957 eksperimento pri lerntempo-longeco bezonata por Interlingue. La lernantoj, kiuj havis antaŭkonojn de la lingvoj franca, latina kaj greka, regis Interlingue skribe kaj parole post 30

1374:

De Wahl believed that there was a fine balance to be maintained between schematic regularity versus naturalism in an international language, where too much of the former may be convenient for the early learner but abhorrent for a speaker, and vice versa:

964:

fusion between the two languages. The official vote on the name change to Interlingue took place in 1949 and was passed with 91 per cent support, making the official name Interlingue, with Interlingue (Occidental) also permitted, starting September 1949.

5189:

Un commercial firma in Tchecoslovacia scri spontanmen al redaction: "Mi firma...opera in Italia solmen per li medium de Occidental, e to in omni romanic states. To es un miraculos fact. Vu posse scrir a omni romano in Occidental e il va comprender vor

439:). The result is a naturalistic and regular language that is easy to understand at first sight for individuals acquainted with certain Western European languages. Readability and simplified grammar, along with the regular appearance of the magazine 354: 5370:

Translation öf the last pre-war Occidental postcard from Austria sent to Switzerland in December 1938: "My sadness from not being able to continue my interlinguistic work continues and has made me almost melancholic. Please do not send me mail in

383: 1608:

Sources on the pronunciations of the vowels are contradictory. Some say that the vowels have their Continental values (that is, ), others that they have different qualities when long and short; they also differ on the number of diphthongs (e.g.

1438:

made a similar comment while reviewing the language in 1945, commenting humorously that "reading through the few examples of Occidental gives us the impression of a half-learned Catalan by a foreigner who doesn't much understand the grammar."

4352:

on the time required to learn the language. The experiment showed that the students participating in the study, who had previous experience with French, Latin, and Greek, mastered both written and spoken Interlingue after 30 hours of study.

874:

The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA), founded in 1924 to study and determine the best planned language for international communication, was at first viewed with suspicion by the Occidental community. Its co-founder

865:

This process had just about begun not long before the war, and the Swiss Occidentalists, finding themselves isolated from the rest of the continent, opted to concentrate on instructional materials to have ready by the end of the war.

6121:

Translation: "For some hundreds of international words there are two forms between which it is not easy to know which one is better. E. de Wahl wisely wrote both in the first dictionaries, with the intention to let practice make the

9454: 6983:

English translation: "91% of the voters have adopted the proposition of the Senate of the Occidental Union, i.e. the new name: INTERLINGUE. The usage of the name INTERLINGUE, or if one wishes INTERLINGUE (Occ.) is valid from

6923:

Postea, de 1934 a 1950, ille esseva co-redactor del magazin del Occidental-Union, "Cosmoglotta", e esseva le interprenditor in 1948 quando occidental – presentate per le estoniano Edgar de Wahl – cambiava nomine a

892:

in the 1950s, made a personal visit to Morris in 1935 in which she and her husband showed a curiosity for Occidental and invited him to speak in the language, vastly improving Berger's opinion of the organization.

1067:(Czechoslovakia, 1971). Barandovská-Frank believed that the ebb in interest in Occidental-Interlingue occurred in concert with the aging of the generation that was first drawn to it from other planned languages: 1318:(a type of plant) should be implemented unchanged in an international language even if the entire world population of botanists, those most often familiar with and likely to use the word, did not exceed 10,000. 4397:

the modes of intercommunication improve, and in consequence from that the world seems to decrease. A Parisian is now closer to an Englishman or a German than he was a hundred years before to a French peasant."

8382:

never have the artificial appearance that characterizes most of the derived words in Esperanto and Ido. They always represent forms that living languages would have been able to produce using their own means.

2806:

Only a few parts of speech in Interlingue (such as verbs in the infinitive) have entirely obligatory endings, while many other endings are optional though sometimes recommended. Some grammatical endings are:

6195:

Von seiner Entstehung bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges 1939 wurde die Rechtschreibung der Sprache deutlich vereinfacht. Diese sogenannte "simplificat ortografie" löste die alte "historic ortografie"

1321:

This also implied that words belonging to particular cultures should be imported without modifications, which De Wahl believed brought new ideas of value to European culture that had become "sick" after

8114:

Translation: "Latin is dead, even though it is still used for a few limited purposes. But the mother language Latin still lives in her daughters, the Romance languages—and Occidental is one of them."

928:

and various other words which would be by definition ineligible in a unified language that retained Interlingua's methodology. Interlingua also allowed optional irregular verbal conjugations such as

6656:

have increased by 5 times compared to before the war, the subscription fees have remained the same. Regretfully we have been forced to increase the subscription price this year to 8 Swiss francs..."

6501:

Alphonse Matejka konstatis, ke la publikigita vortprovizo de Interlingua en 90% kongruas kun tiu de Interlingue, se oni ne rigardas ortografion (historian kaj simpligitan) kaj uzon de finaj vokaloj.

1432:

were important in the development of Occidental for de Wahl, who wrote as early as 1912 that his language under development was more similar to Provençal than Italian or Spanish. The Swiss magazine

8983:

concluait qu'on ne peut pas éviter les irrégularités des langues naturelles, et VON Wahl, qu'on ne peut pas donner à la L. I. plus de simplicité et de régularité que n'en comportent nos langues."

1115:

philosophy, which may have hindered its spread. Still, the opposite view was also common in the community and Occidental gained adherents in many nations including Asian nations. An Interlingue

586:

Upon its announcement in 1922, Occidental was nearly complete. De Wahl had not intended to announce the language for a few years, but decided to accelerate its release after hearing that the

3875:

its application was that natural forms needed to be sacrificed for the sake of regularity, while those that opted for naturalism were forced to admit numerous irregularities when doing so (

620:

in 1927 as it began to officially promote Occidental in lieu of other languages, and that January the magazine's editorial and administrative office was moved to the Vienna neighborhood of

5349:(Translation) Regrettably, public propagation of Occidental was not possible in Germany from 1935 (the year when artificial languages were banned in Germany) until the end of the war... 5646:

lin, liaj amikoj lasis proklami lin mense malsana. En la jaro 1944, 77-jaraĝa, li eniris sanatorion Seewald apud Tallinn kaj restis tie ankaŭ post la milito, ne havante propran loĝejon

908:

considered the same word), structurally and derivationally they were very different. De Wahl's Rule in Occidental had mostly done away with Latin double stem verbs (verbs such as act:

10470: 7376: 7257:

Yo confesse que yo vide poc in li Europan cultura del ultim 1900 annus quel es tam remarcabilmen preciosi. To quo es max visibil es tyrannie, oppression, guerres e nigri superstition.

4915: 1287: 466:

forcing him to take refuge in a psychiatric hospital. Since most of his mail had been intercepted, he died in 1948 largely unaware of developments in the language. The name change to

478:, a competing naturalistic project under development. Many users were lost following the latter's appearance in 1951, beginning a period of decline until the advent of the Internet. 8843: 9946: 8531: 703:, focusing on items of more internal interest such as linguistic issues, reports of Occidental in the news, and financial updates. In early 1936, not counting the 110 issues of 8076:: Translation: "Occidental being a neo-Latin language, the influence of the languages French, Italian and Spanish will probably still be greater than that of the Anglo-Saxons." 8318: 10535: 1204:

creators trying to develop a system that combined naturalism and regularity, a combination that became a frequently referenced selling point in the promotion of Occidental.

1011:

began to gradually drop: once every second month from 1952, and then once per quarter from 1963. Other bulletins in Interlingue continued to appear during this time such as

4761:

Translation: "I found the most precise sense of "-atu" for example no earlier than 1924 ... maybe with time I will also find the precise sense of "-il, -esc, -itudo", etc."

6786:

La postmilita divido de Eŭropo en orientan kaj okcidentan sektoron sentigis la nomon "Occidental" propagando por kapitalisma okcidento, tial venis proponoj ŝanĝi la nomon.

2891:

While correlatives were not made to match a pre-determined scheme (such as the correlatives in Esperanto), the majority match the prefixes and suffixes in the chart below.

9155: 9051: 9025: 8760: 8734: 8107: 8088: 8045: 7618: 7338: 6828: 6590: 6090: 5985: 5959: 5895: 5599: 5573: 5405: 5383: 1092:

in 1994 by Steve Hawley and Steyger on planned languages introduced Interlingue speaker Donald Gasper as "one of the last remaining speakers of the language Occidental".

9129: 9103: 9077: 8952: 8926: 8786: 8431: 8402: 8365: 8288: 8258: 8232: 8180: 8154: 8128: 8069: 8019: 7993: 7967: 7911: 7885: 7792: 7766: 7736: 7706: 7676: 7647: 7592: 7532: 7244: 7218: 6858: 6642: 6455: 6426: 6400: 6346: 6252: 6226: 6167: 6141: 6064: 6038: 6011: 5929: 5835: 5749: 5697: 5662: 5547: 5517: 5491: 5465: 5435: 5363: 5310: 5284: 5232: 5206: 5150: 5124: 5098: 5043: 4807: 4781: 4748: 4722: 4691: 8457: 8206: 7818: 7308: 6884: 6736: 6616: 6278: 6114: 5865: 5809: 5779: 5723: 5336: 5258: 5176: 5069: 5014: 4889: 4833: 4665: 4635: 761:

Contacts were reestablished shortly after the war by those who remained, with letters from countries such as France, Czechoslovakia, Finland and Great Britain reaching

9266: 8653: 2832:: the general substantival (noun) ending. Used obligatorily to differentiate nouns from other parts or speech, for reasons of pronunciation, or optionally for euphony. 8872: 7273: 574:

Participants at an Occidental gathering in Vienna, 1928: Engelbert Pigal, Karl Janotta, A. Deminger, Hanns Hörbiger, Eugen Moess, Franz Houdek, Johann Robert Hörbiger

6050:, i.e.: must be validated by the regular Academy after the war, and due to that it will deliver to it all documents justifying its decisions, with detailed reasons." 4382:

se, e in consequentie de to li terra sembla diminuer se. Un Parisano es nu plu proxim a un angleso o a un germano quam il esset ante cent annus a un paisano frances.

7631:

Inter omni projectes, Occidental es li sol quel in altissim gradu ha penat satisfar li amalgamation del du quasi contradictori postulates: regularitá e naturalitá.

6750:

nor Centrale ha recivet ti-ci mensus, precipue de Tchecoslovacia, propositiones usar vice li nómine de Occidental ti de Interal (=INTER/national Auxiliari lingue).

9189: 7852: 7424: 7159: 7045: 7004: 6770: 6485: 5629: 10573: 10313: 7564: 8999: 4343:

As an international auxiliary language, ease of learning through regular derivation and recognizable vocabulary was a key principle in Occidental's creation.

3911:

If the root ends in consonants d or r, they are changed into s: decid/er (to decide), deci/s-, deci/s/ion deci/s/iv. Adherer (to adhere), adhe/s-, adhe/s/ion

1384:

While primarily Romance in vocabulary, de Wahl opted for a large Germanic substrate which he felt was more expressive for technical and material vocabulary (

1003:

While the migration of so many users to Interlingua had severely weakened Interlingue, the ensuing drop in activity was gradual and took place over decades.

9337: 8095:: Translation: "and what else is Occidental than a simplified Italian, or, to state it more generally, the simplified commonality of all Romance languages?" 7660:

Do secun li principies fundamental de Occidental: «junter quant possibil regularitá e naturalitá», just li form «radica» es li sol rect e apt por ti parol.

4948: 1595:. Accents are written on the five vowels to indicate irregular stress, with the acute accent (á é í ó ú) preferred, but others (è, ê, etc.) permitted. 1111:

released in 1995 by Harlow, who wrote that Occidental had an intentional emphasis on European forms and that some of its leading followers espoused a

88: 6546: 8343: 10518: 9482: 4598: 7720:

interlinguistes del camp naturalistic, Wahl ha sempre accentuat que ti ci naturalitá deve accordar con plen regularitá del structura del lingue.

1103:

had begun publishing intermittently again, and the language became a subject of discussion in literature on auxiliary languages. One example is

879:

was an Esperantist, as were many of its staff, and many Occidentalists including de Wahl himself believed that its leadership under Esperantist

10498: 10453: 10355: 6208: 4996: 4604: 4592: 404:. The vocabulary is based on pre-existing words from various languages and a derivational system which uses recognized prefixes and suffixes. 3908:

of the infinitive, the root ends in a vowel, the final -t is added. Crear (to create), crea/t-, crea/t/or, crea/t/ion, crea/t/iv, crea/t/ura.

8708: 7363: 1088:, ceased publication, and its editor, Mr. Adrian Pilgrim, is quoted as having described Occidental as a 'dead language.'" A decade later, a 10335: 4911: 6970: 6910: 590:(LON) had begun an inquiry into the question of an international language. The first known publication in Occidental, a booklet entitled 10563: 10480: 8528: 10060: 1300:

3. that it should have a precise system of formation of words which, by its own rules, obtains words which are truly international;

8311: 2408:

after most consonants. To avoid pronunciation and stress changes, words ending in -c, -g, and -m only add an -s: un libre, du libre

1095:

As was the case for other planned languages, the arrival of the Internet spurred Interlingue's revival. In the year 1999 the first

6842:

they considered de Wahl a person requiring police surveillance. How to protest and explain the misunderstanding from so far away?"

6680: 10340: 10299: 628:. Much of the early success for Occidental in this period came from the office's new central location, along with the efforts of 10345: 9047: 9021: 8756: 8577: 8564: 7614: 6586: 5981: 5955: 5595: 5569: 5082:...Occ. esset unesimli propagat per Germanes, Austrianes, Svedes, Tchecoslovacos e solmen ante du annus ha penetrat in Francia. 2205:

Other doubled consonants are pronounced as a single consonant, unless when separated they would be pronounced differently. Ex.

536:), which he used from 1906 to 1921 and which later on gained the nickname proto-Occidental. De Wahl, originally a proponent of 9151: 8922: 8897: 8782: 8730: 8602: 8427: 8358: 8254: 8104: 8085: 8041: 7907: 7881: 7788: 7762: 7732: 7702: 7672: 7643: 7528: 7334: 7214: 6854: 6824: 6520: 6368: 6135: 6086: 6060: 5887: 5745: 5658: 5513: 5487: 5401: 5380: 4687: 900:

While the two languages had a 90 per cent identical vocabulary without orthographic differences taken into account (e.g. with

862:

and due to the continuing war, in August 1943 the decision was made to create an interim academy to officialize this process.

504:), published in haste after the announcement that the League of Nations was studying the problem of an international language. 10416: 9125: 9099: 9073: 8948: 8482: 8398: 8280: 8228: 8176: 8150: 8124: 8066: 8015: 7989: 7963: 7588: 7240: 6638: 6612: 6568: 6451: 6422: 6396: 6342: 6248: 6222: 6163: 6035: 6007: 5921: 5831: 5719: 5693: 5539: 5461: 5431: 5360: 5306: 5280: 5254: 5228: 5202: 5172: 5146: 5120: 5094: 5039: 5010: 4803: 4773: 4744: 4718: 4631: 9262: 8650: 8453: 8202: 7814: 7304: 6880: 6732: 6317: 6274: 6111: 5857: 5805: 5771: 5332: 5065: 4881: 4829: 4657: 10360: 10330: 9325: 8865: 7269: 9475: 7101: 6940: 2106: 2083: 474:

the language's neutrality, and (2) the expectation of a possible union or closer collaboration with the community around

311: 9310: 2451:(feminine plural). The article itself can also be pluralized before words that are difficult to pluralize on their own: 616:

was also a forum for various other planned languages, while still mainly written in Occidental. The name was changed to

9178: 7845: 7416: 7152: 7038: 6997: 6763: 6478: 5622: 463: 8817: 2285:

do not change the stress (even when more than one is present in a single word), nor does the adverbial ending -men: ra

10350: 10306: 9448: 8839: 7081: 6311: 7192: 9572: 9522: 8995: 2022: 640:. Use in France began in 1928, and by the beginning of the next decade the Occidental community was established in 533: 389: 163: 3914:

In all other cases, with six exceptions, the removal of the ending gives the exact root: duct/er, duct-, duct/ion.

3811:. Primary adverbs are not generated from other parts of speech and are thus not formed using any special endings: 610:

a collection of Occidental root words and their equivalents in eight languages, was published the following year.

10080: 6812:

Schließlich wurde aus Gründen der Neutralität mit 1. September 1949 der Name der Sprache in Interlingue geändert.

4855: 2006: 718:. They were banned in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, forced to disband, and kept under surveillance by the 301: 3879:

for example had a list of 81 verbs with special radicals used when forming derivatives), a paradox summed up by

10568: 9468: 7944: 1171: 450:

Occidental survived the war, but the community had been out of touch with the language's creator since 1939. A

4941: 10378: 2063: 228: 9368: 2313:

ticas. Two vowels together are diphthongized and do not count as two syllables for the purpose of stress: fa

1358:

equilibrium. And the more mutilated the words are, the more mutilated will be the ideas that they represent.

275: 10488: 10373: 8996:"Abstracti Verbal-Substantives – Edgar de Wahl (Discussiones de Academia pro Interlingua, Nov. 1909: 21–5)" 8975: 4556: 2047: 2015: 1931: 1342:

in 1924 as examples of those that should not be put in a "vocalic corset" through obligatory endings (e.g.

1589:

a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, qu, er, es, te, u, ve, duplic ve, ix, ypsilon

1191:, an international auxiliary language released in 1879. De Wahl later became one of the earliest users of 419:, a set of rules for regular conversion of all but six verb infinitives into derived words including from 10578: 9752: 6542: 2092: 2033: 7130: 2385: 9889: 3791:, to tire). The gerund is used to indicate another action or state of being going on at the same time: 2099: 1924: 1917: 1071:

Most of those interested in Interlingue belonged to the generation that became acquainted in turn with

769:

had subscribers in 58 cities in Switzerland a few months before the end of World War II in Europe, and

2381: 1400:, etc.), with Romance and Greek vocabulary more appropriate in the derivation of international words ( 10409: 10383: 9439: 9398: 7555: 2056: 1974: 1730:

Interlingue has non-obligatory vowel length. Rough English equivalents of the sounds are as follows:

1616: 1614: 1416:(canine), etc.) as well as mental, corporal and natural conceptions. Minor Romance languages such as 1119:

was approved in 2004. In recent years official meetings of Interlingue speakers have resumed: one in

954:

International politics was another difficulty for Occidentalists after the war. The beginning of the

9782: 9527: 2872:(English woman). This does not apply to nouns that on their own indicate the gender (patre, matre). 880: 67: 1148: 9642: 8700: 1967: 1960: 1942: 876: 178: 1806:

Examples of short vowels: "calm", "old", "potte", "flagga", "mann", "fox", "storc", "in", "it".

10449: 10445: 10112: 9549: 8675: 6966: 5694:"Plan de aparition de KOSMOGLOTT 1922–1926 e COSMOGLOTTA 1927–1972 (Austrian National Library)" 1829: 1613:). Earlier texts on Occidental described seven vowels (the five continental vowels plus y like 668:

The Vienna period was also marked by financial stability. With the help of two major backers,

487: 84: 6906: 707:

and other journals and bulletins, a total of 80 publications existed in and about Occidental.

10539: 10522: 10236: 9815: 9597: 9539: 7460: 1876: 1869: 925: 1722:

is a consonant after a vowel or beginning a word before a vowel, otherwise is pronounced as

660: 10558: 10402: 10246: 9861: 9827: 9702: 9491: 8415:"Lasciate ogni nazionalismo, voi ch'entrate" in li sant dominia del interhoman comprension. 1985: 1297:

2. that the international language to construct should be based on international material;

1208: 560: 556: 174: 10130: 559:), from whom he gained an appreciation for its selection of international vocabulary, and 8: 10437: 9881: 9844: 9612: 9534: 9362: 2370: 2321:

tie, unless the word is a single consonant or consonant cluster followed by two vowels: d

755: 715: 4369:, a collection of original poetry by Jaroslav Podobský, published both in 1935 and 1947. 837:

was another area in which several possibilities existed, namely etymologic orthography (

551:

De Wahl corresponded with other language creators, among them the Italian mathematician

10231: 10150: 10140: 9980: 9966: 9707: 9687: 9632: 9510: 8627: 8548: 6684: 6202: 4990: 4610: 3407:. Conjugation is performed with a combination of endings and auxiliary verbs. The verb 2193:

as , except when followed by ia, io, iu, or ie and not preceded by an s. Thus the t in

1889: 1824: 1363:

analytical, non-derived forms in the future (such as the equivalents of "bake man" for

1200: 545: 93: 9411: 9407: 9391: 9384: 7475: 291: 10510: 10441: 10000: 9972: 9936: 9899: 9832: 9712: 9505: 9244: 9222: 8337: 7940: 7077: 6803: 6307: 4978: 3871: 1844: 1834: 1315: 1139: 751: 587: 532:. Occidental was a product of years of personal experimentation under the name Auli ( 416: 412: 10087: 9352: 669: 307: 10506: 10186: 10145: 10135: 10025: 10005: 9926: 9914: 9800: 9717: 9544: 9316: 6514: 4401: 2786:, which is also the second person plural. The indefinite personal pronoun "one" is 1953: 1910: 1819: 1425: 1421: 1216: 1089: 492: 415:

languages, along with some Germanic vocabulary. Many of its words are formed using

401: 28: 6572: 3918:

Once these rules were applied, Occidental was left with six exceptions. They are:

1785:

Vowels are short when followed by two consonants (unless the second consonant is

1770:

Vowels are short in unstressed syllables (Accented vowels tend to be long: e in id

516:

announced the creation of Occidental in 1922 with the first issue of the magazine

10514: 10292: 10040: 10020: 9919: 9697: 9291: 8657: 8535: 8111: 8092: 8073: 7934: 7071: 6301: 6118: 6042: 5387: 5367: 4570: 3892:

The rules created by de Wahl to resolve this were first described in 1909 in the

1863: 1839: 1429: 629: 578: 24: 9320: 10502: 10155: 9672: 9592: 9353:"Radicarium directiv del Lingue International (Occidental) in 8 lingues (1925)" 6543:"Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua" 3880: 2463:

Interlingue has two forms for the personal pronouns: one for the subject form (

1417: 1311: 1144: 1028: 730:, and later took refuge in a psychiatric hospital where he lived out his life. 727: 595: 552: 459: 408: 397: 200: 7097: 6936: 2245:

Words are generally stressed on the vowel before the final consonant: intercal

570: 10552: 10526: 10285: 10279: 10191: 9985: 9894: 9762: 9667: 9637: 9515: 9356: 9248: 9226: 7351:

JAPAN: Kokusaigo-Kenkyusho, Daita 11-784, Setagaya, TOKIO (Pch. Tokio 62 061)

4982: 4584: 3876: 1212: 1127:

in 2014 with three participants, and a third in Ulm the next year with five.

1096: 1079:

Activity in Interlingue reached a low during the 1980s and early 1990s, when

621: 564: 513: 451: 393: 268: 145: 57: 6807: 3866:

Flowchart demonstrating derivation of nouns from verbs using de Wahl's rule.

2337:

e. In cases where the accent is irregular, it is indicated by an accent: caf

2117:

The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:

741:

began publication once again and continued until 1950. An edition of either

447:

despite efforts by the Nazis to suppress international auxiliary languages.

10241: 9722: 9617: 8813: 1434: 1303:

4. that it should have a natural grammar that produces no unnatural forms;

1112: 711: 680:

was again forced to rely on revenue from subscriptions and republications.

637: 471: 444: 207: 77: 2329:

o. Compound words are stressed based on the last word in the compound: hod

939:

as the first-person singular, third-person plural and subjunctive form of

765:. Writers said they were ready to begin activities anew for the language. 259: 10476: 10201: 10196: 9951: 9871: 9849: 9677: 9660: 9648: 9587: 7184: 2075: 1323: 889: 834: 649: 475: 470:

took place the following year for two reasons: (1) to demonstrate to the

407:

Many of Interlingue's derived word forms reflect those common to certain

20: 9460: 6707: 3854: 636:(The Work of Edgar de Wahl) led to interest in Occidental from users of 10494: 10171: 9737: 9627: 9341: 6513:

Gode, Alexander; Blair, Hugh (1951). "Appendix 1 (Double-Stem Verbs)".

2468: 2464: 885: 695:

and a second edition of the journal was published. Originally entitled

685: 10065: 10030: 9772: 4975:

Radicarium directiv del lingue international (Occidental) in 8 lingues

4859: 3834:= quickly) Adjectives may be used as adverbs when the sense is clear: 1690:

open or closed as in French, German, Spanish and Italian, or English d

1371:) if worldwide linguistic trends began to show a preference for them. 1188: 1072: 537: 10120: 10107: 9990: 9956: 9805: 9602: 1995: 1904: 1192: 1116: 1106: 582:

Meeting of Occidental (Interlingue) language users in Vienna in 1927.

541: 284: 252: 238: 220: 10035: 3783:(a cat loves, a loving cat) and is often seen in adjectives such as 869: 337:

Patre nor, qui es in li cieles, mey tui nómine esser sanctificat...

10181: 10097: 10075: 10010: 9909: 9854: 9820: 9790: 9747: 9742: 9727: 9607: 7448:

IE-MUNDE (Revúe in Interlingue-Occidental) Numeró 11 – Octobre 2015

4564: 4390: 4349: 3862: 1175:

Sticker from 1930 created to emphasize readability at first sight:

1137:

Recent years have shown new books published in Interlingue such as

955: 376: 347: 319: 10055: 10015: 9417: 7403:

IE-MUNDE (Revúe in Interlingue-Occidental) Numeró 7 – Octobre 2013

2856:

ending if one wishes to emphasize the verbal (active) aspect. The

2790:. One can also specify the gender of third person plural by using 1288:

Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language

991: 10261: 10206: 10125: 10102: 10050: 9904: 9837: 9795: 9372: 4550: 1899: 1803:

Examples of long vowels: "pur", "robe", "blu", "fibre", "table".

1637:), but by the 1940s the official recommendation was that vocalic 1207:

Among those de Wahl worked with while developing Occidental were

719: 676:

thrived despite the economic crisis. After the two died in 1931,

641: 625: 525: 521: 455: 360: 315: 10256: 10092: 10070: 10045: 9995: 9941: 9931: 9732: 9692: 9430: 9346: 7371: 6046:

resume its work. The decisions of this interim academy will be

2472: 1124: 733:

The outbreak of war in 1939 put a halt to publications of both

645: 10394: 9297: 7476:"IE-Munde – Jurnal e information pri Interlingue (Occidental)" 7417:"IE-Munde – Jurnal e information pri Interlingue (Occidental)" 7185:"IE-Munde – Jurnal e information pri Interlingue (Occidental)" 6191:

GROSSES MODERNES WÖRTERBUCH INTERLINGUE (OCCIDENTAL) – DEUTSCH

977:

Don Harlow similarly summarizes the year 1951 for Occidental:

10251: 10176: 9810: 9767: 9757: 9655: 7124: 420: 10461: 8399:"International o Romanic (Cosmoglotta A, 1929, pp. 27 – 33)" 6954:

Interlingue malgré li oposition del presidente del Academie.

4942:""Kosmoglot" – la unua interlingvistika societo en Ruslando" 2138:

when before e and i = , French j, or English s in pleasure:

790:, as both created internationally recognizable derivations: 443:, made Occidental popular in Europe during the years before 134: 10211: 9866: 9582: 9331: 2397: 2357:. The accent mark may also be used for emphasis as needed: 1666:

open or closed, as German, Spanish or Italian, or English b

1649:. Rough English equivalents for the vowels are as follows: 7461:

https://archive.org/search?query=creator:Interlingue-Union

1187:

De Wahl was first introduced to planned languages through

664:

PR postcard with Occidental text created in 1928 in Vienna

318:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9622: 9219:

Krasina : Raconta del subterrania del Moravian Carst

1134:

is volume 333, for the period from January to June 2024.

1120: 691:

The years from 1935 to 1939 were particularly active for

688:

records for distribution were first made in this period.

6802:. Vienna, Austria: Gesellschaft Cosmoglotta. p. 4. 3896:

of Peano's Academia pro Interlingua and are as follows:

2838:: the general adjectival ending, similar to -e in usage. 8549:"Occidental Course in 10 Lessons (English translation)" 5255:"Cosmoglotta B (Cosmoglotta-Informationes), 1935, p. 1" 3858:

An example of derivation from the magazine Cosmoglotta.

1680:

as French, German, Spanish and Italian, or English mach

1294:

1. that none of the existing systems are satisfactory;

10314:

La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea

2427:

The ending of the definite article can be modified to

2257:

me. Pluralizing a noun does not change the stress: par

1799:

Vowels in short grammatical particles tend to be short

1656:

as in French, German, Spanish or Italian, or English f

9406:(bulletin for the Swiss Association for Occidental): 8840:"Wikibooks: Esperanto/Appendix/Table of correlatives" 4356:

Some original texts published as separate books are:

1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 4546: 1306:

5. that it should have an international orthography.

1007:

ceased publication after 1950, and the frequency of

8980:. Robarts – University of Toronto. Paris Hachette. 8565:

L'OCCIDENTAL: Langue d'intercompréhension immédiate

8359:"Autonomie e Regularitá in li Lingue International" 4361:

Krasina, raconta del subterrania del Moravian carst

3356:Many derivatives are formed from the correlatives: 946:Occidental was also still recovering from the war. 9328:, English translation of an original German course 9304: 392:created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, 9338:"Resume de gramatica de Interlingue (Occidental)" 4527: 4379: 3846:= We looked for a long time ("We searched long") 3822:Derived adverbs are formed by adding the suffix - 3779:The present participle is used to qualify nouns: 3544:an accusation according to which he would have... 2878:: indicates the masculine gender in the same way 870:IALA, Interlingua, and name change to Interlingue 655: 462:, even after his house was destroyed in the 1943 83:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 10550: 7501:Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas 6519:. International Auxiliary Language Association. 4425: 1153:Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas 672:, also from Vienna, and G.A. Moore from London, 9179:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 8628:"Curs de Occidental (Interlingue) – Ric Berger" 7846:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 7153:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 7039:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 6998:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 6764:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 6479:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 5623:"Latinidaj planlingvoj (AIS-kurso, 1 studunuo)" 1704:as in German, Spanish and Italian, or English r 1353:when imported into the international language: 10454:Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 4605:Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua 3284:series is adverbialized with the -men ending: 3270:(no, none) are respectively the adjectives of 2142:; but elsewhere c and g are hard as in can, go 1483:Interlingue is written with 26 Latin letters: 10574:Constructed languages introduced in the 1920s 10410: 9476: 9176: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 7843: 7150: 7036: 6995: 6761: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6476: 5620: 4437:qualmen in li cieles talmen anc sur li terre. 3488:stress thus falls on the last syllable: yo am 888:, a prominent Occidentalist who later joined 544:, began creating Occidental after the failed 16:International auxiliary language created 1922 8973: 8342:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4599:List of journals and bulletins in Occidental 4471:sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. 3840:= He has worked well ("He has worked good") 1310:De Wahl published in 1922 a modification of 458:, de Wahl refused to leave his Tallinn home 9326:"Occidental in 10 lessons by A.Z. Ramstedt" 8701:"Pronunciation – Interlingue for Beginners" 8676:"Pronunciation – Interlingue for Beginners" 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 4593:List of interlingue-ists and Occidentalists 1716:after q is a short, almost consonantal (w). 776: 606:join Occidental. The first dictionary, the 10417: 10403: 9483: 9469: 8814:"Grammatica de Interlingue in Interlingue" 8489: 8312:"Standardization of Grammatical Particles" 6661: 6207:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4995:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3395:Verbs in Interlingue have three endings: - 133: 9490: 7932: 7553: 7069: 6800:Interlingue (Occidental), die Weltsprache 6512: 6299: 4467:Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, 3295:Correlatives can take the plural ending: 1766:Vowels are short in the following cases: 986: 8637: 7507: 7446:"TRIESIM MINI-INCONTRA DE INTERLINGUE". 3861: 3853: 3795:... (writing a message, I saw that...). 3411:(to be) is exceptional in being written 2860:ending also makes nouns feminine: angles 1170: 1063:(Switzerland-Czechoslovakia, 1967), and 999:for the period January to December 2019. 990: 659: 577: 569: 491: 10300:Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues 8974:Couturat, Louis; Leau, Léopold (1903). 8808: 8806: 8804: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8477: 8475: 8396: 8392: 8390: 6188: 481: 312:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 10551: 9319:by Kemp and Pope, also available as a 7958: 7956: 7570:from the original on 22 September 2021 7470: 7468: 7382:from the original on 15 September 2021 7122: 7104:from the original on 22 September 2021 7073:Interlingua Institute : A History 6306:. Interlingua Institute. pp. ix. 6130: 6128: 6031: 6029: 4954:from the original on 22 September 2020 4443:qualmen anc noi pardona nor debitores. 4389: 3951:speech. Some of the affixes used are: 3540:An accusation alleging him to have... 2801: 2187:= , French j, or English s in pleasure 1473: 1166: 375: 346: 10398: 9464: 8820:from the original on 11 February 2021 8538:, F. Haas 1956. Read 31 October 2013. 8371:from the original on 15 February 2021 7311:from the original on 15 February 2021 7299: 7297: 7295: 7133:from the original on 11 December 2019 7032: 7030: 7028: 6943:from the original on 15 December 2018 6797: 6446: 6444: 6391: 6389: 6337: 6335: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5046:from the original on 14 February 2021 5034: 5032: 4363:, published in 1938 by Jan Amos Kajš. 2074: 2031: 1994: 1898: 1862: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 951:the well-funded New York-based IALA. 853:ression), or simplified orthography ( 786:(to write) and a possible other form 9269:from the original on 26 October 2020 9195:from the original on 23 January 2019 9186:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 8878:from the original on 24 October 2020 8801: 8775: 8663: 8529:Grammatica de Interlingue in English 8472: 8387: 7858:from the original on 23 January 2019 7427:from the original on 30 January 2019 7195:from the original on 30 January 2019 7165:from the original on 23 January 2019 7051:from the original on 23 January 2019 7010:from the original on 23 January 2019 6776:from the original on 23 January 2019 6523:from the original on 23 October 2020 6491:from the original on 23 January 2019 5782:from the original on 7 February 2021 5635:from the original on 23 January 2019 5339:from the original on 3 February 2021 5179:from the original on 27 October 2020 4972: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4510:1942 New Year's greeting printed in 3611:on its own is not a verb (to have = 3538:Un acusation secun quel il vell... - 2458: 35: 9311:"Grammar of Interlingue in English" 9002:from the original on 18 August 2016 8651:The Basis of International language 8356: 7953: 7465: 7144: 6125: 6026: 5087: 4338: 3321:to indicate proximity or distance: 1793:a preceding stressed vowel is long) 814:De Wahl expressed a preference for 773:A began publication again in 1946. 632:, also from Austria, whose article 13: 9158:from the original on 15 April 2021 9132:from the original on 15 April 2021 9106:from the original on 15 April 2021 9080:from the original on 15 April 2021 9054:from the original on 13 April 2021 9028:from the original on 13 April 2021 8955:from the original on 15 April 2021 8929:from the original on 13 April 2021 8846:from the original on 13 April 2021 8789:from the original on 13 April 2021 8763:from the original on 13 April 2021 8737:from the original on 15 April 2021 8603:"ÖNB-ANNO – Cosmoglotta (Serie B)" 8460:from the original on 15 April 2021 8434:from the original on 13 April 2021 8405:from the original on 15 April 2021 8324:from the original on 13 April 2021 8309: 8291:from the original on 15 April 2021 8281:"ÖNB-ANNO – Cosmoglotta (Serie B)" 8261:from the original on 13 April 2021 8235:from the original on 15 April 2021 8209:from the original on 15 April 2021 8183:from the original on 15 April 2021 8157:from the original on 15 April 2021 8131:from the original on 15 April 2021 8048:from the original on 15 April 2021 8022:from the original on 15 April 2021 7996:from the original on 15 April 2021 7970:from the original on 15 April 2021 7914:from the original on 13 April 2021 7888:from the original on 13 April 2021 7821:from the original on 15 April 2021 7795:from the original on 13 April 2021 7769:from the original on 13 April 2021 7595:from the original on 13 April 2021 7535:from the original on 13 April 2021 7341:from the original on 15 April 2021 7292: 7247:from the original on 15 April 2021 7221:from the original on 13 April 2021 7025: 6913:from the original on 13 April 2021 6887:from the original on 15 April 2021 6861:from the original on 13 April 2021 6831:from the original on 13 April 2021 6739:from the original on 15 April 2021 6645:from the original on 15 April 2021 6619:from the original on 13 April 2021 6593:from the original on 13 April 2021 6569:"Interlingua-English Dictionary S" 6549:from the original on 13 April 2021 6458:from the original on 15 April 2021 6441: 6429:from the original on 15 April 2021 6403:from the original on 15 April 2021 6386: 6349:from the original on 15 April 2021 6332: 6320:from the original on 13 April 2021 6281:from the original on 15 April 2021 6255:from the original on 15 April 2021 6229:from the original on 15 April 2021 6170:from the original on 15 April 2021 6144:from the original on 13 April 2021 6093:from the original on 15 April 2021 6067:from the original on 13 April 2021 6014:from the original on 30 March 2021 5988:from the original on 13 April 2021 5962:from the original on 1 August 2021 5932:from the original on 15 April 2021 5898:from the original on 13 April 2021 5868:from the original on 15 April 2021 5838:from the original on 15 April 2021 5812:from the original on 15 April 2021 5700:from the original on 15 April 2021 5677: 5665:from the original on 13 April 2021 5602:from the original on 13 April 2021 5576:from the original on 13 April 2021 5550:from the original on 15 April 2021 5520:from the original on 13 April 2021 5494:from the original on 13 April 2021 5468:from the original on 15 April 2021 5438:from the original on 15 April 2021 5408:from the original on 24 March 2021 5313:from the original on 15 April 2021 5287:from the original on 15 April 2021 5261:from the original on 13 April 2021 5235:from the original on 15 April 2021 5209:from the original on 15 April 2021 5153:from the original on 15 April 2021 5127:from the original on 15 April 2021 5101:from the original on 15 April 2021 5072:from the original on 15 April 2021 5029: 5017:from the original on 13 April 2021 4918:from the original on 15 April 2021 4892:from the original on 13 April 2021 4836:from the original on 15 April 2021 4810:from the original on 15 April 2021 4784:from the original on 15 April 2021 4751:from the original on 15 April 2021 4725:from the original on 15 April 2021 4694:from the original on 13 April 2021 4668:from the original on 15 April 2021 4066:lavere / lavera / lavero (washer) 3511:on its own is not a verb (to go = 1215:), Julius Lott (Mundolingue), and 1179:(The language you understand) and 714:posed difficulties for Occidental 73:for transliterated languages, and 53:of its non-English content, using 14: 10590: 10564:International auxiliary languages 10307:In the Land of Invented Languages 9285: 9241:Li Astres del Verne : Poesie 8977:Histoire de la langue universelle 8866:"Occidental Course in 10 Lessons" 8578:"ÖNB-ANNO – Kosmoglott (Serie A)" 7276:from the original on 24 July 2020 6973:from the original on 24 July 2020 5982:"Cosmoglotta B, 1946. p. 119-120" 4706: 4638:from the original on 26 June 2021 4492:Give us this day our daily bread; 4473:Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, 4431:mey tui nómine esser sanctificat, 3793:scriente un missage, yo videt que 3415:in the present tense, while the 2105: 2098: 2091: 2082: 2062: 2055: 2046: 2032: 2021: 2014: 2005: 1984: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1941: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1888: 1875: 1868: 1645:and eu as a diphthong instead of 845:pression), historic orthography ( 10460: 9457:at the Austrian National Library 9414:at the Austrian National Library 9255: 9233: 9211: 9170: 9144: 9118: 9092: 9066: 9040: 9014: 8988: 8967: 8941: 8915: 8890: 8858: 8832: 8749: 8723: 8711:from the original on 9 July 2021 8693: 8620: 8595: 8570: 8558: 8541: 8446: 8420: 8397:de Wahl, Edgar (February 1929). 8350: 8303: 8273: 8247: 8221: 8195: 8169: 8143: 8117: 8098: 8079: 8060: 8034: 8008: 7982: 7926: 7900: 7874: 7837: 7807: 7781: 7755: 7739:from the original on 12 May 2021 7725: 7709:from the original on 11 May 2021 7695: 7679:from the original on 11 May 2021 7665: 7650:from the original on 11 May 2021 7636: 7621:from the original on 11 May 2021 7607: 7581: 7547: 7521: 7493: 7454: 7439: 7364:"Cosmoglotta A, 1958, p. 66, 77" 6303:Interlingua Institute: A History 5793:by the censors without problem." 5752:from the original on 9 July 2021 5726:from the original on 9 July 2021 5391:propagation a possibility again. 4577: 4563: 4549: 4498:And lead us not into temptation, 4496:as we have forgiven our debtors. 4373: 3996:promenada (a walk, a promenade) 2852:verb are often written with the 2467:), and one for the object form ( 2392:, and the indefinite (a, an) is 2388:. The definite article (the) is 2221:are pronounced as if written as 1796:Vowels before a final c, ch or x 1041:Buletine Pedagogic International 546:vote to reform Esperanto in 1894 390:international auxiliary language 164:International auxiliary language 40: 10424: 9455:Books in Occidental/Interlingue 9305:Grammar, dictionaries and tools 7409: 7394: 7356: 7327: 7262: 7233: 7207: 7177: 7116: 7090: 7063: 6989: 6959: 6929: 6907:"Biographias: Ric(hard) Berger" 6899: 6873: 6847: 6817: 6791: 6755: 6725: 6700: 6631: 6605: 6579: 6561: 6535: 6506: 6470: 6415: 6361: 6293: 6267: 6241: 6215: 6182: 6156: 6105: 6079: 6053: 6000: 5974: 5948: 5914: 5880: 5850: 5824: 5798: 5764: 5738: 5712: 5651: 5614: 5588: 5562: 5532: 5506: 5480: 5454: 5424: 5394: 5374: 5354: 5325: 5299: 5273: 5247: 5221: 5195: 5165: 5139: 5113: 5058: 5003: 4966: 4934: 4904: 4874: 4469:et dimitte nobis debita nostra, 4429:Patre nor, qui es in li cieles, 3530:yo vell amar / decider / scrir 3453:to love / to decide / to write 2886: 1587:. The names of the letters are 823:everyday tone (such as English 758:in Germany and Czechoslovakia. 454:naval officer and teacher from 9317:English-Interlingue dictionary 7690:do li regularitá e naturalitá. 4848: 4822: 4796: 4766: 4737: 4680: 4650: 4624: 4482:Our father, who art in heaven, 4457:Pater noster, qui es in cælis, 4445:E ne inducte nos in tentation, 4439:Da nos hodie nor pan omnidial, 4192:miscomprender (misunderstand) 3761:Gerund (adverbial participle) 3533:I would love / decide / write 2380:Like English, Interlingue has 1478: 656:Vienna period and World War II 89:multilingual support templates 1: 10379:List of constructed languages 9048:"Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 192" 9022:"Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 193" 8731:"Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 165" 7615:"Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 101" 7123:Hawley, Steve (1 June 2010), 6967:"Cosmoglotta A, 1949, p. 112" 6587:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 120" 6369:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, pg. 85" 5956:"Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 108" 5888:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 119" 5570:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 100" 5540:"Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 100" 5514:"Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 107" 5402:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 122" 4617: 4490:on earth, as it is in heaven. 4094:ex-presidente (ex-president) 3849: 3505:I will love / decide / write 3502:yo va amar / decider / scrir 1809: 1455: 1037:Jurnale Scolari International 508: 9152:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p.107" 9100:"Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 80" 9074:"Cosmoglotta A, 1937, p. 23" 8949:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 45" 8923:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 50" 8898:"Cosmoglotta A, 1938, p. 69" 8783:"Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 27" 8757:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 96" 8428:"Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 12" 8255:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 38" 8229:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 32" 8125:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 19" 8105:Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 116: 8016:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 86" 7990:"Cosmoglotta B, 1941, p. 15" 7908:"Cosmoglotta A, 1937, p. 73" 7882:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 22" 7789:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 19" 7763:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 18" 7733:"Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 14" 7703:"Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 10" 7673:"Cosmoglotta A, 1929, p. 76" 7644:"Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 64" 7589:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 19" 7529:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 56" 7270:"Cosmoglotta A, 1949, p.108" 7241:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 64" 7215:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 33" 7098:"Cosmoglotta A, Summer 2000" 6825:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 99" 6639:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 12" 6452:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 29" 6423:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 34" 6397:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 84" 6343:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 84" 6300:Esterhill, Frank J. (2000). 6249:"Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 82" 6223:"Cosmoglotta B, 1938, p. 82" 6189:Schmidt, Dr. Thomas (2020). 6164:"Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 66" 6087:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p. 95" 6008:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 24" 5922:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 83" 5832:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 15" 5746:"Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 85" 5659:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, p. 98" 5596:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 99" 5488:"Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 11" 5462:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 32" 5432:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 33" 5381:Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 109. 5333:"Cosmoglotta A, 1948, pg. 5" 5307:"Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 38" 5281:"Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p. 17" 5229:"Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 12" 5203:"Cosmoglotta A, 1934, p. 52" 5173:"Cosmoglotta A, 1931, p. 92" 5147:"Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p. 30" 5121:"Cosmoglotta A, 1933, p. 20" 5040:"Cosmoglotta A, 1947, p. 17" 4830:"Kosmoglott 001, 1922, p. 4" 4804:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 27" 4774:"Cosmoglotta B, 1947, p. 15" 4719:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 18" 4688:"Cosmoglotta A, 1946, p. 18" 4557:Constructed languages portal 2782:The formal second person is 2209:is pronounced as if written 1598: 1183:(Occidental promotes itself) 884:existing planned languages. 746:activities semi-officially. 737:s through 1940, but in 1941 396:, sought to achieve maximal 7: 10536:Bibliography of Interlingue 9126:"Cosmoglotta B, 1936, p.38" 8483:"Cosmoglotta B 1936, p. 11" 8203:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 7" 8086:Cosmoglotta B, 1944, p. 104 8042:"Cosmoglotta A, 1927, p.95" 7554:Lermontov, Mikhail (1896), 6881:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 7" 6855:"Occidental A, 1948, p. 98" 6733:"Cosmoglotta B, 1948, p. 7" 6613:"Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p. 4" 6275:"Cosmoglotta B, 1939, p. 1" 6036:Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 85: 5806:"Cosmoglotta B, 1943, p. 6" 5720:"Cosmoglotta B, 1941, p. 1" 5361:Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 12. 5095:"Cosmoglotta B, 1937, p.79" 4658:"Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 8" 4542: 4465:sicut in cælo, et in terra. 4024:belfratre (brother-in-law) 3260:Notes on the correlatives: 2375: 1177:Li lingue quel vu comprende 1130:The most recent edition of 1099:in Occidental was founded, 716:and other planned languages 10: 10595: 9263:"Cosmoglotta B, 1942 p. 1" 8454:"Cosmoglotta B, 1935, p.3" 8067:Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 90 7557:Esperanto: Princidino Mary 6937:"Cosmoglotta, summer 2000" 6112:Cosmoglotta B, 1945, p. 3: 5858:"Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p.9" 5772:"Cosmoglotta B, 1946, p.8" 4234:distributor (distributor) 4122:íncredibil (unbelievable) 3945: 3931:ten/er, tent- (temptation) 3922:ced/er, cess- (concession) 3798: 3485:I loved / decided / wrote 3482:yo amat / decidet / scrit 3313:(there) can be affixed to 3033:(both persons and things) 2475:, i.e. the oblique form): 2368: 2364: 1741:short e is /ɛ/ as in "pet" 1181:Occidental propaga se self 598:, appeared shortly before 485: 431:to see and its derivative 18: 10533: 10487: 10469: 10458: 10432: 10384:List of language creators 10369: 10323: 10272: 10224: 10164: 9965: 9880: 9781: 9571: 9560: 9498: 9427:, with modern orthography 9399:Austrian National Library 9369:Interlingue spell checker 9359:(note: uses old spelling) 9334:with translation memories 9332:English online dictionary 9177:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 7964:"Kosmoglott, 1922, p. 19" 7939:. Routledge. p. 52. 7936:An International Language 7844:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 7515:Fabules, racontas e mites 7151:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 7076:. Interlingua Institute. 7070:Esterhill, Frank (2000). 7037:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 6996:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 6798:Pigal, Engelbert (1950). 6762:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 6708:"Historia de Interlingua" 6477:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 6061:"Kosmoglott, 1922, p. 65" 5621:Barandovská-Frank, Vĕra. 5011:"Cosmoglotta, 1927, p. 1" 4912:"Kosmoglott, 1924, p. 14" 4500:but deliver us from evil. 4459:sanctificetur nomen tuum. 4276:prehistorie (prehistory) 3900:If, after the removal of 3738:the Force be with you"). 3561:love! / decide! / write! 3333:libre (that book there), 2902:(interrogative/relative) 2664: 2548: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2240: 2040: 1999: 1951: 1908: 1603: 1464: 1161:Fabules, racontas e mites 728:leave Estonia for Germany 697:Cosmoglotta-Informationes 411:languages, primarily the 298: 282: 266: 250: 236: 218: 213: 197: 185: 169: 159: 151: 141: 132: 125: 120: 115: 9378: 9294:of the Interlingue-Union 7933:Jespersen, Otto (1929). 7815:"Kosmoglott, 1923, p. 9" 7401:"Litt incontra in Ulm". 7305:"Kosmoglott, 1924, p. 2" 6516:A grammar of Interlingua 5066:"Helvetia, January 1930" 4856:"Transcendental Algebra" 4745:"Kosmoglott, 1925, p.40" 4632:"Kosmoglott, 1922, p. 1" 4494:and forgive us our debts 4447:ma libera nos de lu mal. 4426: 4388:Possible pronunciation: 4231:distribuer (distribute) 4206:nonfumator (non-smoker) 4189:comprender (understand) 4178:mifratre (half-brother) 4164:experiment (experiment) 4161:experir (to experience) 4038:desinfectar (disinfect) 3934:vert/er, vers- (version) 3781:un cat ama, un amant cat 3773:-ir verbs become -iente 3469:I love / decide / write 3419:form is the imperative. 3390: 3329:libre (this book here), 2945:standard demonstrative) 2864:(English person), angles 2124:when before e and i = : 1025:International Memorandum 881:William Edward Collinson 777:Language standardization 684:of spoken Occidental on 634:Li Ovre de Edgar de Wahl 423:double-stem verbs (e.g. 19:Not to be confused with 10356:Interlingue/Interlingua 9523:International auxiliary 8660:. Read 1 November 2013. 8656:3 November 2013 at the 8534:2 November 2013 at the 8310:Mulaik, Stanley, Ph.D. 8177:"Helvetia, August 1929" 8151:"Helvetia, August 1929" 6681:"The Esperanto Book: 3" 6137:Kosmoglott, 1925, p. 14 4882:"Kosmoglott, 1925, p.7" 4435:mey tui vole esser fat, 4318:stepmatre (stepmother) 4220:tolerantie (tolerance) 4091:presidente (president) 4052:dismembrar (dismember) 4046:separation, dispersion 3925:sed/er, sess- (session) 3756:-ir verbs become -ient 3564:Imperative of esser is 3558:ama! / decide! / scri! 3536:Also used for hearsay: 3466:yo ama / decide / scri 3450:amar / decider / scrir 2882:indicates the feminine. 2420:, li album, pluri album 877:Alice Vanderbilt Morris 377:[oktsidenˈtaːl] 179:Indo-European languages 10471:Journals and magazines 10061:Middle-earth languages 9349:in English and Russian 4528: 4475:sed libera nos a malo. 4441:e pardona nor débites, 4386: 4380: 4119:credibil (believable) 4108:ho-semane (this week) 3942:(exist), existe/ntie. 3937:veni/r, vent- (advent) 3890: 3867: 3859: 2447:(masculine plural), e 2197:is pronounced but in 1382: 1360: 1308: 1184: 1151:, and works including 1077: 1000: 987:Stagnation and revival 984: 975: 699:, it was soon renamed 665: 583: 575: 505: 488:History of Interlingue 348:[interˈliŋɡwe] 339: 300:This article contains 10569:Constructed languages 10540:Interlingue Knowledge 10523:Hermann Alfred Tanner 10336:Esperanto/Interlingua 10237:Esperanto orthography 9816:Pan-Germanic language 9598:Communicationssprache 9492:Constructed languages 9449:Various scanned books 9363:1966 beginner's guide 8110:15 April 2021 at the 8091:15 April 2021 at the 8072:15 April 2021 at the 7335:"Cosmoglotta A, 1937" 7126:Language Lessons 1994 6193:. Berlin. p. 2. 6117:15 April 2021 at the 6041:15 April 2021 at the 5386:15 April 2021 at the 5366:15 April 2021 at the 4484:hallowed be thy name; 4461:Adveniat regnum tuum. 4433:mey tui regnia venir, 4419:English (traditional) 4377: 4332:scritura (scripture) 4262:perforar (perforate) 4256:through, all the way 4150:explosiv (explosive) 3993:promenar (to stroll) 3928:mov/er, mot- (motion) 3885: 3865: 3857: 3732:in the optative mood 3575:Compound Verb Tenses 1377: 1355: 1326:. He cited the terms 1292: 1174: 1069: 1059:(1959, Switzerland), 1049:Interlingue-Postillon 1033:Interlinguistic Novas 994: 979: 970: 710:But the years before 663: 648:, Czechoslovakia and 581: 573: 495: 464:air raids on the city 335: 9828:Pan-Romance language 9703:Latino sine flexione 6575:on 13 December 2007. 4973:Wahl, E. de (1925). 4290:producter (produce) 4136:creation (creation) 4018:kinship by marriage 3982:possibil (possible) 3979:posser (to be able) 3883:in 1903 as follows: 3677:I was going to love 3652:Perfect Conditional 2868:(Englishman), angles 2844:: nouns that end in 2814:: verb infinitive. f 2359:Yó ea con la (ne tú) 1209:Waldemar Rosenberger 1197:la lingvo internacia 1123:in 2013, another in 1065:Novas in Interlingue 943:, the verb 'to be'. 608:Radicarium Directiv, 592:Transcendent Algebra 561:Waldemar Rosenberger 557:Latino sine flexione 482:History and activity 175:Constructed language 51:specify the language 49:This article should 9845:Pan-Slavic language 9365:by Wilfred E. Reeve 9340:at the Interlingue 8705:occidental-lang.com 8680:occidental-lang.com 8357:Matejka, Alphonse. 6712:www.interlingua.com 4515: 4414:Latin (traditional) 4404: 4367:Li astres del Verne 4273:historie (history) 4217:tolerar (tolerate) 4147:exploder (explode) 3955: 3870:The application of 3744:Present participle 3668:Future in the past 3661:I would have loved 3576: 3424: 3423:Simple Verb Tenses 2802:Grammatical endings 2479: 2386:indefinite articles 2371:Interlingue grammar 2157:between vowels = : 2132:, and otherwise as 1641:be pronounced like 1474:Linguistic features 1167:Language philosophy 1045:Super li Frontieras 756:concentration camps 496:The first issue of 10579:1922 introductions 10232:Constructed script 9708:Lingua Franca Nova 9688:International Sign 6687:on 4 February 2012 6676:The Esperanto Book 4611:Li Europan lingues 4509: 4463:Fiat voluntas tua, 4400: 4248:cursori (cursory) 4080:domette (cottage) 4035:infectar (infect) 3954: 3868: 3860: 3645:I will have loved 3574: 3422: 3301:quales, tis, omnis 2478: 2416:, li plug, li plug 2412:, li tric, li tric 2404:after a vowel, or 2400:is made by adding 1762:is /ʊ/ as in "put" 1755:is /ɒ/ as in "pot" 1748:is /ɪ/ as in "pit" 1738:is /æ/ as in "pat" 1404:for woman to form 1367:or "wise way" for 1185: 1021:Sved Interlinguist 1019:(Czechoslovakia), 1001: 666: 584: 576: 534:auxiliary language 506: 10546: 10545: 10511:Heinrich Nidecker 10392: 10391: 10247:Tolkien's scripts 10220: 10219: 9937:Logopandecteision 9900:Dutton Speedwords 9833:Neolatino Romance 9713:Lingwa de planeta 9445:from 2021 onwards 9436:from 2000 to 2004 9347:Online dictionary 4862:on 22 August 2019 4540: 4539: 4507: 4506: 4488:thy will be done. 4486:thy kingdom come, 4336: 4335: 4304:revenir (return) 4203:fumator (smoker) 4175:fratre (brother) 4021:fratre (brother) 3838:Il ha bon laborat 3826:to an adjective ( 3777: 3776: 3658:yo vell har amat 3572: 3571: 3258: 3257: 2780: 2779: 2459:Personal pronouns 2265:mes. The endings 2115: 2114: 1316:Oenethera biennis 1157:Antologie hispan, 1149:Salute, Jonathan! 1140:The Little Prince 1061:Teorie e practica 1057:Amicitie european 1051:(1958, Germany), 588:League of Nations 563:, the creator of 402:natural character 326: 325: 308:rendering support 304:phonetic symbols. 160:Setting and usage 111: 110: 91:may also be used. 10586: 10507:Alphonse Matejka 10464: 10419: 10412: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10341:Esperanto/Novial 10165:Ritual and other 10006:Elvish languages 9927:Lingua generalis 9915:Astrolinguistics 9569: 9568: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9462: 9461: 9298:Official website 9292:Official website 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9183: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8810: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8672: 8661: 8648: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8545: 8539: 8526: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8410: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8370: 8363: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8341: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8121: 8115: 8102: 8096: 8083: 8077: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869:ĝustan rezulton. 7865: 7863: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7626: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7562: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7480:www.ie-munde.com 7472: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7421:www.ie-munde.com 7413: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7381: 7368: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7189:www.ie-munde.com 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7043: 7034: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6683:. 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Grabowski 1201:reform Esperanto 1090:documentary film 1053:Novas de Oriente 409:Western European 387: 386: 385: 379: 358: 357: 356: 350: 333:(in Interlingue) 294: 278: 262: 255: 246: 241: 232: 231: 223: 203: 137: 113: 112: 106: 103: 97: 82: 76: 72: 66: 62: 56: 44: 43: 36: 29:Occitan language 10594: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10529: 10515:Engelbert Pigal 10483: 10465: 10456: 10428: 10423: 10393: 10388: 10365: 10346:Ido/Interlingua 10319: 10293:Bridge of Words 10268: 10216: 10160: 9970: 9961: 9876: 9777: 9698:Langue nouvelle 9574: 9564: 9562: 9556: 9494: 9489: 9381: 9307: 9300:of the language 9288: 9283: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9217: 9216: 9212: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9181: 9175: 9171: 9161: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9046: 9045: 9041: 9031: 9029: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9005: 9003: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8972: 8968: 8958: 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(create) 4116:in-, un-, etc. 3948: 3852: 3819:(always), etc. 3809:derived adverbs 3805:primary adverbs 3801: 3770:(while) loving 3706:lass nos amar! 3642:yo va har amat 3636:Future Perfect 3393: 3345:(those there), 3229:(here / there) 2892: 2889: 2848:formed from an 2804: 2461: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2243: 2041: 2000: 1952: 1909: 1903: 1856: 1851: 1812: 1790: 1786: 1606: 1601: 1481: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1344:karmo, koŭtoŭo, 1267:, lousy poet), 1169: 1055:(1958, Japan), 1015:(Switzerland), 989: 872: 779: 658: 630:Engelbert Pigal 528:under the name 520:, published in 511: 490: 484: 400:regularity and 381: 380: 352: 351: 340: 334: 306:Without proper 290: 274: 271: 258: 251: 244: 237: 227: 226: 219: 204: 199: 193: 188: 181: 142:Created by 107: 101: 98: 92: 80: 74: 70: 68:transliteration 64: 60: 54: 45: 41: 32: 25:ApI Interlingua 17: 12: 11: 5: 10592: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10544: 10543: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10503:Jacob Linzbach 10493: 10491: 10489:Occidentalists 10485: 10484: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10459: 10457: 10442:De Wahl's rule 10436: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10422: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10399: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9977: 9975: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9947:Real Character 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9787: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9577: 9566: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9502: 9500: 9499:Classification 9496: 9495: 9488: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9437: 9428: 9415: 9401: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9366: 9360: 9350: 9344: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9314: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9295: 9287: 9286:External links 9284: 9281: 9280: 9254: 9232: 9210: 9169: 9143: 9117: 9091: 9065: 9039: 9013: 8987: 8966: 8940: 8914: 8902:anno.onb.ac.at 8889: 8857: 8831: 8800: 8774: 8748: 8722: 8692: 8662: 8636: 8619: 8607:anno.onb.ac.at 8594: 8582:anno.onb.ac.at 8569: 8557: 8540: 8488: 8471: 8445: 8419: 8386: 8349: 8302: 8285:anno.onb.ac.at 8272: 8246: 8220: 8194: 8168: 8142: 8116: 8097: 8078: 8059: 8033: 8007: 7981: 7952: 7945: 7925: 7899: 7873: 7836: 7806: 7780: 7754: 7724: 7694: 7664: 7635: 7606: 7580: 7546: 7520: 7506: 7492: 7464: 7453: 7438: 7408: 7393: 7355: 7326: 7291: 7261: 7232: 7206: 7176: 7143: 7115: 7089: 7082: 7062: 7044:. p. 18. 7024: 6988: 6958: 6928: 6898: 6872: 6846: 6816: 6790: 6754: 6724: 6699: 6660: 6630: 6604: 6578: 6560: 6534: 6505: 6469: 6440: 6414: 6385: 6373:anno.onb.ac.at 6360: 6331: 6312: 6292: 6266: 6240: 6214: 6181: 6155: 6124: 6104: 6078: 6052: 6025: 5999: 5973: 5947: 5926:anno.onb.ac.at 5913: 5892:anno.onb.ac.at 5879: 5862:anno.onb.ac.at 5849: 5823: 5797: 5776:anno.onb.ac.at 5763: 5737: 5711: 5676: 5650: 5613: 5587: 5561: 5544:anno.onb.ac.at 5531: 5505: 5479: 5453: 5423: 5393: 5373: 5353: 5324: 5298: 5272: 5246: 5220: 5194: 5164: 5138: 5112: 5086: 5057: 5028: 5002: 4965: 4933: 4903: 4886:anno.onb.ac.at 4873: 4847: 4821: 4795: 4778:anno.onb.ac.at 4765: 4736: 4705: 4679: 4662:anno.onb.ac.at 4649: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4588: 4574: 4560: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4514:(Switzerland) 4505: 4504: 4479: 4454: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4329:scrir (write) 4327: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4287:ducter (lead) 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105:semane (week) 4103: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3881:Louis Couturat 3872:de Wahl's rule 3851: 3848: 3800: 3797: 3787:(tiring, from 3775: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3392: 3389: 3386:omni + potent. 3353:(that there). 3341:(these here), 3256: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2822:(be able), scr 2803: 2800: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2546: 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Plural of a 2377: 2374: 2369:Main article: 2366: 2363: 2242: 2239: 2203: 2202: 2188: 2182: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2140:plage, giraffe 2133: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1783: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1728: 1727: 1717: 1699: 1685: 1675: 1661: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1312:Otto Jespersen 1275:, Frenchman), 1168: 1165: 1145:Gospel of Mark 1029:United Kingdom 1013:Cive del Munde 988: 985: 871: 868: 778: 775: 670:Hanns Hörbiger 657: 654: 624:, now part of 596:Jacob Linzbach 553:Giuseppe Peano 510: 507: 486:Main article: 483: 480: 417:de Wahl's rule 370:), originally 328: 327: 324: 323: 310:, you may see 296: 295: 288: 280: 279: 272: 267: 264: 263: 256: 248: 247: 242: 234: 233: 224: 216: 215: 214:Language codes 211: 210: 205: 201:Writing system 198: 195: 194: 191: 189: 186: 183: 182: 173: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 130: 129: 123: 122: 118: 117: 109: 108: 87:. Knowledge's 48: 46: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10591: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10527:Edgar de Wahl 10524: 10520: 10519:A.Z. Ramstedt 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10415: 10413: 10408: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10362: 10361:Lojban/Loglan 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Esperanto/Ido 10329: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10286:A Secret Vice 10283: 10281: 10280:Esperantology 10278: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10192:Lingua ignota 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9986:Belter Creole 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9968: 9964: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9895:Basic English 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9763:Universalglot 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9668:Idiom Neutral 9666: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9573:International 9570: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9550:Philosophical 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9516:Language game 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9486: 9481: 9479: 9474: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9456: 9453: 9451:in Occidental 9450: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9393:Cosmoglotta B 9389: 9387: 9386:Cosmoglotta A 9383: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9357:Edgar de Wahl 9355:, article by 9354: 9351: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9313:by Dr. F Haas 9312: 9309: 9308: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8874: 8867: 8861: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8629: 8623: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8416: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8391: 8383: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8345: 8339: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8290: 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3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3605:I have loved 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3555:a! / e! / i! 3554: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3447:ar / er / ir 3446: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3349:(this here), 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3325:(this book), 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3253:(everywhere) 3250: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3152: 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1486: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420:, Provençal ( 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Idiom Neutral 1210: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Voce de Praha 1014: 1010: 1009:Cosmoglotta A 1006: 1005:Cosmoglotta B 998: 995:Issue 325 of 993: 983: 978: 974: 969: 965: 962: 957: 952: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 891: 887: 882: 878: 867: 863: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 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