1132:, building automation systems were repeatedly reported to be vulnerable, allowing hackers and cybercriminals to attack their components. Buildings can be exploited by hackers to measure or change their environment: sensors allow surveillance (e.g. monitoring movements of employees or habits of inhabitants) while actuators allow to perform actions in buildings (e.g. opening doors or windows for intruders). Several vendors and committees started to improve the security features in their products and standards, including KNX, Zigbee and BACnet (see recent standards or standard drafts). However, researchers report several open problems in building automation security.
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563:(CCTV) and motion detectors. Fire alarm systems and elevators are also sometimes linked to a BMS for monitoring. In case a fire is detected then only the fire alarm panel could close dampers in the ventilation system to stop smoke spreading, shut down air handlers, start smoke evacuation fans, and send all the elevators to the ground floor and park them to prevent people from using them.
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rapid response to various changing outdoor data (such as solar, wind) and to changing interior environment (such as temperature, illuminance, and occupant demands). Building shading and glazing systems can contribute to thermal and lighting improvement from both energy conservation and comfort point of view.
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and provide the occupant with a view outdoor. Automated shading and glazing systems are solutions for controlling solar heat gains and glare. It refers to the use of technology to control external or internal shading devices (such as blinds, and shades) or glazing itself. The system has an active and
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based on time of day, or on occupancy sensor, photosensors and timers. One typical example is to turn the lights in a space on for a half-hour since the last motion was sensed. A photocell placed outside a building can sense darkness, and the time of day, and modulate lights in outer offices and the
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Inputs allow a controller to read temperature, humidity, pressure, current flow, air flow, and other essential factors. The outputs allow the controller to send command and control signals to slave devices, and to other parts of the system. Inputs and outputs can be either digital or analog. Digital
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is software relying on digital sensors and algorithms to discover appliance or other loads from electrical or magnetic characteristics of the circuit. It is however detecting the event by an analog means. These are extremely cost-effective in operation and useful not only for identification but to
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dominates the controller market. Each company has controllers for specific applications. Some are designed with limited controls and no interoperability, such as simple packaged roof top units for HVAC. Software will typically not integrate well with packages from other vendors. Cooperation is at
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Security systems can be interlocked to a building automation system. If occupancy sensors are present, they can also be used as burglar alarms. Because security systems are often deliberately sabotaged, at least some detectors or cameras should have battery backup and wireless connectivity and the
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Alarms may immediately notify someone or only notify when alarms build to some threshold of seriousness or urgency. At sites with several buildings, momentary power failures can cause hundreds or thousands of alarms from equipment that has shut down – these should be suppressed and recognized
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Controllers used for building automation can be grouped in three categories: programmable logic controllers (PLCs), system/network controllers, and terminal unit controllers. However an additional device can also exist in order to integrate third-party systems (e.g. a stand-alone AC system) into a
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Terminal unit controllers usually are suited for control of lighting and/or simpler devices such as a package rooftop unit, heat pump, VAV box, fan coil, etc. The installer typically selects one of the available pre-programmed personalities best suited to the device to be controlled, and does not
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With the advent of wireless sensor networks and the
Internet of Things, an increasing number of smart buildings are resorting to using low-power wireless communication technologies such as Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy and LoRa to interconnect the local sensors, actuators and processing devices.
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Occupancy is usually based on time of day schedules. In
Occupancy mode, the BAS aims to provides a comfortable climate and adequate lighting, often with zone-based control so that users on one side of a building have a different thermostat (or a different system, or sub system) than users on the
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indicates it is dark outside. Another example would be to open a valve by allowing 24VDC/AC to pass through the output powering the valve. Analog outputs could also be pulse type outputs emitting a frequency of pulses over a given period of time. An example is an energy meter calculating kWh and
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Building management systems are most commonly implemented in large projects with extensive mechanical, HVAC, and electrical systems. Systems linked to a BMS typically represent 40% of a building's energy usage; if lighting is included, this number approaches to 70%. BMS systems are a critical
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BAS functionality may keep a buildings climate within a specified range, provide light to rooms based on occupancy, monitor performance and device failures, and provide malfunction alarms to building maintenance staff. A BAS works to reduce building energy and maintenance costs compared to a
867:, and sometimes the external air. Actuators are placed on the hot and chilled water valves, the outside air and return air dampers. The supply fan (and return if applicable) is started and stopped based on either time of day, temperatures, building pressures or a combination.
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and their related smoke alarm systems are usually hard-wired to override building automation. For example: if the smoke alarm is activated, all the outside air dampers close to prevent air coming into the building, and an exhaust system can isolate the blaze. Similarly,
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On
November 11, 2019, a 132-page security research paper was released titled "I Own Your Building (Management System)" by Gjoko Krstic and Sipke Mellema that addressed more than 100 vulnerabilities affecting various BMS and access control solutions by various vendors.
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mix return and outside air so less temperature/humidity conditioning is needed. This can save money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled or hot water circuits). Some external air is needed to keep the building's air healthy. To optimize
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All modern building automation systems have alarm capabilities. It does little good to detect a potentially hazardous or costly situation if no one who can solve the problem is notified. Notification can be through a computer (email or text message),
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Controllers are essentially small, purpose-built computers with input and output capabilities. These controllers come in a range of sizes and capabilities to control devices commonly found in buildings, and to control sub-networks of controllers.
503:, and other interrelated systems. Some objectives of building automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of building systems, reduction in energy consumption, reduced operating and maintaining costs and increased security.
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In addition to controlling the building's internal environment, BMS systems are sometimes linked to access control (turnstiles and access doors controlling who is allowed access and egress to the building) or other security systems such as
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is a typical function of a BAS, as is the more sophisticated ventilation and humidity monitoring required of "tight" insulated buildings. Most green buildings also use as many low-power DC devices as possible. Even a
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to activate lighting or climate conditioning. Given the potential for long lead times before a space becomes sufficiently cool or warm, climate conditioning is not often initiated directly by an occupancy sensor.
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Dynamic shading devices allow the control of daylight and solar energy to enter into built environment in relation to outdoor conditions, daylighting demands and solar positions. The common products include
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contact (dry contact). Digital inputs could also be pulse inputs counting the pulses over a period of time. An example is a turbine flow meter transmitting flow data as a frequency of pulses to an input.
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The most common example of room automation is corporate boardroom, presentation suites, and lecture halls, where the operation of the large number of devices that define the room function (such as
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Current systems provide interoperability at the application level, allowing users to mix-and-match devices from different manufacturers, and to provide integration with other compatible building
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component to managing energy demand. Improperly configured BMS systems are believed to account for 20% of building energy usage, or approximately 8% of total energy usage in the United States.
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and other devices up to 30–90 watts) which is capable of charging such batteries and keeps wireless networks free for genuinely wireless applications, such as backup communication in outage.
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829:, and shutters. They are mostly installed on the interior side of the glazing system because of the low maintenance cost, but also can be used on the exterior or a combination of both.
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as symptoms of a larger failure. Some sites are programmed so that critical alarms are automatically re-sent at varying intervals. For example, a repeating critical alarm (of an
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570:) to save structures from earthquakes. In more recent times, companies and governments have been working to find similar solutions for flood zones and coastal areas at-risk to
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non-controlled building. Most commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings built after 2000 include a BAS, whilst older buildings may be retrofitted with a new BAS.
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is a subset of building automation and with a similar purpose; it is the consolidation of one or more systems under centralized control, though in this case in one room.
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Digital outputs are used to open and close relays and switches as well as drive a load upon command. An example would be to turn on the parking lot lights when a
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Occupancy is one of two or more operating modes for a building automation system; Unoccupied, Morning Warmup, and Night-time
Setback are other common modes.
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just in time for
Occupancy. The BAS often factors in outdoor conditions and historical experience to optimize MWU. This is also referred to as
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A digital input indicates a device is on or off. Some examples of digital inputs would be a door contact switch, a current switch, an air flow
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795:(DALI). Lamps with DALI ballasts are fully dimmable. DALI can also detect lamp and ballast failures on DALI luminaires and signals failures.
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Patrascu, M.; Dragoicea, M. (2014). "Integrating Agents and
Services for Control and Monitoring: Managing Emergencies in Smart Buildings".
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Chiesa, Giacomo; Di Vita, Daniel; Ghadirzadeh, Ahmadreza; Muñoz
Herrera, Andrés Hernando; Leon Rodriguez, Juan Camilo (2020-12-01).
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107:
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Dragoicea, M.; Bucur, L.; Patrascu, M. (2013). "A Service
Oriented Simulation Architecture for Intelligent Building Management".
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auditing mark. These accommodate typically only IP-based networking but can make use of any existing wiring, and also integrate
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If enabled, morning warmup (MWU) mode occurs prior to occupancy. During
Morning Warmup the BAS tries to bring the building to
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A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building, a "smart building", or (if a residence) a "
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574:. Self-adjusting floating environment draws from existing technologies used to float concrete bridges and runways such as
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Advanced
Sensors and Controls for Building Applications: Market Assessment and Potential R&D Pathways (Brambley 2005)
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systems etc.) would make manual operation of the room very complex. It is common for room automation systems to employ a
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1788:. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. Studies in Computational Intelligence Volume 544. pp. 209–224.
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in 'bypass') might resound at 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and every 2 to 4 hours thereafter until the alarms are resolved.
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Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC SystemsVolume III: Energy Savings Potential (Roth 2002)
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A temperature sensor in the zone provides feedback to the controller, so it can deliver heating or cooling as needed.
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systems can turn entire circuits off, regardless of the number of alarms this triggers or persons this distresses.
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ability to trigger alarms when disconnected. Modern systems typically use power-over-Ethernet (which can operate a
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Shading and glazing are essential components in the building system, they affect occupants’ visual, acoustical, and
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1928:
Granzer, Wolfgang; Praus, Fritz; Kastner, Wolfgang (1 November 2010). "Security in Building Automation Systems".
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are designed to accommodate a BAS for the energy, air and water conservation characteristics. Electrical device
993:. Modern systems rely on standards-based multi-protocol heterogeneous networking such as that specified in the
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1043:, long used for this same purpose to integrate diverse computer networking devices into one coherent network.
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to track events, building on decades of history with SNMP-based protocols in the computer networking world.
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1495:"Power Load Event Detection and Classification Based on Edge Symbol Analysis and Support Vector Machine"
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which connect high-level controllers (generally specialized for building automation, but may be generic
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This article is about automation within commercial buildings. For automation within residences, see
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feed lines that turn off when slow pressure drops are detected (indicating a leak), or when excess
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514:". Commercial and industrial buildings have historically relied on robust proven protocols (like
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Analog or digital temperature sensors may be placed in the space or room, the return and supply
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1744:"Potential of emerging glazing technologies for highly glazed buildings in hot arid climates"
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design intended to consume no net energy whatsoever will typically require a BAS to manage
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1229:. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol. LNBIP 143. pp. 14–28.
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1697:"Dynamic Shading in Buildings: a Review of Testing Methods and Recent Research Findings"
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Bellia, Laura; Marino, Concetta; Minichiello, Francesco; Pedace, Alessia (2014-01-01).
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Building management systems have also included disaster-response mechanisms (such as
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Wendzel, Steffen (1 May 2016). "How to increase the security of smart buildings?".
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1571:. 6th International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, SEB-14.
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and often integrate these using the building-specific wireless mesh open standard
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1381:"This company is designing floating buildings to combat climate change disasters"
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Physical connectivity between devices was historically provided by dedicated
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1650:"A fuzzy-logic IoT lighting and shading control system for smart buildings"
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1432:"Identification of electrical appliances via analysis of power consumption"
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Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing and Robotics
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Joao C. Ferreira; Jose A. Afonso; Vitor Monteiro; Joao L. Afonso (2018).
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adjusts the amount of outside air based on measured levels of occupancy.
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838:
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322:
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Bahaj, AbuBakr S.; James, Patrick A. B.; Jentsch, Mark F. (2008-01-01).
1606:"Integrating automated shading and smart glazings with daylightcontrols"
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2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)
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1872:"How to prevent your IoT devices from being forced into botnet bondage"
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Jiang, Lei; Li, Jiaming; Luo, Suhuai; West, Sam; Platt, Glenn (2012).
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outputs are also sometimes called discrete depending on manufacturer.
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Analog outputs control the speed or position of a device, such as a
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Analog inputs are used to read a variable measurement. Examples are
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combustion devices also tend to have their own over-rides, such as
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1406:"The transient behavior of a typical electrical load is strongly"
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With the growing spectrum of capabilities and connections to the
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1827:"European researchers explore the possibility of BACnet botnets"
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low-power DC circuits, high-bandwidth wireless networks such as
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specify how most such devices interoperate. Modern systems use
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can be turned on, off, or dimmed with a building automation or
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678:. An example is a hot water valve opening up 25% to maintain a
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298:
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Kunwar, Niraj; Cetin, Kristen S.; Passe, Ulrike (2018-03-01).
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In newer buildings, the lighting control can be based on the
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2020:
Provides learning resources for professionals in this area
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487:), is the automatic centralized control of a building's
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1499:
Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing
1565:"An Overview on Solar Shading Systems for Buildings"
1268:"An Energy Management Platform for Public Buildings"
1927:
1046:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1170:as the primary way of controlling each operation.
546:, shading and venting, and scheduling device use.
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1741:
706:An example layout of a building automation system
686:ramping up a motor slowly to avoid a hard start.
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858:demand control (or controlled) ventilation (DCV)
489:HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)
1604:Selkowitz, Stephen; Lee, Eleanor (2004-02-13).
927:Most building automation networks consist of a
623:(resistance temperature detector), or wireless
1537:"Lighting control saves money and makes sense"
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585:
2660:
2039:
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1430:Streubel, Roman; Yang, Bin (September 2012).
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1824:
1701:Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports
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694:emitting a frequency of pulses accordingly.
1930:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
950:(also known as a human interface device).
3427:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2676:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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919:is detected in the building's air supply.
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1975:"I Own Your Building (Management System)"
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3861:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
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1825:Intelligence, Critical (12 April 2014).
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14:
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1849:"Is IoT Security a Ticking Time Bomb?"
1032:the Zigbee/BACnet/LonTalk level only.
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793:Digital Addressable Lighting Interface
781:Lighting is also a good candidate for
3734:Programmable communicating thermostat
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3856:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
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724:central building automation system.
518:) while proprietary protocols (like
65:adding citations to reliable sources
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1847:Khera, Mandeep (1 September 2016).
989:or a low-bandwidth special purpose
24:
3717:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1972:
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728:have to create new control logic.
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420:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award
25:
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3759:Standard temperature and pressure
3472:Packaged terminal air conditioner
3008:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2737:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1999:
1378:
1196:Index of home automation articles
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650:, line or equipment faults, etc.
481:building energy management system
2828:Absorption-compression heat pump
2578:Factory Instrumentation Protocol
2459:Factory Instrumentation Protocol
2141:Factory Instrumentation Protocol
2005:
1047:Protocols and industry standards
942:) with lower-level controllers,
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3723:Normal temperature and pressure
3103:Vapor-compression refrigeration
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1870:Dickson, Ben (16 August 2016).
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52:needs additional citations for
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940:programmable logic controllers
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3871:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3815:Building information modeling
3810:Building services engineering
3387:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2915:Demand controlled ventilation
2863:Building insulation materials
1760:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.05.006
1211:
1206:Testing, adjusting, balancing
1180:Building information modeling
997:standard and verified by the
710:
3432:High-pressure cut-off switch
2983:Ice storage air conditioning
2904:Dedicated outdoor air system
1794:10.1007/978-3-319-04735-5_14
1666:10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103397
1582:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.392
886:uninterruptible power supply
731:
643:Nonintrusive load monitoring
7:
3775:Thermostatic radiator valve
3577:Thermostatic radiator valve
3088:Underfloor air distribution
3023:Radiant heating and cooling
2941:Energy recovery ventilation
2853:Automobile air conditioning
2717:Domestic energy consumption
2608:Unified Diagnostic Services
2079:CC-Link Industrial Networks
1851:. /securityintelligence.com
1235:10.1007/978-3-642-36356-6_2
1173:
1039:. These typically rely on
765:
653:
586:Types of inputs and outputs
10:
4071:
4055:Sustainable urban planning
3924:Institute of Refrigeration
3805:Architectural technologist
3277:Electrostatic precipitator
2126:Ethernet Global Data (EGD)
1654:Automation in Construction
1285:10.3390/electronics7110294
1227:Exploring Services Science
905:electrical fault detection
852:while maintaining healthy
836:
590:
473:building management system
370:Technological unemployment
29:
3986:
3977:Volatile organic compound
3952:
3879:
3836:Environmental engineering
3800:Architectural engineering
3783:
3631:
3602:Ultra-low particulate air
3187:Automatic balancing valve
3134:
3115:Variable refrigerant flow
2967:Heat recovery ventilation
2910:Deep water source cooling
2820:
2682:
2530:
2487:
2427:
2299:
2268:Industrial control system
2266:
2061:
1895:Communications of the ACM
1713:10.1007/s40518-018-0103-y
1447:10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398559
1385:The Architect's Newspaper
561:closed-circuit television
4024:Template:Home automation
3846:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3542:Solar-assisted heat pump
3142:Air conditioner inverter
2921:Displacement ventilation
2812:Vapour pressure of water
2797:Thermal destratification
1952:10.1109/TIE.2009.2036033
1160:lighting control systems
854:indoor air quality (IAQ)
684:variable frequency drive
660:variable frequency drive
4019:World Refrigeration Day
3866:Refrigerant reclamation
3795:Architectural acoustics
3739:Programmable thermostat
3671:Clean air delivery rate
3567:Thermal expansion valve
3482:Pressurisation ductwork
3392:Ground source heat pump
2833:Absorption refrigerator
2489:Automatic meter reading
2429:Power-system automation
775:lighting control system
757:Some buildings rely on
682:. Another example is a
674:, or a valve or damper
529:Almost all multi-story
4009:Glossary of HVAC terms
3971:Sick building syndrome
3851:Mechanical engineering
3562:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2993:Mixed-mode ventilation
1629:Cite journal requires
707:
621:resistance thermometer
522:) were used in homes.
396:Trade shows and awards
4029:Template:Solar energy
3707:Intelligent buildings
3666:Carbon dioxide sensor
3053:Room air distribution
2873:Central solar heating
2603:Keyword Protocol 2000
2018:v:Building Automation
958:or the open protocol
837:Further information:
705:
168:Automation in general
76:"Building automation"
3831:Duct leakage testing
3821:Deep energy retrofit
3765:Thermographic camera
3702:Infrared thermometer
3177:Air source heat pump
3126:Water heat recycling
2692:Air changes per hour
2055:Automation protocols
2014:at Wikimedia Commons
1748:Energy and Buildings
1029:Proprietary hardware
1003:powerline networking
894:pan-tilt-zoom camera
634:, or a voltage-free
339:Impact of automation
61:improve this article
27:Branch of automation
18:Intelligent building
4050:Building automation
3697:HVAC control system
3687:Home energy monitor
3661:Building automation
3447:Inverter compressor
3109:Variable air volume
3018:Passive ventilation
2988:Kitchen ventilation
2888:Constant air volume
2858:Autonomous building
2301:Building automation
2151:FOUNDATION fieldbus
2012:Building automation
1512:10.1155/2012/742461
1186:Control engineering
1007:power over Ethernet
923:Buses and protocols
871:Alarms and Security
799:Shading and glazing
648:start-up transients
576:Washington's SR 520
465:Building automation
3960:Indoor air quality
3904:ASTM International
3841:Hydronic balancing
3618:Wood-burning stove
3497:Radiator reflector
3282:Evaporative cooler
3093:Underfloor heating
3078:Thermal insulation
2131:Ethernet Powerlink
2062:Process automation
1130:Internet of Things
1005:over AC circuits,
708:
580:Japan's Mega-Float
4037:
4036:
3953:Health and safety
3532:Scroll compressor
3487:Process duct work
3242:Convection heater
3237:Condensing boiler
3167:Air-mixing plenum
3063:Solar combisystem
2899:Cross ventilation
2702:Building envelope
2642:
2641:
2010:Media related to
1936:(11): 3622–3630.
1803:978-3-319-04734-8
1544:Daintree Networks
1456:978-1-4673-2856-2
1244:978-3-642-36355-9
1201:Smart environment
1152:videoconferencing
1124:Security Concerns
954:'s open protocol
900:Fire alarm panels
850:energy efficiency
759:occupancy sensors
572:rising sea levels
471:), also known as
462:
461:
380:Post-work society
365:Self-driving cars
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4062:
3999:Building science
3754:Smart thermostat
3749:Room temperature
3332:Fireplace insert
3038:Radon mitigation
2936:Electric heating
2931:District heating
2926:District cooling
2843:Air conditioning
2669:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2238:SERCOS interface
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2009:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:. techcrunch.com
1867:
1861:
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1844:
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1816:
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1781:
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1686:
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1594:
1584:
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1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1467:. Archived from
1441:. pp. 1–6.
1436:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1408:. Archived from
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1354:. Archived from
1353:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1319:. Archived from
1318:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1222:
1156:video projectors
991:wireless network
605:pressure sensors
501:security systems
454:
447:
440:
375:Jobless recovery
162:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
3994:ASHRAE Handbook
3982:
3966:Passive smoking
3948:
3881:
3875:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3633:
3627:
3608:Whole-house fan
3522:Run-around coil
3517:Reversing valve
3462:Mechanical room
3452:Kerosene heater
3442:Infrared heater
3372:Gasoline heater
3312:Fan filter unit
3227:Condensate pump
3212:Centrifugal fan
3130:
3033:Radiant heating
3028:Radiant cooling
3003:Passive cooling
2998:Microgeneration
2868:Central heating
2816:
2792:Thermal comfort
2684:
2678:
2673:
2643:
2638:
2526:
2483:
2423:
2295:
2262:
2057:
2052:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1973:Krstic, Gjoko.
1971:
1967:
1943:10.1.1.388.7721
1926:
1922:
1907:10.1145/2828636
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1831:
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1823:
1819:
1804:
1782:
1775:
1740:
1736:
1693:
1689:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1569:Energy Procedia
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1522:1959.13/1308922
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:on 15 June 2016
1471:
1457:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1379:Wachs, Audrey.
1377:
1373:
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1358:
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1338:
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1316:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1176:
1145:Room automation
1142:
1140:Room automation
1126:
1049:
1037:control systems
925:
873:
841:
835:
819:venetian blinds
814:
812:Dynamic shading
805:thermal comfort
801:
783:demand response
768:
752:optimized start
740:opposite side.
734:
713:
700:
656:
607:which could be
593:
588:
552:
550:Characteristics
535:demand response
531:green buildings
458:
429:
391:
334:
269:
265:Vending machine
235:Semi-automation
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:Home automation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4035:
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3789:
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3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Psychrometrics
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Air flow meter
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
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3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Heating system
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Heat exchanger
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Gas compressor
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Expansion tank
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Ceramic heater
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Solar air heat
3055:
3050:
3048:Renewable heat
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2959:
2957:Forced-air gas
2954:
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2815:
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2809:
2807:Thermodynamics
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Psychrometrics
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Gas compressor
2729:
2727:Fluid dynamics
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2671:
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2657:
2649:
2640:
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2548:
2543:
2537:
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2514:
2509:
2507:DLMS/IEC 62056
2504:
2499:
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2000:External links
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3826:Duct cleaning
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3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Fan coil unit
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Cooling tower
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Vapor barrier
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Solar heating
3071:
3069:
3068:Solar cooling
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Refrigeration
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Passive house
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Chilled water
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Sensible heat
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Noise control
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Heat transfer
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2531:Automobile /
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Honeywell SDS
2176:
2174:
2173:HART Protocol
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1843:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:(1): 93–100.
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1412:on 2008-12-15
1411:
1407:
1401:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1361:on 2013-10-04
1357:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1326:on 2013-10-04
1322:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:IEEE 802.11ac
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:optical fiber
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
895:
889:
887:
881:
879:
868:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
840:
830:
828:
824:
823:roller shades
820:
809:
806:
796:
794:
791:
786:
784:
779:
778:parking lot.
776:
772:
763:
760:
755:
753:
749:
744:
741:
737:
729:
725:
721:
717:
704:
695:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
651:
649:
644:
640:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
556:
547:
545:
541:
536:
532:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
433:
432:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
400:
399:
395:
394:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
366:
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
343:
342:
338:
337:
331:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
286:
284:
283:
280:
276:
273:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4004:Fireproofing
3788:and services
3784:Professions,
3682:Gas detector
3660:
3582:Trickle vent
3557:Smoke damper
3552:Smoke canopy
3547:Space heater
3477:Plenum space
3412:Heating film
3292:Exhaust hood
3262:Dehumidifier
3202:Blast damper
3197:Barrier pipe
3172:Air purifier
3083:Thermosiphon
2962:Free cooling
2878:Chilled beam
2802:Thermal mass
2787:Stack effect
2772:Particulates
2752:Infiltration
2683:Fundamental
2300:
2198:MECHATROLINK
1985:. Retrieved
1982:Applied Risk
1981:
1968:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1901:(5): 47–49.
1898:
1894:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1820:
1785:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1622:cite journal
1599:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1531:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1438:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1356:the original
1346:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1311:
1304:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1226:
1220:
1191:Digital home
1149:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1034:
1027:
1015:IEEE 802.11n
968:
944:input/output
932:
928:
926:
898:
890:
882:
874:
862:
845:air handlers
842:
833:Air Handlers
815:
802:
787:
780:
769:
756:
751:
745:
742:
738:
735:
726:
722:
718:
714:
688:
657:
641:
629:
619:or platinum
594:
565:
557:
553:
544:heat capture
528:
524:
509:
505:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
220:Pool cleaner
182:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4014:Warm Spaces
3656:Blower door
3634:and control
3632:Measurement
3613:Windcatcher
3587:Trombe wall
3527:Sail switch
3507:Refrigerant
3502:Recuperator
3377:Grease duct
3337:Freeze stat
3322:Fire damper
3192:Back boiler
3162:Air ionizer
3157:Air handler
3121:Ventilation
2973:Hybrid heat
2838:Air barrier
2757:Latent heat
2625:(SAE J2716)
2497:ANSI C12.18
2447:IEC 60870-6
2442:IEC 60870-5
2136:EtherNet/IP
1987:11 November
1878:4 September
1855:4 September
1832:4 September
1575:: 309–317.
1295:10071/16973
1278:(11): 294.
1272:Electronics
1168:touchscreen
1154:equipment,
995:IEEE 1905.1
913:natural gas
909:Fossil fuel
839:Air handler
597:temperature
495:, shading,
248:Switchboard
117:August 2011
4044:Categories
3770:Thermostat
3692:Humidistat
3623:Zone valve
3592:TurboSwing
3467:Oil heater
3437:Humidifier
3367:Gas heater
3317:Fan heater
3287:Evaporator
3272:Economizer
3247:Compressor
3152:Air filter
3135:Components
2952:Forced-air
2848:Antifreeze
2821:Technology
2767:Outgassing
2707:Convection
2258:TTEthernet
2243:SERCOS III
2106:ControlNet
1660:: 103397.
1549:2009-06-19
1478:5 November
1416:2016-06-15
1390:31 October
1365:2022-11-23
1330:2022-11-23
1212:References
1103:OpenWebNet
711:Controller
672:transducer
668:pneumatics
662:, an I-P (
609:thermistor
540:passivhaus
512:smart home
348:Manumation
318:Industrial
306:Lawn mower
239:Telephone
200:Laboratory
152:Automation
87:newspapers
3880:Industry
3729:OpenTherm
3407:Heat pump
3402:Heat pipe
3352:Fume hood
3327:Fireplace
3232:Condenser
3182:Attic fan
2978:Hydronics
2566:NMEA 2000
2561:SAE J1939
2556:ARINC 825
2546:ARINC 429
2502:IEC 61107
2469:IEC 62351
2464:IEC 61850
2437:IEC 60870
2384:OpenTherm
2276:MTConnect
2203:MelsecNet
2116:DirectNET
2099:DeviceNet
1938:CiteSeerX
1768:0378-7788
1729:116470978
1721:2196-3010
1682:224917851
1674:0926-5805
1591:1876-6102
1098:OpenTherm
1063:Bluetooth
933:secondary
865:air ducts
790:field bus
732:Occupancy
691:photocell
260:Vehicular
243:Attendant
230:Reasoning
225:Pop music
210:Broadcast
3987:See also
3712:LonWorks
3646:Aquastat
3512:Register
3492:Radiator
3147:Air door
2947:Firestop
2747:Humidity
2722:Enthalpy
2712:Dilution
2697:Bake-out
2685:concepts
2479:PROFIBUS
2248:Sinec H1
2233:RAPIEnet
2228:PROFINET
2223:PROFIBUS
2188:INTERBUS
2183:HostLink
2121:EtherCAT
1960:17010841
1812:12203437
1505:: 1–10.
1465:23933111
1253:15117498
1174:See also
975:ethernet
771:Lighting
766:Lighting
748:setpoint
680:setpoint
676:actuator
654:Controls
601:humidity
493:lighting
289:Domestic
275:Robotics
183:Building
144:a series
142:Part of
3786:trades,
3357:Furnace
3222:Chiller
2894:Coolant
2583:FlexRay
2551:CAN bus
2533:Vehicle
2374:LonTalk
2349:EnOcean
2319:BatiBUS
2286:OPC HDA
2253:SynqNet
2213:Optomux
2193:IO-Link
2168:GE SRTP
2094:CANopen
2089:CAN bus
1915:7087210
1088:LonTalk
1078:EnOcean
960:LonTalk
929:primary
917:methane
827:louvers
664:current
646:detect
625:sensors
615:, 0–10
613:4–20 mA
591:Sensors
405:ASP-DAC
205:Library
178:Banking
101:scholar
3939:SMACNA
3899:ASHRAE
3719:(MERV)
3673:(CADR)
3651:BACnet
3604:(ULPA)
3457:Louver
3382:Grille
3257:Damper
3207:Boiler
3105:(VCRS)
2906:(DOAS)
2634:Cyphal
2522:Zigbee
2517:Modbus
2474:Modbus
2419:Zigbee
2414:Z-Wave
2379:Modbus
2314:BACnet
2309:1-Wire
2291:OPC UA
2281:OPC DA
2208:Modbus
1958:
1940:
1913:
1810:
1800:
1766:
1727:
1719:
1680:
1672:
1614:927009
1612:
1589:
1463:
1453:
1251:
1241:
1118:Z-Wave
1113:Zigbee
1058:BACnet
1053:1-Wire
1023:Zigbee
987:RS-485
983:RS-232
979:ARCNET
956:BACnet
952:ASHRAE
632:switch
516:BACnet
387:Threat
299:Roomba
279:robots
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3979:(VOC)
3973:(SBS)
3962:(IAQ)
3919:CIBSE
3914:BSRIA
3817:(BIM)
3761:(STP)
3725:(NTP)
3347:Freon
3117:(VRF)
3111:(VAV)
2969:(HRV)
2943:(ERV)
2917:(DCV)
2890:(CAV)
2598:J1708
2593:J1587
2588:IEBus
2512:M-Bus
2344:DyNet
2329:CEBus
2324:C-Bus
1978:(PDF)
1956:S2CID
1911:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1725:S2CID
1678:S2CID
1540:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
1435:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1249:S2CID
1182:(BIM)
1073:Dynet
878:pager
843:Most
636:relay
479:) or
425:ICCAD
323:Paint
108:JSTOR
94:books
3934:LEED
3894:AMCA
3889:AHRI
3422:HEPA
3342:Flue
3267:Duct
2623:SENT
2618:MOST
2541:AFDX
2454:DNP3
2394:VSCP
2389:oBIX
2334:DALI
2218:PieP
2146:FINS
2111:DF-1
2074:BSAP
2069:AS-i
1989:2019
1880:2016
1857:2016
1834:2016
1798:ISBN
1764:ISSN
1717:ISSN
1670:ISSN
1635:help
1610:OSTI
1587:ISSN
1503:2012
1480:2022
1451:ISBN
1392:2016
1239:ISBN
1108:VSCP
1068:DALI
1041:SNMP
1017:and
1013:and
999:nVoy
964:SNMP
931:and
617:volt
603:and
578:and
520:X-10
485:BEMS
415:DATE
358:Bias
277:and
188:Home
80:news
3944:UMC
3929:IIR
3909:BRE
3302:Fan
2629:VAN
2613:LIN
2571:FMS
2409:xPL
2404:xAP
2399:X10
2369:KNX
2364:FIP
2359:EIB
2354:EHS
2339:DSI
2161:HSE
2084:CIP
1948:doi
1903:doi
1790:doi
1756:doi
1709:doi
1662:doi
1658:120
1577:doi
1517:hdl
1507:doi
1443:doi
1290:hdl
1280:doi
1231:doi
1093:OPC
1083:KNX
1011:LTE
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