22:
403:
236:
375:"). If this remark represents Gaelic speakers, it could refer to Irish colonists on Anglesey who had arrived as a direct result of Ingimundr's abortive immigration from Ireland, or at least as a consequence of his settlement on the island. The expulsion of the Vikings from Dublin in 902 appears to have resulted in Viking immigration in the Wirral and on Anglesey, but also on
263:(died 918). Although the source itself is of questionable reliability, and there is no English source that corroborates such a grant—with this region being within a virtual "blind-spot" as regards its lack of coverage in coetaneous sources—some of Æðelflæd's continental contemporaries were certainly involved with strategically settling Vikings in
157:. There is reason to suspect that this site formed an aristocratic power centre, and that it may have originated as an informal Viking trading centre just prior to Ingimundr's attempted colonisation. The centre itself could have provided an important staging post between the Welsh and other trading centres in the Irish Sea region.
316:
in 914 and 915 respectively. Æðelflæd's restoration of
Chester, therefore, may have been undertaken in the face of the threat posed by the significant influx of Scandinavian settlers in the region. Specifically, this restoration could have been undertaken before the apparent attack, or possibly begun
291:
is to be believed, the
Mercians' plans of making use of such settlement may have backfired as Ingimundr later turned against the English, and convinced other leading Vikings to aid him in what was an unsuccessful assault on Chester itself. Although this episode is clearly over-dramatised, the B and C
422:
Although
Ingimundr's settlement on the Wirral appears to be the only specifically documented migration in the wake of the events of 902, his adventure was almost certainly not unique. No doubt other middle-ranking Viking lords settled followers along in the Irish Sea region, in places such as
470:. As on the Wirral, there is an abundance of Scandinavian place names in Amounderness (an area which corresponds to today's administrative districts of Fylde, Wyre, Preston and part of Ribble Valley, Lancashire), and it was in the southern part of this district near Preston where the
215:, may be directly related to Ingimundr's activities along the Welsh coast. Although the former two sources state that Merfyn was put to death by his own men, the latter source identifies his killers as Vikings, and it is possible that confusion concerning the
462:. Against this identification is the fact Ingimundr appears to have borne a different personal name than these individuals. In fact, these two Agmunds may well be identical, and their names appear to correspond to the Old Norse
439:. Although the expulsion of 902 may have led to a brief abatement of violent Viking activity in Ireland, within two decades there was a remarkable resurgence of such activity, and Dublin itself was retaken and restored in 917.
383:
and northern Wales. Although this expansion cannot be solely attributed to the refugees from Dublin, it was their expulsion that appears to have precipitated this new wave of Viking colonisation in the Irish Sea region. The
279:
estuaries , and struck a deal with Æthelflæd in which he was bound to safeguard the surrounding region from unwelcome Viking activity. In fact, there is a remarkable lack of archaeological evidence of Viking activity in
333:; in 921)—need not have been initiated as a means to counter the threat of substantial Viking settlement, but could have been undertaken with the Welsh in mind. Whatever the case, the remark by the
90:
was established in the mid-ninth century. This maritime realm weakened from infighting in the later part of the century, and following a devastating defeat to a united force from the kingdoms of
271:, north-west of Chester, that attests to a significant Scandinavian colony in the region. It is almost certain, therefore, that Ingimundr settled his followers on the Wirral between the
502:, and therefore contemporaneous with Ingimundr's occupation of the island. In fact, it is possible that Ingimundr's actions on Anglesey resulted in the original deposit of this
118:
relates a colourful tale concerning
Ingimundr that clearly relates to this expulsion. According to this source, Ingimundr led an exodus of Vikings from Ireland to
3342:
194:, therefore, could well have replaced Anarawd's apparent connection in the ousting of Ingimundr from Anglesey, in favour his more famous nephew, Hywel Dda.
66:. It is almost certainly in the context of this exodus that Ingimundr appears on record. He is recorded to have led the abortive settlement of Norsemen on
524:
Amounderness is first recorded in a somewhat dubious early tenth-century charter. Early forms of the name indicate that it originated from the Old Norse *
337:, that Ingimundr convened with the Viking leadership before hostilities were commenced, could conceivably reflect deliberations carried out at the local
317:
as a direct response to such an attack. Æðelflæd's aforesaid restoration and construction projects of
Eddisbury and Runcorn—as well as those of
3103:
Quanrud, J (2014). "Taking Sides: North-West
England Vikings at the Battle of Tettenhall, AD 910". In Harding, SE; Griffiths, D; Royles, E (eds.).
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Griffiths, D (2014). "A Brief
History and Archaeology of Viking Activity in North-West England". In Harding, SE; Griffiths, D; Royles, E (eds.).
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was originally deposited. The
Scandinavian settlement of this region, like that of the Wirral, was a by-product of the 902 exodus from Ireland.
137:
appear to corroborate the thrust of the aforesaid account of
Ingimundr in Wales. According to the former, Ingimundr came to Anglesey and held "
2557:. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies (series vol. 1). Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies,
2431:; Hansen, Z; Lee, AC; Pergl-Wilson, G; Hurley, E; Roberts, SJ; Waite, P; Jesch, J; Jones, AL; Thomas, MG; Harding, SE; Jobling, MA (2008).
3347:
388:
asserts that some of
Ingimundr's forces in England were Irishmen. In fact, there may well be truth behind this claim as the place name
2659:
Anglo-Saxon England and the Irish Sea Region AD 800–1100: An Archaeological Study of the Lower Dee and Mersey as a Border Area
74:, where the English allowed him to settle his followers. Ingimundr's invasion of Anglesey may be the most notable Viking attack in
3313:
3287:
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3116:
3054:
2756:
2707:
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2646:
2619:
2566:
2543:
2520:
2494:
2358:
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21:
3261:
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2956:
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2417:
2376:
2325:
2192:
2117:
414:
was uncovered in Lancashire about 65 km (40 mi) from Chester, and dates from about the time of Ingimundr's
2263:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts – via
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Etchingham, C (2007). "Viking-Age Gwynedd and Ireland: Political Relations". In Wooding, JM; Jankulak, K (eds.).
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122:, before they were driven from the island, after which they were settled by the English near Chester.
3105:
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3352:
3169:
3034:
3000:
2290:
2272:
2153:
2066:
2036:
154:
149:
if the aforesaid place names are any clue. Another possibility is that Ingimundr was settled near
3173:
2982:
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2238:
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1968:
1942:
3016:
2794:
Jesch, J (2000a). "From Scandinavia to the Wirral". In Cavill, PR; Harding, S; Jesch, J (eds.).
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2504:
2481:(2011). "Dynastic Succession in Early Medieval Wales". In Griffiths, RA; Schofield, PR (eds.).
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145:". The site itself appears to have been located on the eastern edge of Anglesey, perhaps near
294:
3131:
3004:
2863:
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Larsen, A-C (2001). "The Exhibition — The Vikings in Ireland". In Larsen, A-C (ed.).
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70:, before being driven out from there as well. He appears to have then led his folk to the
8:
2486:
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95:
27:
2943:
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284:, east of the Wirral, which may have bearing upon such an arrangement with the English.
3236:
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3005:
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2432:
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2202:
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defences of Chester in 907, whilst the C version further records the construction of
183:
133:
87:
3232:
2086:
3228:
2906:
2587:(1982). "The "Six" Sons of Rhodri Mawr: A Problem in Asser's Life of King Alfred".
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Ingimundr's name as it appears on folio 58v of Oxford Jesus College MS 111 (the
2584:
499:
471:
407:
276:
260:
3331:
2966:
2768:
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There is also genetic evidence of Scandinavian settlement on the peninsula.
459:
186:(died 916), held the kingship of Anglesey in about 908, in addition to his
150:
267:
regions. Furthermore, there is an abundance of place name evidence on the
2109:
436:
411:
376:
272:
2553:
Downham, C (2013). "The Historical Importance of Viking-Age Waterford".
168:. If correct, this son could have been one of the latter's sons, either
62:
warlord. In 902, Irish sources record that the Vikings were driven from
3297:
3271:
2779:
2381:
2330:
2092:
432:
322:
230:
102:
were finally driven from Dublin in 902 specifically, according to the
3240:
2532:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of ĂŤvarr to A.D. 1014
2347:
Beyond the Burghal Hidage: Anglo-Saxon Civil Defence in the Viking Age
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makes reference to a great military alliance of peoples that included
141:", whilst the Welsh vernacular chronicle reports that Ingimundr held "
3139:
3108:
3072:
2699:
2676:
2428:
2184:
348:
344:
244:
201:, about the year after Ingimundr's clash on Anglesey, as revealed by
173:
169:
3278:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland (series vol. 2). Edinburgh:
2911:
2844:
491:
428:
372:
330:
318:
281:
146:
119:
81:
67:
2657:
424:
415:
380:
313:
264:
153:, where evidence of farming, manufacturing, and trading has been
99:
339:
455:
256:
63:
59:
490:
One particular archaeological find on Anglesey is that of the
503:
368:
304:
216:
528:("Agmundr's headland"). A variant form of the personal name
251:
Following Ingimundr's apparent expulsion from Anglesey, the
3071:(EPUB). Longman History of Ireland. Milton Park, Abingdon:
2555:
No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-age
2947:. Studies in Celtic History (series vol. 16). Woodbridge:
2798:. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society. pp. 11–16.
446:" who is accounted as one of the slain combatants of the
442:
It is possible that Ingimundr is identical to a certain "
227:
are responsible for the discrepancy between the sources.
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Redknap, M (2008). "The Vikings in Wales". In Brink, S;
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The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture
394:, meaning "farm of the Irish", is found on the Wirral.
498:. These objects are likely contemporaneous with the
231:
Settlement in Mercia, and strife against the English
160:
According to the version of events presented in the
2296:
Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes
2767:
2369:
2318:
2106:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition
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164:, Ingimundr had been defeated by a son of
2910:
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243:looking west from a position over
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14:
3369:
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450:by the C and D versions of the
357:At one point the tenth-century
347:(a place name derived from the
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3047:Cambridge University Press
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2559:University of Aberdeen
2536:Dunedin Academic Press
2229:"The Annals of Ulster"
2203:"The Annals of Ulster"
2045:Oxford Digital Library
1756:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1722:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1706:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1694:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1674:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1618:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1578:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1334:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1230:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1210:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1198:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1164:Charles-Edwards (2011)
1068:Charles-Edwards (2011)
972:Charles-Edwards (2011)
964:Charles-Edwards (2013)
846:Charles-Edwards (2013)
796:Charles-Edwards (2013)
746:Charles-Edwards (2013)
678:Charles-Edwards (2013)
419:
248:
58:, was a tenth century
40:
2769:"Sigtrygg von Dublin"
2749:John Wiley & Sons
2452:10.1093/molbev/msm255
1658:Baker; Brookes (2013)
1046:pp. 20, 23–24;
1002:pp. 20, 23–24;
561:Jesus College MS. 111
452:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
405:
354:, "assembly-field").
295:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
238:
24:
3358:10th-century Vikings
3338:People from Anglesey
3308:. pp. 102–115.
2893:Matthews, S (2003).
2614:. pp. 149–167.
2561:. pp. 129–155.
2291:Williams Ab Ithel, J
2273:Williams Ab Ithel, J
2152:: CS1 maint: year (
2065:: CS1 maint: year (
1959:"Chronicon Scotorum"
1933:"Chronicon Scotorum"
1406:pp. 84 n. 132, 208;
1048:Griffiths, DW (1991)
1008:Griffiths, DW (1991)
801:The Annals of Ulster
784:Griffiths, DW (1991)
762:The Annals of Ulster
751:The Annals of Ulster
722:Griffiths, DW (1991)
646:Griffiths, DW (1991)
448:Battle of Tettenhall
398:Aftermath and Agmund
204:Brenhinedd y Saesson
3080:Pretty, DA (2005).
2717:Hadley, DM (2006).
2597:: 5–18 – via
2530:Downham, C (2007).
2505:Charles-Edwards, TM
2487:University of Wales
2479:Charles-Edwards, TM
1776:Griffiths, D (2014)
1676:pp. 527–528;
1620:pp. 502–503;
1546:Richards, JD (2013)
1542:Griffiths, D (2014)
1492:Griffiths, D (2014)
1444:Griffiths, D (2014)
1420:Richards, JD (2013)
1378:pp. 84 n. 132, 208.
1330:Richards, JD (2013)
1326:Griffiths, D (2014)
1216:pp. 102–103;
1084:Griffiths, D (2009)
1028:Griffiths, D (2009)
976:Griffiths, D (2009)
960:Griffiths, D (2014)
924:Griffiths, D (2009)
920:Richards, JD (2013)
916:Griffiths, D (2014)
898:pp. 107–108;
890:pp. 131–132;
865:Griffiths, D (2009)
842:Griffiths, D (2014)
757:Griffiths, D (2009)
674:Griffiths, D (2014)
626:Griffiths, D (2014)
594:Richards, JD (2013)
582:Griffiths, D (2014)
188:kingship of Gwynedd
28:Red Book of Hergest
3256:. pp. 19–42.
3196:Viking Age England
3111:. pp. 71–93.
3107:. Boca Raton, FL:
3049:. pp. 43–63.
2920:Maund, KL (2000).
2766:Insley, J (2005).
2702:. pp. 33–49.
2698:. Boca Raton, FL:
2412:. pp. 11–16.
1838:pp. 184–185.
1800:Richards, J (2005)
1696:pp. 527–528.
1470:pp. 112–114.
1132:Richards, J (2005)
1116:Richards, J (2005)
808:Chronicon Scotorum
420:
249:
179:Historia Brittonum
109:Chronicon Scotorum
41:
3315:978-1-85182-748-0
3306:Four Courts Press
3289:978-0-7486-1233-8
3209:978-0-7509-5252-1
3200:The History Press
3183:978-0-19-280607-9
3153:978-0-203-41277-0
3118:978-1-4822-0759-0
3056:978-0-521-36292-4
2951:. pp. 1–60.
2949:The Boydell Press
2926:Tempus Publishing
2821:. pp. 1–16.
2758:978-1-4051-8678-0
2709:978-1-4822-0759-0
2686:978-0-415-21496-4
2664:Durham University
2648:978-0-521-82992-2
2621:978-1-85182-748-0
2612:Four Courts Press
2568:978-0-9557720-1-6
2545:978-1-903765-89-0
2522:978-0-19-821731-2
2496:978-0-7083-2446-2
2360:978-90-04-24605-8
2310:Secondary sources
1909:pp. 92–93;
1740:Wainwright (1948)
1588:pp. 98–99;
1530:Wainwright (1948)
1526:Wainwright (2000)
1364:Wainwright (1948)
1358:pp. 61–62;
1186:Wainwright (1948)
1134:pp. 82–83;
1052:Wainwright (1948)
1044:Wainwright (2000)
1036:Etchingham (2007)
1012:Wainwright (1948)
1000:Wainwright (2000)
984:Etchingham (2007)
948:Wainwright (1948)
944:Wainwright (2000)
934:pp. 61–62;
904:Wainwright (1948)
894:pp. 61–62;
884:Etchingham (2007)
830:Wainwright (1948)
822:Etchingham (2007)
778:pp. 21–22;
714:Wainwright (2000)
602:Etchingham (2007)
558:pp. 18–19;
209:Brut y Tywysogyon
184:Anarawd ap Rhodri
134:Brut y Tywysogyon
88:Kingdom of Dublin
3365:
3323:
3293:
3267:
3244:
3227:(247): 145–169.
3213:
3187:
3157:
3137:
3134:The Viking World
3122:
3099:
3076:
3060:
3030:
3010:
2996:
2970:
2939:
2916:
2914:
2889:
2869:
2858:
2832:
2809:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2762:
2736:
2713:
2690:
2667:
2652:
2625:
2602:
2580:
2549:
2526:
2500:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2423:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2371:"Siedlungsnamen"
2364:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2304:
2301:Internet Archive
2286:
2283:Internet Archive
2268:
2265:Internet Archive
2250:
2248:
2246:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2198:
2175:
2172:Internet Archive
2157:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2100:
2097:Internet Archive
2070:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1817:
1811:
1810:pp. 21–22.
1808:Ó Corráin (2001)
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1749:
1743:
1719:
1713:
1710:Ó Corráin (2006)
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1539:
1533:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1268:pp. 18–19.
1259:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:pp. 16–17.
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1118:pp. 83–84.
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1058:pp. 18–19.
1025:
1019:
968:Ă“ CrĂłinĂn (2013)
957:
951:
913:
907:
854:Ă“ CrĂłinĂn (2013)
839:
833:
819:
813:
793:
787:
776:Ó Corráin (2001)
743:
737:
731:
725:
690:Ó Corráin (2006)
671:
665:
655:
649:
630:Ă“ CrĂłinĂn (2013)
623:
617:
590:Ă“ CrĂłinĂn (2013)
579:
573:
553:
537:
522:
516:
513:
507:
488:
292:versions of the
269:Wirral peninsula
241:Wirral peninsula
213:Annales Cambriae
166:Cadell ap Rhodri
128:Annales Cambriae
104:Annals of Ulster
72:Wirral peninsula
46:, also known as
37:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3353:Viking warriors
3328:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3290:
3264:
3210:
3184:
3154:
3119:
3096:
3057:
3027:
2993:
2959:
2936:
2912:10.5284/1070358
2886:
2855:
2829:
2806:
2784:
2782:
2759:
2733:
2710:
2687:
2649:
2622:
2569:
2546:
2523:
2497:
2420:
2386:
2384:
2361:
2335:
2333:
2312:
2307:
2293:, ed. (1860b).
2278:Annales Cambriæ
2275:, ed. (1860a).
2244:
2242:
2218:
2216:
2195:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2085:, eds. (1870).
2058:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2026:
2024:
2000:
1998:
1974:
1972:
1948:
1946:
1927:
1925:Primary sources
1922:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1828:O'Keeffe (2001)
1818:
1814:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1750:
1746:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1582:O'Keeffe (2001)
1576:
1572:
1558:O'Keeffe (2001)
1540:
1536:
1518:Matthews (2003)
1490:
1486:
1480:Matthews (2003)
1478:
1474:
1468:Matthews (2003)
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1418:
1414:
1408:Matthews (2003)
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1360:Matthews (2003)
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1256:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1218:Dumville (1982)
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1026:
1022:
958:
954:
936:Matthews (2003)
914:
910:
896:Matthews (2003)
840:
836:
820:
816:
794:
790:
744:
740:
732:
728:
702:Matthews (2003)
672:
668:
656:
652:
624:
620:
580:
576:
554:
550:
546:
541:
540:
523:
519:
514:
510:
489:
485:
480:
400:
233:
143:Maes Ros Meilon
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3294:
3288:
3268:
3262:
3252:. Nottingham:
3245:
3214:
3208:
3188:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3123:
3117:
3100:
3094:
3077:
3061:
3055:
3039:McKitterick, R
3031:
3025:
2997:
2991:
2971:
2957:
2940:
2934:
2917:
2901:. New series.
2890:
2884:
2859:
2853:
2847:. p. 85.
2833:
2827:
2817:. Nottingham:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2763:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2721:. Manchester:
2714:
2708:
2691:
2685:
2668:
2662:(PhD thesis).
2653:
2647:
2635:Viking Empires
2626:
2620:
2603:
2581:
2567:
2550:
2544:
2527:
2521:
2501:
2495:
2475:
2445:(2): 301–309.
2424:
2418:
2408:. Nottingham:
2393:
2365:
2359:
2342:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2269:
2257:, ed. (1861).
2251:
2225:
2199:
2193:
2176:
2164:, ed. (1868).
2158:
2124:
2118:
2101:
2071:
2033:
2007:
1981:
1955:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1913:pp. 1–2.
1899:
1883:
1868:
1864:Downham (2007)
1860:Quanrud (2014)
1852:
1848:Downham (2007)
1840:
1832:Swanton (1998)
1824:Downham (2007)
1820:Quanrud (2014)
1812:
1788:Downham (2007)
1780:
1768:
1760:Downham (2007)
1752:Downham (2013)
1744:
1714:
1698:
1686:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1610:
1602:Downham (2007)
1594:
1586:Swanton (1998)
1570:
1562:Swanton (1998)
1550:Downham (2007)
1534:
1510:Downham (2007)
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1434:pp. 2–3.
1424:Downham (2007)
1412:
1404:Downham (2007)
1396:
1388:Quanrud (2014)
1380:
1376:Downham (2007)
1368:
1352:Downham (2007)
1318:
1314:Downham (2007)
1306:
1298:Redknap (2008)
1290:
1282:Downham (2007)
1278:Redknap (2008)
1270:
1262:Downham (2007)
1254:
1246:Downham (2007)
1242:Redknap (2008)
1234:
1222:
1212:pp. 476, 502;
1202:
1190:
1182:Downham (2007)
1156:
1148:Redknap (2008)
1140:
1128:Redknap (2008)
1120:
1114:pp. 406, 408;
1112:Redknap (2008)
1104:
1092:
1088:Downham (2007)
1076:
1060:
1032:Downham (2007)
1020:
1014:pp. 151, 153;
980:Downham (2007)
952:
908:
880:Downham (2007)
876:Redknap (2008)
850:Downham (2013)
834:
814:
788:
738:
726:
682:Redknap (2008)
666:
658:Redknap (2008)
650:
638:Downham (2007)
634:Redknap (2008)
618:
598:Downham (2007)
586:Downham (2013)
574:
547:
545:
542:
539:
538:
517:
508:
500:Cuerdale Hoard
482:
481:
479:
476:
472:Cuerdale Hoard
408:Cuerdale Hoard
399:
396:
325:(in 919), and
232:
229:
139:Maes Osmeliaun
83:
80:
16:Viking warlord
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3370:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3263:0-904889-59-9
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3095:0-7083-1943-2
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3026:87-85180-42-4
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:0-85976-541-5
2988:
2984:
2981:. Edinburgh:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2958:0-85115-389-5
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2935:0-7524-1788-6
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2885:87-85180-42-4
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2854:1-85109-445-8
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:0-904889-59-9
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2805:0-904889-59-9
2801:
2797:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2732:0-7190-5981-X
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2637:. Cambridge:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2534:. Edinburgh:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2419:0-904889-59-9
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:0-415-92129-5
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:0-85991-491-7
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1836:Thorpe (1861)
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1804:Larsen (2001)
1801:
1797:
1796:Insley (2005)
1793:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Hudson (2014)
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1646:Jesch (2000b)
1642:
1635:
1634:Hadley (2006)
1630:
1623:
1622:Woolf (2007a)
1619:
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1607:
1606:Woolf (2007a)
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1567:
1566:Thorpe (1861)
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1554:Woolf (2007a)
1552:pp. 84, 208;
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Jesch (2000b)
1519:
1515:
1514:Woolf (2007a)
1512:pp. 84, 208;
1511:
1507:
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1482:pp. 109, 115.
1481:
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1432:Jesch (2000b)
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1200:pp. 502, 503.
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1096:
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1073:
1072:Pretty (2005)
1069:
1064:
1057:
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1049:
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1041:
1040:Hadley (2006)
1037:
1034:pp. 83, 206;
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1017:
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997:
996:Jesch (2000b)
993:
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989:
988:Woolf (2007a)
985:
981:
977:
974:p. 85 n. 10;
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
950:pp. 151, 153.
949:
945:
941:
940:Jesch (2000b)
937:
933:
932:Hadley (2006)
929:
928:Woolf (2007a)
925:
921:
917:
912:
905:
901:
900:Jesch (2000b)
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893:
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889:
888:Woolf (2007a)
885:
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827:
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811:
809:
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797:
792:
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781:
780:Jesch (2000b)
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773:
772:Hadley (2006)
769:
768:Woolf (2007a)
765:
763:
758:
754:
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747:
742:
735:
734:Insley (2005)
730:
723:
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703:
699:
698:Pretty (2005)
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686:Hadley (2006)
683:
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662:Woolf (2007a)
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494:uncovered at
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3042:
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2978:
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2870:. Roskilde:
2865:
2840:
2814:
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2783:. Retrieved
2773:
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2607:
2599:Google Books
2594:
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2385:. Retrieved
2375:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2324:
2295:
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2259:
2243:. Retrieved
2232:
2217:. Retrieved
2206:
2183:. New York:
2180:
2166:
2136:. Retrieved
2131:
2105:
2095:– via
2087:
2049:. Retrieved
2040:
2025:. Retrieved
2014:
1999:. Retrieved
1988:
1973:. Retrieved
1962:
1947:. Retrieved
1936:
1902:
1886:
1855:
1843:
1815:
1783:
1771:
1747:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1701:
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1682:Skene (1868)
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1613:
1597:
1573:
1537:
1503:
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1383:
1371:
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1302:Maund (2000)
1293:
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1225:
1205:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1143:
1123:
1107:
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1079:
1063:
1023:
1004:Moore (1996)
955:
911:
869:
858:
837:
817:
807:
800:
791:
761:
750:
741:
729:
718:Moore (1996)
669:
653:
621:
577:
567:
560:
551:
533:
529:
525:
520:
511:
486:
467:
466:rather than
463:
460:Amounderness
451:
443:
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389:
385:
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338:
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252:
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196:
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151:Llanbedrgoch
142:
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132:
126:
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107:
103:
85:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
32:
26:
18:
3162:Richards, J
3142:. pp.
3015:. pp.
2983:John Donald
2905:: 107–117.
2874:. pp.
2585:Dumville, D
2485:. Cardiff:
2110:D.S. Brewer
2091:. Denbigh:
2079:Williams, E
1911:Oram (2000)
1764:Bean (2000)
1678:Koch (2006)
614:Oram (2000)
526:Agmundarnes
444:Agmund hold
412:hack-silver
86:The Viking
3332:Categories
3304:. Dublin:
3172:. Oxford:
2924:. Stroud:
2780:De Gruyter
2629:Forte, A;
2610:. Dublin:
2398:Harding, S
2382:De Gruyter
2331:De Gruyter
2138:20 October
2093:Thomas Gee
2051:20 October
1920:References
433:Lancashire
352:þing-vǫllr
327:Cledemutha
323:Manchester
321:(in 919),
225:gentilibus
3274:(2007a).
3194:(2013) .
3140:Routledge
3109:CRC Press
3073:Routledge
3067:(2013) .
2967:0261-9865
2745:The Picts
2741:Hudson, B
2700:CRC Press
2677:Routledge
2577:2051-6509
2387:7 October
2336:7 October
2255:Thorpe, B
2245:1 October
2219:1 October
2185:Routledge
2162:Skene, WF
2083:Pughe, WO
2027:1 October
2001:1 October
1975:1 October
1949:1 October
1806:pp. 131;
766:§ 902.2;
755:§ 902.2;
544:Citations
492:arm-rings
468:Ingimundr
349:Old Norse
345:Thingwall
329:(perhaps
310:Eddisbury
265:estuarial
245:Liverpool
174:recension
170:Hywel Dda
155:excavated
48:Hingamund
44:Ingimundr
3298:Woolf, A
3272:Woolf, A
3164:(2005).
3130:(eds.).
3128:Price, N
2977:(2000).
2975:Oram, RD
2845:ABC-CLIO
2837:Koch, JT
2743:(2014).
2631:Oram, RD
2507:(2013).
2471:18032405
2429:King, TE
2404:(eds.).
2402:Jesch, J
2148:cite web
2075:Jones, O
2061:cite web
1758:p. 502;
1754:p. 150;
1724:p. 528;
1708:p. 500;
1672:p. 211;
1580:p. 502;
1556:p. 132;
1520:p. 108;
1516:p. 132;
1426:p. 208;
1362:p. 108;
1336:p. 502;
1332:ch. 25;
1300:p. 402;
1284:p. 209;
1280:p. 402;
1264:p. 209;
1248:p. 209;
1244:p. 402;
1166:p. 502;
1150:p. 405;
1130:p. 405;
1086:p. 179;
1054:p. 151;
1038:p. 153;
1030:p. 179;
990:p. 131;
986:p. 153;
982:p. 206;
978:p. 179;
938:p. 108;
930:p. 131;
926:p. 179;
886:p. 153;
878:p. 402;
867:p. 179;
852:p. 150;
848:p. 502;
828:p. 131;
824:p. 153;
798:p. 500;
770:p. 131;
759:p. 179;
748:p. 500;
429:Galloway
373:Pictland
331:Rhuddlan
319:Thelwall
282:Cheshire
221:gentibus
147:Llanfaes
120:Anglesey
96:Leinster
68:Anglesey
56:Ingimund
3041:(ed.).
2785:7 March
2462:2628767
1862:p. 82;
1834:p. 97;
1830:p. 73;
1826:p. 84;
1802:p. 78;
1794:p. 92;
1738:§ 429;
1731:§ 429;
1684:p. 124.
1660:p. 205.
1624:p. 132.
1608:p. 132.
1604:p. 84;
1592:p. 187.
1584:p. 75;
1568:p. 182.
1564:p. 94;
1560:p. 75;
1548:ch. 4;
1544:p. 34;
1528:p. 23;
1508:§ 429;
1501:§ 429;
1494:p. 34;
1430:p. 62;
1422:ch. 3;
1394:p. 132.
1390:p. 83;
1350:§ 429;
1343:§ 429;
1328:p. 34;
1316:p. 209.
1252:p. 656.
1232:p. 503.
1180:§ 429;
1173:§ 429;
1050:p. 28;
1042:p. 62;
1010:p. 28;
1006:p. 28;
994:p. 62;
970:ch. 9;
962:p. 34;
946:p. 20;
922:ch. 2;
918:p. 34;
874:§ 429;
863:§ 429;
856:ch. 9;
844:p. 34;
832:p. 151.
805:§ 902;
774:p. 61;
534:ÇŞgmundr
530:Agmundr
464:Agmundr
425:Cumbria
416:floruit
381:Cumbria
314:Runcorn
287:If the
257:Mercian
100:Vikings
3312:
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3260:
3241:556363
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3150:
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2878:–148.
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2241:. 2012
2215:. 2008
2191:
2116:
2023:. 2010
1997:. 2008
1971:. 2012
1945:. 2010
1866:p. 84.
1850:p. 84.
1778:p. 35.
1766:p. 18.
1736:(2008)
1729:(2010)
1712:p. 61.
1636:p. 62.
1524:p. 6;
1506:(2008)
1499:(2010)
1446:p. 34.
1348:(2008)
1341:(2010)
1304:p. 44.
1288:p. 16.
1178:(2008)
1171:(2010)
1154:p. 15.
1138:p. 15.
1102:p. 15.
1090:p. 83.
1074:p. 12.
1018:p. 16.
998:p. 2;
942:p. 2;
902:p. 2;
872:(2008)
861:(2010)
812:§ 902.
810:(2010)
803:(2012)
786:p. 28.
782:p. 2;
764:(2008)
753:(2010)
570:(n.d.)
563:(n.d.)
456:eponym
435:, and
277:Mersey
219:words
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199:Merfyn
106:, and
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64:Dublin
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3237:JSTOR
3019:–27.
2351:Brill
2134:. n.d
2047:. n.d
1648:p. 6.
504:hoard
478:Notes
369:Gaels
305:byrig
300:Roman
217:Latin
92:Brega
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3258:ISBN
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