History of Wales - Knowledge

70: 2815: 3675: 2480: 2779: 3500: 64: 3040:, and other hostages were used as security by the king. However the Welsh and Scots joined English rebel Barons in forcing John to sign the Magna Carta of 1215. The document therefore holds specific Welsh provisions. These included the return of lands and liberties to Welshmen if those lands and liberties had been taken by English (and vice versa) without a law abiding judgement of their peers. Also the immediate return of Gruffydd and the other Welsh hostages. Llywelyn went on to gain dominance over all Wales the following year. 3730: 2910: 3767:

devolution. Personal incomes rose during the post war period; In 1962, for example, the average weekly wage of male manual workers stood at 315s 8d, compared with the UK average of 312s 10d. According to one study, “Only in the Midlands and the south of England were male manual wages higher than in Wales.” Nevertheless, the coal industry steadily declined after 1945. By the early 1990s, there was only one deep pit still working in Wales. There was a similar catastrophic decline in the steel industry (the

3148: 3036:. In 1200 he became King of Gwynedd and agreed to a treaty of peace with King John of England, marrying his illegitimate daughter Joan. In 1208, Llywelyn claimed the Kingdom of Powys after the arrest of Gwenwynwyn ap Owain by King John, who disapproved of his attacks on Marcher Lords of the South. Friendship broke down and John invaded parts of Gwynedd in 1211, taking Llywelyn's eldest son as hostage, and also forcing the surrender of territory in north-east Wales. Llywelyn's son, 3226: 2241: 2293: 2617: 8063: 7325: 1720: 804: 871: 2609: 2031: 2354:, a historical Roman general who revolted and became Emperor in the west from 383 to 388. Magnus Maximus was based in Britain in the early 380s, immediately prior to his usurpation of the throne. Several medieval Welsh dynasties claimed that they were descended from Macsen, thereby linking their origins to the legitimacy and prestige of a Roman past. Later Welsh genealogies, medieval poetry, for example the 792: 3017: 3303: 3775: 2464: 3725:

revival in the eisteddfod, and of much vitality in the nonconformist chapels especially after the short-lived impetus from the ‘great revival’, Y Diwygiad Mawr, of 1904–5. Overall, there was a pervasive sense of strong national identity, with a national museum, a national library and a national university as its vanguard.

2157:(c. 5000–1400 BC) is thought to have been warmer than at present, as there are many remains from this period in what are now bleak uplands. The Late Bronze Age (c. 1400–750 BC) saw the development of more advanced bronze implements. Much of the copper for the production of bronze probably came from the copper mine on the 3701:

The first decade of the 20th century was the period of the coal boom in South Wales when population growth exceeded 20 per cent. Demographic changes affected the language frontier; the proportion of Welsh speakers in the Rhondda valley fell from 64 per cent in 1901 to 55 per cent ten years later, and

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from any official role or status, but it did for the first time define the Wales–England border and allowed members representing constituencies in Wales to be elected to the English Parliament. They also abolished any legal distinction between the Welsh and the English, thereby effectively ending the

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and allowed further powers to be granted to it more easily. The Act created a system of government with a separate executive drawn from and accountable to the legislature. Following a successful referendum in 2011 on extending the law-making powers of the National Assembly, it was then able to make

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there was a strong revival in economic growth, accompanied by greater personal material well-being for the poorer elements of society as a result of the new systems of social welfare. Support for political nationalism strengthened with some success for Plaid Cymru and increasing pressure for Welsh

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which became an important feature of Welsh life made a large part of the population literate in Welsh, which was important for the survival of the language as it was not taught in the schools. Welsh Methodists gradually built up their own networks, structures, and even meeting houses (or chapels),

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of southwestern Wales seem to have quickly made their peace with the Romans, as there is no indication of war with Rome, and their homeland was not heavily planted with forts nor overlaid with roads. The Demetae would be the only Welsh tribe to emerge from Roman rule with their homeland and tribal

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was a story of growing political democracy with the hegemony of the Liberals in national and local government, of an increasingly thriving economy in the valleys of South Wales, the world's dominant coal-exporting area with massive ports at Cardiff and Barry, increasingly buoyant literature and a

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the historiography of modern Wales was rather narrow. Its domain was the fortunes of the Liberals and Labour, the impact of trade unions and protest, and the cultural realms of nonconformity and the Welsh language. This was not surprising—all emergent fields start with the big topics and the big

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A tendency to see the creation of hillforts as evidence of a Celtic invasion that also brought a Celtic language to the Britain has been dealt a blow by recognition that the earliest forts predate the arrival of Iron Age Celtic culture by hundreds of years. The present tendency is to reject the

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stated that Gruffydd was, "the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither

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and silver. When the mines were no longer practical or profitable, they were abandoned. Roman economic development was concentrated in southeastern Britain, with no significant industries located in Wales. This was largely a matter of circumstance, as Wales had none of the needed materials in

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valleys from the 1840s, led to an increase in population. The social effects of industrialisation resulted in armed uprisings against the mainly English owners. Socialism developed in South Wales in the latter part of the century, accompanied by the increasing politicisation of religious

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and plans for two universities. Eventually the king's forces were able to regain control of Wales and the rebellion died out, but Owain himself was never captured. His rebellion caused a great upsurge in Welsh identity and he was widely supported by Welsh people throughout the country.

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For a single man to rule the whole country during this period was rare. This is often ascribed to the inheritance system practised in Wales. All sons received an equal share of their father's property (including illegitimate sons), resulting in the division of territories. However, the

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introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' Methodist movement. However, few copies of Calvin's works were available before the mid-19th century. In 1567, Davies,

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in 1402. These prohibited the Welsh from carrying arms, from holding office and from dwelling in fortified towns. These prohibitions also applied to Englishmen who married Welsh women. These laws remained in force after the rebellion, although in practice they were gradually relaxed.

3496:, held in one location for about three months before moving (or "circulating") to another location. The language of instruction in these schools was Welsh. By Griffith Jones' death, in 1761, it is estimated that up to 250,000 people had learnt to read in schools throughout Wales. 3694:, as death rates dropped and birth rates remained steady. However, there was also a large-scale migration of people into Wales during the industrial revolution. The English were the most numerous group, but there were also considerable numbers of Irish and smaller numbers of 3178:

to his son and heir in 1301. Wales became, effectively, part of England, even though its people spoke a different language and had a different culture. English kings appointed a Council of Wales, sometimes presided over by the heir to the throne. This Council normally sat in

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would not allow him to inherit his father's position elsewhere in Wales. War broke out in 1241 and then again in 1245, and the issue was still in the balance when Dafydd died suddenly at Abergwyngregyn, without leaving an heir in early 1246. Llywelyn the Great's other son,

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as the dominant political force in the 1920s. Wales played a considerable role during World War Two, along with the rest of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Allies, and its cities were bombed extensively during

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of Wales of the 20th century. It is believed that at least 100,000 people became Christians during the 1904–1905 revival, but despite this it did not put a stop to the gradual decline of Christianity in Wales, only holding it back slightly.

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was the only ruler to be able to unite the Welsh kingdoms under his rule. Originally king of Gwynedd, by 1055 he was ruler of almost all of Wales and had annexed parts of England around the border. However, he was defeated by

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questions—but it did give much of Welsh academic history a rather particular flavour. It was institutional and male, and yet still concerned with fields of enquiry that lay outside the confines of the British establishment.

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laws, known as Acts of the Assembly, on all matters in devolved subject areas, without needing the UK Parliament's agreement and in May 2020, it was renamed "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh Parliament", commonly known as the "

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and vehicle for worship. This had a significant role in its continued use as a means of everyday communication and as a literary language down to the present day despite the pressure of English. Wales was overwhelmingly

5148: 1884:. While some rulers extended their control over other Welsh territories and into western England, none were able to unite Wales for long. Internecine struggles and external pressure from the English and later, the 2675:(or heir) to the kingdom to be chosen, usually by the king. Any son, legitimate or illegitimate, could be chosen as edling and there were frequently disappointed candidates prepared to challenge the chosen heir. 3786:. The Welsh language was thus formally recognised as a legitimate language in legal and administrative contexts for the first time in English law. The proportion of the Welsh population able to speak the 1979:. Wales played a full and willing role in World War One. The industries of the Empire in Wales declined in the 20th century with the end of the British Empire following the Second World War, while 4902: 3110:

with unknown Marchers, where he was killed and his army subsequently destroyed. His brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd continued an increasingly forlorn resistance. He was captured in June 1283 and was

3028:, also known as Llywelyn Fawr (the Great), who was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200 and by his death in 1240 was effectively ruler of much of Wales. Llywelyn made his 'capital' and headquarters at 2264:

on the Anglo-Welsh border in AD 50. Caradog was later taken to Rome and gave a speech, impressing the Roman emperor to the extent that he was pardoned and allowed to live peacefully in Rome.

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The population of Wales doubled to over one million between 1801 and 1851 and doubled again, reaching 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts especially

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was killed in 1137, but his four sons, who all ruled Deheubarth in turn, were eventually able to win back most of their grandfather's kingdom from the Normans. The youngest of the four,

3909:"The year in which English independence was preserved by the defeat of the Armada was also the one in which the linguistic and cultural integrity of Wales was saved by Morgan's Bible." 2487:

One of the reasons for the Roman withdrawal was the pressure put upon the empire's military resources by the incursion of barbarian tribes from the east. These tribes, including the

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Originally king of Gwynedd, by 1057 he was the ruler of Wales and had annexed parts of England around the border. His territories were again divided into the traditional kingdoms.

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When the Roman garrison of Britain was withdrawn in 410, the various British states were left self-governing. Evidence for a continuing Roman influence after the departure of the

3243:. Owain inflicted a number of defeats on the English forces and for a few years controlled most of Wales. Some of his achievements included holding the first Welsh Parliament at 2714:, the laws from then on usually being called the "Laws of Hywel". Hywel followed a policy of peace with the English. On his death in 949 his sons were able to keep control of 2590:

also allied himself with Penda against Northumbria but thereafter Gwynedd, like the other Welsh kingdoms, was mainly engaged in defensive warfare against the growing power of

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completed a translation of the whole Bible. These translations were as important to the survival of the Welsh language and had the effect of conferring status on Welsh as a

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Education in Wales was at a very low ebb in this period, with the only education available being in English while the majority of the population spoke only Welsh. In 1731,

3817:) with the power to determine how Wales' central government budget is spent and administered, although the UK Parliament reserved the right to set limits on its powers. 720: 3642:

The modern history of Wales starts in the 19th century when South Wales became heavily industrialised with ironworks; this, along with the spread of coal mining to the

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declared war on Llywelyn II over a series of disputes. Realising his position was hopeless, Llywelyn II surrendered without battle. Edward negotiated a settlement, the

8381: 2952:. Owain followed his father on the throne of Gwynedd the following year and ruled until his death in 1170. He was able to profit from disunity in England, where King 2789:

was the only ruler to be able to unite Wales under his rule. In 1055 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn killed his rival Gruffydd ap Rhydderch in battle and recaptured Deheubarth.

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Johnes, Martin (November 2010). "For Class and Nation: Dominant Trends in the Historiography of Twentieth-Century Wales: Historiography of Twentieth-Century Wales".

8359: 7189: 3396:. Morgan's Bible is one of the most significant books in the Welsh language, and its publication greatly increased the stature and scope of the Welsh language and 2267:

The Roman conquest was completed in 78, with Roman rule lasting until 383. Roman rule in Wales was a military occupation, save for the southern coastal region of

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The world wars and interwar period were hard times for Wales, in terms of the faltering economy of antiwar losses. Men eagerly volunteered for war service. The

7934: 3187:. Welsh literature, particularly poetry, continued to flourish however, with the lesser nobility now taking over from the princes as the patrons of the poets. 7086: 5480:

Johnes, Martin (September 2016). "People, Places and Passions—'Pain and Pleasure': A Social History of Wales and the Welsh, 1870-1945 . By Russell Davies".

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and its aftermath had severe impact on Wales in terms of economic impact as well as war-time casualties. The result was significant social deprivation. The

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in Wales and at the beginning remained as a group within it, but the Welsh revival differed from the Methodist revival in England in that its theology was

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Annales Cambriae. A Translation of Harleian 3859; PRO E.164/1; Cottonian Domitian, A 1; Exeter Cathedral Library MS. 3514 and MS Exchequer DB Neath, PRO E

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The Roman conquest of Wales began in AD 48 and took 30 years to complete; the occupation lasted over 300 years. The most famous of resistance was led by

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in 1801. Yet, the Welsh retained their language and culture despite heavy English dominance. The publication of the extremely significant first complete

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by joining smaller kingdoms in the southwest and had extended his rule to most of Wales by 942. He is traditionally associated with the codification of

1971:, 19th century Southeast Wales in particular experienced rapid industrialisation and a dramatic rise in population as a result of the explosion of the 6628: 3268: 3218:, twice planned an invasion of Wales with French support. The English government responded to the threat by sending an agent to assassinate Owain in 3083:

in 1267, signed with King Henry III of England, confirmed Llywelyn in control, directly or indirectly, over a large part of Wales. In November 1276,

739: 2169:, theorises that a worsening climate after around 1250 BC (lower temperatures and heavier rainfall) required more productive land to be defended. 754: 5857: 3561:

in religion. This had considerable implications for the Welsh language as it was the main language of the nonconformist churches in Wales. The

2603: 2260:(of present day Monmouthshire), Caradog led a successful guerilla war against the Romans. His armies were eventually defeated at the Battle of 420: 270: 266: 6643: 765: 750: 7361: 7069: 3533:

of the 18th century was one of the most significant religious and social movements in the history of Wales. The revival began within the

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hypothesis of mass invasion in favour of more sporadic migration and a cultural spread of language and ideas, a "culminative Celticity".

1940: 716: 499: 8369: 7927: 6006:"Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans" 3733:'The Welsh at Mametz Wood' painted by Christopher Williams, commissioned by Secretary of State for War at the time, David Lloyd George. 3314:, landed in Wales with a small force to launch his bid for the throne of England. Henry was of Welsh descent, counting princes such as 1750: 835: 451: 5111:

Iron age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest

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was declining, falling from just under 50% in 1901 to 43.5% in 1911 and reaching a low of 18.9% in 1981. It has risen slightly since.

2086:). It is considered to be the oldest known ceremonial burial in Western Europe. The skeleton was found along with jewellery made from 5157: 2448:(approximately 500–700) was marked by the establishment of monastic settlements throughout the country, by religious leaders such as 2312:

until the conquest was completed in 78. It is these campaigns of conquest that are the most widely known feature of Wales during the

3557:. This also led to the strengthening of other nonconformist denominations, and by the middle of the 19th century, Wales was largely 2906:, and his kingdom was seized and divided between various Norman lordships. The Norman conquest of Wales appeared virtually complete. 3002:. Owain Gwynedd's death led to the splitting of Gwynedd between his sons, while Rhys made Deheubarth dominant in Wales for a time. 2839: 1704: 5567: 2515:

among the dead. It has been suggested that this battle finally severed the land connection between Wales and the kingdoms of the

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who in turn also experienced growth and renewal. As a result, by the middle of the nineteenth century, Wales was predominantly a

2308:, a series of campaigns to conquer Wales was launched by his successor in 48 and would continue intermittently under successive 8431: 8287: 6450: 5949: 3284: 2986:

and came to an agreement with him whereby Rhys had to pay a tribute but was confirmed in all his conquests and was later named

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Subsequent medieval Welsh lore developed a series of legends around Macsen Wledig, a literary and mythical figure derived from

695: 6361: 2078:, South Wales. Despite the name, the skeleton is that of a young man who lived about 33,000 years ago at the end of the Upper 7920: 6974: 6199: 6123: 5975: 5927: 5790: 5712: 5672: 5577: 5510: 5449: 5325: 5295: 5229: 5218: 5167: 5137: 5092: 5038: 3064:

in 1244. Gruffudd had left four sons, and a period of internal conflict between three of these ended in the rise to power of

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of the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe (modern day Essex), which were defeated by the Romans. Now leading the Celtic tribes of the

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along with their fittings and harnesses, and slave chains and tools. Many had been deliberately broken and seem to have been

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conquerors of England, led to the Welsh kingdoms coming gradually under the sway of the English crown. In 1282, the death of

1637: 657: 405: 128: 8130: 3771:), and the Welsh economy, like that of other developed societies, tilted increasingly towards the expanding service sector. 8323: 8179: 7184: 6725: 3397: 1306: 769: 632: 6317:

Yalden, Peter. "Association, Community and the Origins of Secularisation: English and Welsh Nonconformity, c. 1850–1930."

3754:. Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925, but initially, its growth was slow and it gained few votes at parliamentary elections. 8306: 7876: 565: 510: 8334: 5363:

Gitre, Edward J. (December 2004). "The 1904–05 Welsh Revival: Modernization, Technologies, and Techniques of the Self".

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arrived by about 31,000 BC. However, continuous habitation by modern humans dates from the period after the end of the

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precedent nor successor." During this time, between 1053 and 1063, Wales lacked any internal strife and was at peace.

2372:, used myths and legends to give roles in Welsh history to historical and quasi-historical figures from the Roman and 8398: 8264: 8215: 6870: 6389: 6142: 6073: 5841: 5771: 5730: 5603: 5530: 5430: 5411: 5354: 5268: 5239: 5196: 5118: 3433: 3389: 1948: 1834: 1346: 5740:

McAllister, Laura; Campbell, Rosie; Childs, Sarah; Clements, Rob; Farrell, David; Renwick, Alan; Silk, Paul (2017).

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has shown the earliest hillforts in what would become Wales, to have been constructed during this period. Historian

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Medieval kingdoms of Wales shown within the boundaries of the present day country of Wales and not inclusive of all

2001: 1925: 971: 966: 775: 486: 181: 172: 8119: 1316: 8203: 8198: 7886: 7489: 7354: 6875: 3210:, Lord of Senghenydd, in 1316–1318. In the 1370s the last representative in the male line of the ruling house of 2928:

In 1094, however, there was a general Welsh revolt against Norman rule, and gradually territories were won back.

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and the English crown, one of the issues which led to the wars of 1277 and 1282 and the end of Welsh independence

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were active in attempting to counteract this and produced some of the earliest books printed in Welsh. In 1588,

3263:, which began in 1455, both sides made considerable use of Welsh troops. The main figures in Wales were the two 3047:

in 1218, which confirmed Llywelyn's right to Wales until his death, recognising him as Prince of Wales. His son

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in the east. Gwynedd was the most powerful of these kingdoms in the 6th and 7th centuries, under rulers such as

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were passed, integrating Wales with England in legal terms, abolishing the Welsh legal system, and banning the

2397: 1964: 1743: 1405: 916: 828: 433: 362: 187: 138: 8343: 8247: 8242: 8002: 7960: 7881: 7790: 7296: 6549: 6544: 6494: 5903: 5546: 3852: 3652: 3587: 3571: 3558: 3272: 3252: 3142: 3011: 2767: 2587: 2108:. The earliest farming communities are now believed to date from about 4000 BC, marking the beginning of the 2101:

Following the last ice age, Wales became roughly the shape it is today by about 8000 BC and was inhabited by

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Meanwhile growing calls to recognise the Welsh language at an institutional level led to the passing of the

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were engaged in a struggle for the throne, to extend the borders of Gwynedd further east than ever before.

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and promptly seized and imprisoned, leading to the seizure of much of Gwynedd by the Normans. In the south

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to extract large amounts of gold, copper, and lead, as well as modest amounts of some other metals such as

2043: 1830: 1197: 745: 652: 646: 555: 410: 177: 63: 8210: 8021: 7840: 7835: 7451: 7254: 7116: 6954: 6800: 6660: 6211:"Association, Community and the Origins of Secularisation: English and Welsh Nonconformity, c. 1850–1930" 3821: 3806: 3706: 3523: 3203: 3111: 2671:

prescribe this system of division for land in general, not for kingdoms, where there is provision for an

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which led eventually to the secession of 1811 and the formal establishment of the Calvinistic Methodist

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Nonconformity was a significant influence in Wales from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. The

3446: 3096: 2823: 2309: 1912:". The Welsh launched several revolts against English rule, the last significant one being that led by 1420: 1274: 1078: 636: 400: 113: 6250:

Chambers, Paul, and Andrew Thompson. "Coming to terms with the past: religion and identity in Wales."

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By AD 47, Rome had invaded and conquered all of southernmost and southeastern Britain under the first

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in 1063 and killed by his own men. His territories were again divided into the traditional kingdoms.

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and control it for a period. Following Cadwallon's death in battle the following year, his successor

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is reported to have redeemed many of his subjects from slavery by paying the Danes a large ransom.

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as the easternmost of the major kingdoms of Wales came under the most pressure from the English in

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Withey, Alun. "Unhealthy Neglect? The Medicine and Medical Historiography of Early Modern Wales."

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suitable combination, and the forested, mountainous countryside was not amenable to development.

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replaced the Liberals as the dominant party in Wales, particularly in the industrial valleys of

1264: 8149: 7695: 7524: 6855: 6810: 6623: 6504: 6155:"Health, Medicine and the Family in Wales, c. 1600-1750 (PhD Thesis, Swansea University, 2009)" 5884:

Phillips, Gervase (1993). "Dai bach y soldiwr: Welsh soldiers in the British Army, 1914-1918".

5658: 5542:"GRUFFUDD ap LLYWELYN (died 1063), king of Gwynedd and Powys, and after 1055 king of all Wales" 4991: 3687: 3601:

and large coal deposits in south-east Wales meant that this area soon saw the establishment of

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in May and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after the protracted two-month

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completed the first modern translation of the New Testament and the first translation of the

3377: 3342: 3130: 3091:, which greatly restricted Llywelyn's authority. War broke out again when Llywelyn's brother 2883: 2871: 2421: 2381: 1917: 1897: 1861: 1786: 1664: 1612: 1597: 1425: 1296: 1037: 469: 227: 6345: 3024:

Out of the power struggle in Gwynedd eventually arose one of the greatest of Welsh leaders,

2635:. This kingdom originally extended east into areas now in England, and its ancient capital, 2551:

was also spoken. From the 8th century on, Wales was by far the largest of the three remnant

8416: 8296: 8095: 8090: 7830: 7825: 7765: 7700: 7605: 7301: 7040: 6845: 6017: 5899:"Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd)" 4979: 3862: 3478: 3462: 3327: 3311: 3292: 3080: 3065: 3052: 3037: 3025: 2995: 2921: 2867: 2786: 2750: 2729:, particularly Danish raids in the period between 950 and 1000. According to the chronicle 2161:, where prehistoric mining on a very large scale dates largely from the middle Bronze Age. 2059: 1889: 1877: 1617: 1493: 1239: 1192: 691: 627: 276: 103: 6559: 2316:

due to the spirited but unsuccessful defence of their homelands by two native tribes, the

1955:. The 18th century saw the beginnings of two changes that would greatly affect Wales, the 1841:

formed with English encroachment that effectively separated them from the other surviving

1301: 961: 167: 8: 8114: 8080: 8049: 8039: 7987: 7982: 7975: 7795: 7725: 7668: 7585: 7411: 7284: 7136: 7101: 6757: 6554: 5625: 3606: 3504: 3437: 3296: 3280: 3240: 3163: 3155: 3126: 3088: 3084: 3044: 2983: 2945: 2575: 2520: 2275:, where there is a legacy of Romanisation. The only town in Wales founded by the Romans, 2235: 2131: 1901: 1842: 1679: 1674: 1540: 1382: 1311: 1229: 956: 313: 6021: 4967: 2184:. Nearly 600 hillforts are in Wales, over 20% of those found in Britain, examples being 8421: 8100: 8028: 7997: 7965: 7901: 7805: 7589: 7541: 7536: 7439: 7429: 7386: 7378: 7279: 7146: 7011: 7003: 6935: 6890: 6705: 6579: 6519: 6040: 6005: 5964: 5851: 5388: 3380:'s break with Rome and the Pope, Wales for the most part followed England in accepting 3122: 3092: 3048: 2953: 2879: 2847: 2736: 2563: 2362: 2180:, which is thought to date to about 600 BC. Hillforts continued to be built during the 2162: 2055: 1988: 1929: 1853: 1798: 1498: 994: 921: 580: 575: 541: 480: 262: 5917: 5541: 5307:

People, Places and Passions: A Social History of Wales and the Welsh 18701948 Volume 1

8168: 8107: 8044: 7992: 7780: 7755: 7735: 7715: 7705: 7595: 7577: 7546: 7479: 7396: 7370: 7214: 7209: 7166: 6865: 6772: 6747: 6692: 6674: 6499: 6385: 6273: 6230: 6195: 6138: 6119: 6097: 6069: 6045: 5990: 5971: 5959: 5945: 5923: 5870: 5837: 5818: 5786: 5767: 5726: 5708: 5687: 5668: 5643: 5621: 5599: 5573: 5526: 5506: 5472: 5445: 5426: 5407: 5392: 5380: 5350: 5321: 5291: 5264: 5235: 5214: 5192: 5163: 5133: 5114: 5088: 5060: 5034: 3747: 3717: 3710: 3656: 3610: 3534: 3482: 3413: 3318:

among his ancestors, and his cause gained much support in Wales. Henry defeated King

3260: 3199: 2971: 2967: 2929: 2913: 2863: 2827: 2744: 2731: 2496: 2445: 2336: 2143: 2025: 1984: 1980: 1952: 1849: 1587: 1341: 1288: 1167: 1110: 1097: 901: 425: 99: 6419: 2197: 8364: 7770: 7685: 7630: 7600: 7551: 7511: 7494: 7484: 7419: 7391: 7234: 7229: 6984: 6917: 6885: 6833: 6715: 6700: 6683: 6613: 6608: 6524: 6471: 6423: 6341: 6222: 6111: 6035: 6025: 5489: 5468: 5372: 5283: 3798: 3763: 3315: 3264: 3188: 3043:

After the death of John in 1216, Llywelyn and the new King Henry III agreed to the

2979: 2975: 2963: 2941: 2843: 2755: 2679: 2624: 2567: 2528: 2368: 2339: 2244:

Caradog by Thomas Prydderch. Caradog led multiple celtic tribes against the Romans.

2201: 2181: 2005: 1881: 1865: 1857: 1810: 1802: 1651: 1582: 1453: 1448: 1415: 1162: 1016: 926: 861: 706: 603: 545: 522: 281: 252: 237: 202: 5898: 3729: 3236: 3229: 3174:

assisted the domination of Wales, and he crowned his conquest by giving the title

1913: 7810: 7785: 7573: 7556: 7401: 7179: 7128: 6735: 6289:

Walker, R. B. "The Growth of Wesleyan Methodism in Victorian England and Wales."

5520: 5074: 3743: 3493: 3385: 3175: 3061: 2957: 2875: 2579: 2571: 2562:

Wales was divided into a number of separate kingdoms, the largest of these being

2272: 2213: 2205: 2113: 2105: 2071: 1909: 1572: 1545: 1463: 1172: 1093: 441: 328: 285: 5647: 3183:, now in England but at that time still part of the disputed border area in the 2974:, Powys was split into two parts and never subsequently reunited. In the south, 2909: 2149:

Metal tools first appeared in Wales about 2500 BC, initially copper followed by

1259: 7912: 7760: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7720: 7710: 7625: 7568: 7461: 7424: 7219: 7016: 6979: 6964: 6959: 6601: 6596: 6534: 5342: 3787: 3695: 3683: 3664: 3614: 3562: 3425: 3350: 3151: 3147: 3029: 2899: 2656: 2652: 2552: 2512: 2488: 2468: 2351: 2301: 2193: 2127: 1968: 1806: 1768: 1689: 1607: 1602: 1559: 1535: 1527: 1513: 1439: 1021: 1002: 936: 852: 796: 642: 505: 390: 156: 6226: 5652:. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. – via Internet Archive. 5376: 8447: 8426: 8354: 8349: 8139: 7856: 7655: 7289: 7021: 6945: 6234: 5937: 5594:

Laing, Lloyd; Laing, Jennifer (1990), "The non-Romanized zone of Britannia",

5384: 3519: 3470: 3449:

in the early 17th century, though there were some notable exceptions such as

3215: 3207: 3184: 2937: 2891: 2632: 2472: 2177: 1905: 1659: 1592: 1567: 1249: 1187: 1129: 1032: 1006: 474: 323: 6030: 2970:, but when his death in 1160 was quickly followed by the death of his heir, 2698:. On his death his realms were divided between his sons. Rhodri's grandson, 2508: 1821:

in AD 43, first campaigned in what is now northeast Wales in 48 against the

8301: 8014: 7815: 7645: 7516: 7434: 7329: 7306: 7036: 6777: 6049: 3768: 3643: 3458: 3225: 3192: 3104: 3103:

1282. On 11 December 1282, Llywelyn was lured into a meeting in Cilmeri in

3033: 2413: 2313: 2261: 1838: 1837:. Thereafter, the culture began to splinter into a number of kingdoms. The 1814: 1781: 1724: 1694: 1684: 1478: 1372: 984: 808: 518: 514: 6376:

Brut y Tywysogyon or The Chronicle of the Princes. Peniarth Ms. 20 version

6335:

Writing a Small Nation's Past: Wales in Comparative Perspective, 1850–1950

5739: 5493: 4997: 4985: 4973: 3820:

The Government of Wales Act 2006 (c 32) of the UK Parliament reformed the

1852:

period, a number of Welsh kingdoms formed in present-day Wales, including

7800: 7678: 7663: 7635: 7471: 7244: 5256: 3751: 3660: 3542: 3417: 3393: 3381: 3244: 3100: 3005: 2903: 2859: 2854:. The killing of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn in 1075 led to civil war and gave the 2687: 2660: 2504: 2457: 2449: 2420:

dated between the late 5th and mid-6th centuries commemorating a certain

2268: 2204:

on Anglesey when the ground was being prepared for the construction of a

2189: 2139: 2135: 2091: 2079: 2051: 2039: 1997: 1944: 1869: 1776: 1699: 1503: 1458: 1336: 1321: 1254: 1105: 429: 289: 222: 3570:

in 1823. The Welsh Methodist revival also had an influence on the older

3251:

As a response to Glyndŵr's rebellion, the English parliament passed the

7563: 6940: 6529: 6414: 5057:

Out of the shadows : a history of women in twentieth-century Wales

3408: 3115: 2999: 2949: 2851: 2715: 2703: 2695: 2640: 2516: 2429: 2356: 2292: 2280: 2200:. A particularly significant find from this period was made in 1943 at 2158: 2154: 2102: 2047: 1921: 1790: 1483: 1468: 1269: 1182: 1142: 1137: 1115: 931: 232: 3805:

on the same issue secured a very narrow majority (50.3 per cent). The

2998:

over Christmas 1176 which is generally regarded as the first recorded

2616: 1488: 8062: 7610: 7141: 6925: 6805: 6787: 6275:

Census of Great Britain, 1851: Religious Worship in England and Wales

5649:

A History of Wales: From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest

5627:

A History of Wales: From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest

3602: 3598: 3575: 3546: 3538: 3326:

with an army containing many Welsh soldiers and gained the throne as

3167: 2707: 2699: 2668: 2644: 2548: 2373: 2321: 2253: 2249: 2185: 2173: 2109: 2083: 2067: 2063: 2038:

The earliest known human remains discovered in modern-day Wales is a

1993: 1826: 1822: 1794: 1326: 1244: 1152: 1062: 437: 295: 247: 7339: 6154: 4080: 4078: 2335:

Wales was a rich source of mineral wealth and the Romans used their

2240: 7820: 7615: 3668: 3579: 3550: 3442: 2740: 2711: 2636: 2628: 2556: 2544: 2524: 2444:

inscriptions. Wales had become Christian under the Romans, and the

2385: 2276: 1224: 257: 5614:

The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 400–1200 AD

3368: 1825:, and gained total control of the region with their defeat of the 7690: 7501: 6428: 6404:

Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales

4075: 3647: 3454: 3211: 2933: 2895: 2855: 2831: 2726: 2719: 2683: 2608: 2495:, gradually took control of eastern and southern Britain. At the 2417: 2328: 2317: 2285: 2257: 2209: 2095: 2075: 1885: 1508: 1157: 1073: 1068: 6305:

The Welsh Church from Reformation to Disestablishment: 1603–1920

5867:

Immigration and integration : the Irish in Wales, 1798-1922

3698:, migrating to South Wales, as well as Russian and Polish Jews. 3302: 2030: 870: 6767: 6085:

Rome Against Caratacus: The Roman Campaigns in Britain AD 48-58

5616:, Frome: Book Club Associates (published 1977), pp. 89–119 4029: 4027: 3891:

Gildas, writing c. 540, condemns the "tyrant of the Demetians".

3826: 3663:, was elected as a junior member for the Welsh constituency of 3219: 3195:, is considered by many to be the greatest of the Welsh poets. 3180: 3171: 3107: 2648: 2591: 2532: 2492: 2453: 2150: 2122: 2117: 1873: 1577: 242: 6192:

Wales says yes : devolution and the 2011 Welsh referendum

4162: 3461:. Wales was an important source of men for the armies of King 3129:

in 1284. The statute was a constitutional change annexing the

6459: 5349:(3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 4222: 4051: 2944:

of Deheubarth won a crushing victory over the Normans at the

2887: 2835: 2691: 2540: 2500: 2441: 2437: 2087: 1764: 1473: 1331: 6094:

A guide to ancient and historical Wales. Glamorgan and Gwent

5800:

Morgan, D Densil (2009). "Calvinism in Wales: c.1590–1909".

4943: 4884: 4024: 3016: 6408: 6403: 6116:

Recovery, Reorientation, and Reformation: Wales c.1415–1642

4663: 4624: 4612: 4540: 3935: 2916:. The construction of this castle between 1268 and 1271 by 2343: 2172:

The earliest iron implement found in Wales is a sword from

2034:

Bryn Celli Ddu, a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey

1147: 6118:. History of Wales. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5263:. History of Wales. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4872: 4807: 4795: 4735: 4723: 3121:

Following the deaths of Llywelyn and Dafydd, Edward ended

2376:

periods. Aside from Macsen Wledig, other examples include

4771: 4747: 4405: 4287: 4285: 4270: 4258: 4150: 4102: 3947: 3774: 2555:

areas in Britain, the other two being the Hen Ogledd and

2463: 4931: 4843: 4653: 4651: 4588: 4576: 4504: 4429: 4393: 4039: 3198:

There were a number of rebellions including ones led by

2838:. The initial Norman successes were in the south, where 2126:. The most notable examples of megalithic tombs include 5033:. Clevedon, Avon, England : Multilingual Matters. 4862: 4860: 4858: 4783: 4759: 4675: 4345: 4210: 4114: 4012: 3553:

church and established their own denomination, now the

2818:

Standard of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King of Powys 1063-1075.

1983:

sentiment and interest in self-determination rose. The

5423:

The foundations of modern Wales : Wales 1642-1780

4699: 4492: 4282: 4234: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3702:

similar trends were evident elsewhere in South Wales.

3593:

The end of the 18th century saw the beginnings of the

3006:

Dominance of Gwynedd and Edwardian conquest: 1216–1283

2982:(Lord Rhys) ruled from 1155 to 1197. In 1171 Rhys met 4955: 4907: 4711: 4648: 4636: 4600: 4552: 4516: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4417: 4381: 4369: 4321: 4246: 4174: 3971: 1920:, himself of Welsh extraction as a great-grandson of 6266:

Literature, religion and society in Wales, 1660-1730

6259:

Religion in the Industrial Revolution of South Wales

5505:, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007), 4919: 4855: 4687: 4564: 4441: 4357: 4333: 4198: 4138: 4126: 4090: 3354:

Penal Code although this was not formally repealed.

2782:

King Hywel Dda depicted in a 13th-century manuscript

1951:

in 1588 greatly advanced the position of Welsh as a

1789:

around 9000 BC, and Wales has many remains from the

5704:

Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century

5569:

Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia, vol. IV

5213:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 572. 5113:(2d ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 4819: 4297: 4186: 4063: 4000: 3983: 3465:, though no major battles took place in Wales. The 2678:The first to rule a considerable part of Wales was 2054:, whose owner lived about 230,000 years ago in the 5963: 5612:Laing, Lloyd (1975), "Wales and the Isle of Man", 5003: 4465: 3959: 3923: 3690:seen in most industrialising countries during the 29:For a timeline of historical events in Wales, see 5989:. Shrewsbury: Castle Studies Research & Pub. 5970:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5598:, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 96–123, 5444:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Taylor and Francis. 5261:Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415 4831: 4528: 4309: 3686:. Part of this increase can be attributed to the 2932:was eventually able to build a strong kingdom in 2112:period. This period saw the construction of many 8445: 7942: 6003: 3941: 2725:Wales was now coming under increasing attack by 2503:and other British kingdoms were defeated by the 2436:). There was considerable Irish colonisation in 2066:, was discovered in 1823 in one of the Paviland 1779:presence from at least 230,000 years ago, while 6411:- includes historical information and resources 5922:. Manchester University Press. pp. 23–24. 5723:The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords and Princes 5127: 4168: 3392:produced the first complete translation of the 2279:, is located in South Wales. Both Caerwent and 1916:in the early 15th century. In the 16th century 1809:, the culture had become Celtic, with a common 5660:Gwynedd: A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales 5630:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green, and Co 5500: 4998:Expert Panel on Assembly Electoral Reform 2017 4986:Expert Panel on Assembly Electoral Reform 2017 4974:Expert Panel on Assembly Electoral Reform 2017 4084: 4057: 4033: 3279:was created to rule Wales, by the Lancastrian 3136: 2866:, who had just won the throne of Gwynedd from 2761: 2604:History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages 2391: 7928: 7355: 6444: 6298:The Welsh Church from Conquest to Reformation 6135:When was Wales? : a history of the Welsh 5987:A political chronology of Wales, 1066 to 1282 2651:. The construction of the earthwork known as 2283:, also in southern Wales, would become Roman 1959:, which led the country to turn increasingly 1833:in the 5th century, opening the door for the 1805:the region, like all of Britain south of the 1744: 829: 6004:Richards, MP; Trinkaus, E (September 2009). 5783:The Welsh Wars of Independence: c.410–c.1415 5320:. Cardiff : University of Wales Press. 5162:. Cardiff : University of Wales Press. 3469:began when unpaid Parliamentarian troops in 2722:to the traditional dynasty of this kingdom. 2597: 1908:to the English monarch has borne the title " 1845:-speaking peoples in the early middle ages. 6271: 5864: 5834:Rebirth of a nation : Wales, 1880-1980 4813: 3051:followed him as ruler of Gwynedd, but King 2208:base. The cache included weapons, shields, 1941:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1928:aiming to fully incorporate Wales into the 7935: 7921: 7362: 7348: 6451: 6437: 6409:National Library of Wales official website 6063: 5915: 5856:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5593: 5309:(1st ed.). University of Wales Press. 5149:"Magna Carta: Wales, Scotland and Ireland" 4546: 4228: 3060:had been killed trying to escape from the 2647:. These areas were lost to the kingdom of 2639:, has been variously identified as modern 2582:was able to lead his armies as far as the 2000:gained momentum from the 1960s. In a 1997 1751: 1737: 836: 822: 6189: 6039: 6029: 5958: 5944:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5764:Abstract of British historical statistics 5288:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208785.003.0002 5146: 4961: 4949: 4510: 4459: 3170:, King Edward's ring of impressive stone 3125:, introducing the royal ordinance of the 2826:in 1066, the dominant ruler in Wales was 6132: 6110: 5883: 5761: 5234:(2nd ed.). Stroud : History Press. 5211:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales 5108: 5073: 4878: 4801: 4765: 4669: 4630: 4618: 3773: 3728: 3673: 3498: 3367: 3301: 3224: 3146: 3015: 2992:festival of poetry and song at his court 2966:also had a strong ruler at this time in 2908: 2846:before 1070. By 1074, the forces of the 2813: 2777: 2702:(Hywel the Good), formed the kingdom of 2615: 2607: 2478: 2462: 2428:) of Gwynedd and a cousin of Maglos the 2291: 2239: 2029: 6091: 6082: 5936: 5501:Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990), 5439: 5420: 4903:Wales Since 1939 By Martin Johnes, 2013 4825: 4741: 4729: 4705: 4693: 4498: 4045: 3965: 3801:by an 80 per cent majority. In 1997, a 2739:carried off two thousand captives from 2416:is provided by an inscribed stone from 14: 8446: 6208: 6194:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 6152: 6068:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 5984: 5896: 5869:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 5831: 5817:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 5812: 5799: 5749:. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales 5642: 5620: 5596:Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 200–800 5479: 5458: 5399: 5304: 5277: 5255: 5227: 5205: 5183: 5155: 5059:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 5054: 5009: 4937: 4913: 4890: 4866: 4789: 4777: 4753: 4717: 4681: 4657: 4642: 4606: 4558: 4522: 4486: 4474: 4423: 4411: 4387: 4375: 4351: 4327: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4216: 4204: 4180: 4156: 4144: 4120: 4096: 4006: 3994: 3929: 3757: 3545:. In the early 19th century the Welsh 3357: 3191:, who flourished in the middle of the 7916: 7369: 7343: 6432: 6340: 6319:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 6291:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 6215:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 5815:Kenneth O. Morgan : My Histories 5780: 5720: 5700: 5681: 5656: 5611: 5539: 5522:The Princes and Principality of Wales 5518: 5362: 5347:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain 5341: 5313: 5026: 4925: 4849: 4837: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4534: 4447: 4435: 4399: 4363: 4339: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4240: 4192: 4132: 4069: 4018: 3977: 3953: 3778:Senedd-Welsh Parliament, Cardiff Bay. 3473:changed sides in early 1648. Colonel 2690:, who was able to extend his rule to 5565: 5403:Helena of Britain in Medieval Legend 4108: 3837:Until recently, says Martin Johnes: 3477:defeated the Royalist rebels at the 3032:on the north coast, overlooking the 2902:of Deheubarth was killed in 1093 in 2663:) may have marked an agreed border. 2008:of governmental responsibility to a 1307:Catholic Church of England and Wales 8382:Post-war period (political history) 7877:History of the Mediterranean region 6326: 5442:A history of modern Wales 1536-1990 3253:Penal Laws against the Welsh people 2440:, where there are many stones with 1362:Disestablishment of Church in Wales 511:Council for Wales and Monmouthshire 24: 6458: 6368: 5802:Welsh Journal of Religious History 3762:In the immediate period after the 2874:was enticed to a meeting with the 2803: 2578:(died 634/5) who in alliance with 2019: 25: 8465: 6397: 6314:(University of Wales Press, 1967) 6307:(University of Wales Press, 2007) 6300:(University of Wales Press, 1976) 6268:(University of Wales Press, 1978) 5942:The Thirteenth Century: 1216–1307 5743:A parliament that works for Wales 5657:Lynch, Frances M. B. (May 1995). 5482:Twentieth Century British History 5080:The Monarchy and the Constitution 3832: 3620: 3306:Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII 2858:an opportunity to seize lands in 2743:in 987, and the king of Gwynedd, 2012:which first met in 1999, renamed 8387:Post-war period (social history) 8061: 7862:Bibliography of European history 7457:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 7323: 6565:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 5766:. Cambridge : University Press. 5725:(3rd ed.). Stroud: Tempus. 5473:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00737.x 5305:Davies, Russell (15 June 2015). 5030:Aspects of bilingualism in Wales 3813:) was set up in 1999 (under the 3597:, and the presence of iron ore, 3407:and dissident Protestant cleric 3347:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 3332:Council of Wales and the Marches 3277:Council of Wales and the Marches 3020:The Llywelyn Monument at Cilmeri 2710:at a council which he called at 2523:regions of what is now southern 2424:who was described as a citizen ( 2176:which overlooks the head of the 1718: 967:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 869: 802: 790: 487:Council of Wales and the Marches 68: 62: 7887:History of Western civilization 7490:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6350:The Works of Gildas and Nennius 6083:Webster, Graham (20 May 2019). 5130:Wales and the Britons, 350-1064 5128:Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). 5019: 4896: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3720:argues that the 1850-1914 era: 3492:started circulating schools in 7731:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7674:Christianity in the modern era 7445:Christianity in late antiquity 5966:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360 3900:For a discussion of this, see 3678:Big Pit, National Coal Museum. 3638:Industrial revolution in Wales 3510:The 18th century also saw the 2890:founding castles and mints at 2620:Offa's Dyke (Clawdd Offa) Map. 2398:Wales in the Early Middle Ages 1945:Welsh translation of the Bible 13: 1: 7882:History of the European Union 7201:Non-Christian belief systems 6137:. London: Black Raven Press. 5904:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 5897:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 5638:– via Internet Archive. 5547:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 5525:. University of Wales Press. 5406:. DS Brewer. pp. 52–63. 5317:A history of Wales, 1815-1906 3873: 3853:History of the United Kingdom 3829:" in both English and Welsh. 3797:in 1979, Wales voted against 3291:was created again in 1471 by 3154:was one of a series built by 3143:Wales in the Late Middle Ages 3012:Conquest of Wales by Edward I 2768:Wales in the High Middle Ages 2588:Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw 2360:, and chronicles such as the 2014:Senedd Cymru/Welsh Parliament 1302:Christianity in Roman Britain 7944:History of the British Isles 6420:History and Ancestry webpage 6284:The Great Awakening in Wales 6209:Yalden, Peter (April 2004). 6010:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 5985:Remfry, Paul Martin (2003). 5707:, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 5425:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. 5421:Jenkins, Geraint H. (1987). 3942:Richards & Trinkaus 2009 3916: 3815:Government of Wales Act 1998 3811:Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru 3737: 3631: 3605:and coal mines, notably the 3568:Presbyterian Church of Wales 3555:Presbyterian Church of Wales 3364:Early modern period in Wales 3330:. Henry VII again created a 3158:to consolidate his conquest. 2483:Island of Britain in AD 500. 2471:of Gwynedd (died c. 625) in 2223: 2044:Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site 2004:, Welsh voters approved the 1775:) begins with evidence of a 746:History of Cardiff City F.C. 7: 7841:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7452:Crisis of the Third Century 6243: 6190:Wyn Jones, Richard (2012). 6092:Whittle, Elisabeth (1992). 5919:Devolution in Britain today 5832:Morgan, Kenneth O. (1981). 5813:Morgan, Kenneth O. (2015). 5762:Mitchell, Brian R. (1962). 5282:. Oxford University Press. 5109:Cunliffe, Barry W. (1978). 3846: 3822:National Assembly for Wales 3807:National Assembly for Wales 3709:was the largest full-scale 3524:William Williams Pantycelyn 3503:Two of the furnaces of the 3372:Portrait of William Morgan. 3235:In 1400, a Welsh nobleman, 3137:Late middle ages: 1283–1542 3112:hanged, drawn and quartered 2762:High Middle Ages: 1000–1283 2392:Early Middle Ages: 383–1000 2304:of Britain. As part of the 2062:, a human skeleton dyed in 2010:National Assembly for Wales 1763:The history of what is now 10: 8470: 7897:Military history of Europe 7892:Maritime history of Europe 7297:Prince of Wales's feathers 6378:, ed. and trans. T. Jones 6358:Social history of medicine 6133:Williams, Gwyn A. (1985). 6087:(1st ed.). Routledge. 6064:Stephenson, David (1984). 5916:Pilkington, Colin (2002). 5343:Frere, Sheppard Sunderland 4085:Jones & Mattingly 1990 4058:Jones & Mattingly 1990 4034:Jones & Mattingly 1990 3858:Welsh historical documents 3635: 3624: 3447:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 3361: 3140: 3009: 2824:Norman conquest of England 2807: 2771: 2765: 2601: 2401: 2395: 2233: 2227: 2140:Tinkinswood Burial Chamber 2023: 1705:Inventions and discoveries 1421:Welsh historical documents 1275:List of festivals in Wales 500:United Kingdom (1801–1922) 173:Settlement in the Americas 28: 8408: 8333: 8286: 8178: 8129: 8070: 8059: 7950: 7867:Genetic history of Europe 7849: 7654: 7470: 7410: 7377: 7319: 7270: 7165: 7127: 7035: 7002: 6993: 6916: 6912: 6903: 6841: 6832: 6786: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6587: 6578: 6480: 6467: 6261:(U. of Wales Press, 1965) 6227:10.1017/S0022046904009923 6066:The Governance of Gwynedd 6058:Wales History of a Nation 5909:National Library of Wales 5552:National Library of Wales 5503:An Atlas of Roman Britain 5400:Harbus, Antonina (2002). 5377:10.1017/S0009640700073054 5314:Evans, D. Gareth (1989). 5191:. London: Penguin Books. 5147:Carpenter, David (2015). 3310:In 1485 Jasper's nephew, 3133:to the Realm of England. 3074:Llywelyn, Our Last Leader 2920:led to a dispute between 2598:Rise of Gwynedd: 700–1066 2306:Roman conquest of Britain 2153:. The climate during the 1967:. During the rise of the 1935:Wales became part of the 1058:Traditional Welsh costume 354:Titles of the Welsh Court 31:timeline of Welsh history 6871:Housing and construction 6312:Welsh reformation essays 6257:Davies, Ebnezer Thomas. 5440:Jenkins, Philip (2014). 5055:Beddoe, Deirdre (2000). 3878: 3868:List of Anglo-Welsh Wars 3467:Second English Civil War 3430:Y Llyfr Gweddi Gyffredin 3324:Battle of Bosworth Field 3085:Edward I King of England 2988:Justiciar of South Wales 2810:Norman invasion of Wales 2408:List of Anglo-Welsh wars 2404:Wales in the Middle Ages 2296:Roman invasion of Wales. 1996:. The nationalist party 1937:Kingdom of Great Britain 494:Kingdom of Great Britain 8216:Early medieval Scotland 7872:History of Christianity 7255:1904–1905 Welsh revival 7250:Welsh Methodist revival 6310:Williams, Glanmor, ed. 6031:10.1073/pnas.0903821106 5686:. Stroud : Sutton Pub. 5682:Lynch, Frances (2000). 5519:Jones, Francis (1969). 5085:Oxford University Press 3784:Welsh Language Act 1967 3707:1904–1905 Welsh Revival 3627:Modern history of Wales 3531:Welsh Methodist revival 3512:Welsh Methodist revival 3451:John Jones Maesygarnedd 3384:, although a number of 2774:List of rulers of Wales 2655:(usually attributed to 2566:in northwest Wales and 1957:Welsh Methodist revival 1357:1904–1905 Welsh Revival 1352:Welsh Methodist revival 776:Early modern Witchcraft 662:1904–1905 Welsh revival 334:List of rulers in Wales 8260:Early medieval Ireland 8226:Late medieval Scotland 8221:High medieval Scotland 8194:Early medieval England 7696:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6360:21.1 (2008): 163–174. 6321:55.02 (2004): 293–324. 6293:24.03 (1973): 267–284. 6177:Cite journal requires 5865:O'Leary, Paul (2002). 5566:Koch, John T. (2006). 5540:Jones, Thomas (1959). 5278:Davies, R. R. (2000). 5156:Davies, Janet (1993). 4893:, pp. 206–8, 272. 3779: 3734: 3727: 3688:demographic transition 3679: 3507: 3429: 3373: 3320:Richard III of England 3307: 3232: 3159: 3070:Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf 3021: 2925: 2819: 2783: 2621: 2613: 2584:Kingdom of Northumbria 2499:in 616, the forces of 2484: 2476: 2297: 2245: 2230:Wales in the Roman era 2138:in Pembrokeshire, and 2042:jawbone, found at the 2035: 1835:Anglo-Saxon settlement 1772: 1235:Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau 1027:Welsh-medium education 438:contemporary Welsh law 8307:Early modern Scotland 8270:Late medieval Ireland 8265:High medieval Ireland 8204:Late medieval England 8199:High medieval England 8155:Protohistoric Ireland 7776:Industrial Revolution 7260:Welsh Church Act 1914 7027:British Sign Language 6346:"The Works of Gildas" 6286:(Epworth Press, 1988) 6282:Morgan, Derec Llwyd. 6254:52.3 (2005): 337–352. 6153:Withey, Alun (2009). 5781:Moore, David (2005). 5721:Maund, K. L. (2006). 5701:Maund, K. L. (1991), 5665:The Stationery Office 5228:Davies, John (2009). 5027:Baker, Colin (1985). 4111:, pp. 1231–1233. 3956:, pp. 34–42, 58. 3777: 3732: 3722: 3692:Industrial Revolution 3677: 3636:Further information: 3595:Industrial Revolution 3502: 3422:Book of Common Prayer 3371: 3343:Henry VIII of England 3305: 3285:Edward of Westminster 3228: 3150: 3131:Principality of Wales 3019: 3010:Further information: 2912: 2884:William the Conqueror 2872:Battle of Mynydd Carn 2817: 2781: 2682:, originally king of 2619: 2611: 2482: 2466: 2295: 2243: 2046:in the valley of the 2033: 1965:Industrial Revolution 1963:in religion, and the 1939:in 1707 and then the 1898:Principality of Wales 1831:departed from Britain 1426:Welsh-language comics 470:Principality of Wales 452:History of the courts 188:Industrial revolution 8417:House of Plantagenet 8319:Early modern Ireland 8302:Early modern England 8297:Early modern Britain 8238:Early medieval Wales 8096:Prehistoric Shetland 8091:Prehistoric Scotland 7831:European debt crisis 7826:European integration 7766:Age of Enlightenment 7606:Republic of Florence 6816:British Armed Forces 6656:Wales–England border 6352:, London: James Bohn 6272:Horace Mann (1854). 6264:Jenkins, Geraint H. 5000:, p. 18, 33-34. 4169:Charles-Edwards 2013 3863:Archaeology of Wales 3799:devolution for Wales 3549:broke away from the 3479:battle of St. Fagans 3463:Charles I of England 3328:Henry VII of England 3271:and the Lancastrian 3081:Treaty of Montgomery 3066:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 3053:Henry III of England 3038:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 3026:Llywelyn ab Iorwerth 2948:in 1136 and annexed 2922:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 2868:Trahaearn ap Caradog 2787:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 2751:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 2060:Red Lady of Paviland 1890:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1638:World Heritage Sites 623:Historical documents 8394:Late modern Ireland 8288:Early modern period 8248:Late medieval Wales 8243:High medieval Wales 8115:Prehistoric Ireland 8086:Prehistoric England 8081:Prehistoric Britain 7796:Revolutions of 1848 7726:Early modern France 7507:Anglo-Saxon England 7412:Classical antiquity 6975:Scheduled monuments 6951:Literature in Welsh 6851:Banking and finance 6629:Mountains and hills 6555:Statute of Rhuddlan 6415:BBC History – Wales 6303:Williams, Glanmor. 6296:Williams, Glanmor. 6022:2009PNAS..10616034R 5494:10.1093/tcbh/hww019 5280:The Age of Conquest 5231:The making of Wales 4852:, pp. 792–827. 4780:, pp. 366–367. 4756:, pp. 293–324. 4744:, pp. 347–350. 4732:, pp. 370–377. 4672:, pp. 322–323. 4633:, pp. 268–273. 4621:, pp. 217–226. 4597:, pp. 169–185. 4585:, pp. 164–166. 4438:, pp. 108–109. 4414:, pp. 508–509. 4402:, pp. 162–171. 4279:, pp. 351–352. 4267:, pp. 343–344. 4231:, pp. 138–141. 4159:, pp. 143–159. 4087:, pp. 179–196. 4021:, pp. 249–277. 3758:Post war to present 3607:Cyfarthfa Ironworks 3505:Blaenavon Ironworks 3438:liturgical language 3358:Early modern period 3241:Henry IV of England 3239:, revolted against 3166:, which restricted 3164:Statute of Rhuddlan 3127:Statute of Rhuddlan 3089:Treaty of Aberconwy 3045:treaty of Worcester 2946:Battle of Crug Mawr 2840:William Fitz Osbern 2822:At the time of the 2643:or a site north of 2576:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 2519:("Old North"), the 2467:Gravestone of King 2236:King of the Britons 2132:Barclodiad y Gawres 1902:Edward I of England 1819:conquest of Britain 1675:Flag of Saint David 1442:and performing arts 1312:Celtic Christianity 1230:Dydd Santes Dwynwen 957:Statute of Rhuddlan 406:Constitutional laws 314:King of the Britons 178:Early modern period 8422:House of Lancaster 8375:World Wars (Wales) 8335:Late modern period 8312:Early modern Wales 8101:Prehistoric Orkney 8072:Prehistoric period 7902:Crusading movement 7806:Russian Revolution 7641:Hundred Years' War 7537:Maritime republics 7440:Early Christianity 7430:Hellenistic period 7387:Paleolithic Europe 7142:Healthcare service 6763:Secretary of State 6545:Edwardian conquest 6535:Medieval Welsh law 6520:Kingdom of Gwynedd 6337:(Routledge, 2016). 5960:Prestwich, Michael 5951:978-0-19-82-1708-4 5785:. Stroud: Tempus. 5644:Lloyd, John Edward 5622:Lloyd, John Edward 5189:A History of Wales 5159:The Welsh language 4952:, p. loc:400. 4940:, pp. 56, 67. 4881:, pp. 94–105. 4804:, pp. 20, 22. 3780: 3735: 3680: 3584:Congregationalists 3508: 3374: 3308: 3233: 3162:After passing the 3160: 3123:Welsh independence 3093:Dafydd ap Gruffudd 3049:Dafydd ap Llywelyn 3022: 2926: 2880:Earl of Shrewsbury 2848:Earl of Shrewsbury 2830:, who was king of 2820: 2784: 2622: 2614: 2521:Brittonic-speaking 2485: 2477: 2363:Historia Brittonum 2298: 2246: 2163:Radiocarbon dating 2056:Lower Palaeolithic 2036: 1930:Kingdom of England 1926:Laws in Wales Acts 1904:; since then, the 1829:in 79. The Romans 1817:, who began their 1811:Brittonic language 947:Edwardian conquest 937:Medieval Welsh law 922:Kingdom of Gwynedd 753: • 738: • 723: • 707:Geological history 674: • 615: • 611: • 548: • 521: • 517: • 513: • 481:Kingdom of England 444: • 440: • 436: • 432: • 391:Medieval Welsh law 288: • 269: • 163:Edwardian conquest 145: • 141: • 135:In the Middle Ages 8441: 8440: 8324:Early modern Mann 8211:Medieval Scotland 8169:Sub-Roman Britain 8164:End of Roman rule 8108:Prehistoric Wales 7910: 7909: 7836:COVID-19 pandemic 7781:French Revolution 7756:Habsburg monarchy 7736:Cossack Hetmanate 7716:Portuguese Empire 7706:Absolute monarchy 7701:Thirty Years' War 7596:Holy Roman Empire 7521:Bulgarian Empire 7480:Early Middle Ages 7397:Bronze Age Europe 7371:History of Europe 7337: 7336: 7315: 7314: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7156: 6899: 6898: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6753:Political parties 6669: 6668: 6560:Glyndŵr rebellion 6515:Early Middle Ages 6342:Giles, John Allen 6201:978-0-7083-2485-1 6125:978-0-19-821733-6 6112:Williams, Glanmor 5977:978-0-19-822844-8 5929:978-0-7190-6075-5 5792:978-0-7524-3321-9 5714:978-0-85115-533-3 5684:Prehistoric Wales 5674:978-0-117015-74-6 5579:978-1-85109-440-0 5512:978-1-84217-067-0 5467:(11): 1257–1274. 5451:978-1-317-87269-6 5327:978-0-7083-1027-4 5297:978-0-19-820878-5 5220:978-0-7083-1953-6 5207:Davies, John (Ed) 5169:978-0-7083-1211-7 5139:978-0-19-821731-2 5094:978-0-19-827769-9 5040:978-0-905028-51-4 4792:, pp. 46–47. 4684:, pp. 22–36. 4549:, pp. 23–24. 4354:, pp. 28–30. 4294:, pp. 87–97. 4243:, pp. 50–54. 4219:, pp. 65–66. 4123:, pp. 52–63. 4048:, pp. 37–39. 3980:, pp. 39–40. 3803:second referendum 3718:Kenneth O. Morgan 3711:Christian revival 3611:Dowlais Ironworks 3535:Church of England 3483:siege of Pembroke 3414:William Salesbury 3265:Earls of Pembroke 3261:Wars of the Roses 3200:Madog ap Llywelyn 2972:Llywelyn ap Madog 2968:Madog ap Maredudd 2930:Gruffudd ap Cynan 2914:Caerphilly Castle 2864:Gruffudd ap Cynan 2828:Bleddyn ap Cynfyn 2745:Maredudd ab Owain 2737:Godfrey Haroldson 2732:Brut y Tywysogion 2631:, Shropshire and 2497:Battle of Chester 2446:Age of the Saints 2144:Vale of Glamorgan 2026:Prehistoric Wales 1953:literary language 1761: 1760: 1342:William Salesbury 1297:Religion in Wales 1240:Saint David's Day 1111:Matter of Britain 1079:Historic counties 962:Glyndŵr rebellion 917:Early Middle Ages 846: 845: 658:Christian history 637:historic counties 426:England and Wales 339:Rulers of Gwynedd 216:Medieval kingdoms 168:Glyndŵr rebellion 16:(Redirected from 8461: 8454:History of Wales 8399:Late modern Mann 8370:Second World War 8355:Edwardian period 8350:Victorian period 8255:Medieval Ireland 8189:Medieval England 8131:Classical period 8120:Prehistoric Mann 8065: 8022:Northern Ireland 7937: 7930: 7923: 7914: 7913: 7771:Great Divergence 7686:Age of Discovery 7631:Late Middle Ages 7601:High Middle Ages 7512:Byzantine Empire 7495:Christianization 7485:Migration Period 7420:Classical Greece 7392:Neolithic Europe 7364: 7357: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7330:Wales portal 7328: 7327: 7326: 7000: 6999: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6839: 6838: 6806:Modern Welsh law 6721:Local government 6689: 6688: 6680: 6679: 6585: 6584: 6550:Late Middle Ages 6525:Kingdom of Powys 6510:Anglo-Welsh Wars 6453: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6424:Welsh Government 6353: 6279: 6278:. Ge. Routledge. 6238: 6205: 6186: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6148: 6129: 6107: 6096:. London: HMSO. 6088: 6079: 6053: 6043: 6033: 6000: 5981: 5969: 5955: 5933: 5912: 5893: 5880: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5828: 5809: 5796: 5777: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5736: 5717: 5697: 5678: 5653: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5617: 5608: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5536: 5515: 5497: 5476: 5455: 5436: 5417: 5396: 5359: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5310: 5301: 5274: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5224: 5202: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5152: 5143: 5124: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5075:Bogdanor, Vernon 5070: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4988:, p. 33-34. 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 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1454:Welsh folk music 1265:Gŵyl San Steffan 1168:Selsig Morgannwg 1106:Arthurian legend 1017:Welsh placenames 952:Late Middle Ages 927:Kingdom of Powys 912:Anglo-Welsh Wars 873: 864: 862:Culture of Wales 848: 847: 838: 831: 824: 807: 806: 805: 795: 794: 793: 761:British military 740:with other teams 686:history-specific 676:woollen industry 668:Economic history 633:Local government 604:Welsh literature 434:former march law 363:British monarchs 358:English monarchs 125:Anglo-Welsh wars 120:In the Roman era 72: 66: 56: 38: 37: 21: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8436: 8404: 8403: 8365:Interwar period 8360:First World War 8329: 8328: 8282: 8281: 8180:Medieval period 8174: 8173: 8125: 8124: 8066: 8057: 8056: 8040:Channel Islands 7976:Isles of Scilly 7946: 7941: 7911: 7906: 7845: 7811:Interwar period 7786:Napoleonic Wars 7650: 7621:Mongol invasion 7574:Crown of Aragon 7466: 7406: 7402:Iron Age Europe 7373: 7368: 7338: 7333: 7324: 7322: 7311: 7266: 7195:Presbyterianism 7153: 7123: 7055:Welsh Americans 7031: 6989: 6895: 6881:Slate quarrying 6820: 6796:Counsel General 6782: 6665: 6634:Protected areas 6574: 6540:Norman invasion 6476: 6463: 6457: 6400: 6395: 6371: 6369:Primary sources 6366: 6329: 6324: 6246: 6241: 6202: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6145: 6126: 6104: 6076: 6016:(38): 16034–9. 5997: 5978: 5952: 5930: 5877: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5825: 5793: 5774: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5715: 5694: 5675: 5633: 5631: 5606: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5556: 5554: 5533: 5513: 5461:History Compass 5452: 5433: 5414: 5357: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5298: 5271: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5221: 5199: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5140: 5121: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5067: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4708:, pp. 5–6. 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4547:Pilkington 2002 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4378:, pp. 4–5. 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4229:Stephenson 1984 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4060:, pp. 154. 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3849: 3835: 3760: 3744:First World War 3740: 3640: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3494:Carmarthenshire 3366: 3360: 3341:Under his son, 3269:William Herbert 3176:Prince of Wales 3145: 3139: 3097:Hawarden Castle 3068:(also known as 3062:Tower of London 3014: 3008: 2958:Empress Matilda 2876:Earl of Chester 2812: 2806: 2804:Norman invasion 2776: 2770: 2764: 2606: 2600: 2580:Penda of Mercia 2574:(died 547) and 2572:Maelgwn Gwynedd 2410: 2400: 2394: 2273:Gower Peninsula 2238: 2232: 2226: 2206:Royal Air Force 2116:, particularly 2114:chambered tombs 2072:Gower Peninsula 2028: 2022: 2020:Prehistoric era 1977:iron industries 1910:Prince of Wales 1757: 1719: 1717: 1710: 1709: 1670:National anthem 1655: 1654: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1563: 1562: 1551: 1550: 1531: 1530: 1519: 1518: 1464:Welsh stepdance 1444: 1443: 1431: 1430: 1386: 1385: 1367: 1366: 1292: 1291: 1280: 1279: 1220: 1219: 1208: 1207: 1178:Welsh breakfast 1173:Tatws Pum Munud 1133: 1132: 1121: 1120: 1101: 1100: 1085: 1084: 1067:Land division ( 1053: 1052: 1043: 1042: 998: 997: 979: 978: 977: 976: 942:Norman invasion 885: 884: 860: 842: 813: 803: 801: 791: 789: 781: 780: 748: 736:team since 2004 733: 712:Genetic history 606: 594: 586: 585: 537: 529: 528: 508: 502: 496: 490: 477: 465: 457: 456: 446:Wales-only acts 442:Wales-only laws 386: 378: 377: 356: 344:Rulers of Powys 329:Prince of Wales 309: 301: 300: 218: 208: 207: 153:Norman invasion 80: 67: 54: 47: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8467: 8457: 8456: 8439: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8344:United Kingdom 8340: 8339: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8233:Medieval Wales 8230: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8152: 8147: 8145:Roman Scotland 8142: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8088: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8037: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8003:Outer Hebrides 8000: 7998:Inner Hebrides 7995: 7990: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7961:United Kingdom 7957: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7917: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7761:Russian Empire 7758: 7753: 7751:British Empire 7748: 7746:Dutch Republic 7743: 7741:Swedish Empire 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Spanish Empire 7718: 7713: 7711:Ottoman Empire 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7626:Serbian Empire 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7462:Late antiquity 7459: 7454: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Roman Republic 7422: 7416: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7276: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7171: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6876:Power stations 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6711:First Minister 6708: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6639:National parks 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6472:List of topics 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: articles 6456: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6399: 6398:External links 6396: 6394: 6393: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6354: 6344:, ed. (1841), 6338: 6330: 6328: 6327:Historiography 6325: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6252:Social compass 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6221:(2): 293–324. 6206: 6200: 6187: 6179:|journal= 6150: 6143: 6130: 6124: 6108: 6102: 6089: 6080: 6074: 6061: 6060:(2nd ed. 2014) 6054: 6001: 5996:978-1899376469 5995: 5982: 5976: 5956: 5950: 5938:Powicke, F. M. 5934: 5928: 5913: 5894: 5881: 5876:978-0708317679 5875: 5862: 5842: 5829: 5824:978-1783163236 5823: 5810: 5797: 5791: 5778: 5772: 5759: 5737: 5731: 5718: 5713: 5698: 5692: 5679: 5673: 5654: 5640: 5618: 5609: 5604: 5591: 5578: 5563: 5537: 5531: 5516: 5511: 5498: 5488:(3): 492–494. 5477: 5456: 5450: 5437: 5431: 5418: 5412: 5397: 5371:(4): 792–827. 5365:Church History 5360: 5355: 5339: 5326: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5275: 5269: 5253: 5240: 5225: 5219: 5203: 5197: 5181: 5168: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5132:. OUP Oxford. 5125: 5119: 5106: 5093: 5071: 5065: 5052: 5039: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4962:Wyn Jones 2012 4954: 4950:Wyn Jones 2012 4942: 4930: 4928:, p. 169. 4918: 4916:, p. 533. 4906: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4816:, p. 302. 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 183. 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4720:, p. 280. 4710: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4660:, p. 572. 4647: 4645:, p. 233. 4635: 4623: 4611: 4609:, p. 199. 4599: 4587: 4575: 4573:, p. 159. 4563: 4561:, p. 386. 4551: 4539: 4527: 4525:, p. 353. 4515: 4513:, p. 151. 4511:Prestwich 2007 4503: 4501:, p. 409. 4491: 4489:, p. 693. 4479: 4464: 4460:Carpenter 2015 4452: 4450:, p. 124. 4440: 4428: 4426:, p. 536. 4416: 4404: 4392: 4390:, p. 398. 4380: 4368: 4366:, p. 110. 4356: 4344: 4342:, p. 216. 4332: 4330:, p. 100. 4320: 4308: 4296: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4255:, p. 337. 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4183:, p. 131. 4173: 4171:, p. 345. 4161: 4149: 4137: 4135:, p. 126. 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4074: 4072:, pp. 27. 4062: 4050: 4038: 4036:, p. 151. 4023: 4011: 3999: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3834: 3833:Historiography 3831: 3788:Welsh language 3759: 3756: 3739: 3736: 3684:Glamorganshire 3665:Merthyr Tydfil 3633: 3630: 3625:Main article: 3622: 3621:Modern history 3619: 3615:Merthyr Tydfil 3563:Sunday schools 3516:Daniel Rowland 3490:Griffith Jones 3434:William Morgan 3405:Richard Davies 3390:William Morgan 3362:Main article: 3359: 3356: 3351:Welsh language 3267:, the Yorkist 3152:Harlech Castle 3141:Main article: 3138: 3135: 3030:Abergwyngregyn 3007: 3004: 2990:. Rhys held a 2940:, allied with 2900:Rhys ap Tewdwr 2886:advanced into 2850:were ravaging 2805: 2802: 2766:Main article: 2763: 2760: 2657:Offa of Mercia 2599: 2596: 2513:Selyf ap Cynan 2469:Cadfan ap Iago 2396:Main article: 2393: 2390: 2380:, the Emperor 2352:Magnus Maximus 2302:Roman governor 2228:Main article: 2225: 2222: 2198:Llŷn peninsula 2128:Bryn Celli Ddu 2024:Main article: 2021: 2018: 1969:British Empire 1949:William Morgan 1807:Firth of Forth 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1690:Welsh heraldry 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1514:Welsh bagpipes 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347:William Morgan 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203:Food festivals 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1024: 1022:Welsh surnames 1019: 1014: 1009: 999: 993: 992: 991: 988: 987: 981: 980: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 888: 887: 886: 880: 879: 878: 875: 874: 866: 865: 857: 856: 844: 843: 841: 840: 833: 826: 818: 815: 814: 812: 811: 799: 786: 783: 782: 779: 778: 773: 763: 758: 743: 728: 714: 709: 704: 699: 692:Health service 689: 679: 665: 655: 653:Jewish history 650: 640: 630: 625: 620: 601: 599:Welsh language 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 506:United Kingdom 503: 497: 491: 483: 478: 472: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 360: 351: 349:Fifteen Tribes 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 293: 279: 274: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 219: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 200: 195: 193:Modern history 190: 185: 175: 170: 165: 160: 150: 132: 122: 117: 110:Roman conquest 107: 97: 92: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 59: 58: 49: 48: 41: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8466: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8427:House of York 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346:(since 1707) 8345: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8277:Medieval Mann 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Roman Ireland 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Roman Britain 8138: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7971:Isle of Wight 7969: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7933: 7931: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857:Art of Europe 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7656:Modern period 7653: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7360: 7358: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7332: 7331: 7318: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7290:national flag 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:Welsh English 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6946:Gorsedd Cymru 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6811:Police forces 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Republicanism 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6390:1-899376-81-X 6387: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6333:Evans, Neil. 6332: 6331: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6171: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:0-85159-003-9 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6075:0-7083-0850-3 6071: 6067: 6062: 6059: 6056:Ross, David. 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5845: 5843:0-19-821736-6 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5773:9780521057387 5769: 5765: 5760: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5732:0-7524-2973-6 5728: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5605:0-312-04767-3 5601: 5597: 5592: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5564: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5532:9780900768200 5528: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5432:0-19-821734-X 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5413:0-85991-625-1 5409: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5356:0-7102-1215-1 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5270:0-19-821732-3 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257:Davies, R. R. 5254: 5243: 5241:9780752452418 5237: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5198:0-14-014581-8 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5120:0-7100-8725-X 5116: 5112: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4976:, p. 33. 4975: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4879:Phillips 1993 4875: 4869:, p. 95. 4868: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4802:Mitchell 1962 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4766:Williams 1985 4762: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4670:Williams 1987 4666: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4631:Williams 1987 4627: 4620: 4619:Williams 1987 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4306:, p. 64. 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4207:, p. 64. 4206: 4201: 4195:, p. 36. 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4147:, p. 52. 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4099:, p. 78. 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4009:, p. 19. 4008: 4003: 3997:, p. 23. 3996: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653:Nonconformism 3649: 3645: 3639: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3588:nonconformist 3585: 3581: 3577: 3574:churches, or 3573: 3572:nonconformist 3569: 3564: 3560: 3559:Nonconformist 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520:Howell Harris 3517: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475:Thomas Horton 3472: 3471:Pembrokeshire 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3365: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3336:Prince Arthur 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287:in 1457. The 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237:Owain Glyndŵr 3231: 3230:Owain Glyndŵr 3227: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3216:Owain Lawgoch 3213: 3209: 3208:Llywelyn Bren 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Welsh Marches 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:King Henry II 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:Owain Gwynedd 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2811: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Herefordshire 2630: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:Northumbrians 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2473:Llangadwaladr 2470: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414:Roman legions 2409: 2405: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2332:name intact. 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Vale of Neath 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:on Anglesey, 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070:caves of the 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2027: 2017: 2016:in May 2020. 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1989:Liberal Party 1987:replaced the 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:nonconformist 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1924:, passed the 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:Owain Glyndŵr 1911: 1907: 1906:heir apparent 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801:. During the 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1188:Welsh rarebit 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163:Gower cuisine 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033:Welsh English 1031: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007:Y Fro Gymraeg 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 990: 989: 986: 983: 982: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 883: 877: 876: 872: 868: 867: 863: 859: 858: 854: 850: 849: 839: 834: 832: 827: 825: 820: 819: 817: 816: 810: 800: 798: 788: 787: 785: 784: 777: 774: 771: 767: 764: 762: 759: 756: 752: 747: 744: 741: 737: 732: 729: 726: 722: 718: 717:Football team 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 697: 693: 690: 687: 683: 680: 677: 673: 669: 666: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 648: 644: 643:Music history 641: 638: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 590: 589: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 561:Milford Haven 559: 557: 554: 551: 547: 543: 540: 539: 536:Local history 533: 532: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 488: 484: 482: 479: 476: 475:Welsh Marches 473: 471: 468: 467: 461: 460: 453: 450: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 424: 422: 421:Language laws 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 396: 392: 389: 388: 382: 381: 374: 371: 368: 364: 361: 359: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 324:King of Wales 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 305: 304: 297: 294: 291: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 272: 268: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 217: 212: 211: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 123: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 71: 65: 61: 60: 57: 51: 50: 45: 40: 39: 36: 32: 27: 19: 18:Welsh history 8009: 7816:World War II 7669:Early modern 7646:Kalmar Union 7517:Papal States 7435:Roman Empire 7321: 7307:Welsh Dragon 7175:Christianity 6995:Demographics 6953: / 6778:Wales Office 6743:Local rulers 6592:Biodiversity 6495:Bibliography 6481: 6381: 6375: 6357: 6349: 6334: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6218: 6214: 6191: 6170:cite journal 6158:. Retrieved 6134: 6115: 6093: 6084: 6065: 6057: 6013: 6009: 5986: 5965: 5941: 5918: 5902: 5889: 5885: 5866: 5836:. New York. 5833: 5814: 5805: 5801: 5782: 5763: 5751:. Retrieved 5742: 5722: 5703: 5683: 5659: 5648: 5632:. Retrieved 5626: 5613: 5595: 5583:. Retrieved 5572:. ABC-CLIO. 5568: 5555:. Retrieved 5545: 5521: 5502: 5485: 5481: 5464: 5460: 5441: 5422: 5402: 5368: 5364: 5346: 5331:. Retrieved 5316: 5306: 5279: 5260: 5245:. Retrieved 5230: 5210: 5188: 5185:Davies, John 5173:. Retrieved 5158: 5129: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5079: 5056: 5044:. Retrieved 5029: 5020:Bibliography 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4845: 4833: 4826:Jenkins 1987 4821: 4814:O'Leary 2002 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4742:Jenkins 1987 4737: 4730:Jenkins 1987 4725: 4713: 4706:Jenkins 1987 4701: 4696:, p. 7. 4694:Jenkins 1987 4689: 4677: 4665: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4499:Powicke 1962 4494: 4482: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4065: 4053: 4046:Webster 2019 4041: 4014: 4002: 3973: 3966:Whittle 1992 3961: 3949: 3937: 3932:, p. 3. 3925: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3836: 3819: 3810: 3792: 3781: 3769:steel crisis 3761: 3748:Labour Party 3741: 3723: 3716: 3704: 3700: 3681: 3655:. The first 3641: 3592: 3541:rather than 3528: 3509: 3487: 3459:Morgan Llwyd 3432:). In 1588, 3421: 3402: 3375: 3340: 3334:for his son 3309: 3295:for his son 3283:for his son 3273:Jasper Tudor 3258: 3250: 3234: 3197: 3193:14th century 3161: 3120: 3105:Builth Wells 3078: 3073: 3069: 3042: 3034:Menai Strait 3023: 2962: 2927: 2821: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2749: 2730: 2724: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2623: 2561: 2531:, including 2511:, with king 2486: 2433: 2425: 2411: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2334: 2326: 2299: 2284: 2271:east of the 2266: 2262:Caer Caradog 2247: 2218: 2171: 2148: 2121: 2100: 2082:Period (old 2058:period. The 2037: 1985:Labour Party 1934: 1847: 1839:Welsh people 1787:last ice age 1782:Homo sapiens 1780: 1762: 1695:Celtic cross 1685:Welsh Dragon 1665:Coat of arms 1613:Rugby League 1598:Horse Racing 1479:Cymanfa Ganu 1260:Gŵyl Mabsant 1193:Welsh dishes 1038:Welsh Romani 897:Bibliography 881: 766:Rent control 755:1962–present 725:1977–present 519:Wales Office 515:Welsh Office 319:Royal houses 95:Bibliography 52: 35: 26: 8150:Roman Wales 8034:Isle of Man 7801:World War I 7791:Nationalism 7679:Reformation 7664:Renaissance 7636:Black Death 7569:Kievan Rus' 7472:Middle Ages 7302:Royal Badge 7245:Saint David 7185:Catholicism 7180:Anglicanism 6856:Coal mining 6846:Agriculture 6748:Nationalism 5010:Johnes 2016 4938:Davies 1993 4914:Davies 1994 4891:Morgan 1981 4867:Morgan 2015 4790:Morgan 1981 4778:Davies 1994 4754:Yalden 2004 4718:Davies 1994 4682:Morgan 2009 4658:Davies 2008 4643:Davies 1994 4607:Davies 1994 4559:Davies 1987 4523:Davies 2000 4487:Lloyd 1911b 4475:Pierce 1959 4424:Lloyd 1911b 4412:Lloyd 1911b 4388:Lloyd 1911b 4376:Remfry 2003 4352:Davies 1987 4328:Davies 1994 4277:Lloyd 1911a 4265:Lloyd 1911a 4253:Lloyd 1911a 4217:Davies 1994 4205:Davies 1994 4181:Lloyd 1911a 4157:Lloyd 1911a 4145:Davies 1994 4121:Harbus 2002 4097:Davies 2000 4007:Davies 1994 3995:Davies 2009 3930:Davies 1994 3752:South Wales 3661:Keir Hardie 3418:Thomas Huet 3394:Welsh Bible 3382:Anglicanism 3312:Henry Tudor 3245:Machynlleth 3101:Palm Sunday 2936:. His son, 2904:Brycheiniog 2860:North Wales 2797:John Davies 2688:9th century 2686:during the 2661:8th century 2653:Offa's Dyke 2537:Strathclyde 2458:Saint Teilo 2450:Saint David 2434:magistratus 2382:Constantine 2337:engineering 2269:South Wales 2194:Tre'r Ceiri 2190:Aberystwyth 2167:John Davies 2136:Pentre Ifan 2080:Paleolithic 2052:North Wales 2040:Neanderthal 1998:Plaid Cymru 1981:nationalist 1892:led to the 1870:Brycheiniog 1777:Neanderthal 1700:Celtic knot 1680:Other flags 1618:Rugby Union 1504:Triple harp 1489:Noson Lawen 1459:Welsh dance 1337:Welsh Bible 1322:Saint David 1317:Celtic Rite 1255:Calan Gaeaf 1198:Restaurants 1153:Cawl Cennin 731:Rugby union 702:Plaid Cymru 628:Archaeology 430:English law 395:manuscripts 223:Brycheiniog 114:of Anglesey 104:archaeology 53:History of 7564:Viking Age 7379:Prehistory 7137:Healthcare 7097:Scientists 7060:Architects 6955:in English 6941:Eisteddfod 6716:Government 6701:Devolution 6684:Government 6661:Waterfalls 6530:Deheubarth 6500:Prehistory 6103:0117012211 5693:075092165X 5634:19 January 5557:31 January 5151:. Hansard. 5100:5 November 5083:. London: 5066:0708315917 4926:Baker 1985 4850:Gitre 2004 4838:Evans 1989 4595:Moore 2005 4583:Moore 2005 4571:Moore 2005 4535:Jones 1969 4448:Moore 2005 4436:Moore 2005 4400:Maund 2006 4364:Maund 2006 4340:Maund 1991 4316:Jones 1959 4304:Maund 1991 4292:Maund 2006 4241:Maund 2006 4193:Maund 2006 4133:Lynch 1995 4070:Giles 1841 4019:Lynch 1995 3978:Lynch 1995 3954:Lynch 2000 3874:References 3795:referendum 3576:dissenters 3547:Methodists 3409:John Penry 3398:literature 3378:Henry VIII 3376:Following 3116:Shrewsbury 3000:Eisteddfod 2950:Ceredigion 2892:St David's 2862:. In 1081 2852:Deheubarth 2808:See also: 2795:Historian 2772:See also: 2716:Deheubarth 2704:Deheubarth 2696:Ceredigion 2669:Welsh laws 2641:Shrewsbury 2602:See also: 2517:Hen Ogledd 2509:Æthelfrith 2430:magistrate 2402:See also: 2357:Mabinogion 2340:technology 2281:Carmarthen 2234:See also: 2159:Great Orme 2103:Mesolithic 2098:'s skull. 2048:River Elwy 2006:devolution 2002:referendum 1922:Owen Tudor 1918:Henry VIII 1862:Ceredigion 1850:post-Roman 1799:Bronze Age 1791:Mesolithic 1541:Television 1484:Cynghanedd 1469:Cerdd Dant 1396:in English 1383:Literature 1270:Eisteddfod 1250:Calan Awst 1183:Welsh cake 1143:Bara Lafwr 1138:Bara brith 1116:Mabinogion 1051:Traditions 932:Deheubarth 902:Prehistory 770:regulation 617:in English 546:as capital 523:Devolution 411:Penal laws 233:Deheubarth 228:Ceredigion 203:Devolution 198:World Wars 182:witchcraft 157:settlement 129:rebellions 100:Prehistory 79:Chronology 7611:Feudalism 7582:Catalonia 7190:Mormonism 7082:Musicians 7077:Inventors 7012:Languages 7004:Languages 6936:Education 6891:Transport 6861:Companies 6706:Elections 6580:Geography 6505:Roman Era 6422:from the 6235:1469-7637 5892:: 94–105. 5852:cite book 5646:(1911b). 5624:(1911a). 5393:162398324 5385:1755-2613 4109:Koch 2006 3917:Citations 3738:1914–1945 3671:in 1900. 3632:1800–1914 3603:ironworks 3599:limestone 3590:country. 3539:Calvinist 3514:, led by 3386:Catholics 3293:Edward IV 3222:in 1378. 3204:1294–1295 3168:Welsh law 3095:attacked 2718:but lost 2708:Welsh law 2700:Hywel Dda 2645:Baschurch 2553:Brittonic 2549:Old Welsh 2422:Cantiorix 2378:St Helena 2374:Sub-Roman 2322:Ordovices 2314:Roman era 2310:governors 2286:civitates 2254:Ordovices 2224:Roman era 2186:Pen Dinas 2174:Llyn Fawr 2123:cromlechs 2110:Neolithic 2092:seashells 2084:Stone Age 2068:limestone 2064:red ochre 1994:the Blitz 1878:Morgannwg 1843:Brittonic 1827:Ordovices 1823:Deceangli 1795:Neolithic 1631:Monuments 1327:Dubricius 1245:Calan Mai 1217:Festivals 1094:Mythology 1063:Welsh law 995:Languages 907:Roman Era 751:1899–1962 721:1876–1976 682:Education 416:Poor laws 296:Seisyllwg 286:Wenwynwyn 277:Morgannwg 248:Glywysing 8448:Category 8432:Monarchs 8050:Guernsey 8015:Anglesey 7988:Shetland 7983:Scotland 7952:Overview 7850:See also 7821:Cold War 7616:Crusades 7586:Valencia 7241:History 7215:Hinduism 7210:Buddhism 7167:Religion 7112:in Welsh 6866:Forestry 6773:Unionism 6693:Politics 6675:Politics 6570:Colonies 6490:Timeline 6244:Religion 6160:30 March 6114:(1987). 6050:19706482 5962:(2007). 5940:(1962). 5808:: 22–36. 5585:29 March 5345:(1987), 5333:31 March 5259:(1987). 5247:28 March 5209:(2008). 5187:(1994). 5077:(1995). 3847:See also 3696:Italians 3669:Aberdare 3609:and the 3582:and the 3580:Baptists 3551:Anglican 3543:Arminian 3453:and the 3443:Royalist 3297:Edward V 3281:Henry VI 3156:Edward I 3058:Gruffudd 2996:Cardigan 2842:overran 2741:Anglesey 2712:Whitland 2637:Pengwern 2629:Cheshire 2557:Cornwall 2547:, where 2545:Gododdin 2525:Scotland 2386:Coel Hen 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