53:
512:
501:
3102:
1032:(CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and the provinces in the National Advisory Committee." Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the
2210:
questionnaire; however, the term 'First
Nations people' is used throughout this document." In the document, "term 'Aboriginal identity' refers to whether the person reported being an Aboriginal person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), MĂ©tis or Inuk (Inuit) and/or being a Registered or Treaty Indian, (that is, registered under the
1018:. By 2002, (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements are "modern treaties" and therefore hold constitutional status.
2209:
This series provides data on individual reserves including population by
Aboriginal identity, immigrant population, educational attainment, labour, income and housing. In the documents footnote it was pointed out that, "espondents self-identified as 'First Nations (North American Indian)' on the NHS
954:
the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band." Title to land within the reserve may be transferred to only the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a
1011:
Indian reserves play a very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First
Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally
979:
Corporations owned by members of First
Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off the reserves. Most
1044:(NPRI) was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country". The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data showed the
766:
of
British Columbia, which formally became a colony in 1858, also worked to establish many reserves on the mainland during his tenure, though most of these were overturned by successor colonial governments and later royal commissions once the province joined Confederation in 1871.
2876:
968:(CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into a trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government.
971:
Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves that do are held in trust by the minister of
2967:
812:
under its
Charter with the British Crown from 1670 to 1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Dominion of Canada promised Britain to honour the provisions of the
1107:
reserve's drinking water and chlorine levels had to be increased to 'shock' levels, causing skin problems and eventually resulting in an evacuation of hundreds of people from the reserve and costing approximately $ 16 million."
963:
While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need,
1546:
762:(1850–1854 British Columbia) were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits." Governor
706:), who occupy Munsee-Delaware Nation Indian Reserve No. 1. This consists of three non-contiguous parcels of land totalling 1,054 ha (2,600 acres) within the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 near
955:
band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at the instance of any person other than an Indian or a band".
1066:
that had been in effect for longer than a year. These are "public water systems managed by the federal government". There were also 18 communities that had "water issues for between two and 12 months."
623:
stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi). According to
Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and
678:(including the six reserves added for 2011). Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with
659:
lived on reserves. Of the 637,660 First
Nations people who reported being Registered Indians, nearly one-half (49.3%) lived on an Indian reserve. This proportion varies across the country.
2017:
2512:
662:
Many reserves have no resident population; typically they are small, remote, non-contiguous pieces of land, a fact which has led many to be abandoned, or used only seasonally (as a
2803:
2129:
1090:
1178:
1666:
1350:
1272:
1244:
973:
620:
2793:
1978:
1154:
540:
793:), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other."
437:
104:
2955:
2502:
1611:
2903:
1885:
161:
2861:
2370:
487:
462:
366:
619:
A single "band" (First
Nations government) may control one reserve or several, while other reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003, the
2939:
2532:
2036:
1149:
336:
2927:
2552:
2114:
1921:
331:
2204:
2161:
1751:
1773:
133:
17:
2537:
2527:
1845:
976:. Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation.
1581:
1028:
777:
In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the
Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the
250:
99:
604:
951:
533:
2135:
2077:
3050:
1139:
505:
230:
121:
1345:
2783:
2428:
1788:
714:
as a single parcel of land. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as
2055:
2563:
965:
918:, provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians".
727:
240:
116:
3077:
2773:
2363:
2260:
674:. For the 2011 census, of the more than 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada, there were only 961 Indian reserves classified as
346:
255:
220:
184:
2658:
2557:
1996:
1685:
1239:
1144:
1037:
526:
467:
361:
278:
245:
210:
1267:
2949:
2472:
2433:
1041:
886:
711:
225:
3144:
1057:
2933:
2621:
2438:
2763:
1220:
2356:
2030:
2006:
1967:
1934:
1679:
671:
625:
283:
94:
1824:
482:
3065:
2813:
2522:
2467:
2450:
2408:
2403:
2214:
of Canada) and/or being a member of a First Nation or Indian band. Aboriginal peoples of Canada are defined in the
1482:
472:
195:
1907:
3087:
2633:
1717:
1117:
205:
156:
31:
2997:
2720:
2507:
1307:
1075:
1891:
384:
3060:
2828:
1082:
reported that its "20-year boil-water advisory" was "the longest running drinking water advisory in Canada."
409:
404:
356:
166:
111:
2877:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
3012:
2987:
596:
399:
351:
42:
2808:
2668:
2542:
2185:
735:
1078:, in 2015, there were "162 drinking water advisories in 118 First Nation communities". In October 2015,
837:
with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in
3149:
3105:
2253:
2099:
1612:"Federal party leaders urged to end drinking water crisis in First Nation communities once and for all"
1083:
996:
814:
789:
751:
293:
2172:
2497:
1486:
1089:
By 2006, nearly 100 Indian reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water.
980:
reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the
921:
870:
805:
341:
2120:
1940:
3139:
3111:
2838:
1757:
1104:
1045:
763:
319:
1779:
818:
3032:
2818:
1079:
912:
since its enactment in 1876 by the Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the
878:
854:
809:
695:
637:
592:
151:
63:
3134:
3017:
2968:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
2616:
2547:
2413:
2348:
1867:
1851:
1014:
914:
894:
890:
784:
779:
703:
652:, are one of many examples where a single government is responsible for more than one reserve.
629:
3022:
2643:
2445:
2246:
1330:
874:
801:
2229:
1813:
2992:
2703:
2592:
2455:
1701:
1616:
838:
679:
52:
2151:
2083:
987:
Due to treaty settlements, some Indian reserves are now incorporated as villages, such as
730:
and is an example of a reserve created in modern times. Another multi-band reserve of the
608:
8:
2698:
2597:
2418:
1923:
Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland: the Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry
1063:
1000:
882:
675:
633:
2061:
1890:, First Nation, MĂ©tis, and Inuit Policy Framework, Government of Alberta, archived from
1735:
324:
3082:
3072:
2673:
2638:
2582:
2423:
2207:(Report). National Household Survey (NHS) Focus on Geography Series. Statistics Canada.
2025:, Ottawa, Ontario: Communications Branch at Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC),
1133:
1122:
584:
77:
2908:
2517:
2380:
2270:
2026:
1992:
1963:
1930:
1675:
1325:
988:
925:
846:
834:
822:
707:
667:
215:
2753:
1909:
Building Relationships with First Nations: Respecting Rights and Doing Good Business
1048:
in Sarnia, Ontario, was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution."
821:
and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to the
3037:
3007:
3002:
2961:
2883:
2710:
2398:
1288:
1128:
1094:
933:
908:
The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the
797:
759:
2945:
2384:
849:. The treaties were also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties.
842:
723:
715:
656:
588:
570:
558:
414:
389:
126:
1697:
1193:
3055:
3027:
2868:
2715:
2648:
2609:
691:
477:
442:
2166:, National Household Survey (NHS) Focus on Geography Series, Statistics Canada
1512:
3128:
2678:
2462:
2218:, section 35 (2) as including the Indian, Inuit and MĂ©tis peoples of Canada."
2019:
Words First: an Evolving Terminology Relating to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada
1071:
670:
counts only those reserves which are populated (or potentially populated) as
649:
645:
516:
419:
235:
200:
1815:
Chemical valley: Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia sounds alarm over toxins
1012:
protected rights." First Nations' rights are protected by section 35 of the
2492:
755:
719:
641:
288:
171:
2688:
1799:
1674:, Ottawa, Ontario: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development,
853:
is an agreement established August 3, 1871, between the Crown and various
2587:
1989:
Canada's First Nations: a History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times
866:
862:
394:
2238:
1801:
Environmental Policy Tools and Firm Level Management Practices in Canada
3042:
2725:
992:
739:
579:
177:
2057:
Manitoba's Aboriginal Community: Who are Manitoba's Aboriginal People?
1668:
Resolving Aboriginal Claims: a Practical Guide to Canadian Experiences
1229:, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, MĂ©tis and Inuit.
1097:, had a boil-water advisory beginning in 1997. In October 2005, "high
587:, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a
2693:
2663:
2604:
2337:
2332:
1405:
600:
273:
190:
2131:
Guidelines for Integrating Indian and MĂ©tis Content and Perspectives
1850:, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, archived from
2653:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
1756:, Canada in the Making – Specific Events, Canadiana, archived from
1719:
Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, MĂ©tis and Inuit
1460:
1383:
1381:
858:
850:
663:
1529:
1527:
1500:
2626:
2513:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
1099:
2378:
1378:
2804:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
2279:
1582:"Can PM Trudeau keep drinkable water promise to First Nations?"
1524:
731:
699:
70:
27:
Land in Canada set aside by the Indian Act for First Nations
2940:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
583:
as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in
2105:
2060:, Manitoba Aboriginal and Northern Affairs, archived from
2180:, 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), Statistics Canada
1606:
1604:
1602:
932:
provisions governing reserves even though its lands were
1962:. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 6–18.
1987:
Dickason, Olive Patricia (2009), David T. McNab (ed.),
1417:
1155:
Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
796:
In 1870, the newly formed Dominion government acquired
694:
commonly administer more than one reserve, such as the
1599:
1558:
1556:
1351:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1273:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1245:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
974:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
2190:, Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia, n.d.
2174:
High Level Indicators –Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2012
1915:, Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation
672:"subdivisions" for the purpose of the national census
2503:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
1872:, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
1733:
1695:
1518:
1506:
1411:
1387:
1210:
1208:
1199:
2928:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
1980:
Twenty-five years after the Berger pipeline inquiry
1553:
745:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1429:
1366:
2956:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
1797:
1533:
1441:
1205:
710:, which was formerly shared between them and the
3126:
2862:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2533:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
1775:Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order
1632:
1150:List of Indian reserves in Canada by population
828:
632:, which like many bands, has only one reserve,
2553:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
1393:
1062:By December 21, 2017, there were 67 long-term
2364:
2254:
1826:Kashechewan: Water crisis in Northern Ontario
1575:
1573:
1571:
605:Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands
599:, after a contract with the Canadian state ("
534:
2538:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
2528:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
2134:, Saskatoon Catholic Schools, archived from
995:reserves was relieved of that status by the
869:tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations comprise the
626:3,100 Indian reserves/First Nations reserves
1790:Our Native Land: Making the Canadian Indian
1029:Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999
817:to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the
2371:
2357:
2261:
2247:
1798:Henriques, Irene; Sadorsky, Perry (2004),
1568:
1086:was under an 18-year boil water advisory.
541:
527:
2794:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
2268:
2202:
2159:
1308:"Census subdivision: Detailed definition"
1140:Indigenous specific land claims in Canada
1091:Ḵwiḵwa̱sut'inux̱w Ha̱xwa'mis First Nation
621:Department of Indian and Northern Affairs
2784:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
2170:
1986:
1715:
1423:
1354:. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
1294:
1276:. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
1248:. Government of Canada. 14 November 2008
1226:
999:. Similarly, the Indian reserves of the
770:
2904:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
1957:
1811:
1562:
1179:"Basic Search ("Indian Act" "majesty")"
1160:
966:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
14:
3127:
2774:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2231:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2082:, Government of Canada, archived from
1960:A StĂł:lĹŤ-Coast Salish Historical Atlas
1919:
1778:, Government of Canada, archived from
1749:
1579:
1435:
952:Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations
900:
754:but before Confederation in 1867, the
702:people (in Canada incorporated as the
185:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2659:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
2558:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2352:
2242:
2112:
2097:
1865:
1843:
1837:
1786:
1664:
1447:
1372:
1214:
1145:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
1038:Environment and Climate Change Canada
1036:." Under sections 46–50 of the CEPA,
1003:are now Indian government districts.
991:, British Columbia, which like other
758:Treaties (1764–1862 Ontario) and the
211:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2015:
1070:According to statistics gathered by
1042:National Pollutant Release Inventory
887:Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation
728:St. Mary's Indian Residential School
712:Chippewas of the Thames First Nation
628:across Canada. Examples include the
603:"), and are not to be confused with
591:." Reserves are areas set aside for
2149:
2075:
2004:
1976:
1822:
1643:
1580:Aiello, Rachel (28 December 2017).
1297:, Highlights: First Nations people.
1058:Long-term drinking water advisories
24:
2934:Convention on Biological Diversity
2196:
2116:Ryerson Journalism Diversity Watch
2053:
1905:
1812:Colihan, Mary Ann (1 April 2008),
1771:
1399:
738:, which is located in the City of
25:
3161:
2962:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
2222:
2184:
2127:
1958:Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (2001).
1787:Clegg, Cindy (4 September 1982),
3101:
3100:
2814:Government of the Sakha Republic
2523:Indigenous Environmental Network
2404:Free, prior and informed consent
1883:
1818:, Aboriginal Canadians, CBC News
1620:. Media Release. 13 October 2015
1483:"Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory"
1463:. Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory
1051:
1006:
958:
808:that had been controlled by the
746:Treaties and reserves, 1763–1867
595:, one of the major groupings of
510:
499:
51:
3088:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2950:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
2634:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
1539:
1475:
1453:
1338:
1118:Aboriginal land title in Canada
833:Between 1871 and 1921, through
614:
157:British Columbia Treaty Process
32:Indian reserve (disambiguation)
2998:2009 Peruvian political crisis
2508:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1991:, University of Oxford Press,
1929:, Supply and Services Canada,
1318:
1300:
1260:
1232:
1171:
1076:First Nations Health Authority
13:
1:
2829:Council of Indigenous Peoples
2187:Inclusive language guidelines
1734:Government of Canada (1867).
1696:Government of Canada (1985).
1652:
1534:Henriques & Sadorsky 2004
939:
819:extinguishment of their title
742:and is shared by nine bands.
685:
575:réserve des premières nations
18:Indian reservations in Canada
3013:Expulsion of the Chagossians
1750:Robert, Jean-Claude (2001),
1657:
1346:"Pekw'Xe:yles (Peckquaylis)"
1021:
829:Numbered treaties, 1871–1921
597:Indigenous peoples in Canada
162:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
2809:Government of Bashkortostan
2674:American Indian reservation
2543:Native American Rights Fund
1832:, Aboriginal Canadians, CBC
1111:
922:Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve
736:Grass Indian Reserve No. 15
400:Indigenous English Dialects
10:
3166:
3145:Local government in Canada
2764:Fundação Nacional do Índio
1920:Berger, Thomas R. (1977),
1084:Shoal Lake 40 First Nation
1055:
815:Royal Proclamation of 1763
752:Royal Proclamation of 1763
29:
3096:
2980:
2917:
2892:
2849:
2741:
2734:
2575:
2498:Assembly of First Nations
2483:
2391:
2277:
1519:Government of Canada 1985
1507:Government of Canada 1985
1487:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1412:Government of Canada 1867
1388:Government of Canada 1867
1200:Government of Canada 1985
1103:levels were found in the
871:Brokenhead Ojibway Nation
806:Hudson Bay drainage basin
804:consisting mostly of the
790:British North America Act
787:(originally known as the
698:with two reserves or the
506:Indigenous North Americas
2988:Chechen–Russian conflict
2839:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1844:AANDC (1 October 2012),
1753:Numbered Treaty Overview
1736:"Constitution Act, 1867"
1165:
1105:Kashechewan First Nation
1046:Aamjiwnaang First Nation
936:to the Crown by treaty.
284:Indigenous personalities
3033:Little Danes experiment
2819:Government of Tatarstan
2486:political organizations
2153:Shell At a Glance Shell
1887:Alberta Policy Glossary
1823:CBC (9 November 2006),
1240:"Driftpile Cree Nation"
1080:Neskantaga First Nation
879:Long Plain First Nation
696:Beaver Lake Cree Nation
655:In 2003, 60 percent of
638:Bear River First Nation
3018:High Arctic relocation
2920:Declarations of Rights
2617:Cultural appropriation
2548:Survival International
2216:Constitution Act, 1982
2016:INAC (February 2001),
1015:Constitution Act, 1982
915:Constitution Act, 1867
895:Swan Lake First Nation
891:Sandy Bay First Nation
800:, a vast territory in
780:Constitution Act, 1867
704:Munsee-Delaware Nation
630:Driftpile First Nation
574:
562:
3023:Human rights in Tibet
2750:Aotearoa-New Zealand
2644:Fortress conservation
2446:Traditional knowledge
2409:Intellectual property
2079:Canada Revenue Agency
1866:AANDC (28 May 2013),
1331:BC Geographical Names
1064:boil-water advisories
875:Sagkeeng First Nation
802:British North America
785:Canada's Constitution
772:Constitution Act 1867
680:urban Indian reserves
567:First Nations reserve
3047:Residential schools
2993:Sri Lankan Civil War
2735:Legal representation
2704:Urban Indian reserve
2593:Internal colonialism
2484:Non-governmental and
2439:in the United States
2138:on 27 September 2013
2123:on 27 September 2013
2108:on 28 September 2013
2064:on 28 September 2013
2042:on 29 September 2013
1894:on 27 September 2013
1702:Government of Canada
1617:Council of Canadians
1312:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1202:, Section 2 (1) (a).
1161:Notes and references
839:Northwestern Ontario
810:Hudson's Bay Company
577:) is defined by the
410:Aboriginal syllabics
385:Indigenous languages
30:For other uses, see
2598:Settler colonialism
2234:, INAC, 25 May 2021
1772:GC (23 June 1870),
1722:, Statistics Canada
1001:Sechelt Indian Band
883:Peguis First Nation
718:, a reserve on the
690:One band Chief and
676:census subdivisions
634:Driftpile River 150
438:Traditional beliefs
279:Indigenous cultures
122:Residential schools
112:Settler colonialism
3083:Stolen Generations
2884:BBNJ ABS Committee
2639:Discovery doctrine
2583:Civilizing mission
2424:Self-determination
2203:StatsCan (2011a).
2160:StatsCan (2011a),
2101:Ryerson Journalism
1854:on 14 January 2013
1838:General references
1134:Indian reservation
1123:Aboriginal reserve
928:is subject to the
873:, Fort Alexander (
783:, a major part of
726:that was formerly
664:trapping territory
43:Indigenous peoples
3150:Numbered Treaties
3122:
3121:
3107:Indigenous rights
2976:
2975:
2909:Indigenous Caucus
2850:Intergovernmental
2699:Russian republics
2669:Autonomous okrugs
2518:Cultural Survival
2346:
2345:
2271:Numbered Treaties
2171:StatsCan (2012),
1998:978-0-19-542892-6
1716:StatsCan (2011),
1521:, Section 89 (1).
926:Manitoulin Island
835:Numbered Treaties
823:Numbered Treaties
668:Statistics Canada
551:
550:
517:Canada portal
463:Index of articles
216:Numbered Treaties
16:(Redirected from
3157:
3104:
3103:
3038:Mapuche conflict
3008:Chiapas conflict
3003:Alta controversy
2981:Historical cases
2739:
2738:
2721:Rainbow Warriors
2711:Manifest destiny
2399:Ancestral domain
2373:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2208:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2167:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2124:
2119:, archived from
2113:Ryerson (n.d.),
2109:
2104:, archived from
2098:Ryerson (1998),
2094:
2093:
2091:
2086:on 22 April 2016
2072:
2071:
2069:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:, archived from
2024:
2012:
2001:
1983:
1973:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1939:, archived from
1928:
1916:
1914:
1906:BC (July 2010),
1902:
1901:
1899:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1861:
1859:
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1746:
1744:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1692:
1690:
1684:, archived from
1673:
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1627:
1625:
1608:
1597:
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1236:
1230:
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1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1129:Block settlement
1095:Vancouver Island
861:, including the
857:in southeastern
760:Douglas Treaties
666:, for example).
609:Aboriginal title
563:réserve indienne
543:
536:
529:
515:
514:
513:
504:
503:
502:
221:Royal Commission
127:Indian hospitals
100:Pre-colonization
55:
39:
38:
21:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3140:Indian reserves
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:Minority rights
3092:
3078:San controversy
2972:
2946:Nagoya Protocol
2919:
2913:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2851:
2845:
2743:
2730:
2571:
2485:
2479:
2387:
2385:minority rights
2377:
2347:
2342:
2273:
2267:
2228:
2225:
2205:Tsinstikeptum 9
2199:
2197:Further reading
2194:
2177:
2163:Tsinstikeptum 9
2141:
2139:
2089:
2087:
2067:
2065:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2022:
1999:
1970:
1949:
1947:
1946:on 31 July 2019
1943:
1937:
1926:
1912:
1897:
1895:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1829:
1804:
1782:on 20 July 2011
1763:
1761:
1760:on 7 April 2015
1740:
1738:
1725:
1723:
1706:
1704:
1691:on 3 March 2016
1688:
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1136:(United States)
1114:
1060:
1054:
1024:
1009:
961:
944:
906:
903:Indian Act 1876
843:Northern Canada
831:
775:
748:
708:Muncey, Ontario
688:
617:
547:
511:
509:
508:
500:
498:
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458:
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449:
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425:
424:
390:Inuit languages
380:
372:
371:
312:Indian reserves
307:
299:
298:
269:
261:
260:
231:Specific claims
226:Self-government
187:
147:
139:
138:
90:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
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3063:
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3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Indian removal
3025:
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3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
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2906:
2900:
2898:
2893:Indigenous-led
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2869:Arctic Council
2866:
2865:
2864:
2858:African Union
2855:
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2754:Te Puni KĹŤkiri
2747:
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2732:
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2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Plastic shaman
2713:
2708:
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2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Indian reserve
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2649:Green grabbing
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:Sports mascots
2614:
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2610:Bioprospecting
2602:
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2595:
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2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
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2477:
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2473:in New Zealand
2470:
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2453:
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2411:
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2379:International
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2258:
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2224:
2223:External links
2221:
2220:
2219:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2168:
2157:
2150:Shell (n.d.),
2147:
2125:
2110:
2095:
2073:
2051:
2031:
2013:
2011:, Husky Energy
2005:Husky (n.d.),
2002:
1997:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1935:
1917:
1903:
1881:
1863:
1839:
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1795:
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1680:
1665:DIAND (2003),
1661:
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1598:
1567:
1552:
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1511:
1499:
1474:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1426:, p. 241.
1416:
1404:
1392:
1377:
1365:
1337:
1326:"Pekw'Xe:yles"
1317:
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1287:
1259:
1231:
1219:
1204:
1192:
1181:. 7 July 2023
1169:
1167:
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1126:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1056:Main article:
1053:
1050:
1023:
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1008:
1005:
997:Nisga'a Treaty
989:Gitlaxt'aamiks
960:
957:
943:
938:
905:
899:
830:
827:
774:
769:
747:
744:
687:
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657:status Indians
616:
613:
555:Indian reserve
553:In Canada, an
549:
548:
546:
545:
538:
531:
523:
520:
519:
495:
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485:
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443:Inuit religion
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152:Indigenous law
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134:Reconciliation
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119:
109:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3162:
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3148:
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3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:1871 treaties
3133:
3132:
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3109:
3108:
3099:
3098:
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3089:
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3066:United States
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3019:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
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3001:
2999:
2996:
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2991:
2989:
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2899:
2895:international
2891:
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2700:
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2679:Indian colony
2677:
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2657:
2655:
2652:
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2615:
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2603:
2599:
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2594:
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2589:
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2578:
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2567:
2566:
2561:
2559:
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2554:
2551:
2549:
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2534:
2531:
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2526:
2524:
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2514:
2511:
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2506:
2504:
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2496:
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2491:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:Treaty rights
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
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2425:
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2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
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2400:
2397:
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2386:
2382:
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2369:
2367:
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2360:
2355:
2354:
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2336:
2334:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
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2316:
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2309:
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2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
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2281:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
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2148:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:MANA (n.d.),
2052:
2038:
2034:
2032:0-662-33143-5
2028:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1969:1-55054-812-3
1965:
1961:
1956:
1942:
1938:
1936:0-660-00775-4
1932:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1869:Indian Status
1864:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1807:, Paris: OECD
1803:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1681:0-662-35239-4
1677:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1619:
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1613:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1536:, p. 12.
1535:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1509:, p. 10.
1508:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1462:
1461:"Our History"
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:Dickason 2009
1420:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1295:StatsCan 2011
1291:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1227:StatsCan 2011
1223:
1216:
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1096:
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1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Health Canada
1068:
1065:
1059:
1052:Water quality
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1007:Public policy
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
977:
975:
969:
967:
959:Housing loans
956:
953:
949:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
916:
911:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:First Nations
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Rupert's Land
794:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:
773:
768:
765:
764:James Douglas
761:
757:
753:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
650:Bear River 6B
647:
646:Bear River 6A
643:
640:, who govern
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
612:
610:
606:
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41:
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37:
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3112:
3106:
3061:South Africa
2918:Treaties and
2790:Philippines
2742:Governmental
2683:
2564:
2493:Amazon Watch
2468:in Australia
2429:in Australia
2230:
2215:
2211:
2186:
2173:
2162:
2152:
2142:20 September
2140:, retrieved
2136:the original
2130:
2121:the original
2115:
2106:the original
2100:
2088:, retrieved
2084:the original
2078:
2076:CRA (2013),
2068:20 September
2066:, retrieved
2062:the original
2056:
2046:20 September
2044:, retrieved
2037:the original
2018:
2007:
1988:
1979:
1977:CBC (2001),
1959:
1948:, retrieved
1941:the original
1922:
1908:
1896:, retrieved
1892:the original
1886:
1876:20 September
1874:, retrieved
1868:
1858:20 September
1856:, retrieved
1852:the original
1846:
1825:
1814:
1800:
1789:
1780:the original
1774:
1764:20 September
1762:, retrieved
1758:the original
1752:
1739:. Retrieved
1724:, retrieved
1718:
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1698:"Indian Act"
1686:the original
1667:
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1615:
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1585:
1563:Colihan 2008
1541:
1514:
1502:
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1477:
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1455:
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1368:
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1349:
1340:
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1271:
1268:"Bear River"
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1243:
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1217:, p. 2.
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1173:
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1069:
1061:
1033:
1027:
1025:
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978:
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962:
947:
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929:
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913:
909:
907:
902:
847:the Prairies
832:
795:
788:
778:
776:
771:
756:Upper Canada
749:
724:Indian bands
720:Fraser River
716:Pekw'Xe:yles
689:
661:
654:
642:Bear River 6
618:
615:Demographics
578:
566:
554:
552:
311:
306:Demographics
289:Country food
176:
172:Idle No More
76:
69:
62:
36:
3073:Rubber boom
3056:New Zealand
2588:Colonialism
2414:Land rights
1950:14 December
1884:AB (n.d.),
1847:Terminology
1591:20 February
1547:"CEPA 1999"
1436:Robert 2001
1125:(Australia)
934:never ceded
867:Swampy Cree
863:Anishinaabe
734:peoples is
722:used by 21
585:Her Majesty
415:Chinuk pipa
395:Chinuk Wawa
379:Linguistics
362:Territories
332:Atlantic CA
196:Land claims
3129:Categories
3043:Oka Crisis
2726:Two-spirit
2451:ecological
2381:Indigenous
2212:Indian Act
1653:References
1624:2 February
1448:Clegg 1982
1373:DIAND 2003
1215:DIAND 2003
1034:Indian Act
982:Indian Act
950:gives the
948:Indian Act
941:Indian Act
930:Indian Act
910:Indian Act
750:After the
740:Chilliwack
686:Governance
580:Indian Act
468:Indigenous
206:Land title
178:Indian Act
2694:Rancherie
2689:RancherĂa
2664:Bantustan
2605:Biopiracy
2434:in Canada
2338:Treaty 11
2333:Treaty 10
2278:Numbered
2090:15 August
2008:Community
1898:15 August
1726:16 August
1658:Citations
1022:CEPA 1999
601:the Crown
432:Religions
191:Land Back
45:in Canada
2654:Homeland
2565:more ...
2419:Language
2328:Treaty 9
2323:Treaty 8
2318:Treaty 7
2313:Treaty 6
2308:Treaty 5
2303:Treaty 4
2298:Treaty 3
2293:Treaty 2
2288:Treaty 1
2280:Treaties
1644:CBC 2006
1586:CTV News
1414:, s.146.
1112:See also
1074:and the
865:and the
859:Manitoba
851:Treaty 1
256:Politics
246:Case law
241:Genocide
146:Politics
117:Genocide
105:Genetics
95:Timeline
2825:Taiwan
2800:Russia
2780:Mexico
2770:Canada
2760:Brazil
2627:Redface
2456:medical
1741:12 July
1707:11 July
1492:12 July
1467:12 July
1400:GC 1870
1358:12 July
1280:11 July
1252:11 July
1185:17 July
1100:E. coli
993:Nisga'a
845:and in
692:Council
268:Culture
89:History
3051:Canada
2966:2024:
2960:2023:
2954:2018:
2944:2010:
2938:2007:
2932:1992:
2926:1989:
2897:bodies
2852:bodies
2744:bodies
2576:Issues
2392:Rights
2029:
1995:
1966:
1933:
1678:
732:Sto:lo
700:Lenape
636:. The
607:under
571:French
559:French
2873:WIPO
2178:(PDF)
2128:SCS,
2040:(PDF)
2023:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1793:, CBC
1689:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1166:Notes
1093:, on
565:) or
488:Stubs
483:MĂ©tis
478:Inuit
457:Index
325:MĂ©tis
294:Music
78:MĂ©tis
71:Inuit
2835:USA
2383:and
2269:The
2144:2013
2092:2013
2070:2013
2048:2013
2027:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1952:2017
1931:ISBN
1900:2013
1878:2013
1860:2013
1766:2013
1743:2021
1728:2013
1709:2013
1676:ISBN
1626:2018
1593:2018
1494:2021
1469:2021
1360:2021
1282:2021
1254:2021
1187:2023
1026:The
946:The
901:The
893:and
648:and
589:band
405:NAPA
2948:on
1040:'s
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877:),
316:AB
274:Art
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