1087:, but it has also proven to be very ineffective in other situations. Although tribal victories over the governmental and cultural oppression in the 1950s yielded a dynamic transformation, economic success fell short in comparison. Unemployment was down and personal income had increased, but only a handful of tribes had made economic changes. Their strides were spotty and fluctuated greatly from each Native reservation. This was happening because, for most tribes, their lands were not economically productive, infrastructure was poor, and they were far away from prospering markets of large populations. In order to address the issue of poverty, Native tribes were required to fuel some type of economic development. Natives sold some of their tribal land to prospecting non-Natives in order to stimulate economic growth, but tribal gaming has proved to be the single largest source of income in the Native community. However, the United States government intervened in tribal affairs throughout the rise of Native gaming.
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Native
Americans onto small reservations. Casino and bingo halls have provided funding for housing, medical, social services, education, and many other resources for the Native American tribes. Funds derived from gambling have advanced Native Americans. However, Native Americans have compromised their wants because of a set of provisions forced on the Native Americans by the federal government. The first provision enforced was that the state has to approve the form of gaming that is conducted. The second provision was the state and reservations had to agree on where to build each casino. The third provision required the tribe to develop gaming ordinances to be approved by the chairman of the National Indian Gaming Commission.
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near large metropolitan areas. Currently, 12% of Native gaming establishments generate 65% of Native gaming revenues. Native gaming operations located in the populous areas of the West Coast (primarily
California) represent the fastest growing sector of the Native gaming industry. As suggested by the above figures, the vast majority of tribal casinos are much less financially successful, particularly those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Many tribes see this limited financial success as being tempered by decreases in reservation unemployment and poverty rates, although socioeconomic deficits remain.
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321:(BIA) has faced increasing pressure to tighten regulatory policy and oversight of casino approvals. In particular, the BIA has been instructed by Congress to implement new procedures after two decades of IGRA's existence. These procedures would allow local communities to have more influence in the siting of casinos in their community and would make the process of casino approval more transparent. To many tribes, however, the proposed regulations will further encroach on tribal sovereignty.
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643:. Today, the property spans 1.5 miles from end to end, with 6 casinos, four hotels, more than 30 restaurants, two theaters, two spas, and more than one hundred retailers. The agreement between the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation and the State of Connecticut promises the state $ 80 million or 25% of their annual slot revenue. Since Foxwoods opened in 1992, the state of Connecticut has received more than $ 4 billion in slot revenue from Foxwoods alone.
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150:. The tribe planned for the bingo hall to be open six days a week, contrary to Florida state law which only allows two days a week for bingo halls to be open, as well as going over the maximum limit of $ 100 jackpots. The law was enacted from the charity bingo limits set by Catholic Churches. The sheriff of Broward County, where the Native reservation lies, made arrests the minute the bingo hall opened, and the tribe sued the county (
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1034:, after several unsuccessful attempts to negotiate a compact with the state, initiated a lawsuit in federal court. Their claim was rooted in the assertion that Wyoming's refusal to negotiate constituted bad faith, especially considering that the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988 permitted casino-style gaming on tribal lands, as such gaming was already allowed within Wyoming for fundraising purposes.
229:) and won, as did the Seminole Tribe in Florida. The Supreme Court reviewed the case in 1986 to reach a decision over whether Native reservations are controlled by state law. The Court again ruled that Native gaming was to be regulated exclusively by Congress and the federal government, not state government. With tribal sovereignty upheld, the benefits of gaming became available to many tribes.
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1069:. The Eastern Shoshone Tribe operates under a state compact, while the Northern Arapaho Tribe's gaming activities are authorized by the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). When interacting with these tribes for business purposes, it is crucial to adhere to each tribe’s specific policies and procedures, as well as any additional tribal laws or regulations.
868:; live dealer blackjack, poker and other table games; and bingo. Additional amenities to the property include a hotel, the Island Event Center, a marina, RV-park, a cruise yacht, a 24-lane bowling center, several restaurants; and a water park and spa. Employing nearly 1,500 people, Treasure Island Resort & Casino is the largest employer in Goodhue County.
492:, it left a number of key functions in federal hands, including approval authority over compacts, management contracts, and Tribal gaming ordinances. Congress also vested the commission with broad authority to issue regulations in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. Accordingly, the Commission plays a key role in the regulation of class II and III gaming.
119:. The Bryans had never received a property tax bill from the county before. Unwilling to pay it, they took the tax notice to local legal aid attorneys at Leech Lake Legal Services, who brought suit to challenge the tax in the state courts. The Bryans lost their case in the state district court, and they lost again on appeal in a unanimous decision by the
841:. With 4,100 employees, the SMSC – including Mystic Lake Casino Hotel and Little Six Casino – is the largest employer in Scott County. The casino's gambling options include slots, bingo, video roulette, pulltabs, and live dealer blackjack. Mystic Lake also offers bars, restaurants, shows, special events, and accommodations.
722:. The property currently has one hotel tower, a 140,000 sq ft (13,000 m) casino, large poker room, a 4 acres (1.6 ha) lagoon-style pool facility with a center bar and many private cabanas, restaurants, shops, spa, bars and nightclubs, and the Hard Rock Event Center. A large expansion was completed in October 2019.
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entered into the state’s first Class III gaming compact. This agreement, negotiated in April 2006, was made possible after the 10th
Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed that all types of Class III gaming were accessible to tribes within the state. Both the Northern Arapaho Tribe and the Eastern Shoshone
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In 2005, a pivotal court decision favored the
Northern Arapaho Tribe, granting them the right to offer comprehensive casino-style Class III gambling on their lands. This ruling was a consequence of Wyoming's actions, which ultimately led to the state forfeiting any claim to revenue sharing from Class
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of 1988 mandates that net revenues of such gaming be directed to tribes for government, economic development and general welfare use; to charitable organizations and to help fund local governments. Approved by voters in 2004, Oklahoma's State-Tribal Gaming Act created a tribal gaming compact allowing
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of 1970. A report by the
Department of Justice presented to the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs on March 18, 1992, concluded that through several years of FBI investigation, organized crime had failed to infiltrate Native gaming and that there was no link between criminal activity in Native
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Tribes retain their authority to conduct, license, and regulate class II gaming so long as the state in which the Tribe is located permits such gaming for any purpose, and the Tribal government adopts a gaming ordinance approved by the
National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). Tribal governments are
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Indian gaming became the focus for many tribes in efforts to retrieve their sovereignty and economic independence. Native
American tribes went through vast political, economic, and social change after the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. Non-Native Americans instituted their politics and forced
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The NIGC withholds certain powers over Class II and Class III gaming. These include budget approval, civil fines, fees, subpoenas, and permanent orders. The NIGC monitors Class II gaming on Native lands on a continuing basis through inspection, investigation, access to records, and contracts. As for
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buildings and a few trailers, but that was about it. There was nothing really there. The people simply didn't have a lot." The
Cabazon Band turned to casino operations, opening bingo and poker halls in 1980. Shortly thereafter, the Indio police and the Riverside County Sheriff shut down the gambling
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Native gaming revenues in
Oklahoma rose to $ 3.23 billion in 2010, representing 44 percent of all U.S. casinos. Oklahoma surpassed Connecticut as second in the United States for gaming revenue, according to Alan Meister, an economist with Nathan Associates Inc. Oklahoma has 113 tribal casinos, more
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Tribal casinos in the eastern US generated roughly $ 3.8 billion in FY02. Those in the
Central US recorded gross revenues of approximately $ 5.9 billion, while those in the Western US generated nearly $ 4.8 billion. Most of the revenues generated in the Native gaming are from casinos located in or
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The Commission consists of three members: a chairman who is appointed by the US president with the consent of the Senate, and two associate members appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Each member serves a three-year term and must pass a detailed background check by the US Attorney General.
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Many tribal governments have seen substantial improvements in their ability to provide public services to their members, such as building schools, improving infrastructure, and shoring up the loss of native traditions. Tribal gaming operations have not been without controversy, however. A small
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Tribe. The Mohegan Tribe approached the Mashantucket Pequots in the early 1990s for permission to pursue gaming. Although doing so would relinquish their gaming monopoly in Connecticut, the Mashantuckets granted the Mohegans their request, who then opened Mohegan Sun in 1996. This enterprise is
182:, which granted states to have criminal jurisdiction over Native reservations. States were afraid that Natives would have a significant competitive advantage over other gambling establishments in the state which was regulated, which would thus generate a vast amount of income for tribes.
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Class I gaming is defined as (1) traditional Indian gaming, which may be part of tribal ceremonies and celebrations, and (2) social gaming for minimal prizes. Regulatory authority over class I gaming is vested exclusively in tribal governments and is not subject to IGRA's requirements.
1095:. This term describes tribes that, with the backing of casino investors, attempt to locate a casino off their reservation, usually near a large urban center. However, although authorized by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, only three "off-reservation" casinos have been built to date.
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The revenue generated in these establishments was close to $ 27.1 billion in 2011 up from $ 12.8 billion in 2001. The regions with largest revenues in 2011 were Sacramento ($ 6.9 billion) and Washington State ($ 6.7 billion). The Native American gaming industry has been described as
762:, two luxury hotels, 100,000 square feet of casino space, and various restaurants. The Coeur d’Alene Casino currently employs an average of 1000 local residents, making it one of the largest employers in the region. A part of the casino's profits are invested back to the
413:(NIGC), indicate that there are 460 Native gaming establishments in the US. These casinos are operated by 240 federally recognized tribes and offer Class I, Class II and Class III gaming. Gaming is divided into 3 classes with a different regulatory scheme for each:
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and the federal government has the power to regulate the gaming. These compacts have been used by state officials to confiscate Native casino revenue which serves as a "special" tax on Native reservations. Essentially, the tribes still have "exclusive right" to all
471:, clearly fall in the class III category, as well as wagering games and electronic facsimiles of any game of chance. Generally, class III is often referred to as casino-style gaming. As a compromise, the Act restricts Tribal authority to conduct class III gaming.
439:, that is, games that are played exclusively against other players rather than against the house or a player acting as a bank. The Act specifically excludes slot machines or electronic facsimiles of any game of chance from the definition of class II games.
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In the late 1970s and continuing into the next decade, the delicate question concerning the legality of tribal gaming and immunity from state law hovered over the Supreme Court. The Court addressed the potential gambling had for organized crime through the
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federally recognized American Indian tribes to operate, electronic bonanza-style bingo games, electronic amusement games, electronic instant bingo games and non house-banked card games. The current compact automatically renews on Jan. 1, 2020. The
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Tribal gaming in South Dakota is regulated through tribal-state compacts negotiated with individual tribes, with the oversight of the South Dakota Commission on Gambling. Casino games in Class II and Class III are permitted.
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Class II gaming is defined as the game of chance commonly known as bingo (whether or not electronic, computer, or other technological aids are used in connection therewith) and, if played in the same location as the
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on reservation lands and began setting gaming prizes which were above the maximum legal limit of the state. The Natives argued for sovereignty over their reservations to make them immune from state laws such as
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This rise of gaming not only brought great revenue but also corruption. In January 2006, a court case involving lobbyists convicted of felonies such as conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion. This was known as the
156:), stating that Native tribes have sovereignty rights that are protected by the federal government from interference by state government. A District Court ruled in favor of the Natives, citing Chief Justice
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number of tribes have been able to distribute large per-capita payments, generating considerable public attention. Additionally, the national expansion of Native gaming has led to a practice critics call
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said "Foxwoods is fighting for its life", with debts of $ 2.3 billion. In August 2012, the tribe owning the Foxwoods Casino restructured over a billion dollars in debt in an attempt to remain profitable.
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Gambling has both positive and negative effects on Native Americans. Indian gaming weakens Indian sovereignty and breaks down tribal cultures and traditional values and has increased domestic abuse.
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Indian gaming provides job opportunity for thousands of Native and non-Native Americans. The casino and bingo hall generates billions of dollars in revenue that helps Native American sovereignty.
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Native activities on their reservations. Within a few years, enterprising Natives and tribes began to operate Indian bingo operations in numerous different locations around the United States.
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580,000 square feet (54,000 m) and consists of 6,500 slot machines and 180 table games. It is the second largest casino in the United States, located 7 miles away from Foxwoods in
214:, were extremely poor and did not have much land because of neglected treaties in the 1850s by state senators. Historian Stuart Banner stated that the Cabazon Band and the neighboring
496:"recession-resistant", although tribes in many states (including Arizona, California, Connecticut and New Mexico) saw revenues fall at a similar rate to commercial casinos during the
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The regulatory scheme for class III gaming is more complex than a casual reading of the statute might suggest. Although Congress clearly intended regulatory issues to be addressed in
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Class III gaming, all contracts must be approved by the chairman of the NIGC. 200 of the 562 federally recognized tribes created Class III gaming of large casinos and high jackpots.
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639:. With 7,200 slot machines and 380 table games, the 314,000-square-foot (29,200 m) Foxwoods Resort Casino is the largest casino in the US and second largest in the world after
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198:, which expanded tribal jurisdiction for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation in Oklahoma also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate casino gambling.
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Class III Native gaming became a large issue for the states and federal government, because of these court cases, as Congress debated over a bill for Native gaming called the
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in Thackerville, Oklahoma, is the third largest casino in North America with more than 500,000 square feet of gaming floor. Much of this success is due to geography: the
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The Tribe and the state must have negotiated a compact that has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior, or the Secretary must have approved regulatory procedures.
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1973:
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309:, bribed members of Congress when lobbying for Native casinos, then overcharged their Native clients; this generated around $ 90 million in fees from the Natives.
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In Wyoming, while there are no commercial casinos, tribal gaming is conducted by the Eastern Shoshone and the Northern Arapaho Tribes with casinos located on the
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created a joint venture with Alpha Hospitality to develop and operate a gaming facility on tribal lands. In January 1996 they entered into a memorandum with
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Douglas, Miguel; Miller, Danica (2016). "The Casino Economy: Indian Gaming, Tribal Sovereignty, Economic Independence for the Puyallup Tribe of Indians".
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1127:, focuses on a Native American tribe's scheme to buy and demolish the entire town of South Park in order to construct a highway directly to their casino.
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After President Reagan signed the IGRA, Native gaming revenue skyrocketed from $ 100 million in 1988 to $ 16.7 billion in 2006. Following the IGRA, the
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halls and arrested numerous Natives while seizing any cash and merchandise held in the tribe's possession. The Cabazon Band sued in federal court (
135:, the Supreme Court held not only that states do not have authority to tax Natives on their reservations, but that they also lack the authority to
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In 2006, Congress introduced legislation to protect their own casino interests from those tribes that are outside reservations. Further, the
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1250:"The Legacy of Bryan v. Itasca County: How an Erroneous $ 147 County Tax Notice Helped Bring Tribes $ 200 Billion in Indian Gaming Revenue"
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As of 2008 there are 562 federally recognized tribes in the United States, many of which have chosen not to enter the gambling industry.
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1849:"Forcing the Tribe to Bet on the House: The Limited Options and Risks to the Tribe When Indian Gaming Operations Seek Bankruptcy Relief"
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allowed any recognized tribe in Oklahoma to be federally incorporated, have the right to self-determination and make their own bylaws.
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The definition of class III gaming is broad. It includes all forms of gaming that are neither class I nor II. Games commonly played at
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Barker, Thomas, and Marjie Britz. Jokers wild: legalized gambling in the twenty-first century. New York: Greenwood Group, 2000. Print.
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is legal in tribal casinos but mobile sports betting is not currently allowed. Among the 12 tribal casinos operated by 7 South Dakota
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and 30 table games, as well as a luxury hotel, spas, restaurants, and a number of entertainment venues. The casino is managed by the
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The Particular form of class III gaming that the Tribe wants to conduct must be permitted in the state in which the tribe is located.
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responsible for regulating class II gaming with Commission oversight. Only Hawaii and Utah continue to prohibit all types of gaming.
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435:, pull tabs, punch board, tip jars, instant bingo, and other games similar to bingo. Class II gaming also includes non-banked
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659:. Since opening in 1996, the state of Connecticut has received more than $ 3 billion in slot revenue from Mohegan Sun alone.
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Meister, Alan P.; Rand, Kathryn R. L. (2009). "Indian Gaming and Beyond: Tribal Economic Development and Diversification".
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856:. It is the only casino resort in southern Minnesota located on the Mississippi River. The casino's gaming options include
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395:'s casino advanced tribal agency majorly. The Emerald Queen Casino earnings enabled the tribe to preserve their culture.
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The success of both casinos is due in no small part to their location roughly halfway between New York City and Boston.
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of 1988. As of 2011, there were 460 gambling operations run by 240 tribes, with a total annual revenue of $ 27 billion.
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587:. In fiscal year 2022, tribal casinos in California generated over $ 11 billion in revenue, exceeding that of the
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than any other state in the U.S. A 2015 report on U.S. Gaming says that Oklahoma has the most gaming machines.
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The Tribe must have adopted a Tribal gaming ordinance that has been approved by the chairman of the commission.
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Currently, all attempts to challenge the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act on constitutional grounds have failed.
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2255:"U.S. sports betting: Here is where all 50 states currently stand on legalizing online sports betting sites"
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Fox, Jim, Jim Kilby, & Anthony F. Lucas."Casino Operations Management." 2005. John Wiley and Sons. 28.
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Fox, Jim, Jim Kilby, & Anthony F. Lucas."Casino Operations Management." 2005. John Wiley and Sons. 26.
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is roughly an hour's drive from the Oklahoma state line, and Texas does not permit casino gambling. The
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904:'s Catskill Development, L.L.C. regarding the development and management of a casino adjacent to the
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The state of Indiana's first tribal casino was opened on 16 January 2017. The 175,000-square-foot
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2187:"Oklahoma Casinos and Gaming | TravelOK.com - Oklahoma's Official Travel & Tourism Site"
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1646:"Can't drive a block without seeing a Yaamava' billboard? Inside the casino's big bet on music"
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The Economic Impact the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation Operations on Connecticut - PDF file
1780:"Casinos: Native American Tribal Casinos - The Story Of Native American Casinos In Two States"
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The Treasure Island Resort & Casino is a tribal gaming facility owned and operated by the
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The Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, also known as "The Guitar Hotel", is a hotel and
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Before a Tribe may lawfully conduct class III gaming, the following conditions must be met:
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by John Grisham centers on the moral and legal problems involved in Native American gaming.
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The economic recession that began in 2007 took a heavy toll of receipts, and by 2012 both
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Indian Gaming, Tribal Sovereignty, and American Indian Tribes as Complex Adaptive Systems
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Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C.; Kinkade, Dale; O'Niell, Sean (2010).
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2036:"Catskill Development v. Park Place Entertainment, 144 F. Supp. 2d 215 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)"
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In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) (signed by President
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Resort & Casino is also located in Connecticut, and is owned and operated by the
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Public Native America: Tribal Self Representations in Casinos, Museums, and Powwows
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Tribe have since operated casinos near their shared Wind River Indian Reservation.
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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2054:"Park Place Entertainment Announces Filing of Sullivan County Casino Application"
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1616:"A Research Note on Indian Gaming in Arizona: Evidence of Recession and Recovery"
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1933:"Indiana's newest casino — and first tribal casino — is now open in South Bend"
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was created as a federal agency in 1988 to regulate high-stakes Native gaming.
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Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History
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except when states do not accept that class or it clashes with federal law.
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81:, states have limited ability to forbid gambling there, as codified by the
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2084:"Mohawk Catskills casino plans advance, backers survive a legal gauntlet"
1349:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation"
1191:(Report). National Indian Gaming Commission. July 6, 2011. Archived from
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and earning $ 1.5 billion, it was more profitable than any one casino in
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Associated Press, "Indian casinos struggle to get out from under debt",
1695:"9 graphics show the state of sports betting and gambling in California"
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2128:"Oklahoma second in nation for tribal gaming - Tulsa World: Government"
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Landscape Traveled by Coyote and Crane: The World of the Schitsu'umsh
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or other tribal lands in the United States. Because these areas have
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Aliese M. McArthur; Thaddieus W. Conner; William A. Taggart (2010).
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Native American gaming has, in some instances, changed the face of
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to create casino-like halls, but the states and Natives must be in
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List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
1220:(Report). National Indian Gaming Commission. 2011. Archived from
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2016:"Reluctantly, a Tribe Starts to See Casinos As Being Imperative"
1742:"Nevada Set A Gaming Revenue Record In 2022 With $ 14.8 Billion"
1325:(1), 89-114. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from JSTOR. (1409164).
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The Shoshone-Bannock Tribe also operates a slots-only casino in
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Following this judicial outcome, in May 2006, Wyoming Governor
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Gambling operations on Indian reservations in the United States
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Controversy arose when Natives began putting private casinos,
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Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
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1995:"Against All Odds, a Complicated Casino Proposal Advances"
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Wilmer, Frank. "Indian Gaming: Players and Stakes." 1997.
30:"Indian casino" redirects here. For casinos in India, see
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825:. Mystic Lake Casino Hotel is owned and operated by the
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Indian Gaming: Tribal Sovereignty and American Politics
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1292:. Spokane, Washington. (Los Angeles Times). p. 16.
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In the early 1970s, Russell and Helen Bryan, a married
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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
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1495:(3rd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
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City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
2752:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1974:"Catskill Casino Politics: Game of Delicate Balance"
1313:
1311:
3073:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2728:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1794:
2504:Rand, Kathryn R. L.; Light, Steven Andrew (2006).
2485:Light, Steven Andrew; Rand, Kathryn R. L. (2005).
1915:"Sijohn is new casino CEO for Coeur d'Alene Tribe"
1759:
1286:"Minnesota Indians' casino tests state gaming law"
758:. Founded in 1993, the establishment consists the
146:built a large high-stakes bingo building on their
2470:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
2420:Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations
1893:. University of Washington Press; Paper edition.
1607:
1308:
3258:
2824:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1018:, a dozen gambling tables, and two restaurants.
789:is located in South Bend and is operated by the
3150:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1540:. American Indian Culture and Research Journal.
1510:. New York: River Head Brooks. pp. 370–73.
692:Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood
232:
2704:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1010:tribes, the Sioux-owned Royal River Casino in
766:in education and various investment projects.
2581:
2489:. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas.
2281:"Tribal gambling and tourism in South Dakota"
1520:
919:signed an agreement to build the casino with
324:
2808:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
2165:"Calif. tops U.S. in tribal casino revenue"
1550:
196:Supreme Court ruling issued on July 9, 2020
142:Under the leadership of Howard Tommie, the
127:. The Supreme Court granted review, and in
2744:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
2588:
2574:
1769:. 3rd ed. New York: Infobase, 2009. Print.
1244:
1242:
1038:III gaming income generated by the tribe.
2551:Indian Gaming Magazine / indiangaming.com
2503:
2484:
2416:
2382:
1403:
1391:
1376:
1364:
1334:
1302:
1283:
908:. The project received approval from the
833:, Minnesota, United States, southwest of
375:Learn how and when to remove this message
148:reservation near Fort Lauderdale, Florida
2356:
2354:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:. Rapid City Journal. September 29, 2023
2013:
1284:Hillinger, Charles (February 13, 1976).
1261:
1030:experienced significant challenges. The
950:
927:(AMC) was inaugurated that same year in
875:
800:
729:
685:
669:in Connecticut and its nearby rival the
598:
519:
38:
3097:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
2508:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
2446:
2331:
2329:
2327:
1480:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1239:
1164:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
750:The Coeur d’Alene Casino is located in
95:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
14:
3259:
2541:Pechanga.net--daily Indian gaming news
2465:
2239:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1971:
1535:
1505:
1346:
1277:
3031:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2848:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
2601:Native Americans in the United States
2569:
2546:Indianz.com--daily Indian gaming news
2351:
2295:
1992:
1826:"Foxwoods is fighting for its life".
1720:"FY 2022 Gross Gaming Revenue REPORT"
1475:
1255:
1098:
404:
291:Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal
201:
2712:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2451:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
2324:
1993:Bagli, Charles V. (April 17, 2000).
1935:. www.indystar.com. January 16, 2018
1886:
1739:
1154:List of casinos in the United States
1114:" features a Native American casino.
1026:The development of Indian gaming in
963:is one of seven casinos operated by
827:Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
815:Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
328:
3019:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2680:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1252:92 Minnesota Law Review 919 (2008).
1073:Impact on Native American economics
821:The biggest casino in Minnesota is
565:Harrah's Resort Southern California
535:The largest casino in the state of
312:
24:
2439:
2310:"Wyoming Tribal Gaming Properties"
1767:Atlas of The North American Indian
1450:Congress--and Other U.S. Cesspools
791:Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians
125:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
3293:
3189:National Indian Gaming Commission
2784:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
2648:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2531:National Indian Gaming Commission
2524:
1972:Semple, Kirk (January 31, 2005).
1727:National Indian Gaming Commission
1692:
1347:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020).
910:National Indian Gaming Commission
882:Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel
411:National Indian Gaming Commission
275:National Indian Gaming Commission
129:a sweeping and unanimous decision
123:. They then sought review at the
2736:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2561:Indian Casinos Radio Documentary
2536:The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
1079:Impact of Native American gaming
557:Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa
526:Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa
333:
2943:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
2388:
2273:
2247:
2201:
2179:
2157:
2146:
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2076:
2046:
2028:
2007:
1986:
1965:
1947:
1925:
1907:
1880:
1862:
1841:
1818:
1772:
1733:
1712:
1686:
1664:
1638:
1585:
1559:
1544:
1529:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1469:
1443:
1426:
1409:
996:
846:Prairie Island Indian Community
208:Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
3173:In the Courts of the Conqueror
2776:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2423:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2417:Wilkinson, Charles F. (2005).
2014:Peterson, Iver (May 9, 2003).
1674:. Pechanga Resort & Casino
1672:"Pechanga Resort & Casino"
1523:University of Washington Press
1340:
1267:"Nixon invited to visit China"
1207:
1181:
1014:is the largest, featuring 400
594:
13:
1:
3282:Gambling in the United States
3055:Native American Languages Act
2447:Fromson, Brett Duval (2003).
1853:California Western Law Review
1508:The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
1169:
1055:Wind River Indian Reservation
515:
153:Seminole Tribe v. Butterworth
3194:Native American civil rights
3049:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
2888:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2506:Indian Gaming Law and Policy
1536:Peroff, Nicholas C. (2001).
1174:
1159:Native American civil rights
986:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
796:
577:Thunder Valley Casino Resort
541:Yaamava' Resort & Casino
446:
265:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
239:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
233:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
191:gaming and organized crime.
115:bill from the local county,
107:on Indian lands in northern
83:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
7:
3209:Recognition of sacred sites
3204:Native American Rights Fund
3109:Federally recognized tribes
2989:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
2153:List of casinos in Oklahoma
1828:The New York Times Magazine
1593:"Native American Gold Rush"
1215:NIGC Tribal Gaming Revenues
1140:
991:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
982:Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex
946:
871:
675:The New York Times Magazine
510:
425:
409:Statistics provided by the
188:Organized Crime Control Act
10:
3298:
3067:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
2624:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2409:
2337:"Tribal Gaming in Wyoming"
1076:
1021:
780:
681:
581:Graton Resort & Casino
573:Pala Casino Resort and Spa
549:Pechanga Resort and Casino
416:
325:Pacific Northwest gambling
236:
226:California v. Cabazon Band
92:
88:
29:
3122:
3082:
2983:Indian Reorganization Act
2927:
2910:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
2768:United States v. Antelope
2607:
2114:"Akwesasne Mohawk Casino"
1620:Indigenous Policy Journal
890:Seneca Nation of New York
720:Seminole Tribe of Florida
700:Seminole Tribe of Florida
629:Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
585:Cache Creek Casino Resort
144:Seminole Tribe of Florida
3277:Law of the United States
3135:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3037:Indian Child Welfare Act
2840:South Dakota v. Bourland
2167:. Rgj.com. April 6, 2015
921:Park Place Entertainment
823:Mystic Lake Casino Hotel
760:Circling Raven Golf Club
734:The Fort Hall Casino in
725:
319:Bureau of Indian Affairs
206:In the early 1960s, the
3267:Native American casinos
3184:Long Walk of the Navajo
3114:State recognized tribes
3013:Indian Civil Rights Act
2399:San Francisco Chronicle
1814:January 21, 2012 online
1553:South Dakota Law Review
1476:Mason, Dale W. (2000).
925:Akwesasne Mohawk Casino
886:Niagara Falls, New York
773:, located just outside
657:Uncasville, Connecticut
609:Uncasville, Connecticut
121:Minnesota Supreme Court
3272:Native American topics
3199:Native American gaming
3102:Legal status of Hawaii
2977:Indian Citizenship Act
2856:Idaho v. United States
2760:Bryan v. Itasca County
2696:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
2656:Standing Bear v. Crook
1959:Reference For Business
1506:Treuer, David (2019).
1047:Eastern Shoshone Tribe
1032:Northern Arapaho Tribe
972:
915:In 1999, however, the
893:
818:
747:
703:
621:Foxwoods Resort Casino
616:
532:
355:by rewriting it in an
218:Reservation had "some
55:Native American gaming
51:
45:Foxwoods Resort Casino
3007:Indian Relocation Act
2864:United States v. Lara
2640:Fellows v. Blacksmith
2466:Lawlor, Mary (2006).
1921:. September 12, 2016.
1919:Idaho Business Review
1887:Frey, Rodney (2001).
1121:", a 2003 episode of
1104:The plot of the 1999
954:
879:
811:Prior Lake, Minnesota
804:
733:
716:Hollywood Reservation
689:
673:were deeply in debt.
602:
561:Chumash Casino Resort
523:
490:Tribal-State compacts
253:Tribal-State compacts
93:Further information:
42:
2632:Worcester v. Georgia
2094:on November 29, 2016
2088:Indian Country Today
2064:on November 29, 2016
1855:49 (2013): 269–309.
1573:on February 20, 2013
1195:on February 20, 2013
1093:reservation shopping
978:WinStar World Casino
961:Ponca City, Oklahoma
764:Coeur d'Alene people
625:Ledyard, Connecticut
163:Worcester v. Georgia
49:Ledyard, Connecticut
3179:Indian reservations
3140:Cherokee Commission
2616:Johnson v. McIntosh
2339:. Gaming Regulation
2261:. November 17, 2023
1847:Stephan A. Hoover,
1595:. November 13, 2012
1406:, pp. 335–336.
1273:. Maine. p. 4.
1265:(August 13, 1975).
1248:Kevin K. Washburn,
1227:on October 10, 2012
1189:Gaming Tribe Report
1148:Carcieri v. Salazar
813:is operated by the
738:is operated by the
698:is operated by the
611:is operated by the
530:Cabazon, California
293:. These lobbyists,
103:couple living in a
75:Indian reservations
3239:Self-determination
3234:Tribal sovereignty
3160:Eagle-bone whistle
2953:Indian Removal Act
2941:Nonintercourse Act
2935:Blood quantum laws
2902:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2395:"A big casino bet"
2221:on October 3, 2020
2021:The New York Times
2000:The New York Times
1979:The New York Times
1870:"Jackpot for jobs"
1835:2014-03-25 at the
1824:Michael Sokolove,
1652:. November 9, 2023
1271:Lewiston Daily Sun
1112:The Son Also Draws
1099:In popular culture
973:
906:Monticello Raceway
896:In March 1994 the
894:
860:; video roulette,
819:
748:
712:Hollywood, Florida
704:
696:Hollywood, Florida
627:. Operated by the
623:opened in 1992 in
617:
533:
405:Regulatory schemes
357:encyclopedic style
344:is written like a
249:tribal sovereignty
202:Cabazon Band, 1980
79:tribal sovereignty
52:
3254:
3253:
3155:Eagle feather law
3089:State recognition
2880:Cobell v. Salazar
2792:Solem v. Bartlett
2664:Ex parte Crow Dog
2430:978-0-393-05149-0
2362:"Wyoming Casinos"
1650:Los Angeles Times
1465:978-0-932438-29-4
807:Little Six Casino
787:Four Winds Casino
385:
384:
377:
258:classes of gaming
212:Indio, California
32:Gambling in India
16:(Redirected from
3289:
3130:Aboriginal title
2947:Civilization Act
2883:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
2590:
2583:
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2500:
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2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
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2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2214:. Archived from
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
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2194:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2155:
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2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:"Empire Resorts"
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
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1923:
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1911:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1877:
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1860:
1845:
1839:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1782:. Net Industries
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1740:Yakowicz, Will.
1737:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
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1668:
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1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1569:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1503:
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1380:
1374:
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1362:
1353:
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1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1319:WĂÄŤazo Ĺ a Review
1315:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:Spokesman-Review
1281:
1275:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1085:tribal economies
1043:Dave Freudenthal
902:Robert A. Berman
775:Pocatello, Idaho
771:Fort Hall, Idaho
736:Fort Hall, Idaho
380:
373:
369:
366:
360:
337:
336:
329:
313:2006 legislation
69:halls and other
21:
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3296:
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3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3167:Hunting license
3118:
3087:
3078:
2995:Nationality Act
2923:
2896:Sharp v. Murphy
2816:Hodel v. Irving
2720:Williams v. Lee
2688:Talton v. Mayes
2603:
2594:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2497:
2478:
2459:
2442:
2440:Further reading
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2209:"Archived copy"
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2135:
2134:. March 6, 2012
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2067:
2065:
2058:Gamber’s Corner
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2012:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1970:
1966:
1953:
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1948:
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1913:
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1908:
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1885:
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1846:
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1837:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1795:
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1765:Waldman, Carl.
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1186:
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1177:
1172:
1143:
1130:The 2016 novel
1119:Red Man's Greed
1101:
1081:
1075:
1024:
1008:Native American
999:
949:
888:is operated by
874:
799:
783:
728:
684:
597:
589:Las Vegas Strip
518:
513:
498:Great Recession
449:
428:
419:
407:
381:
370:
364:
361:
353:help improve it
350:
338:
334:
327:
315:
307:Michael Scanlon
303:Grover Norquist
241:
235:
204:
133:Justice Brennan
97:
91:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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3231:
3226:
3224:Trail of Tears
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3001:Public Law 280
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2937:(1705 onwards)
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2692:
2684:
2676:
2672:Elk v. Wilkins
2668:
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2659:(D. Neb. 1879)
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2644:
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2609:
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2525:External links
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2443:
2441:
2438:
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2408:
2405:
2404:
2387:
2385:, p. 329.
2383:Wilkinson 2005
2375:
2350:
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2200:
2189:. TravelOK.com
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2006:
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1899:
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1732:
1711:
1699:The Desert Sun
1693:Gedye, Grace.
1685:
1663:
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1584:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1468:
1442:
1425:
1408:
1404:Wilkinson 2005
1396:
1394:, p. 336.
1392:Wilkinson 2005
1381:
1379:, p. 335.
1377:Wilkinson 2005
1369:
1367:, p. 332.
1365:Wilkinson 2005
1354:
1339:
1337:, p. 331.
1335:Wilkinson 2005
1327:
1307:
1305:, p. 333.
1303:Wilkinson 2005
1295:
1276:
1263:Anderson, Jack
1254:
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1128:
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1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1059:Fremont County
1023:
1020:
1004:Sports betting
998:
995:
948:
945:
873:
870:
854:Goodhue County
798:
795:
782:
779:
727:
724:
683:
680:
641:Venetian Macao
596:
593:
517:
514:
512:
509:
500:of 2007–2009.
486:
485:
482:
479:
448:
445:
427:
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393:Puyallup Tribe
383:
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237:Main article:
234:
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180:Public Law 280
90:
87:
73:operations on
26:
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3214:Seminole Wars
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2832:Duro v. Reina
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2515:1-59460-046-5
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2477:0-8135-3865-3
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2458:0-87113-904-9
2454:
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2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2402:(17 May 2006)
2401:
2400:
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2391:
2384:
2379:
2364:. 500 Nations
2363:
2357:
2355:
2338:
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2312:. Casino City
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2017:
2010:
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1996:
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1438:0-471-26632-9
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1016:slot machines
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1005:
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987:
983:
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970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
944:
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941:Mohawk Nation
938:
937:slot machines
934:
930:
926:
923:instead. The
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Mohawk people
891:
887:
883:
878:
869:
867:
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858:slot machines
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637:Atlantic City
634:
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626:
622:
614:
613:Mohegan Tribe
610:
606:
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592:
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586:
582:
578:
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569:Barona Casino
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457:slot machines
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348:
347:
342:This section
340:
331:
330:
322:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Jack Abramoff
292:
286:
282:
278:
276:
271:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
250:
247:) which kept
246:
245:Ronald Reagan
240:
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227:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
197:
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189:
183:
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176:
172:
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159:
158:John Marshall
155:
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126:
122:
118:
117:Itasca County
114:
111:, received a
110:
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84:
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72:
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60:
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46:
41:
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18:Indian casino
3198:
3171:
3043:Diminishment
2908:
2900:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
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2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
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2622:
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2486:
2467:
2448:
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2397:
2390:
2378:
2368:December 11,
2366:. Retrieved
2343:December 11,
2341:. Retrieved
2316:December 11,
2314:. Retrieved
2287:December 11,
2285:. Retrieved
2275:
2265:December 11,
2263:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2225:December 19,
2223:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2159:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2131:
2122:
2108:
2098:November 28,
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2087:
2078:
2068:November 28,
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2057:
2048:
2040:Law Justicia
2039:
2030:
2019:
2009:
1998:
1988:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1909:
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1873:
1864:
1852:
1843:
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1820:
1808:
1784:. Retrieved
1774:
1766:
1761:
1751:December 30,
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1726:
1714:
1704:December 30,
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:December 30,
1654:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1623:
1619:
1609:
1599:November 13,
1597:. Retrieved
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1561:
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1531:
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1486:
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1231:February 18,
1229:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1209:
1199:February 18,
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1183:
1146:
1133:The Whistler
1131:
1122:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1000:
997:South Dakota
974:
965:Osage Nation
957:Osage Casino
917:Mohawk tribe
914:
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843:
820:
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768:
749:
710:resort near
705:
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193:
184:
168:
161:
151:
141:
136:
131:authored by
113:property tax
98:
54:
53:
36:
3145:Dawes Rolls
2928:Legislation
2193:November 7,
2171:November 7,
2138:November 7,
2132:Tulsa World
1939:January 18,
835:Minneapolis
671:Mohegan Sun
648:Mohegan Sun
605:Mohegan Sun
595:Connecticut
173:rooms, and
105:mobile home
3261:Categories
3219:Survivance
2965:Curtis Act
2259:CBS Sports
1555:: 375–493.
1525:(Seattle).
1351:. Reuters.
1170:References
1124:South Park
1107:Family Guy
929:Hogansburg
848:(PIIC) in
839:Saint Paul
831:Prior Lake
829:(SMSC) in
607:resort in
537:California
516:California
455:, such as
437:card games
365:March 2024
299:Ralph Reed
57:comprises
2971:Burke Act
2959:Dawes Act
1874:Spokesman
1175:Citations
1110:episode "
1012:Flandreau
862:blackjack
850:Welch, MN
797:Minnesota
633:Las Vegas
461:blackjack
447:Class III
175:lotteries
109:Minnesota
2608:Case law
2235:cite web
1833:Archived
1630:July 14,
1577:June 10,
1141:See also
1067:Riverton
1045:and the
969:Oklahoma
947:Oklahoma
933:New York
872:New York
740:Shoshone
667:Foxwoods
553:Temecula
545:Highland
511:By state
469:roulette
426:Class II
137:regulate
101:Chippewa
71:gambling
3123:Related
3084:Federal
2410:Sources
1028:Wyoming
1022:Wyoming
781:Indiana
744:Bannock
718:of the
682:Florida
652:Mohegan
539:is the
453:casinos
417:Class I
351:Please
216:Morongo
210:, near
89:History
65:halls,
59:casinos
3075:(2008)
3069:(1990)
3063:(1990)
3057:(1990)
3051:(1988)
3045:(1984)
3039:(1978)
3033:(1978)
3027:(1975)
3021:(1971)
3015:(1968)
3009:(1956)
3003:(1953)
2997:(1940)
2991:(1936)
2985:(1934)
2979:(1924)
2973:(1906)
2967:(1898)
2961:(1887)
2955:(1830)
2949:(1819)
2913:(2022)
2905:(2020)
2891:(2013)
2875:(2005)
2867:(2004)
2859:(2001)
2851:(1997)
2843:(1993)
2835:(1990)
2827:(1989)
2819:(1987)
2811:(1986)
2803:(1985)
2795:(1984)
2787:(1982)
2779:(1978)
2771:(1977)
2763:(1976)
2755:(1974)
2747:(1973)
2739:(1968)
2731:(1960)
2723:(1959)
2715:(1955)
2707:(1941)
2699:(1903)
2691:(1896)
2683:(1896)
2675:(1884)
2667:(1883)
2651:(1858)
2643:(1857)
2635:(1832)
2627:(1831)
2619:(1823)
2597:Rights
2512:
2493:
2474:
2455:
2427:
1897:
1859:(PDF).
1857:Online
1830:(2012)
1786:May 4,
1746:Forbes
1678:May 4,
1567:"NGIC"
1463:
1455:
1436:
1419:
1063:Lander
746:Tribes
708:casino
467:, and
305:, and
2219:(PDF)
2212:(PDF)
1723:(PDF)
1225:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
1061:near
752:Idaho
726:Idaho
465:craps
433:bingo
171:bingo
67:slots
63:bingo
2510:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2370:2023
2345:2023
2318:2023
2289:2023
2267:2023
2241:link
2227:2019
2195:2015
2173:2015
2140:2015
2100:2016
2070:2016
1941:2018
1895:ISBN
1788:2012
1753:2023
1706:2023
1680:2012
1658:2023
1632:2015
1601:2012
1579:2012
1461:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1233:2013
1201:2013
1065:and
955:The
880:The
866:keno
864:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
