3995:
2420:. Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the company were removed by the mutineers and killed, either because of their loyalty or because "they had become Christian". A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys. After the British party had largely arrived at the dock, which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges, with clear lines of fire, firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew, and caught or were set on fire using pieces of red-hot charcoal. The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck. One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped, but later grounded, was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore. Towards the end, rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors. After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot. By the time the massacre was over, most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in the
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about two weeks. In one week 25 were brought out, dead from dysentery and cholera. Meanwhile, a
Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed. After the sepoys refused to carry out this order, two Muslim butchers, two Hindu peasants and one of Nana's bodyguards went into the Bibigarh. Armed with knives and hatchets, they murdered the women and children. After the massacre, the walls were covered in bloody handprints, and the floor littered with parts of human limbs. The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well. When the 50-foot (15 m) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet (1.8 m) of the top, the remainder were thrown into the Ganges.
3237:'s old fort. He quickly organised a meeting with the Assistant Commissioner (Captain Leigh), and Leigh agreed to ask the government to cancel his and his brother's imprisonment while Surendra dispersed his followers. This agreement was soon broken, however, when on 31 September escaped the town and make for Khinda, where his brother was located with a 1,400-man force. The British quickly moved to send two companies from the 40th Madras Native Infantry from Cuttack on 10 October, and after a forced march reached Khinda on 5 November, only to find the place abandoned as the rebels retreated to the jungle. Much of the country of Sambalpur was under the rebels' control, and they maintained a hit and run guerrilla war for quite some time. In December the British made further preparations to crush the uprising in Sambalpur, and it was temporarily transferred from the
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1618:
bazaar and some buildings being set on fire. In the evening, most
British officers were preparing to attend church, while many of the British soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut. The Indian troops, led by the 3rd Cavalry, broke into revolt. British junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels. British officers' and civilians' quarters were attacked, and four civilian men, eight women and eight children were killed. Crowds in the bazaar attacked off-duty soldiers there. About 50 Indian civilians, some of them officers' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers, were killed by the sepoys. While the action of the sepoys in freeing their 85 imprisoned comrades appears to have been spontaneous, some civilian rioting in the city was reportedly encouraged by
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been set, with the creation of a new 'white collar' Indian elite, further stimulated by the opening of universities at
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, a result of the Indian Universities Act. So, alongside the values of traditional and ancient India, a new professional middle class was starting to arise, in no way bound by the values of the past. Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria's Proclamation of November 1858, in which it is expressly stated, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects...it is our further will that... our subjects of whatever race or creed, be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service, the duties of which they may be qualified by their education, ability and integrity, duly to discharge."
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several miles. Fearing that the arsenal, which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition, would fall intact into rebel hands, the nine
British Ordnance officers there had opened fire on the sepoys, including the men of their own guard. When resistance appeared hopeless, they blew up the arsenal. Six of the nine officers survived, but the blast killed many in the streets and nearby houses and other buildings. The news of these events finally tipped the sepoys stationed around Delhi into open rebellion. The sepoys were later able to salvage at least some arms from the arsenal, and a magazine two miles (3 km (1.9 mi)) outside Delhi, containing up to 3,000 barrels of gunpowder, was captured without resistance.
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was torn with the hands and not bitten. This, however, merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified. Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges, which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper, was impregnated with grease. In
February, a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours. Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper "being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing", said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease, and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds.
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1436:) for service there, because they were no longer considered "foreign missions". The junior British officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers, in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors. In 1856, a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the company, which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas. Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits, the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well. A high-caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire, and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution.
1610:
1541:. At Ambala in particular, which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice, it was clear to General Anson, Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army, that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent. Despite the objections of the civilian Governor-General's staff, he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth. However, he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and, rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble, he then proceeded to
4932:"When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858, she (Queen Victoria) and Prince Albert intervened in an unprecedented fashion to turn the proclamation of the transfer of power into a document of tolerance and clemency. ... They ... insisted on the clause that stated that the people of India would enjoy the same protection as all subjects of Britain. Over time, this royal intervention led to the Proclamation of 1858 becoming known in the Indian subcontinent as 'the Magna Carta of Indian liberties', a phrase which Indian nationalists such as Gandhi later took up as they sought to test equality under imperial law"
3789:
1054:'s first Governor-General, one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the company's army. Since the sepoys from Bengal – many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar – were now suspect in British eyes, Hastings recruited farther west from the high-caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar, a practice that continued for the next 75 years. However, in order to forestall any social friction, the company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals. Consequently, these soldiers dined in separate facilities; in addition, overseas service, considered
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2979:, and took decisive action. They intercepted the sepoys' mail, thus preventing their coordinating an uprising, and formed a force known as the "Punjab Movable Column" to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred. When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt, the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment, backed by artillery, on 22 May. This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British.
4262:
3922:(1978). Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people. Instead, Stokes argues that 1) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule. Stokes also explores issues of economic development, the nature of privileged landholding, the role of moneylenders, the usefulness of classical rent theory, and, especially, the notion of the "rich peasant".
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1066:(Awadh) by the East India Company in 1856, many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites, as landed gentry, in the Oudh courts, and from the anticipation of any increased land-revenue payments that the annexation might bring about. Other historians have stressed that by 1857, some Indian soldiers, interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent, were convinced that the company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. Although earlier in the 1830s, evangelicals such as
4910:"Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framework that would govern the politics of religion in colonial India for the next century. ... It promised civil equality for Indians regardless of their religious affiliation, and state non-interference in Indians' religious affairs. Although the Proclamation lacked the legal authority of a constitution, generations of Indians cited the Queen's proclamation in order to claim, and to defend, their right to religious freedom."
2796:. However, on 1 July, sepoys in Holkar's army revolted and opened fire on the cavalry pickets of the Bhopal Contingent (a locally raised force with British officers). When Colonel Travers rode forward to charge, the Bhopal Cavalry refused to follow. The Bhopal Infantry also refused orders and instead levelled their guns at British sergeants and officers. Since all possibility of mounting an effective deterrent was lost, Durand decided to gather up all the British residents and escape, although 39 British residents of Indore were killed.
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2864:, who was going up the river with his troops and guns, reached Buxar and heard about the siege. He immediately disembarked his guns and troops (the 5th Fusiliers) and started marching towards Arrah, disregarding direct orders not to do so. On 2 August, some 6 miles (9.7 km) short of Arrah, the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels. After an intense fight, the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully. On 3 August, Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege.
3245:. On the 30th a major battle was fought in which Surendra's brother was killed and the mutineers were routed. In January the British achieved minor successes, capturing a few major villages like Kolabira, and in February calm began to be restored. However, Surendra still held out, and the jungle hampered British parties from capturing him. Additionally, any native daring to collaborate with the British were terrorized along with their family. After a new policy that promised amnesty for mutineers, Surendra surrendered in May 1862.
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3475:, far from the events of the rebellion, with no evidence to support his allegation. Individual incidents captured the public's interest and were heavily reported by the press. One such incident was that of General Wheeler's daughter Margaret being forced to live as her captor's concubine, though this was reported to the Victorian public as Margaret killing her rapist then herself. Another version of the story suggested that Margaret had been killed after her abductor had argued with his wife over her.
3962:, the Prime Minister, tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a 'mere military mutiny'. Reflecting this debate, an early historian of the rebellion, Charles Ball, used the word mutiny in his title, but labelled it a "struggle for liberty and independence as a people" in the text. Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not, although it is popularly considered to be one in India. Arguments against include:
1178:. The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge, he had himself lost caste, although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum. There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people, and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour, as it apparently did. The company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled.
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land-revenue assessment in some areas by the
British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders, and providing ultimately a reason to rebel; money lenders, in addition to the company, were particular objects of the rebels' animosity. The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution, even in areas of north-central India that were no longer under British control. For example, the relatively prosperous
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4941:"In purely legal terms, (the proclamation) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike. But as is too often the case with noble statements of faith, reality fell far short of theory, and the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles."
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2603:(who in theory was his superior) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign, in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles. This became known as 'The First Relief of Lucknow', as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves, and so was forced to join the garrison. In October, another larger army under the new Commander-in-Chief,
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3322:", (an old Mughal punishment adopted many years before in India), in which sentenced rebels were tied over the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces when the cannons were fired. A particular act of cruelty on behalf of the British troops at Cawnpore included forcing many Muslim or Hindu rebels to eat pork or beef, as well as licking buildings freshly stained with blood of the dead before subsequent public hangings.
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British; however, many also fought for the
British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule. Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides, on British officers, and civilians, including women and children, by the rebels, and on the rebels, and their supporters, including sometimes entire villages, by British reprisals; the cities of Delhi and
3947:. Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico-religious discord amongst the rebels. He did not discover much in the way of proto-nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion. Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism, militarism, and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions.
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3353:.... All the city's people found within the walls of the city of Delhi when our troops entered were bayoneted on the spot, and the number was considerable, as you may suppose, when I tell you that in some houses forty and fifty people were hiding. These were not mutineers but residents of the city, who trusted to our well-known mild rule for pardon. I am glad to say they were disappointed.
1456:(BNI) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat, which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities. Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground, but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery, and cancelled the next morning's parade.
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Regiments mutinied, but some were immediately destroyed or broke up, with their sepoys drifting away to their homes. A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny. Only twelve of the original Bengal Native
Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army. All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied.
1606:, and most were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment with hard labour. Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years' imprisonment. The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles. As they were marched off to jail, the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them.
1808:) supported the British. The remainder of the irregular units were raised from a wide variety of sources and were less affected by the concerns of mainstream Indian society. Some irregular units actively supported the company: three Gurkha and five of six Sikh infantry units, and the six infantry and six cavalry units of the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force.
4950:"Ignoring ...the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858, Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Indians a greater control over their own affairs. Under these circumstances, it was not long before the seed-idea of nationalism implanted by their reading of Western books began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians."
2538:, a mob had attacked and murdered the local British population. On this pretext, Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be hanged. Neill's methods were "ruthless and horrible", and far from intimidating the population, may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt.
1109:, Dalhousie's successor as Governor-General, the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service. However, serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them, as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service.
1595:, a large military cantonment, 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British-manned guns. The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot.
2733:. The Bengal Army units in the area, having rebelled, marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore. The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves. In September and October 1857, the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of
3929:, who has conducted the most recent survey of the literature, modern Indian historiography is yet to move beyond responding to the "prejudice" of colonial accounts. Wagner sees no reason why atrocities committed by Indians should be understated or inflated merely because these things "offend our post-colonial sensibilities".
3453:
register", according to
Christopher Herbert, especially in the often-repeated claim that the "Red Year" of 1857 marked "a terrible break" in British experience. Such was the atmosphere – a national "mood of retribution and despair" that led to "almost universal approval" of the measures taken to pacify the revolt.
1388:
Muslims. The
Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal Army, whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments. Thus 75% of the cavalry regiments was composed of Indian Muslims, while 80% of the infantry was composed of Hindus. The
4846:"Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and their alienation from them. ... For all their talk of improvement, the new rulers were as yet able to offer very little in the way of positive inducements for Indians to acquiesce in the rule."
2588:, had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound. The defenders, including loyal sepoys, numbered some 1700 men. The rebels' assaults were unsuccessful, so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound. Lawrence was one of the first casualties. He was succeeded by
2448:) nearby, was informed about what was happening and immediately came to stop it. Some British histories allow that it might well have been the result of accident or error; someone accidentally or maliciously fired a shot, the panic-stricken British opened fire, and it became impossible to stop the massacre.
8913:
The leaders of the revolt could never agree. They were mutually jealous and continually intrigued against one another. ... In fact these personal jealousies and intrigues were largely responsible for the Indian defeat.Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Surendranath Sen: Eighteen Fifty-seven (Appx. X & Appx. XV).
3638:
traditions, both Hindu and Muslim. On the economy it was now believed that the previous attempts by the company to introduce free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and moneylenders. In consequence the new
3452:
The scale of the punishments handed out by the British "Army of Retribution" was considered largely appropriate and justified in a Britain shocked by embellished reports of atrocities carried out against British troops and civilians by the rebels. Accounts of the time frequently reach the "hyperbolic
3391:
The orders went out to shoot every soul.... It was literally murder... I have seen many bloody and awful sights lately but such a one as I witnessed yesterday I pray I never see again. The women were all spared but their screams on seeing their husbands and sons butchered, were most painful... Heaven
3086:
wrote, "Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy. British cannot retreat – Kabul would come again." In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held, and Dost Mohammad, whose relations with Britain had been
2415:
with little water or food, suffering continuous casualties among men, women and children. On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad. With barely three days' food rations remaining, the British agreed, provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take
2190:
began. The siege lasted roughly from 1 July to 21 September. However, the encirclement was hardly complete, and for much of the siege the besiegers were outnumbered and it often seemed that it was the Company forces and not Delhi that were under siege, as the rebels could easily receive resources and
1762:
spread rapidly, provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts. In many cases, it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder. Learning of the fall of Delhi, many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves, their
8912:
In the light of the available evidence, we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of careful planning, nor were there any master-minds behind it. As I read about the events of 1857, I am forced to the conclusion that the Indian national character had sunk very low.
1725:
The next day, Bahadur Shah held his first formal court for many years. It was attended by many excited sepoys. The emperor was alarmed by the turn events had taken, but eventually accepted the sepoys' allegiance and agreed to give his countenance to the rebellion. On 16 May, up to 50 British who had
1709:
There were three battalion-sized regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed in or near the city. Some detachments quickly joined the rebellion, while others held back but also refused to obey orders to take action against the rebels. In the afternoon, a violent explosion in the city was heard for
1181:
On 27 January, Colonel Richard Birch, the Military Secretary, ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease, and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture "they may prefer". A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge
1100:
saw this as an anomaly, since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six "General Service" battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required. As a result, the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma, readily accessible only by sea,
8894:
A number of dispossessed dynasts, both Hindu and Muslim, exploited the well-founded caste-suspicions of the sepoys and made these simple folk their cat's paw in gamble for recovering their thrones. The last scions of the Delhi Mughals or the Oudh Nawabs and the Peshwa, can by no ingenuity be called
7042:
Maulana Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehalvi was the most influential of the Ahl-Hadith ulema in Delhi at the time of the revolt. The rebels coerced him into issuing a fatwa declaring a jihad...he ruled out armed jihad in India, on the grounds that the relationship with the British government was a contract
4968:
The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British. Where the countryside resisted, as in parts of Awadh, villages were burnt. Mutineers and their supporters were often
2541:
Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures, though contemporary British sources lionised him and his "gallant blue caps". When the British retook Cawnpore, the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to
2451:
The surviving women and children were taken to Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate's clerk (the Bibighar) where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh. Overall, five men and 206 women and children were confined in the Bibigarh for
1644:
from Meerut should have made for Delhi on the night of 10 May. It was a strong walled city located only forty miles away, it was the ancient capital and present seat of the nominal Mughal Emperor and finally there were no British troops in garrison there in contrast to Meerut. No effort was made to
1058:
to their caste, was not required of them, and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals. "This encouragement of high caste ritual status, however, left the government vulnerable to protest, even mutiny, whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives." Stokes argues
3645:
On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising. In consequence, Indians were drawn into government at a local level. Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had
3478:
During the aftermath of the rebellion, a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been "dishonoured" at the Bibighar and elsewhere. One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning.
3325:
Practices of torture included "searing with hot irons...dipping in wells and rivers till the victim is half suffocated... squeezing the testicles...putting pepper and red chillies in the eyes or introducing them into the private parts of men and women...prevention of sleep...nipping the flesh with
2416:
place in daylight on the morning of the 27th (the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th). Early in the morning of 27 June, the British party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to
1815:
The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments, whilst the Madras Army had none at all, although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal. Nonetheless, most of southern India remained passive, with only intermittent outbreaks of violence. Many parts of
1392:
were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society. In the early years of Company rule, it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army, which recruited its regular infantry soldiers almost
1352:
authorities. British-run schools were also a problem: according to recorded testimonies, anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction, stories were chosen that would "bring contempt" upon Indian religions, and because girl children were exposed to "moral
4864:
The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense. Two great cities, Delhi and Lucknow, were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British. Where the countryside resisted, as in parts of Awadh, villages were burnt. Mutineers and their supporters were often
3719:
The inefficiencies of the old organisation, which had estranged sepoys from their British officers, were addressed, and the post-1857 units were mainly organised on the "irregular" system. From 1797 until the rebellion of 1857, each regular Bengal Native Infantry regiment had had 22 or 23 British
2848:
and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men. Mr. Boyle, a British railway engineer in Arrah, had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks. As the rebels approached Arrah, all British residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle's house. A siege soon ensued – eighteen
2658:
crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank. Campbell drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting taking place on 21 March. There were few casualties to Campbell's own troops, but his cautious movements allowed large
2455:
Historians have given many reasons for this act of cruelty. With Company forces approaching Cawnpore, some believed that they would not advance if there were no hostages to save. Or perhaps it was to ensure that no information was leaked after the fall of Cawnpore. Other historians have suggested
1982:
was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India. Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will. In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries,
1792:
In 1857, the Bengal Army had 86,000 men, of which 12,000 were British, 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha. There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether, 40,160 British soldiers (including units of the British Army) and 5,362 officers. Fifty-four of the Bengal Army's 74 regular Native Infantry
1617:
The next day was Sunday. Some Indian soldiers warned off-duty junior British officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force, but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action. There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself, with angry protests in the
3699:
before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army. The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers. The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the
3637:
Essentially the old East India Company bureaucracy remained, though there was a major shift in attitudes. In looking for the causes of the Rebellion the authorities alighted on two things: religion and the economy. On religion it was felt that there had been too much interference with indigenous
2307:
The troops of the besieging force proceeded to loot and pillage the city. A large number of citizens were killed in retaliation for the British and Indian civilians that had been slaughtered by the rebels. During the street fighting, artillery was set up in the city's main mosque. Neighbourhoods
1690:
to acknowledge and lead them. He did nothing at this point, apparently treating the sepoys as ordinary petitioners, but others in the palace were quick to join the revolt. During the day, the revolt spread. British officials and dependents, Indian Christians and shop keepers within the city were
1387:
Each of the three "Presidencies" into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies. Of these, the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest. Unlike the other two, it recruited heavily from among high-caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy
4061:
The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of "India's First War of Independence". Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra's "War of Civilizations", a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857, and
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denied the existence of any such plan and described the incident in the following terms: the British had already boarded the boats and Tatya Tope raised his right hand to signal their departure. That very moment someone from the crowd blew a loud bugle, which created disorder and in the ongoing
3408:
Some British troops adopted a policy of "no prisoners". One officer, Thomas Lowe, remembered how on one occasion his unit had taken 76 prisoners – they were just too tired to carry on killing and needed a rest, he recalled. Later, after a quick trial, the prisoners were lined up with a British
2546:, the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny, the majority of the sepoy prisoners. Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves, they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time.
1237:
quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost, and paradoxically, in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty, did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers, many of whom joined the rebellion, to the great dismay of the British. It has also been suggested that heavy
4883:"... it was the support from the Sikhs, carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo-Sikh wars, and the disinclination of the Bengali intelligentsia to throw in their lot with what they considered a backward Zamindar revolt, that proved decisive in the course of the struggle.
698:
The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, and scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule. Many Indians rose against the
3703:
The rebellion transformed both the native and British armies of British India. Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857, only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment. All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost. The old Bengal Army had
1983:
their name still carried great prestige across northern India. Civilians, nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance. The emperor issued coins in his name, one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status. The adhesion of the Mughal emperor, however, turned the Sikhs of the
4855:"Many Indians took up arms against the British, if for very diverse reasons. On the other hand, a very large number actually fought for the British, while the majority remained apparently acquiescent. Explanations have therefore to concentrate on the motives of those who actually rebelled."
3723:
The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India. From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units, except for a few mountain batteries. The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century.
2521:
The killing of the women and children hardened British attitudes against the sepoys. The British public was aghast, and the anti-Imperial and pro-Indian proponents lost all of their support. Cawnpore became a war cry for the British and their allies for the rest of the conflict. Nana Sahib
806:
issued a proclamation to Indians, which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision, promised rights similar to those of other British subjects. In the following decades, when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming, Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen's
3837:
it is commonly called the "Indian Mutiny", but terms such as "Great Indian Mutiny", the "Sepoy Mutiny", the "Sepoy Rebellion", the "Sepoy War", the "Great Mutiny", the "Rebellion of 1857", "the Uprising", the "Mahomedan Rebellion", and the "Revolt of 1857" have also been used. "The Indian
3118:. A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege. Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana, who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen.
4032:
The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions, instead they repeatedly proclaimed a "country-wide rule" of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from "India", as they knew it then. (The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over:
1508:
After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion, Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life, by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe. He managed only to wound himself. He was court-martialled on 6 April and hanged two days later.
1512:
The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 21 April. The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill-feelings towards its superiors, particularly after this incident. Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of
2474:
1482:
of the 34th BNI, angered by the recent actions of the East India Company, declared that he would rebel against his commanders. Informed about Pandey's behaviour Sergeant-Major James Hewson went to investigate, only to have Pandey shoot at him. Hewson raised the alarm. When his
3720:
officers, who held every position of authority down to the second-in-command of each company. In irregular units there were fewer British officers, but they associated themselves far more closely with their soldiers, while more responsibility was given to the Indian officers.
1083:
However, changes in the terms of their professional service may have created resentment. As the extent of the East India Company's jurisdiction expanded with victories in wars or annexation, the soldiers were now expected not only to serve in less familiar regions, such as in
4208:(2017) – Queen Victoria embarrasses herself by recounting to the court the one-sided account of the Indian Mutiny that Abdul had told her, Victoria's faith and trust in him are shaken and she decides he must go home. But soon after, she changes her mind and asks him to stay.
1933:), had been won by British troops, while the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet the Sikhs in battle. These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit-making civil posts in the Punjab.
1112:
There were also grievances over the issue of promotions, based on seniority. This, as well as the increasing number of British officers in the battalions, made promotion slow, and many Indian officers did not reach commissioned rank until they were too old to be effective.
4518:, first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India, is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani, itself a fictionalised version of the town of
9285:(Bombay: 1947 ). Most historians have seen his arguments as discredited, with one venturing so far as to say, 'It was neither first, nor national, nor a war of independence.' Eric Stokes has argued that the rebellion was actually a variety of movements, not one movement.
9159:
Modern Indian historiography on 1857 still seems, at least in part, to be responding to the prejudice of colonial accounts ... I see no reason to downplay, or to exaggerate, the atrocities carried out by Indians simply because such events seem to offend our post-colonial
4065:
In 2007, a group of retired British soldiers and civilians, some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict, attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow. However, fears of violence by Indian demonstrators, supported by the Hindu nationalist
2462:
3422:
examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British, at that time, saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny.
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was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September. However, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside. Other regions of Company-controlled
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rulers, who were British allies. This might have reinvigorated the rebellion, but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city. The Rani died on 17 June, the second day of the Battle of Gwalior, probably killed by a carbine shot from the
2106:. Casualties were high at the subsequent engagement at Narnaul (Nasibpur). After the defeat of Rao Tula Ram on 16 November 1857, Mufti Nizamuddin was arrested, and his brother Mufti Yaqinuddin and brother-in-law Abdur Rahman (alias Nabi Baksh) were arrested in
3337:
Most of the British press, outraged by the stories of alleged rape committed by the rebels against British women, as well as the killings of British civilians and wounded British soldiers, did not advocate clemency of any kind towards the Indian population.
4194:– During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace, Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in "the mutiny" and Chattar Lal complains, "It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857".
2966:
The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India, which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other. In some garrisons, notably
2963:(Orthodox Sikhs) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar (court). After two Anglo-Sikh Wars, the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849. In 1857, the region still contained the highest numbers of both British and Indian troops.
1520:
Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh. The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians. Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge.
3830:" is not without its critics in India. The use of the term "Indian Mutiny" is considered by some Indian politicians as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude. Others dispute this interpretation.
2592:. The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via tunnels that led to underground close combat. After 90 days of siege, the defenders were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys, 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants.
1869:, resisted pressure from the mutineers to call for a jihad and instead declared in favour of British rule, viewing the Muslim-British relationship as a legal contract which could not be broken unless their religious rights were breached.
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against Indian women as a form of retaliation against the rebellion. As towns and cities were captured from the sepoys, the British soldiers took their revenge on Indian civilians by committing atrocities and rapes against Indian women.
2389:) rebelled and besieged the British entrenchment. Wheeler was not only a veteran and respected soldier but also married to an Indian woman. He had relied on his own prestige and his cordial relations with local landholder and hereditary
1552:
Although there was no open revolt at Ambala, there was widespread arson during late April. Barrack buildings (especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges) and British officers' bungalows were set on fire.
1290:
1309:
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1884. Note: This painting was allegedly bought by the British crown and possibly destroyed (current whereabouts unknown). It anachronistically depicts the events of 1857 with soldiers wearing (then current) uniforms of the late 19th
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In Oudh alone, some estimates put the toll at 150,000 Indians killed during the war, with 100,000 of them being civilians. The capture of Delhi, Allahabad, Kanpur and Lucknow by British forces were followed by general massacres.
2867:
After receiving reinforcements, Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur; however, Singh had left by the time Eyre's forces arrived. Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh's brothers.
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An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force, and from 7 September, the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels' artillery. An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the
981:
were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the company's army. Just before the rebellion, there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army, compared to about 50,000 British. The East India Company's forces were divided into three
6933:
Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi (1833–1879), the great Deobandi scholar, fought against the British...Along with Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1828–1905), he took up arms when he was presented with clear evidence of English
4594:
is set between 1856 and 1858, and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters, who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore (a fictional town in north India). The early chapters of her novel
3825:
In India and Pakistan, it has been termed as the "War of Independence of 1857" or "First War of Indian Independence" but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the "Revolt of 1857". The classification of the Rebellion being
2722:, and the Rani negotiated their evacuation. However, when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control; the British suspected the Rani of complicity, despite her repeated denials.
1717:
on the ridge north of Delhi, where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations. When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming, they made their way in carriages to
1995:
was largely quiet throughout the entire period. The British, who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously, were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Bahadur Shah's call for war.
4120:– A 1954 film: at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny. A British officer, Captain Claybourne (Hudson), is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders, but finds that his duty to his men is far from over
2456:
that the killings were an attempt to undermine Nana Sahib's relationship with the British. Perhaps it was due to fear, the fear of being recognised by some of the prisoners for having taken part in the earlier firings.
2525:
Other British accounts state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June, two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar (but after those at both Meerut and Delhi), specifically by Lieutenant Colonel
3032:. After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island. Three days later, Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the
2011:. When British troops were reinforced and began to counterattack, the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control. Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as
1841:
from Gwalior who had vowed never to eat again and to fight until they met certain death at the hands of British troops. However, most Muslims did not share the rebels' dislike of the British administration and their
1811:
On 1 April 1858, the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the company was 80,053. However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North-West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion.
1602:, which was composed mainly of Indian Muslims, ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills. All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges. On 9 May, the remaining 85 men were
9340:
The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad, and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom."
4837:"The events of 1857–58 in India (are) known variously as a mutiny, a revolt, a rebellion and the first war of independence (the debates over which only confirm just how contested imperial history can become) ... "
4053:
1339:
were considered by many—especially the British themselves—to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being "interfered with", with the ultimate aim of conversion. Recent historians, including
1344:, have preferred to frame this as a "clash of knowledges", with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the "insults to women", the rise of "
8438:
2607:, was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November, they evacuated the defended enclave within the city, the women and children leaving first. They then conducted an orderly withdrawal, firstly to
1171:, following a British design. The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co. By January, rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat.
3456:
Incidents of rape allegedly committed by Indian rebels against British women and girls appalled the British public. These atrocities were often used to justify the British reaction to the rebellion. British
3630:, became colonies in their own right. The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform, trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at
1095:
of 25 July 1856. As noted above, men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service. Specifically, they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march. Governor-General
781:
In some regions, most notably in Awadh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against British oppression. However, the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new
2771:
according to the account of three independent Indian representatives. The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days. In descriptions of the scene of her last battle, she was compared to
1034:
were "more localized, caste-neutral armies" that "did not prefer high-caste men". The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion.
1212:
belonged to this group; the latter, for example, was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband's heir. In other areas of central India, such as
1159:
unless it be proven that the grease employed in these cartridges is not of a nature to offend or interfere with the prejudices of religion, it will be expedient not to issue them for test to Native corps.
3368:
From the end of 1857, the British had begun to gain ground again. Lucknow was retaken in March 1858. On 8 July 1858, a peace treaty was signed, and the rebellion ended. The last rebels were defeated in
4150:, chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857. The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh, and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th-century India.
2718:, protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son. When war broke out, Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion. A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in
3657:. But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next, creating new elites and confirming old attitudes. The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a
1629:
Some sepoys (especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt. Some officers and their families escaped to
3704:
accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle. These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under-utilised by the British and from the minority so-called "
2659:
numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh. Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat, disease and guerrilla actions.
4819:
Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India, recent scholarship has suggested that the rebellion also reached parts of the east and north."
4006:
A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above-mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India's independence. The reasons advanced are:
2191:
reinforcements. For several weeks, it seemed likely that disease, exhaustion and continuous sorties by rebels from Delhi would force the besiegers to withdraw, but the outbreaks of rebellion in the
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tribals who had been grabbing his land and were implicitly supported by the British authorities. The rebels in South Bihar asked him to lead them and he readily accepted this offer. He organised a
3047:
communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units, and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the rebellion, 34,000 fresh levies eventually being pressed into service.
2486:
2480:
1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels.
1252:
3217:
in January 1858 who, by July 1859, controlled that region. In October 1859, a joint offensive by British, Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region.
6425:
2630:
In March 1858, Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army, meeting up with the force at Alambagh, this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh. He was aided by a large
2019:
proved ineffectual, for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes. Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders, but others were self-interested or inept.
664:
on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859.
660:, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a military threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in
7963:
794:
history. It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through passage of the
9033:
2971:, indecision on the part of the senior British officers allowed the sepoys to rebel, but the sepoys then left the area, mostly heading for Delhi. At the most important garrison, that of
1722:. Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot. Some were helped by villagers on the way; others were killed.
13943:
2167:. They proceeded slowly towards Delhi and fought, killed, and hanged numerous Indians along the way. Two months after the first outbreak of rebellion at Meerut, the two forces met near
3875:
analysis; the view of the Rebellion as a traditionalist rebellion; and intensive studies of local uprisings. Many of the key primary and secondary sources appear in Biswamoy Pati, ed.
2335:
was content, as she believed her son was now Zafar's heir. Shortly after the fall of Delhi, the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in
495:, probably 800,000 Indians were killed, and very likely more, both in the rebellion and in the famines and epidemics of disease that were caused as a result in its immediate aftermath.
3969:
The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army, the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments; 80% of the East India Company forces were Indian;
4522:. Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time.
9483:
3994:
11286:
An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny, Being the Personal Reminiscences of Reginald G. Wilberforce, Late 52nd Infantry, Compiled from a Diary and Letters Written on the Spot
4070:, prevented the British visitors from visiting the site. Despite the protests, Sir Mark Havelock was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor, General
2829:, whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board, instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar. His efforts were supported by his brother
1204:, which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs, felt that the company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance. Rebel leaders such as
3318:, and the subsequent printing of the events in the British papers, left many British soldiers outraged and seeking revenge. Aside from hanging mutineers, the British had some "
1364:
during the sessions of 1856 and 1857, revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians.
14546:
8354:
3392:
knows I feel no pity, but when some old grey bearded man is brought and shot before your very eyes, hard must be that man's heart I think who can look on with indifference ...
2751:
In March 1858, the Central India Field Force, led by Sir Hugh Rose, advanced on and laid siege to Jhansi. The Company forces captured the city, but the Rani fled in disguise.
2611:
4 miles (6.4 km) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort, then to Cawnpore, where they defeated an attempt by Tantia Tope to recapture the city in the
522:
9238:
Sabbaq Ahmed, "Ideology and Muslim militancy in India: Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion". (PhD Dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington (NZ), 2015).
6375:
2140:
The British were slow to strike back at first. It took time for troops stationed in Britain to make their way to India by sea, although some regiments moved overland through
1796:
The Bengal Army also contained 29 irregular cavalry and 42 irregular infantry regiments. Of these, a substantial contingent from the recently annexed state of Awadh mutinied
13871:
6421:
Memorandum from Lieutenant-Colonel W. St. L. Mitchell (CO of the 19th BNI) to Major A. H. Ross about his troop's refusal to accept the Enfield cartridges, 27 February 1857,
3669:
10567:
Dutta, Sunasir; Rao, Hayagreeva (July 2015). "Infectious diseases, contamination rumours and ethnic violence: Regimental mutinies in the Bengal Native Army in 1857 India".
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15650:
2241:
1746:
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3950:
Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut, the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over. Speaking in the
3078:
of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship. The British agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified. Referring to the massacre of a retreating
2209:
1598:
Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known, on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael-Smyth, the unsympathetic commanding officer of the
1271:
8434:
3479:
The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed, although numbers of British women and children had been killed outright.
6522:
2468:
Photograph entitled, "The Hospital in General Wheeler's entrenchment, Cawnpore". (1858) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of British lives in Cawnpore
8381:
3575:
on 1 November 1858. "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." (p. 2)
2853:
under the command of Herwald Wake, the local magistrate, defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels.
2343:, which had also recently been retaken. This gave the Company forces a continuous, although still tenuous, line of communication from the east to the west of India.
2276:, the British commander, wished to withdraw, but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers. After a week of street fighting, the British reached the Red Fort.
1770:
The military authorities also reacted in disjointed manner. Some officers trusted their sepoys, but others tried to disarm them to forestall potential uprisings. At
5886:
1417:
from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted.
5618:
4041:"). The objective of driving out "foreigners" from not only one's own area but from their conception of the entirety of "India", signifies a nationalist sentiment;
3342:
ordered moderation in dealing with native sensibilities and earned the scornful sobriquet "Clemency Canning" from the press and later parts of the British public.
3059:
1147:
that came pre-greased. To load the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder. The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include
1975:, 15 August 1857, describing how the resort town in the Himalayas served as a refuge for British families escaping from the rebellion of 1857 in Delhi and Meerut.
1494:
came out to the parade ground to investigate, and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of "religious frenzy". He ordered the Indian commander of the
4828:"What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain."
4057:
The National Youth rally at the National Celebration to Commemorate 150th Anniversary of the First War of Independence, 1857 at Red Fort, in Delhi on 11 May 2007
3033:
2498:
2196:
11435:
4923:
on 1 November 1858. "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects."
2054:
also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively. Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between
1221:, where such loss of privilege had not occurred, the princes remained loyal to the company, even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled. The second group, the
3114:
rivers. The rebels held the forests of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area, besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at
15366:
10057:
7006:
Several of Nanautawi's fellow seminarians in Deoband and divines of the Ahl-i-Hadith reputed for their adherence to Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi rejected the jihad.
12878:
2860:
to relieve Arrah, but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house, severely defeated, and driven back. On 30 July, Major
1501:
Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey, but the Jemadar refused. The quarter guard and other sepoys present, with the single exception of a soldier called
14116:
12744:
2810:
The rebellion in Bihar was mainly concentrated in the Western regions of the state; however, there were also some outbreaks of plundering and looting in
8019:
7171:
3253:
The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population, sepoy or civilian, took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings. In the
2308:
within range were bombarded; the homes of the Muslim nobility that housed innumerable cultural, artistic, literary and monetary riches were destroyed.
515:
3409:
soldier standing a couple of yards in front of them. On the order "fire", they were all simultaneously shot, "swept... from their earthly existence".
4162:, it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt.
2871:
In addition to Kunwar Singh's efforts, there were also rebellions carried out by Hussain Baksh Khan, Ghulam Ali Khan and Fateh Singh among others in
2272:
was launched on 14 September. The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties, including John Nicholson. Major General
1763:
families and servants to places of safety. At Agra, 160 miles (260 km) from Delhi, no fewer than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the
11217:
From Sepoy to Subedar, Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, a Native Officer of the Bengal Native Army, Written and Related by Himself
7542:
Lachmi Bai Rani of Jhansi, the Jeanne d'Arc of India (1901), White, Michael (Michael Alfred Edwin), 1866, New York: J.F. Taylor & Company, 1901.
6422:
6124:, p. 299: "Rajput Taluqdars provided the bulk of leadership in Oudh, Kunwar Singh a Rajput Zamindar was the moving spirit of uprising in Bihar"
3984:
The revolt was largely limited to north and central India. Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature;
14541:
10798:(1), Cambridge University Press: 205–228 (Special Issue: How Social, Political and Cultural Information Is Collected, Defined, Used and Analyzed),
4901:"The events of 1857–58 in India, ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of British imperialism as a whole."
12734:
8947:
5077:
Colonial-era sources most commonly referred to individuals whom scholars today often describe as 'white' or 'British' as 'European' or 'English'.
3887:
3755:
40:
13528:
8107:
7953:
14313:
11685:
9037:
5920:
Headrick, Daniel R. "The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century". Oxford University Press, 1981, p. 88.
3661:
and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law. In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service.
2441:
1861:
took up arms against the colonial rule, but many Muslims, among them ulema from both the Sunni and Shia sects, sided with the British. Various
373:
6782:
2948:. It included not only the present-day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan.
12749:
9505:
8106:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I. Part II. GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES, 1857–1859. The Government Central Press. pp. 447–449.
7191:
3130:. The treasury remained under rebel control for several days. Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd, 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th
2369:
A memorial erected (circa 1860) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibighar Well. After India's Independence the statue was moved to the
1277:
1097:
508:
3387:, a 19-year-old officer whose parents, younger brothers, and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre, recorded his experience:
4969:
killed out of hand. British civilians, including women and children, were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments."
4865:
killed out of hand. British civilians, including women and children, were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments."
1896:
5947:
The only troops to be armed with the Enfield rifle, and hence the greased cartridges, were the British HM 60th Rifles stationed at Meerut.
14983:
12719:
9473:
9365:
8981:
8229:
7797:
7559:
5545:
4756:
4374:
4182:
4010:
Even though the rebellion had various causes, most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so, made their way to Delhi to revive the old
3653:, viceroy from 1880 to 1885, extended the powers of local self-government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the
3600:
445:
235:
8776:
8553:
7993:
7615:
5516:
5461:
2046:(Kuddum Singh) their leader, and expelled Company police. Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force, estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000.
15635:
12729:
11943:
11428:
9011:
7715:
6075:
Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Military department of the government of India, 1857–58
1059:
that "The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact."
958:
was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later. For practical purposes, the company was the government of much of India.
11347:
Detailed Map: The revolt of 1857–1859, Historical Atlas of South Asia, Digital South Asia Library, hosted by the University of Chicago
9242:
7058:
3987:
A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule, and against native rulers, often as a result of local internal politics;
3634:. The Viceroy stopped land grabs, decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service, albeit mainly as subordinates.
1831:
Although most of the mutinous sepoys in Delhi were Hindus, a significant proportion of the insurgents were Muslims. The proportion of
1233:
Taluqdars provided the bulk of leadership and played an important role during 1857 in the region. As the rebellion gained ground, the
1174:
Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at
15655:
14516:
12764:
3513:
1155:
derived from pork, which would be offensive to Muslims. At least one Company official pointed out the difficulties this might cause:
895:
8346:
2256:
1318:, the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, by the Indian troops, he was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma
860:. After his defeat, the emperor granted the company the right to the "collection of Revenue" in the provinces of Bengal (modern day
15371:
13979:
13498:
13101:
12871:
12769:
11747:
6369:
4483:
6734:
3197:, Pathans and Arabs, unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India. Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission. The
2622:
The interior of the Secundra Bagh, several months after its storming during the second relief of Lucknow. Albumen silver print by
1613:
The death of Colonel John Finnis on the parade ground at Meerut. Finnis was the first European officer to be killed in the Mutiny.
14589:
12789:
11948:
11887:
6861:
Nor did most Muslims share the rebels' hatred of the British, even as they deplored the more egregious excesses of colonial rule.
6704:
5656:
3827:
3345:
In terms of sheer numbers, the casualties were much higher on the Indian side. A letter published after the fall of Delhi in the
2748:
broke the 3-month siege of Saugor. Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator, freeing them from rebel occupation.
1726:
been held prisoner in the palace or had been discovered hiding in the city were killed by some of the emperor's servants under a
1452:
Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion. On 26 February 1857 the 19th
868:), known as "Diwani" to the company. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; later, the
10836:(December 1969), "Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts",
14530:
14496:
14431:
13961:
12739:
12692:
9659:
9421:
9390:
9116:
Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality
8465:
8411:
3650:
3273:
the loss of a musket provoked a near riot, and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population.
2225:
2022:
1225:, had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of
967:
5958:
4506:
details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-British world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857.
1420:
The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life. Their pay was relatively low and after
14097:
13294:
11994:
11421:
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10974:
10881:
10434:
10412:
10393:
10374:
10355:
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10154:
10130:
10067:
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10021:
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8828:
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7262:
7125:
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6999:
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5703:
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4708:
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3006:
2440:
bewilderment, the boatmen jumped off the boats. The rebels started shooting indiscriminately. Nana Sahib, who was staying in
1865:
scholars and colleagues of Nanautavi rejected the jihad. The most influential member of Ahl-i-Hadith ulema in Delhi, Maulana
668:
12968:
11452:
8514:
8048:
7768:
6326:
5000:
2424:. Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats: two private soldiers, a lieutenant, and Captain
1190:
Civilian rebellion was more multifarious. The rebels consisted of three groups: the feudal nobility, rural landlords called
14051:
13324:
13137:
9087:
It includes essays by historians Eric Stokes, Christopher Bayly, Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Tapti Roy, Rajat K. Ray and others.
8878:
7140:
6516:
4190:
972:
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time, rather than any single event.
8377:
1379:
15595:
14535:
14511:
14348:
13967:
13901:
12864:
12820:
11465:
11233:
8287:
5878:
3614:, the company's ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown. A new British government department, the
2382:
1368:
873:
652:, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the
385:
11356:
5610:
1080:
and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows, there is little evidence that the sepoys' allegiance was affected by this.
15600:
14525:
13179:
10144:
10108:
10098:
8223:
7518:
4645:, originally an Indian prince, fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion (as stated in Verne's later novel
2976:
2396:
to thwart rebellion, and took comparatively few measures to prepare fortifications and lay in supplies and ammunition.
939:
764:
11351:
4601:
take place during the Rebellion, which leads to the protagonist, a child of British ancestry, being raised as a Hindu.
3070:
At one stage, faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi, the Commissioner of the Punjab (
1949:
1348:' under British tutelage", the "pollution" caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional
15590:
13780:
13125:
12974:
12714:
12709:
8661:
7893:
6665:
6034:
5864:
5833:
3998:
The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion, Sepoys of the 31st Native Infantry. Albumen silver print by
3535:
3339:
3071:
2931:
2768:
2008:
1914:
1258:
1106:
369:
11336:
4062:"Recalcitrance" by Anurag Kumar, one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857.
3626:, and implemented the policies devised by the India Office. Some former East India Company territories, such as the
3314:
The rebels' murder of British women, children and wounded soldiers (including sepoys who sided with the British) at
3001:
saw a mutiny of native troops against the British. Here 35 British soldiers of Her Majesty's 24th Regiment of Foot (
2844:. Mutinying sepoys from the 7th, 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of
1823:
1505:, drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey. Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack.
15660:
14594:
14506:
14501:
14381:
13997:
13004:
12724:
11637:
4564:
4412:
4212:
3165:
The interior areas of Bengal proper were already experiencing growing resistance to Company rule due to the Muslim
2745:
395:
17:
11352:
Development of Situation-January to July 1857 – Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin from Washington, DC defencejounal.com
11004:
Perusek, Darshan (Spring 1992). "Subaltern Consciousness and the Historiography of the Indian Rebellion of 1857".
10547:
Blunt, Alison (July 2000), "Embodying war: British women and domestic defilement in the Indian "Mutiny", 1857–8",
7849:
Mathur Das Ustad (1997). "The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar".
5041:
Buettner, Elizabeth (2000), "Problematic spaces, problematic races: defining 'Europeans' in late colonial India",
3852:
1837:
grew to be about a quarter of the local fighting force by the end of the siege and included a regiment of suicide
15381:
14823:
14726:
14045:
13630:
12962:
11877:
11867:
11832:
11312:
11219:, trans. Lt. Col. Norgate, (Lahore: Bengal Staff Corps, 1873), ed. James Lunt, (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1970).
10073:
5733:(February 1973). "The first century of British colonial rule in India: social revolution or social stagnation?".
4575:
3560:
3050:
2998:
2604:
2203:
to reinforce the besiegers on the Ridge on 14 August. On 30 August the rebels offered terms, which were refused.
2192:
2073:
1984:
1903:
rule in northern India because they had been persecuted by the Mughal Empire. They also felt disdain towards the
1892:
1425:
606:
389:
11326:
3020:
The final large-scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July, when most of a brigade of sepoys at
2159:
It took time to organise the British troops already in India into field forces, but eventually two columns left
849:
in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India. The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the
14436:
14358:
13985:
13342:
13257:
12926:
12840:
4502:
3517:
2324:
1444:
1092:
11346:
10904:
5857:
From Sepoy to Subedar – Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, a Native Officer of the Bengal Army
3555:(the last Mughal emperor) in Delhi, awaiting trial by the British for his role in the Uprising. Photograph by
3461:
printed various eyewitness accounts of the rape of English women and girls. One such account was published by
3412:
The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies. In
15670:
15665:
15630:
15361:
13438:
13426:
13414:
13384:
13360:
13354:
13348:
13330:
13306:
12810:
12779:
11132:
11033:
Wagner, Kim A. (October 2011). "The Marginal Mutiny: The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857".
10511:
Baker, David (1991), "Colonial Beginnings and the Indian Response: The Revolt of 1857–58 in Madhya Pradesh",
9690:
4359:
3940:
3933:
3808:. The Indian Order of Merit was the only gallantry medal available to Native soldiers between 1837 and 1907.
3678:
3458:
3419:
2668:
2655:
2600:
2492:
Bibigarh house where British women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found, 1858.
2312:
2296:
1987:
away from the rebellion, as they did not want to return to Islamic rule, having fought many wars against the
1609:
415:
31:
13378:
9443:
4780:"It has been roughly estimated that 6,000 of the approximately 40,000 Europeans then in India were killed."
2944:
What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division, centred on
1999:
Initially, the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces, and captured several important towns in
1899:
supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi. The Sikhs in particular feared reinstatement of
902:
between the company and local rulers or by direct military annexation. The subsidiary alliances created the
15620:
15565:
15549:
15519:
14174:
14156:
14147:
14138:
14130:
13696:
12908:
12888:
12830:
12486:
11837:
11444:
10177:
8015:
4476:
3619:
3611:
2560:
2331:(the bloody gate) near Delhi Gate. On hearing the news, Zafar reacted with shocked silence, while his wife
898:
began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories. This was achieved either by
795:
13366:
12856:
3788:
3642:
was constructed in part around a conservative agenda, based on a preservation of tradition and hierarchy.
3134:
storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners. The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the
15625:
15529:
15305:
14273:
13883:
13835:
13420:
13221:
12676:
12063:
11712:
10451:
Alam Khan, Iqtidar (May–June 2013), "The Wahabis in the 1857 Revolt: A Brief Reappraisal of Their Role",
9916:
Nanda, Krishan (September 1965), "'1857 in India: Mutiny or War of Independence?' by Ainslie T. Embree",
9898:
6229:
Rudolph, L. I.; Rudolph, S. H. (1997), "Occidentalism and Orientalism: Perspectives on Legal Pluralism",
3010:
2642:, the youngest brother of Jung Bahadur, also led the Nepalese forces in various parts of India including
1664:
471:
11872:
10930:
10113:
Fifty-Seven. Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army
9784:
Hasan, Farhat; Roy, Tapti (1998), "Review of Tapti Roy, The Politics of a Popular Uprising, OUP, 1994",
7079:
The Land of Five Rivers: An Economic History of the Punjab from Earliest Times to the Year of Grace 1890
6654:
6023:
3471:
criticized this story as false propaganda, and pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in
3467:, regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi.
3311:
who massacred thousands of Indian mutineers and Indian civilians suspected of supporting the rebellion.
3005:) were killed by mutineers on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of
751:
princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states,
15615:
15610:
15285:
15113:
14792:
14737:
14621:
14343:
14308:
14183:
14165:
13444:
13372:
13312:
13161:
12411:
11963:
11680:
11675:
10931:"Re-writing as re-visioning: Modes of representing the 'Indian Mutiny' in British novels, 1857 to 2000"
6468:, The Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, May 1957.
4761:
4542:
4286:
4098:
depicting British soldiers saying farewell to their loved ones as they embark on a deployment to India.
4029:. The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion, and it spanned more than one region;
3801:
2287:
1936:
The varied groups in the support and opposing of the uprising is seen as a major cause of its failure.
1067:
10405:
What really happened during the mutiny: a day-by-day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India
8951:
1653:
1487:
Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest, Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh's horse instead.
15484:
15449:
15177:
14682:
14488:
14353:
14169:
14090:
13702:
13089:
13016:
12932:
12386:
12083:
11958:
11797:
11737:
11146:
9185:
Wagner, Kim A. (2011). "The Marginal Mutiny: The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857".
8101:
7819:
Sarvesh Kumar (2007). "The Revolt of 1857: 'Real Heroes of Bihar Who Have Been Dropped From Memory".
7460:
6455:"The Indian Mutiny of 1857", Col. G. B. Malleson, reprint 2005, Rupa & Co. Publishers, New Delhi.
4671:
4166:
3556:
3286:
3083:
2902:
2898:
2707:
2618:
2612:
2585:
1682:
Early on 11 May, the first parties of the 3rd Cavalry reached Delhi. From beneath the windows of the
1580:
1262:
1088:, but also to make do without the "foreign service" remuneration that had previously been their due.
772:
596:
420:
10872:
Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818–1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),
10702:(August 1990), "'Satan Let Loose upon Earth': The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857",
9305:
8809:
Rajit K. Mazumder, The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab. (Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003), 11.
6423:
Archives of Project South Asia, South Dakota State University and Missouri Southern State University
3326:
pinners...suspension from the branches of a tree...imprisonment in a room used for storing lime..."
1299:, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the
14742:
14626:
14368:
14178:
14151:
13955:
13768:
13714:
13600:
13558:
13300:
13191:
12992:
12986:
12671:
12646:
12183:
11882:
11862:
11722:
11540:
11368:
11208:
10825:
Singh, Hira. (2013) "Class, Caste, Colonial Rule, and Resistance: The Revolt of 1857 in India", in
7163:
6786:
4801:"The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India."
4703:
3951:
3308:
3025:
2680:, which was taken over by rebel forces, and subsequently defended against British recapture by the
2635:
2527:
2200:
2180:
1750:
5th Bengal European Cavalry Winning the Victoria Cross at Khurkowdah, Indian Mutiny, 15 August 1857
1599:
1361:
1356:
The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians. The official Blue Books,
1130:
931:
556:
432:
9515:
3882:
3622:, was entrusted with formulating Indian policy. The Governor-General of India gained a new title,
2975:
close to the Afghan frontier, many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander,
15524:
15187:
15160:
15078:
14703:
13919:
13853:
13690:
13654:
13456:
13432:
13390:
13263:
13251:
13173:
13167:
12950:
12391:
12361:
12098:
12078:
11913:
11822:
11545:
11535:
11525:
11515:
11392:
11157:
4789:
4537:
4530:
4469:
3834:
3506:
3482:
The term 'Sepoy' or 'Sepoyism' became a derogatory term for nationalists, especially in Ireland.
3330:
2850:
2535:
1971:
1659:
1567:
1091:
A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the
719:
571:
13540:
13233:
10921:
Deshpande, Prachi. "The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857".
3150:
area were kept awake at night by the rebellion. Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in
706:
After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old
15645:
15640:
15336:
15108:
14998:
14473:
14421:
13895:
13504:
13486:
13480:
13269:
13203:
13071:
12956:
12938:
12616:
12526:
12521:
11762:
11701:
11593:
11520:
11510:
11331:
11116:
10031:
9603:
8097:
7881:
4514:
4091:
4067:
3357:
3158:. In January 1858, many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of
3131:
3055:
2959:
until his death in 1839. The empire had then fallen into disorder, with court factions and the
2370:
1926:
1854:
1702:, Delhi, where the British survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857; photographed by
1453:
842:
726:(Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements,
9635:
9270:
The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India
8973:
8213:
8071:
7791:
7553:
7252:
7027:
6991:
6955:
6918:
6882:
6846:
5537:
5140:
4087:
2758:, on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of
15439:
15167:
15061:
14328:
14142:
13552:
13155:
13095:
13022:
12815:
12754:
12581:
12366:
12311:
12143:
12103:
11908:
11827:
11772:
11757:
11707:
11695:
11572:
11379:
10036:
Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, c 1780–1870
9544:
9214:
9142:
8760:
8681:
8537:
8252:
7985:
7609:
5931:
5498:
5443:
5414:
5313:
5246:
4959:
Units of the Army of the Madras Presidency wore blue rather than black shakoes or forage caps
4647:
4432:
4402:
3805:
3797:
3238:
3091:
3002:
2702:. When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853, it was annexed to the
2269:
2232:
1922:
1345:
1218:
1105:
had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies. As signed into effect by
1003:
927:
816:
625:
240:
10367:
The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India
10290:
10284:
9767:
9761:
7711:
5169:
3920:
The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India
491:
Based on a rough comparison of the sketchy pre-1857 regional demographic data and the first
15469:
15464:
14698:
14649:
14083:
13949:
13738:
13684:
13612:
13534:
13522:
13318:
13077:
12998:
12666:
12621:
12556:
12501:
12446:
12331:
12236:
12193:
12148:
12068:
11968:
11812:
11717:
11567:
10730:
10699:
9582:
9239:
9003:
8328:
7533:
Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 79.
7397:
Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 53.
7293:
Essential Histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 49.
7207:
essential histories, the Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 40.
7055:
6302:
Empire and information: intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780–1870
4559:
3972:
Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British;
3743:
2085:
1930:
1918:
1858:
1413:. By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in
1133:
492:
459:
10663:(June 2003), "Commemorating and Remembering 1857: The Revolt in Delhi and Its Afterlife",
9362:
4044:
The mutineers, although some were recruited from outside Oudh, displayed a common purpose.
2186:
The company's army established a base on the Delhi ridge to the north of the city and the
8:
15474:
15459:
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15389:
15356:
15026:
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14803:
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13823:
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12914:
12651:
12596:
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12476:
12371:
12351:
12276:
12073:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12018:
11857:
10596:
English, Barbara (February 1994), "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857",
9812:
7510:
Indo-Nepal trade relations: a historical analysis of Nepal's trade with the British India
4204:
4142:
3896:
3772:
3747:
3684:
3627:
3294:
3254:
2785:
2589:
2102:
against the British forces and called upon the local population to support the forces of
1164:
1071:
1051:
899:
591:
10266:
The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism
8254:
Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914
6078:
4261:
3700:
Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict.
1038:
15554:
15479:
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15125:
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10992:
10953:
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10815:
10807:
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10750:
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10688:
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10649:
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10536:
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10492:
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9925:
9872:
9801:
7958:
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7828:
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4614:
4550:
4452:
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4154:
4037:– "the people belong to God, the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy and
3915:
3892:
3838:
Insurrection" was a name used in the press of the UK and British colonies at the time.
3607:
3584:
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2834:
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838:
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629:
601:
465:
348:
294:
11152:
6712:
6178:
Hoeber Rudolph, Susanne; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (2000). "Living with Difference in India".
5444:"The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George"
1074:
had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform, such as the abolition of
1026:
regions, and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855. In contrast, the
841:
had established a presence in India as far back as 1612, and earlier administered the
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10957:
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Roy, Tapti (February 1993), "Visions of the Rebels: A Study of 1857 in Bundelkhand",
10782:
10761:
Rao, Parimala V. (3 March 2016). "Modern education and the revolt of 1857 in India".
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and reproduced in the British press testified to the scale of the Indian casualties:
3315:
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3206:
2982:
2914:
2826:
2711:
2580:), which had been annexed barely a year before. The British Commissioner resident at
2522:
disappeared near the end of the rebellion, and it is not known what happened to him.
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2004:
1992:
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9216:
The Great Fear Of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
9194:
9144:
The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
8855:
Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859.
8194:
6480:
The Great Fear of 1857. Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising
6187:
5742:
5050:
4892:"(they) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order."
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11088:
Parag Tope, "Tatya Tope's Operation Red Lotus", Publisher: Rupa Publications India
10983:
Pati, Biswamoy (12–18 May 2007). "Historians and Historiography: Situating 1857".
10774:
10624:
Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India",
9612:, The New Cambridge History of India, vol. II.1, Cambridge University Press,
8488:
7043:
that Muslims could not legally break unless their religious rights were infringed.
6760:
4534:
details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion.
4349:
3966:
A united India did not exist at that time in political, cultural, or ethnic terms;
1657:
Wood-engraving depicting the massacre of officers by insurgent cavalry at Delhi.
798:. India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new
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9369:
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9127:
Thomas R. Metcalf, "Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India".
9090:
8882:
8508:
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7508:
7281:
7062:
6429:
6330:
6323:
5933:
The great fear of 1857: rumours, conspiracies and the making of the Indian Mutiny
4994:
4627:
4554:
4200:(1908) – A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion.
3959:
3857:
3674:
3414:
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2425:
2311:
The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah Zafar, and the next day the British Major
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1979:
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1332:
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1076:
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854:
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752:
311:
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161:
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8875:
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The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom
4612:
is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It is from this story that the film
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11852:
11742:
11612:
11587:
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11460:
11413:
11288:
London: John Murray 1884, facsimile reprint: Gurgaon: The Academic Press, 1976.
10733:(February 1994), "The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857: Reply",
10471:
Alavi, Seema (February 1993), "The Company Army and Rural Society: The Invalid
9959:
9851:
9342:
9074:
Michael Adas, "Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58",
8185:
Arnold, D (1983). "White colonization and labour in nineteenth-century India".
6897:
During the 1857 uprising, the ulema could not agree whether to declare a jihad.
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4276:
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1962:
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India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink
825:
India in 1765 and 1805, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink
803:
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586:
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561:
476:
401:
212:
100:
10949:
10849:
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10488:
8198:
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7430:
Our bones are scattered – The Cawnpore massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857
6191:
5055:
3233:
jail by mutineers. In the middle of September Surendra established himself in
2070:, and the princely states, the British managed to regain control of the area.
1781:
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4131:
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with emphasis on the four major approaches: the Indian nationalist view; the
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in Delhi, a monument to those killed on the British side during the fighting.
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150:
122:
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9856:
The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c. 1750–1783
8302:
7793:
John Cassell's Illustrated history of England – William Howitt, John Cassell
7482:
6970:
Many Muslims, including Sunni and Shia ulema, collaborated with the British.
5746:
5142:
The other empire: Metropolis, India and progress in the colonial imagination
3013:
was built and the names of those 35 British soldiers are carved on a marble
1140:
883:
was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both
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Indian Mutiny | History, Causes, Effects, Summary, & Facts | Britannica
10560:
10160:
10140:
9630:
6251:
Religion and irreligion in Victorian society: essays in honor of R. K. Webb
5821:
5497:
Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988),
4810:"The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India."
4748:
4642:
4583:, as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce.
4509:
4316:
4306:
4147:
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3226:
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3159:
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2815:
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2316:
2250:'s house in Delhi, now a hospital, was extensively damaged in the fighting.
2103:
2016:
1862:
1703:
1637:
1630:
1546:
1517:
in the Bengal Army but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed.
1502:
1491:
1214:
857:
775:
653:
500:
353:
260:
165:
57:
13570:
9281:
V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence.
9272:
by Charles Ball, The London Printing and Publishing Company, London, 1860.
5956:
4919:
The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by
3939:. Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui, who translated key Urdu and
3763:
3571:
The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by
3434:
2365:
2132:
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15504:
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15245:
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3194:
3115:
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2773:
2726:
2719:
2703:
2699:
2677:
2573:
2564:
7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alambagh, Lucknow
2332:
2153:
2145:
2047:
1727:
1671:
1471:
1341:
1324:
1242:
district, a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme, and next door to
1102:
1031:
1027:
1019:
999:
799:
270:
10464:
9474:"Ali Fazal goes from Bollywood to Hollywood with 'Victoria & Abdul'"
7862:
7832:
7650:
7594:
6371:
Uprising of 1857: Some Facts about Failure of Indian war of Independence
5826:
A Matter of Honour – an Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men
2913:(Liberation Regiment) with the assistance of nearby zamindars including
2513:
1694:
15429:
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15310:
15265:
15220:
15155:
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12271:
11923:
11807:
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11025:
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10857:
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9929:
9805:
9713:
8654:
The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947
4697:
4587:
4026:
3520: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3426:
Approximately 6,000 of the 40,000 British living in India were killed.
3378:
3374:
3230:
3198:
3177:
In central and north Gujarat, the rebellion was sustained by landowner
3155:
3151:
3127:
3107:
3029:
2968:
2906:
2436:
2393:
2141:
2015:, whom the Emperor later nominated as commander-in-chief after his son
2012:
1917:) in the Bengal Army. The Sikhs felt that the bloodiest battles of the
1676:
1421:
1406:
1328:
1226:
1205:
1163:
However, in August 1856, greased cartridge production was initiated at
1063:
760:
335:
324:
306:
171:
155:
10965:
Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", in Winks, Robin (ed.),
10898:
Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857
10811:
10754:
10723:
10645:
10617:
10532:
10496:
7457:
The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopaedia of British Military
7103:
The Indian Mutiny 1857–58, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 34.
5754:
3591:
where he died in 1862, bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end. In 1877
1820:
or the Mysore royalty, and were thus not directly under British rule.
1587:
of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed
15093:
14948:
14923:
14918:
14863:
14848:
14426:
14293:
14216:
13889:
13642:
13462:
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12506:
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12441:
12376:
12038:
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11928:
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11245:
11192:
9510:
7195:
6249:(1992), Helmstadter, Richard J.; Webb, R. K.; Davis, Richard (eds.),
5567:
4497:
3990:"The revolt was fractured along religious, ethnic and regional lines.
3975:
Many rebel sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight;
3548:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3234:
3202:
3099:
2891:
2531:
2417:
2063:
2026:
Attack of the mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, 30 July 1857
1775:
1764:
1675:
Police in Delhi during the nominal rule of Bahadur Shah II, 1842, by
1534:
768:
715:
633:
216:
11017:
9797:
3495:
2673:
2128:
Assault on Delhi and capture of the Cashmere Gate, 14 September 1857
1713:
Many fugitive British officers and civilians had congregated at the
821:
15326:
15295:
15275:
15255:
15200:
15150:
15041:
14968:
14938:
14888:
14323:
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11973:
11617:
10901:
9260:
by Christopher Herbert, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2007.
7666:
Indian Mutiny. Brief Narrative of the Defence of the Arrah Garrison
7464:
5572:
The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company
4038:
3822:
There is no universally agreed name for the events of this period.
3618:, was created to handle the governance of India, and its head, the
3258:
3182:
3063:
2972:
2822:
2608:
2542:
lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor. They then hanged or
2445:
2340:
1966:
1953:
Fugitive British officers and their families attacked by mutineers.
1771:
1514:
1484:
1475:
1414:
1280:, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856, who devised the
1200:. The nobility, many of whom had lost titles and domains under the
1192:
1168:
1015:
907:
645:
220:
208:
62:
A 1912 map of Northern India, showing the centres of the rebellion.
11062:
War of Civilisations: The Long Revolution (India AD 1857, 2 Vols.)
10969:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–213,
10876:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 395–421,
9546:
Writing the West, 1750–1947: Representations from Indian Languages
8744:
Bender, J. C., "Mutiny or freedom fight", in Potter, S. J. (ed.),
6207:
Plots of opportunity: representing conspiracy in Victorian England
3677:, who fell on the attack of Fort of Kohlee, 1858. Memorial at the
3362:
British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh, Lucknow, after its recapture
829:
15346:
15331:
14963:
14958:
14928:
14858:
14853:
14838:
14833:
14121:
12133:
11227:
9451:
8865:"Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837". p. 60.
5266:
3872:
3588:
3370:
3265:
processions were banned, riots broke out in penal settlements in
3139:
3044:
3021:
3014:
2987:
2857:
2841:
2763:
2759:
2725:
By the end of June 1857, the company had lost control of much of
2654:. Campbell's advance was slow and methodical, with a force under
2647:
2643:
2581:
2357:
2081:
2077:
1910:
1905:
1888:
1851:
1498:
1410:
1398:
1175:
1007:
951:
923:
700:
661:
39:"Indian War of Independence" redirects here. For other uses, see
11151:, London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1892. Online at
10059:
Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde
9909:
8762:
Fiction as History: The Novel and the City in Modern North India
4186:(1936) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore.
4035:
Khalq Khuda Ki, Mulk Badshah Ka, Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka
3804:
in 1837, and was taken over by the Crown in 1858, following the
1872:
942:
and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between
786:. Even so, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in
15235:
15205:
15130:
14978:
14898:
14893:
14441:
14396:
11657:
10091:
Parallel Pathways: Essays On Hindu-Muslim Relations (1707–1857)
7948:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7637:
S. Purushottam Kumar (1983). "Kunwar Singh's Failure in 1857".
6333:. English.emory.edu (23 March 1998). Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
4519:
4198:
The Last Cartridge, an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India
4130:
film by Sarbeswar Chakraborty, depicting the life and times of
4014:
that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them;
3914:
has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor
3713:
3270:
3214:
3146:, the former Mughal capital of Bengal. Residents in the city's
3135:
3095:
2960:
2945:
2819:
2789:
2738:
2569:
2390:
2386:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2107:
2095:
2084:
proved the "most irreconcilable enemies" of the British in the
2055:
2051:
2039:
2031:
1957:
1755:
1719:
1619:
1592:
1542:
1538:
1394:
1246:, where the upheaval began, stayed relatively calm throughout.
1243:
1230:
1148:
1011:
888:
861:
732:
727:
649:
637:
224:
145:
11082:
10176:
Majumdar, R.C.; Raychaudhuri, H.C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1967),
9995:
The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition 1770–1830
9858:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press., p. 400,
8539:
Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947
4730:, highlighting his role in the tea industry and the rebellion.
3024:
rebelled and began to move to Delhi. They were intercepted by
2936:
2066:, and it was not until late July that, with the help of local
1778:, the disarmings were bungled, also leading to local revolts.
946:
and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the
14468:
14386:
14193:
8974:"Indian History – British Period – First war of Independence"
5658:
The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857
5448:
Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires
4781:
4635:
takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
4579:
mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the
4546:
deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion.
4135:
3262:
3178:
3143:
2845:
2755:
2734:
2651:
2428:, who wrote a first-hand account of his experiences entitled
2408:
2124:
2099:
2091:
2059:
1884:
1847:
1843:
1817:
1759:
1641:
1389:
977:
911:
884:
723:
703:
were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation.
641:
204:
142:
10874:
Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century
9542:
8156:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
7939:
7911:
The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857
6616:
6228:
5960:
Kaye's and Malleson's history of the Indian mutiny of 1857–8
4017:
There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as
2062:
participated in the revolt, in some cases with support from
125:. Other princely states retain their dominions and autonomy.
15066:
15031:
11224:
Notes on the Revolt in the North-Western Provinces of India
10014:
Indian Uprising of 1857–8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion
8040:
5034:
4874:"The south, Bengal, and the Punjab remained unscathed, ..."
3709:
3190:
3040:
2517:
A contemporary image of the massacre at the Satichaura Ghat
2403:, Nana Sahib led the rebels at Kanpur rather than join the
2336:
1530:
1197:
1152:
1151:
derived from beef, which would be offensive to Hindus, and
1129:
The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new
748:
200:
10329:
White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India, 1825–1875
3587:
by a military commission assembled at Delhi and exiled to
3126:
In September 1857, sepoys took control of the treasury in
1448:
Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857
810:
771:, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the
11298:"Indian Mutiny". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Online.
11178:, Rupa & Co., Delhi, (1st edition 1890) reprint 2005.
10175:
9879:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 337,
8725:
8607:
8595:
8435:"Scottish historian reflects on horrors of 1857 uprising"
8154:(1970). "Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826–1827".
3981:
The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers;
3978:
Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals;
3796:
A military and civilian decoration of British India, the
2905:. He was motivated by disputes he had with the Christian
2175:
units serving in the Bengal Army under contract from the
2067:
1640:
notes that it was inevitable that most of the sepoys and
1428:
were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (
930:
in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the
632:, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the
10228:
Awadh in Revolt 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance
7954:"Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings – Times of India"
7886:
Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier
7162:
2940:
Wood-engraving of the execution of mutineers at Peshawar
2504:
The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built.
1691:
killed, some by sepoys and others by crowds of rioters.
10444:
7927:
7714:. No. 22050. 13 October 1857. pp. 3418–3422.
5911:
Third Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, p. 135.
5318:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire
4686:
is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
4567:", feature events that took place during the Rebellion.
3028:
with an equal British force as they tried to cross the
2534:, while moving towards Cawnpore. At the nearby town of
1143:, had a tighter fit than the earlier muskets, and used
10429:(7th ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 530,
9664:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 480,
9637:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
9536:
8818:
8589:
War of No Pity: The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma
8096:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7166:(2008), "1857 ki Jung-e Azadi main Khandan ka hissa",
6579:
6577:
6514:
6304:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 331,
6272:
5503:
Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan
5437:
5435:
5278:
3673:
Captain C Scott of the Gen. Sir. Hope Grant's Column,
2595:
On 25 September, a relief column under the command of
1565:"The Sepoy revolt at Meerut", wood-engraving from the
807:
proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism.
636:. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a
15367:
List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
11093:
The Siege of Delhi. Mutiny memories of an old officer
9986:
9532:. Ballantine Books. 1975. pp. 272–275, 278, 280.
6209:, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, p. 82,
6177:
5957:
Sir John William Kaye; George Bruce Malleson (1888),
5111:
5109:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
3074:) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to
3039:
The British had been recruiting irregular units from
2262:
The Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire.
2219:
observatory in Delhi in 1858, damaged in the fighting
2076:
states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857,
2034:
uprising posed the largest threat to the British. In
1331:-inspired social reform", including the abolition of
894:
After the turn of the 19th century, Governor-General
845:
established for trading purposes, its victory in the
11122:, William Blackwood and Sons, London, 1904. (4 vols)
10967:
Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography
10569:
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
10310:
The politics of a popular uprising: Bundelkhand 1857
9966:, vol. 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books,
9587:
From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India
8823:, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 231 (at p. 63),
7712:"Supplement to The London Gazette, October 13, 1857"
7636:
4738:
718:. Soon, the rebels had captured large tracts of the
15651:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
11281:, Indus, Delhi, (first edition 1865), reprint 2002.
11212:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959.
10911:; With illustrations, maps, selected text and more.
10350:, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 432,
9609:
Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire
9331:
S&T magazine issue 121 (September 1988), p. 20.
9004:"Il y a cent cinquante ans, la révolte des cipayes"
7869:
7081:, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 216–217
6694:, W. Y. Carman, Morgan-Grampian Books 1969, p. 107.
6647:
6645:
6643:
6574:
6403:
6324:» Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 Postcolonial Studies @ Emory
5845:
Essential histories, The Indian Rebellion 1857–1858
5475:
5432:
3300:Both sides committed atrocities against civilians.
1877:
Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers
30:"Sepoy Mutiny" redirects here. For other uses, see
9897:
9634:
9304:
8765:. State University of New York Press. p. 22.
8303:Nikki Christie, Brendan Christie and Adam Kidson.
7369:
7367:
7347:Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny
7337:by G. W. Forrest, London, William Blackwood, 1904.
7330:
7328:
7301:
7299:
7172:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
7019:
6983:
6947:
6910:
6874:
6838:
6653:
6022:
5106:
5015:
3937:The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857
2792:, had brushed away any possibility of uprising in
1229:. It is mentioned that throughout Oudh and Bihar
876:(1772–1818) led to control of even more of India.
11191:, Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt,
8459:
8218:. Vol. 3. Sterling Publishers. p. 118.
7406:S&T magazine No. 121 (September 1998), p. 58.
7305:S&T magazine No. 121 (September 1998), p. 56.
6692:Indian Army Uniforms under the British – Infantry
6482:. Dev Publishers & Distributors. p. 97.
6204:
5192:
5190:
4237:, set during the Rebellion of 1857 and staged at
4112:and filmed in Technicolor, depicts the rebellion.
1827:‘Conflict with the Ghazees before Bareilly’, 1857
624:was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against
15582:
11443:
9641:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, p. 253,
9311:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. n2, n166.
9291:Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 1857–1859
9114:For the latest research see Crispin Bates, ed.,
8630:
8305:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914
8133:
7848:
7706:
7704:
7702:
6640:
5633:
5492:
5490:
5369:
5367:
4108:– A 1929 short American silent film directed by
3750:during the rebellion. The 182 recipients of the
10407:, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 323,
10312:, Delhi: Oxford University Press, p. 291,
10182:(3rd ed.), London: Macmillan, p. 1126
10120:
9661:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy
8636:
8582:
8580:
8250:
7364:
7325:
7296:
7250:
6347:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. p. 54.
6275:The Indian Mutiny 1857–58 (Essential Histories)
6245:
5450:, Manchester University Press, pp. 38–39,
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5171:The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire
3888:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English
3087:equivocal for over 20 years, remained neutral.
2840:On 25 July, mutiny erupted in the garrisons of
41:The Indian War of Independence (disambiguation)
14314:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
11209:The First Indian War of Independence 1857–1859
9871:
8797:
8748:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 105–106.
8140:. The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta.
7730:
7695:. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts.
7555:A history of the Sepoy war in India, 1857–1858
7315:
7313:
7311:
7228:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
7116:Stokes, Eric; Bayly, Christopher Alan (1986),
7072:
7070:
6571:, (Delhi: Rupa & Co.) reprint 2005, p. 49.
6133:
5838:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5717:
5446:, in Aldrish, Robert; McCreery, Cindy (eds.),
5272:
5225:
5187:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
4700:are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857
3891:, which depicts the execution of mutineers by
2361:Wood-engraving depicting Tatya Tope's Soldiery
1804:also mutinied, even though that state's king (
14091:
12872:
11429:
11405:
11171:(3 vols). London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1878.
10916:The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination
10125:(4th ed.), London: Routledge, xii, 448,
9581:
9212:
9140:
9088:
8639:The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination
8333:Spectre of Violence: The 1857 Kanpur Massacre
8285:Sahib: The British Soldier in India 1750–1914
8257:. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–.
8211:
8069:
8034:
7844:
7842:
7818:
7699:
7278:The story of Cawnpore: The Indian Mutiny 1857
7226:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I
6820:
6818:
6816:
6705:"The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857–59 – A. H. AMIN"
6537:
6434:
6153:
6109:
6089:
5963:, London: W. H. Allen & Co, p. 381,
5929:
5847:, Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Osprey 2007, p. 25.
5794:
5496:
5487:
5408:
5406:
5385:
5364:
5354:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5163:
5161:
4477:
2925:
2195:were forestalled or suppressed, allowing the
516:
10890:
10386:The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857
10121:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
8819:Bickers, Robert A.; R. G. Tiedemann (2007),
8746:Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain
8577:
8529:
8187:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
7349:. Longman's, London, 1896. Footnote, p. 257.
7118:The peasant armed: the Indian revolt of 1857
7017:
6981:
6945:
6908:
6872:
6836:
6400:(Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1998, p. 5.
6299:
5696:The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab
5654:
5290:
5231:
5145:, Manchester University Press, p. 195,
3307:Another notable atrocity was carried out by
3281:
2199:of British, Sikh and Pashtun soldiers under
2030:In the countryside around Meerut, a general
1733:
1686:'s apartments in the palace, they called on
1549:where many high officials spent the summer.
1529:During April, there was unrest and fires at
1297:Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi
853:, when the East India Company army defeated
530:
14984:List of cities in West Bengal by population
11083:First person accounts and classic histories
10900:(5 vol. Sage Publications India, 2013–14).
10383:
10369:, Cambridge University Press, p. 316,
10249:, Cambridge University Press, p. 175,
10211:, Cambridge University Press, p. 256,
10038:, Cambridge University Press, p. 412,
8586:
8076:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 105–109.
8063:
7580:
7308:
7284:, Brighton, Tom Donovan, 1859, pp. 148–159.
7115:
7067:
6451:
6449:
6367:
6222:
5804:
5766:
5764:
5729:
5419:, Oxford University Press, pp. 23–25,
5121:
5082:
4988:
4986:
4757:Political warfare in British colonial India
4216:, a 2019 Hindi film chronicles the life of
3899:
1524:
1369:economic policies of the East India Company
236:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
14098:
14084:
12879:
12865:
11944:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
11436:
11422:
10964:
10844:(4), Cambridge University Press: 606–627,
10632:(3), Cambridge University Press: 545–580,
10483:(1), Cambridge University Press: 147–178,
9589:, New Delhi: Orient Longman, p. 523,
9289:(Oxford: 1980). See also S. B. Chaudhuri,
8678:Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism
8493:. London Printing and Publishing Company.
7851:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
7839:
7821:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
7684:
7657:
7639:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
7583:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
7574:
7111:
7109:
6813:
5403:
5320:, Cambridge University Press, p. 50,
5202:
5158:
4484:
4470:
3775:were awarded. Clasps were awarded for the
3664:
2990:in memory of 35 British soldiers in Jhelum
2634:contingent advancing from the north under
2411:. The besieged endured three weeks of the
1633:, where they found refuge with the Nawab.
1042:Two sepoy officers; a private sepoy, 1820s
961:
523:
509:
489:6,000 British killed, including civilians
56:
10871:
10729:
10698:
10450:
10225:
10187:
10052:
9900:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870
9689:
9625:
9302:
8928:
8916:
8645:
8625:
8613:
8601:
8462:"The Indian Mutiny and Civil War 1857–58"
8327:
7736:
7257:. Penguin Books India. pp. 175–176.
7244:
7238:
7076:
6824:
6622:
6277:, Reading: Osprey Publishing, p. 9,
6145:
6093:
5798:
5505:, Columbia University Press, p. 85,
5174:, Cambridge University Press, p. 3,
5115:
5054:
4712:(1909) describes incidents of the Mutiny.
4675:(1896) describes incidents of the Mutiny.
3536:Learn how and when to remove this message
3229:was one of the many people broken out of
3189:with the support of armed communities of
1439:
15372:Discrimination against Bengalis in India
14105:
10566:
10268:, Oxford University Press, p. 596,
10011:
9997:, Oxford University Press, p. 340,
9850:
9783:
9412:Tripathi, Ram Dutt (26 September 2007).
9411:
8922:
8375:
8335:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 175.
8298:
8296:
8205:
8150:
8016:"Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857"
7913:. Oxford University Press. p. 133.
7506:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7145:, Digital South Asia Library, p. 50
6651:
6446:
6020:
5761:
5698:, Delhi: Permanent Black, pp. 7–8,
5693:
5650:
5648:
5338:
5336:
5311:
5138:
5088:
5040:
4983:
4086:
4052:
3993:
3881:
3851:
3683:
3668:
3566:
3547:
3433:
3395:
3373:on 20 June 1858. By 1859, rebel leaders
3356:
3285:
3201:island, along with Okhamandal region of
3049:
2981:
2935:
2672:
2617:
2559:
2512:
2364:
2356:
2286:
2131:
2123:
2021:
1956:
1948:
1871:
1846:could not agree on whether to declare a
1822:
1780:
1745:
1737:
1693:
1670:
1652:
1608:
1574:
1560:
1443:
1378:
1120:
1037:
828:
820:
11129:, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1911.
11003:
10741:(1), Oxford University Press: 178–189,
10604:(1), Oxford University Press: 169–178,
10595:
10421:
10326:
10206:
10016:, New York: Anthem Press, p. 217,
9892:
9811:
9543:C. Vijayasree; Sāhitya Akādemī (2004).
8812:
8675:
8535:
8506:
7933:
7581:S. B. Singh (1966). "Gaya in 1857–58".
7494:
7319:
7106:
6634:
6610:
6598:
6555:
6502:
6149:
6121:
5984:
5782:
5741:(1). Oxford University Press: 136–160.
5661:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
5499:"Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates"
3932:Wagner also stresses the importance of
2849:civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the
2530:of the Madras Fusiliers, commanding at
2110:. They were taken to Delhi and hanged.
811:East India Company's expansion in India
778:'s words, as "breakwaters in a storm".
671:, and it is variously described as the
299:
14:
15583:
11203:. New York: Scribner & Sons, 1891.
11174:Kaye, Sir John & Malleson, G. B.:
11032:
10832:
10710:(1), Oxford University Press: 92–116,
10659:
10402:
10364:
10244:
10139:
9832:
9759:
9258:The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma
9184:
9061:, Sydney, Australia, 11 July 1857, or
8779:from the original on 19 September 2023
8758:
8556:from the original on 19 September 2023
8517:from the original on 19 September 2023
8232:from the original on 19 September 2023
8184:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8110:from the original on 19 September 2018
8051:from the original on 19 September 2023
7908:
7800:from the original on 19 September 2023
7771:from the original on 19 September 2023
7754:The Sepoy Revolt. A Critical Narrative
7618:from the original on 19 September 2023
7562:from the original on 19 September 2023
7422:
7385:
7373:
7223:
7091:
6680:
6521:. University of Michigan. p. 37.
6518:Defence Journal: Volume 5, Issues 9–12
6477:
6378:from the original on 19 September 2023
6025:Red Year: The Indian Rebellion of 1857
5967:from the original on 19 September 2023
5923:
5675:from the original on 19 September 2023
5639:
5538:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
5519:from the original on 19 September 2023
5464:from the original on 19 September 2023
5441:
5412:
5167:
5003:from the original on 19 September 2023
4792:in the 19th-century Censuses of India.
3958:labelled it a 'national revolt' while
3742:Medals were awarded to members of the
3429:
2856:On 29 July 400 men were sent out from
1409:regions. These soldiers were known as
968:Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
425:
358:
14079:
12860:
11417:
11404:
11357:The Indian Mutiny BritishEmpire.co.uk
11258:My Diary in India in the years 1858–9
11164:, A.D. Innes & Co., London, 1897.
11137:12 Years of a Soldier's Life In India
11012:(3). Duke University Press: 286–301.
10623:
10546:
10510:
10470:
10345:
10247:The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857
10107:
10030:
9992:
9958:
9935:
9915:
9835:India And South Asia: A Short History
9766:, Ware: Wordsworth Editions, p.
9737:
9712:
9654:
9602:
9444:"Maniram Dewan (মণিৰাম দেৱান) (1964)"
9424:from the original on 27 December 2019
9393:from the original on 24 December 2019
8934:
8731:
8703:
8468:from the original on 1 September 2019
8414:from the original on 1 September 2019
8384:from the original on 26 December 2019
8357:from the original on 24 December 2019
8293:
7996:from the original on 30 November 2021
7880:
7789:
7718:from the original on 23 December 2019
7690:
7663:
7454:
7441:Ramson, Martin & Ramson, Edward,
7358:
7210:
7026:. Harvard University Press. pp.
6990:. Harvard University Press. pp.
6954:. Harvard University Press. pp.
6917:. Harvard University Press. pp.
6881:. Harvard University Press. pp.
6845:. Harvard University Press. pp.
6807:
6543:
6440:
6409:
6342:
6295:
6293:
6241:
6239:
6165:
6097:
6061:
6049:
6008:
5996:
5909:Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914
5770:
5645:
5594:
5481:
5397:
5373:
5358:
5342:
5333:
5284:
5253:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 63,
5244:
5221:
5196:
5100:
5028:
4999:. India: Concept Publishing Company.
4992:
4174:'s Hindi film chronicles the life of
4077:
3943:sources and published a selection in
3818:Names of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
3138:regiments. The mutiny also spread to
3121:
504:
27:Uprising against British Company rule
13138:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
11181:
10982:
10928:
10445:Articles in journals and collections
10282:
10088:
9942:India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885
9486:from the original on 4 February 2022
9283:The Indian War of Independence: 1857
9014:from the original on 9 November 2019
8858:
8651:
8486:
8441:from the original on 7 December 2019
8041:Ramanlal Kakalbhai Dharaiya (1970).
7739:A turning point in the Indian mutiny
7607:
7551:
6567:Sir John Kaye & G. B. Malleson:
6253:, New York: Routledge, p. 152,
5876:
5597:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
5566:
5560:
4996:Indo-Nepalese Relations: (1858–1914)
4722:Various folk songs in Assam, called
4663:alludes several times to the Mutiny.
4191:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
4048:
3610:'s rule in India. In August, by the
3518:adding citations to reliable sources
3489:
2572:, rebellion erupted in the state of
2373:, Cawnpore. Albumen silver print by
2346:
2327:shot under his own authority at the
2171:. The combined force, including two
1371:were also resented by many Indians.
1185:
1116:
950:of 1814–16 and brought the defeated
14349:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
11292:
11206:Marx, Karl & Freidrich Engels.
11169:A History of the Sepoy War In India
11139:. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860.
10938:European Journal of English Studies
10918:(Cambridge University Press, 2005).
10789:
10760:
10307:
10263:
10190:A History of Modern India 1480–1950
9819:, London: Allen Lane, p. 472,
9514:. India. 2 May 2008. Archived from
8122:
8047:. Gujarat University. p. 120.
7966:from the original on 5 January 2017
7417:Daily Life during the Indian Mutiny
7142:Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 9
6583:
6266:
6198:
5889:from the original on 4 January 2019
5621:from the original on 15 August 2016
5548:from the original on 18 August 2014
5251:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain
3381:had either been slain or had fled.
2754:After being driven from Jhansi and
2576:(also known as Oudh, in modern-day
1788:by George Francklin Atkinson, 1859.
1730:in a courtyard outside the palace.
1393:exclusively amongst the landowning
24:
15566:Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons
11054:
10671:(1), Taylor & Francis: 35–60,
10388:, Oxford: Clarendon, p. 280,
10384:Stokes, Eric; Bayly, C.A. (1986),
10149:, London: W. Lawrie, p. 377,
10062:, UK: History Press, p. 496,
9987:Text-books and academic monographs
9981:
9414:"Briton visits India Mutiny grave"
9383:"UK India Mutiny ceremony blocked"
8743:
8347:"Constitutional Rights Foundation"
7737:Sieveking, Isabel Giberne (1910).
7507:Upadhyay, Shreeram Prasad (1992).
7224:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889).
7198:Metro Plus Delhi. 28 October 2006.
6525:from the original on 11 April 2023
6374:. K.K. Publications. p. 158.
6290:
6236:
5611:"When the Vellore sepoys rebelled"
4694:In Times of Peril: A tale of India
3098:tribe, led an insurrection in the
2714:. His widow Rani Lakshmi Bai, the
2399:Advised by his trusted consultant
2179:, fought the rebels' main army at
2094:Nizamuddin, a renowned scholar of
1374:
1125:A Pensioned Sepoy, Moradabad, 1842
954:under British influence. In 1854,
121:Some princely states annexed into
25:
15682:
15636:Wars involving the United Kingdom
12887:Colonial conflicts involving the
11306:
11078:. New York: Holt & Co., 1996.
10289:, Basingstoke: Palgrave, p.
10115:, London: W.H. Allen, p. 145
9877:A Concise History of Modern India
9034:"National Geographic Deutschland"
8948:"The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha"
8432:
8022:from the original on 26 June 2018
6588:. Delhi: Ministry of Information.
4146:– A 1977 Indian film directed by
3841:
3606:The rebellion saw the end of the
3485:
3404:by the British, 8 September 1857.
3248:
2932:Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)
2814:. One of the central figures was
2113:
1944:
1915:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
767:, as well as the smaller ones of
15656:Resistance to the British Empire
14382:Darjeeling Himalayan hill region
14179:Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)
11638:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
11369:The Revolt in India marxists.org
11274:, Richard Bentley, London, 1859.
11047:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00799.x
10230:(2nd ed.), London: Anthem,
9522:
9498:
9466:
9436:
9405:
9375:
9372:. Hindustan Times. January 2006.
9352:
9334:
9325:
9296:
9275:
9263:
9251:
9232:
9205:
9199:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00799.x
9178:
9173:Besieged: voices from Delhi 1857
9165:
9134:
9121:
9108:
9081:
9068:
9052:
9026:
8996:
8984:from the original on 9 June 2019
8966:
8940:
8906:
8897:Hindusthan Standard, Puja Annual
8888:
8876:First Indian War of Independence
8869:
8849:
8836:
8821:The Boxers, China, and the World
8803:
8791:
8752:
8737:
8709:
8697:
8669:
8619:
8568:
8500:
8490:The History of the Indian Mutiny
8480:
8453:
8426:
8396:
8369:
8339:
8321:
8278:
8244:
8215:A Comprehensive History of India
8178:
8166:
8144:
8090:
8008:
7978:
7902:
7812:
7783:
7745:
7679:John Sergeant's Tracks of Empire
7672:
7630:
7601:
7545:
7536:
7527:
7500:
7488:
7448:
7435:
7409:
7400:
7391:
7379:
7352:
7340:
7287:
7271:
7232:
7201:
7185:
7156:
7133:
7097:
7085:
7077:Trevaskis, Hugh Kennedy (1928),
7048:
7011:
6975:
6939:
6902:
6866:
6830:
6801:
6775:
6749:
6727:
6697:
6685:
6674:
6628:
6029:. London: Cardinal. p. 23.
5314:"1783–1870: An expanding empire"
4962:
4953:
4741:
4565:The Adventure of the Crooked Man
4413:British rule in Portuguese India
4260:
4213:Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi
3945:Besieged: Voices from Delhi 1857
3918:(1924–1981), especially Stokes'
3787:
3762:
3733:
3599:on the advice of Prime Minister
3579:Bahadur Shah II was arrested at
3494:
3329:British soldiers also committed
3241:into the Orissa Division of the
2951:Much of the region had been the
2920:
2894:), a major rebellion was led by
2851:Bengal Military Police Battalion
2497:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2255:
2240:
2224:
2208:
1969:) and accompanying story in the
1850:. Some Islamic scholars such as
1800:. Another large contingent from
1459:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1251:
328:
12963:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
11878:Provisional Government of India
11240:, Richard Bentley, London, 1897
11153:A Celebration of Women Writers.
11106:. London: George Vickers, 1858.
10549:Journal of Historical Geography
10192:, London: Anthem, p. 607,
10188:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004),
9918:The Western Political Quarterly
9549:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 20.
9347:Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857
9078:1971, Vol. 5 Issue 1, pp. 1–19.
8844:Indian Army Uniforms – Infantry
8676:Beckman, Karen Redrobe (2003),
7611:The revolt in Hindustan 1857–59
7552:Kaye, Sir John William (1876),
7170:(2nd ed.), Aligarh/India:
6604:
6592:
6561:
6549:
6515:Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal (2002).
6508:
6496:
6471:
6458:
6415:
6390:
6361:
6336:
6317:
6273:Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2007),
6171:
6159:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6083:
6077:(1893), pp. 8–12, available at
6067:
6055:
6043:
6014:
6002:
5990:
5978:
5950:
5914:
5901:
5870:
5850:
5788:
5776:
5723:
5711:
5687:
5603:
5588:
5530:
5391:
5379:
5348:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4804:
4726:were composed in the memory of
4183:The Charge of the Light Brigade
3811:
3505:needs additional citations for
3276:
2788:, the then-Company resident at
2074:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
743:—remained largely calm. In the
669:name of the revolt is contested
91:(1 year and 6 months)
14432:Protected areas of West Bengal
14412:Western plateau and high lands
13066:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
11133:Hodson, William Stephen Raikes
11125:Fitchett, W. H., B.A., LL.D.,
11120:A History of the Indian Mutiny
11104:Narrative of the Indian Revolt
10331:, London: Hurst, p. 314,
10226:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu (2002),
9904:, Princeton University Press,
9837:, Oxford: Oneworld, xii, 306,
9147:. Peter Lang. pp. xxvi–.
9065:, New Zealand, 29 August 1857.
8899:, 195 p. 22 referenced in the
8846:, Morgan-Grampian London 1969.
7790:Smith, John Frederick (1864),
7668:. London: W. Thacker & Co.
7513:. India: Nirala Publications.
7335:A History of the Indian Mutiny
5094:
4795:
4774:
4709:The Indian War of Independence
4503:The Autobiography of Malcolm X
3895:by the British, a painting by
3695:The Bengal Army dominated the
3205:peninsula which was under the
3154:to take control of the city's
2769:8th King's Royal Irish Hussars
2568:Very soon after the events at
2381:In June, sepoys under General
2183:and drove them back to Delhi.
1358:East India (Torture) 1855–1857
1093:General Service Enlistment Act
714:, was declared the Emperor of
13:
1:
15362:Ethnic communities in Kolkata
13463:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
13307:Castle Hill convict rebellion
11148:The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary
10985:Economic and Political Weekly
10775:10.1080/00309230.2015.1133668
9875:; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006),
8901:Truth about the Indian mutiny
7664:Boyle, Robert Vicars (1858).
4716:
4618:was later adapted in 1978 by
4360:Portuguese East India Company
4245:
3901:
3445:in a September 1857 issue of
3364:(steel engraving, late 1850s)
2669:Central India Campaign (1858)
2148:, and some regiments already
1939:
1816:the region were ruled by the
644:of the company's army in the
32:Sepoy Mutiny (disambiguation)
15550:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
15520:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury
14989:Cities and towns by district
14542:Parliamentary constituencies
14521:All India Trinamool Congress
12487:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
11763:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
11445:Indian independence movement
11337:Resources in other libraries
11277:Trevelyan, Sir George Otto,
10827:Marxism and Social Movements
10245:Palmer, Julian A.B. (1966),
10179:An Advanced History of India
9817:The Great Mutiny: India 1857
9506:"A little peek into history"
9036:. 3 May 2005. Archived from
8895:fighters for Indian freedom
8641:, Cambridge University Press
8591:, Princeton University Press
6783:"The Indian Army: 1765–1914"
6735:"BaseballCloud-Pocket Radar"
6656:Battles of the Indian Mutiny
5599:. Anthem Press. p. 271.
5249:, in Williams, Chris (ed.),
4976:
3800:was first introduced by the
3649:Acting on these sentiments,
3620:Secretary of State for India
3612:Government of India Act 1858
3009:. To commemorate this event
1897:North-West Frontier Province
1139:. These rifles, which fired
920:North-West Frontier Province
796:Government of India Act 1858
7:
15530:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
14274:Great Bengal famine of 1770
12677:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
12064:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
11234:Roberts, Field Marshal Lord
10677:10.1080/0043824032000078072
10581:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.10.004
10207:Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997),
9095:, Oxford University Press,
8720:South Australian Advertiser
8656:, Oxford University Press,
8404:"The Indian Mutiny 1857–58"
7693:Two months in Arrah in 1857
6652:Edwardes, Michael (1970) .
6584:Sen, Surendra Nath (1957).
5694:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003),
5316:, in P. J. Marshall (ed.),
4734:
3833:In the UK and parts of the
3781:Siege and relief of Lucknow
3060:24th Bombay Native Infantry
2833:and his commander-in-chief
1786:Troops of the Native Allies
1742:States during the rebellion
82:– 1 November 1858
10:
15687:
15596:British East India Company
15286:Santiniketan Leather Goods
14359:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
14344:Partition of Bengal (1947)
14309:Partition of Bengal (1905)
13980:Jewish revolt in Palestine
13625:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
13270:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
13162:American Revolutionary War
12412:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
11964:Indian Independence League
11681:Partition of Bengal (1947)
11676:Partition of Bengal (1905)
11127:A Tale of the Great Mutiny
9574:
9303:Spilsbury, Julian (2007).
9219:, Peter Lang, p. 26,
9171:M. Farooqui, trans (2010)
8903:article by Dr Ganda Singh.
8798:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
7691:Halls, John James (1860).
7254:Revenge and Reconciliation
6398:The Sepoys and the Company
6205:Pionke, Albert D. (2004),
6134:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
6021:Edwardes, Michael (1975).
5718:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
5273:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
5245:Peers, Douglas M. (2006),
5226:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
4762:Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824
4543:Flashman in the Great Game
4266:Imperial entities of India
4224:
4158:(1978 film) – Directed by
3845:
3815:
3400:Execution of mutineers by
3172:
2929:
2926:Punjab and Afghan Frontier
2803:
2666:
2553:
2549:
2350:
2117:
1867:Sayyid Nazir Husain Dehlvi
1754:The news of the events at
1667:is seen in the background.
1463:
965:
839:British East India Company
814:
630:British East India Company
38:
29:
15601:Military of British India
15563:
15485:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
15450:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
15380:
15319:
15186:
15178:Ghosts in Bengali culture
14997:
14822:
14756:
14712:
14673:
14635:
14602:
14588:
14565:
14526:Communist Party (Marxist)
14487:
14427:Sandakphu (Highest point)
14367:
14354:Bangladesh Liberation War
14202:
14188:Devil's tree (Saptaparni)
14170:White-throated kingfisher
14129:
14114:
13814:
13751:Jameson Raid South Africa
13285:
13038:
12899:
12803:
12702:
12587:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
12387:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
12207:
12084:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
12004:
11959:Indian Home Rule movement
11901:
11798:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
11738:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
11666:
11603:
11451:
11411:
11406:Links to related articles
11389:
11384:
11376:
11332:Resources in your library
11284:Wilberforce, Reginald G,
11264:, London, 1860, (2 vols.)
11256:Russell, William Howard,
11201:The Indian Mutiny of 1857
11176:The Indian Mutiny of 1857
11158:Innes, Lt. General McLeod
11113:. New York: Dutton, 1964.
11006:Novel: A Forum on Fiction
10950:10.1080/13825570600753485
10891:Historiography and memory
10850:10.1017/s0018246x00010554
10804:10.1017/S0026749X00016115
10638:10.1017/S0026749X00003656
10525:10.1017/S0026749X00013913
10489:10.1017/S0026749X00016097
10264:Ray, Rajat Kanta (2002),
9076:Journal of Asian History,
8542:. Routledge. p. 92.
8199:10.1080/03086538308582635
8134:Omalley L. S. S. (1909).
8073:Shaping Of Modern Gujarat
7808:– via Google Boeken
7608:Wood, Sir Evelyn (1908),
7455:Raugh, Harold E. (2004),
7061:13 September 2007 at the
6569:The Indian Mutiny of 1857
6464:Durendra Nath Sen, p. 50
6192:10.1111/1467-923X.71.s1.4
5056:10.1080/09612020000200242
4682:'s science fiction novel
4672:On the Face of the Waters
4167:Mangal Pandey: The Rising
3828:First War of Independence
3727:
3679:St. Mary's Church, Madras
3282:Death toll and atrocities
3220:
2779:
2708:Governor-General of India
2662:
2640:Dhir Shamsher Kunwar Rana
2613:Second Battle of Cawnpore
2371:All Souls Memorial Church
2339:, and then pressed on to
1734:Supporters and opposition
1581:Robert Christopher Tytler
1556:
1383:The Bengal Native Cavalry
1263:Governor-General of India
693:First War of Independence
542:
487:
482:
285:
133:
66:
55:
50:
15591:Indian Rebellion of 1857
14531:Indian National Congress
14279:Indian Rebellion of 1857
14152:Banglar Mati Banglar Jol
13962:Arab revolt in Palestine
13559:Second Anglo-Burmese War
13301:Second Anglo-Maratha War
13192:Australian frontier wars
12826:Indian annexation of Goa
12672:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
12184:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
11949:Indian National Congress
11748:Non-cooperation movement
11318:Indian Rebellion of 1857
11246:Forty-one years in India
11238:Forty-one Years in India
11199:Malleson, Colonel G. B.
11091:Barter, Captain Richard
10923:journal of Asian studies
10907:16 February 2016 at the
10089:Jain, Meenakshi (2010),
10012:Anderson, Clare (2007),
9129:Journal of Asian Studies
8881:25 December 2019 at the
8759:Dalmia, Vasudha (2019).
8637:Chakravarty, G. (2004),
8251:Heather Streets (2004).
7779:– via Google Books
7626:– via Google Books
7570:– via Google Books
7251:Rajmohan Gandhi (1999).
7164:Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
5859:, edited by James Lunt,
5312:Marshall, P. J. (2001),
5168:Bender, Jill C. (2016),
4767:
4704:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4082:
3340:Governor General Canning
3269:and the Settlements, in
3132:Bengal Infantry Regiment
3017:present in that church.
3011:St. John's Church Jhelum
2799:
2636:Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana
2528:James George Smith Neill
2156:were diverted to India.
1991:rulers. The province of
1855:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
1665:St. James' Church, Delhi
1648:
1600:3rd Bengal Light Cavalry
1525:Unrest during April 1857
1470:On 29 March 1857 at the
1335:and the legalisation of
1062:After the annexation of
622:Indian Rebellion of 1857
534:Indian Rebellion of 1857
51:Indian Rebellion of 1857
15661:19th-century rebellions
15525:Michael Madhusudan Dutt
15161:Pather Panchali (novel)
15079:Prostitution in Kolkata
14547:Assembly constituencies
14512:Human Rights Commission
13956:Second Mohmand campaign
13691:Third Anglo-Burmese War
13655:Second Anglo-Afghan War
13457:First Anglo-Burmese War
13433:Third Anglo-Maratha War
13264:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
13174:Second Anglo-Mysore War
13168:First Anglo-Maratha War
12831:Indian Independence Act
12417:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
12392:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
12362:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
12099:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
12079:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
11914:All-India Muslim League
11868:Royal Air Force strikes
11833:Round table conferences
11823:Chittagong armoury raid
11713:Hindu–German Conspiracy
11696:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
11466:Porto Grande de Bengala
11393:Hindu German Conspiracy
11386:Indo-British conflicts
11188:Asbab-e Baghawat-e Hind
11111:The Great Indian Mutiny
11076:Our Bones Are Scattered
11060:Mishra, Amaresh. 2007.
10829:(Brill, 2013). 299–316.
10403:Taylor, P.J.O. (1997),
10327:Stanley, Peter (1998),
10032:Bayly, Christopher Alan
9718:The Indian Mutiny: 1857
9604:Bayly, Christopher Alan
9530:The Great Train Robbery
9368:8 February 2007 at the
9363:The Empire Strikes Back
8574:Punch, 24 October 1857.
7909:Wagner, Kim A. (2018).
7443:The Indian Empire, 1858
6478:Wagner, Kim A. (2014).
6329:14 January 2013 at the
6231:Cultures of Scholarship
6180:The Political Quarterly
5542:Sourcebooks.fordham.edu
5139:Marriott, John (2013),
4993:Tyagi, Sushila (1974).
4576:The Great Train Robbery
4538:George MacDonald Fraser
4531:The Siege of Krishnapur
3665:Military Reorganisation
2890:of South Bihar (now in
1972:Illustrated London News
1660:Illustrated London News
1622:(chief police officer)
1568:Illustrated London News
962:Causes of the rebellion
932:1846 Treaty of Amritsar
926:were annexed after the
720:North-Western Provinces
15337:Economy of West Bengal
15109:Architecture of Bengal
14536:Bharatiya Janata Party
14474:Tiger Hill, Darjeeling
13896:Third Anglo-Afghan War
13781:First Mohmand campaign
13505:First Anglo-Afghan War
13204:Third Anglo-Mysore War
12617:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
12522:Purushottam Das Tandon
11888:Praja Mandala movement
11702:The Indian Sociologist
10838:The Historical Journal
10747:10.1093/past/142.1.178
10610:10.1093/past/142.1.169
10561:10.1006/jhge.2000.0236
10427:A New History of India
10346:Stein, Burton (2001),
9833:Ludden, David (2002),
9583:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhara
9245:3 October 2018 at the
9213:Kim A. Wagner (2010),
9141:Kim A. Wagner (2010).
9089:Biswamoy Pati (2010),
8536:Tickell, Alex (2013).
8487:Ball, Charles (1858).
8460:Shepherd, Kevin R. D.
8212:Chopra, P. N. (2003).
8098:James Macnabb Campbell
8070:Achyut Yagnik (2005).
6428:18 August 2010 at the
5930:Kim A. Wagner (2010),
5442:Taylor, Miles (2016),
5224:, pp. 85–87, and
5043:Women's History Review
4515:Nightrunners of Bengal
4134:who led the revolt in
4099:
4068:Bharatiya Janata Party
4058:
4003:
3908:
3900:
3861:
3692:
3681:
3576:
3564:
3449:
3405:
3394:
3365:
3355:
3297:
3225:During the rebellion,
3213:, saw a revolt by the
3102:district, between the
3067:
3056:William Alexander Kerr
3007:Colonel William Spring
2991:
2941:
2776:by some commentators.
2684:
2627:
2565:
2544:"blew from the cannon"
2518:
2378:
2362:
2304:
2137:
2136:Capture of Delhi 1857.
2129:
2027:
1976:
1954:
1880:
1828:
1789:
1751:
1743:
1706:
1679:
1668:
1636:The British historian
1614:
1588:
1579:An 1858 photograph by
1572:
1454:Bengal Native Infantry
1449:
1440:Onset of the rebellion
1384:
1353:danger" by education.
1161:
1126:
1043:
834:
826:
802:. On 1 November 1858,
286:Commanders and leaders
15440:Jagadish Chandra Bose
15062:Rabindra Nritya Natya
14437:Rivers of West Bengal
14329:Bengal famine of 1943
14143:Emblem of West Bengal
13553:Second Anglo-Sikh War
13210:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
13096:French and Indian War
12841:Political integration
12582:Shyamji Krishna Varma
12367:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
12312:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
12144:Rettamalai Srinivasan
12104:Mahadev Govind Ranade
11909:All India Kisan Sabha
11873:Coup d'état of Yanaon
11773:Qissa Khwani massacre
11758:Coolie-Begar movement
11573:Second Anglo-Sikh War
11380:Second Anglo-Sikh War
11272:The Story of Cawnpore
11102:Campbell, Sir Colin.
10929:Erll, Astrid (2006).
10925:67#3 (2008): 855–879.
10914:Chakravarty, Gautam.
10763:Paedagogica Historica
10731:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu
10716:10.1093/past/128.1.92
10700:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu
10365:Stokes, Eric (1980),
10209:Ideologies of the Raj
9993:Alavi, Seema (1996),
9760:Harris, John (2001),
9482:. 28 September 2017.
9389:. 24 September 2007.
9131:39#1 (1979): 111–119.
9008:Monde-diplomatique.fr
8842:W. Y. Carman, p. 107
8682:Duke University Press
8378:"Shahjahanabad, 1857"
8376:Bhattacharya, Bibek.
8329:Mukherjee, Rudrangshu
7741:. London: David Nutt.
7018:Ayesha Jalal (2008).
6982:Ayesha Jalal (2008).
6946:Ayesha Jalal (2008).
6909:Ayesha Jalal (2008).
6873:Ayesha Jalal (2008).
6837:Ayesha Jalal (2008).
6343:Mollo, Boris (1981).
6300:Bayly, C. A. (1996),
6146:Bose & Jalal 2004
6094:Bose & Jalal 2004
5799:Bose & Jalal 2004
5747:10.1093/past/58.1.136
5655:Kim A Wagner (2018).
5413:Adcock, C.S. (2013),
5116:Bose & Jalal 2004
4648:The Mysterious Island
4608:'s fictional novella
4433:British rule in Burma
4403:Company rule in India
4090:
4056:
3997:
3885:
3855:
3806:Indian Mutiny of 1857
3798:Indian Order of Merit
3792:Indian Order of Merit
3687:
3672:
3570:
3551:
3437:
3399:
3389:
3360:
3351:
3291:The Relief of Lucknow
3289:
3239:Chota Nagpur Division
3092:Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal
3053:
3034:Battle of Trimmu Ghat
3003:South Wales Borderers
2985:
2939:
2676:
2621:
2563:
2516:
2430:The Story of Cawnpore
2368:
2360:
2290:
2197:Punjab Movable Column
2135:
2127:
2025:
1960:
1952:
1875:
1826:
1784:
1749:
1741:
1697:
1674:
1656:
1612:
1578:
1564:
1447:
1382:
1265:during the rebellion.
1157:
1124:
1041:
928:Second Anglo-Sikh War
832:
824:
817:Company rule in India
483:Casualties and losses
74:10 May 1857
15671:Wars of independence
15666:Wars involving Nepal
15631:Wars involving India
15470:Satyendranath Tagore
15465:Abanindranath Tagore
14507:Legislative Assembly
13715:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
13523:First Anglo-Sikh War
13499:Egyptian–Ottoman War
12667:Veeran Sundaralingam
12622:Tara Rani Srivastava
12557:Sahajanand Saraswati
12447:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
12332:Chandra Shekhar Azad
12237:Alluri Sitarama Raju
12194:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
12149:Sahajanand Saraswati
12069:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
11969:Indian National Army
11813:Dharasana Satyagraha
11718:Champaran Satyagraha
11568:First Anglo-Sikh War
11167:Kaye, John William.
11143:Inglis, Julia Selina
10896:Bates, Crispin, ed.
10792:Modern Asian Studies
10626:Modern Asian Studies
10513:Modern Asian Studies
10477:Modern Asian Studies
10283:Robb, Peter (2002),
9813:Hibbert, Christopher
9738:David, Saul (2007),
8923:Hasan & Roy 1998
8652:Judd, Denis (2004),
8587:Herbert, C. (2008),
7432:, John Murray, 1996.
7174:, pp. 253–258,
6586:Eighteen Fifty-Seven
6466:Eighteen Fifty-Seven
6368:Aijaz Ahmad (2021).
5247:"Britain and Empire"
5220:, pp. 169–172,
4724:Maniram Dewanor Geet
4641:'s famous character
4560:The Sign of the Four
4205:Victoria & Abdul
3867:(1971) examines the
3773:Indian Mutiny Medals
3744:British Armed Forces
3688:Memorial inside the
3514:improve this article
2917:and Nadir Ali Khan.
2901:who was part of the
2303:on 20 September 1857
2280:had already fled to
1965:of Nynee Tal (today
1859:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
1474:parade ground, near
900:subsidiary alliances
872:(1766–1799) and the
654:upper Gangetic plain
493:1871 Census of India
460:Surendra Bikram Shah
15621:Rebellions in India
15475:Satyendranath Dutta
15460:Jnanadanandini Devi
15415:Subhas Chandra Bose
15390:Rabindranath Tagore
15357:Anglo-Indian people
15027:Arts of West Bengal
14758:Presidency division
14637:Jalpaiguri division
14392:North Bengal plains
13968:Waziristan campaign
13902:Waziristan campaign
13595:Revolt of Rajab Ali
13072:War of Jenkins' Ear
12652:V. K. Krishna Menon
12597:Subhas Chandra Bose
12482:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
12477:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
12372:Govind Ballabh Pant
12352:Dayananda Saraswati
12277:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
12074:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
12054:Dhondo Keshav Karve
12049:Dayananda Saraswati
12044:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
12019:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
11532:Anglo-Maratha Wars
11145:, Lady, 1833–1904,
10308:Roy, Tapti (1994),
10109:Keene, Henry George
10076:on 21 February 2016
9873:Metcalf, Barbara D.
9518:on 9 November 2012.
8978:Gatewayforindia.com
8734:, pp. 257–258.
8716:The Friend of India
8290:HarperCollins 2005.
7497:, pp. 358, 428
7120:, Clarendon Press,
6789:on 22 November 2007
6757:"Lessons from 1857"
5883:Britishempire.co.uk
5877:Luscombe, Stephen.
5595:Markovitz, Claude.
5275:, pp. 100–103.
5049:(2): 277–298, 278,
4610:A Flight of Pigeons
4143:Shatranj Ke Khilari
4092:Henry Nelson O'Neil
3934:William Dalrymple's
3897:Vasily Vereshchagin
3767:Indian Mutiny Medal
3748:British Indian Army
3628:Straits Settlements
3430:Reaction in Britain
3295:Thomas Jones Barker
3255:Straits Settlements
2786:Henry Marion Durand
2744:On 3 February, Sir
2599:and accompanied by
2590:John Eardley Inglis
2042:, Gurjars declared
1913:and those from the
1072:William Wilberforce
689:Indian Insurrection
15626:Rebellions in Asia
15555:Nihar Ranjan Gupta
15480:Raja Ram Mohan Roy
15455:Sarat Chandra Bose
15425:Bidhan Chandra Roy
15126:Bengali literature
15007:Bengal Renaissance
14714:Medinipur division
14284:Bengal Renaissance
14259:East India Company
13842:Bambatha Rebellion
13757:Anglo-Zanzibar War
13745:Chitral Expedition
13679:Anglo-Egyptian War
13451:Anglo-Ashanti wars
13156:Lord Dunmore's War
13114:Anglo-Cherokee War
13023:King William's War
12836:Partition of India
12682:Yashwantrao Holkar
12647:V. O. Chidamabaram
12602:Subramania Bharati
12532:Rahul Sankrityayan
12517:Pritilata Waddedar
12427:Shri Krishna Singh
12327:C. Rajagopalachari
12317:Bidhan Chandra Roy
12302:Bhavabhushan Mitra
12287:Begum Hazrat Mahal
12242:Annapurna Maharana
12114:Muthulakshmi Reddy
12059:G. Subramania Iyer
11753:Christmas Day Plot
11628:Indian nationalism
11578:Sannyasi rebellion
11476:East India Company
11215:Pandey, Sita Ram,
11117:Forrest, George W.
11109:Collier, Richard.
10735:Past & Present
10704:Past & Present
10598:Past & Present
10348:A History of India
10286:A History of India
10163:on 1 February 2020
10123:A History of India
9964:A History of India
9894:Metcalf, Thomas R.
9699:, Viking Penguin,
9691:Dalrymple, William
9454:on 25 October 2021
9092:The 1857 Rebellion
8706:, pp. 220–222
8684:, pp. 33–34,
8437:. Times of India.
8408:Citizenthought.net
8103:History of Gujarát
7959:The Times of India
7888:. London: Abacus.
7168:Hayat Karam Husain
7022:Partisans of Allah
6986:Partisans of Allah
6950:Partisans of Allah
6913:Partisans of Allah
6877:Partisans of Allah
6841:Partisans of Allah
6763:on 24 October 2007
6715:on 24 January 2008
6709:Defencejournal.com
6637:, pp. 152–163
6625:, p. 223–224.
6154:Bandyopadhyay 2004
6152:, pp. 63–64,
6110:Bandyopadhyay 2004
6096:, pp. 72–73,
6090:Bandyopadhyay 2004
5795:Bandyopadhyay 2004
5735:Past & Present
5400:, pp. 194–197
5386:Bandyopadhyay 2004
5355:Bandyopadhyay 2004
5345:, pp. 147–148
5228:, pp. 100–106
5218:Bandyopadhyay 2004
4690:Rujub, the juggler
4660:A Passage to India
4592:Shadow of the Moon
4551:Arthur Conan Doyle
4453:Partition of India
4231:1857: Ek Safarnama
4100:
4078:In popular culture
4059:
4004:
3909:
3893:blowing from a gun
3862:
3802:East India Company
3693:
3682:
3608:East India Company
3595:took the title of
3577:
3565:
3553:Bahadur Shah Zafar
3450:
3406:
3402:blowing from a gun
3366:
3298:
3122:Bengal and Tripura
3090:In September 1858
3076:Dost Mohammad Khan
3068:
2992:
2942:
2903:Nagavanshi dynasty
2899:Vishwanath Shahdeo
2835:Hare Krishna Singh
2818:, the 80-year-old
2685:
2628:
2605:Sir Colin Campbell
2597:Sir Henry Havelock
2586:Sir Henry Lawrence
2566:
2519:
2435:During his trial,
2379:
2363:
2321:Mirza Khizr Sultan
2305:
2293:Bahadur Shah Zafar
2278:Bahadur Shah Zafar
2138:
2130:
2028:
1977:
1955:
1881:
1829:
1790:
1752:
1744:
1707:
1680:
1669:
1615:
1589:
1573:
1450:
1385:
1360:, laid before the
1316:Bahadur Shah Zafar
1127:
1044:
1018:, mostly from the
948:Anglo-Nepalese War
874:Anglo-Maratha Wars
835:
827:
712:Bahadur Shah Zafar
477:Sir Yusef Ali Khan
466:Dhir Shamsher Rana
421:Sir Henry Lawrence
402:Sir Henry Havelock
390:Sir Colin Campbell
349:Begum Hazrat Mahal
241:East India Company
15616:Conflicts in 1858
15611:Conflicts in 1857
15578:
15577:
15572:
15571:
15510:Dwarkanath Tagore
15500:Swami Vivekananda
15400:Kazi Nazrul Islam
15216:Bengal Patachitra
15201:Banglar Rosogolla
15012:Bengali calendars
14909:Jaynagar Majilpur
14818:
14817:
14810:South 24 Parganas
14793:North 24 Parganas
14738:Paschim Medinipur
14622:Paschim Bardhaman
14517:Political parties
14479:Siliguri Corridor
14452:Brahmaputra River
14334:Direct Action Day
14269:Bengal Presidency
14264:Battle of Plassey
14239:Cooch Behar State
14234:Mallabhum kingdom
14073:
14072:
14004:Malayan Emergency
13914:Malabar rebellion
13775:Siege of Malakand
13721:Anglo-Manipur War
13577:Anglo-Persian War
13126:Anglo-Spanish War
13078:King George's War
12999:King Philip's War
12975:Anglo-Spanish War
12854:
12853:
12821:Republic of India
12657:Vallabhbhai Patel
12642:Ubaidullah Sindhi
12542:Ram Prasad Bismil
12437:M. Bhaktavatsalam
12397:Jatindra Nath Das
12322:Bipin Chandra Pal
12257:Babu Kunwar Singh
12227:Achyut Patwardhan
11984:Khudai Khidmatgar
11828:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
11768:Kakori conspiracy
11728:Rowlatt Committee
11691:Direct Action Day
11653:Swadeshi movement
11633:Khilafat Movement
11623:Hindu nationalism
11583:Rebellion of 1857
11506:Anglo-Mysore Wars
11496:Battle of Plassey
11399:
11398:
11390:Succeeded by
11313:Library resources
11251:Project Gutenberg
11222:Raikes, Charles:
11070:978-81-291-1282-8
10991:(19): 1686–1691.
10976:978-0-19-924680-9
10883:978-0-19-924678-6
10665:World Archaeology
10436:978-0-19-516678-1
10414:978-0-19-564182-0
10395:978-0-19-821570-7
10376:978-0-521-29770-7
10357:978-0-19-565446-2
10338:978-1-85065-330-1
10319:978-0-19-563612-3
10300:978-0-333-69129-8
10275:978-0-19-565863-7
10256:978-0-521-05901-5
10237:978-1-84331-075-4
10218:978-0-521-58937-6
10199:978-1-84331-152-2
10156:978-0-02-034200-7
10132:978-0-415-32920-0
10093:, Delhi: Konark,
10069:978-0-7509-5685-7
10054:Greenwood, Adrian
10045:978-0-521-57085-5
10023:978-1-84331-249-9
10004:978-0-19-563484-6
9973:978-0-14-013836-8
9952:978-1-317-88286-2
9937:Peers, Douglas M.
9886:978-0-521-68225-1
9865:978-0-19-922666-5
9844:978-1-85168-237-9
9826:978-0-14-004752-3
9777:978-1-84022-232-6
9763:The Indian Mutiny
9753:978-0-14-100555-3
9731:978-0-14-100554-6
9706:978-0-670-99925-5
9678:on 3 October 2008
9671:978-0-19-873113-9
9648:978-0-415-30787-1
9619:978-0-521-38650-0
9596:978-81-250-2596-2
9556:978-81-260-1944-1
9479:Los Angeles Times
9318:978-0-297-84651-2
9307:The Indian Mutiny
9293:(Calcutta: 1957).
9287:The Peasant Armed
9226:978-1-906165-27-7
9154:978-1-906165-27-7
9102:978-0-19-806913-3
9010:. 1 August 2007.
8830:978-0-7425-5395-8
8772:978-1-4384-7607-0
8722:, 2 October 1860.
8691:978-0-8223-3074-5
8549:978-1-136-61841-3
8510:Justice for India
8314:978-1-4479-8534-1
8264:978-0-7190-6962-8
8175:, 23 August 1857.
8083:978-81-8475-185-7
7986:"Chittagong City"
7920:978-0-19-087023-2
7764:978-1-4021-7306-6
7681:, BBC4 programme.
7474:978-1-57607-925-6
7264:978-0-14-029045-5
7127:978-0-19-821570-7
7037:978-0-674-02801-2
7001:978-0-674-02801-2
6965:978-0-674-02801-2
6928:978-0-674-02801-2
6892:978-0-674-02801-2
6856:978-0-674-02801-2
6601:, pp. 98–101
6489:978-93-81406-34-2
6354:978-0-7137-1074-8
6311:978-0-521-66360-1
6284:978-1-84603-209-7
6260:978-0-415-07625-8
6216:978-0-8142-0948-6
5943:978-1-906165-27-7
5705:978-81-7824-059-6
5668:978-0-19-087023-2
5617:. 6 August 2006.
5581:978-0-02-561169-6
5512:978-0-231-06414-9
5457:978-1-5261-0088-7
5426:978-0-19-999543-1
5327:978-0-521-00254-7
5287:, pp. 85–86.
5260:978-1-4051-5679-0
5181:978-1-316-48345-9
5152:978-1-84779-061-3
4667:Flora Annie Steel
4598:The Far Pavilions
4581:Siege of Cawnpore
4500:'s autobiography
4494:
4493:
4461:
4460:
4368:
4367:
4325:
4324:
4094:'s 1857 painting
4049:150th anniversary
3956:Benjamin Disraeli
3912:Thomas R. Metcalf
3697:Presidency armies
3601:Benjamin Disraeli
3585:tried for treason
3546:
3545:
3538:
3420:William Dalrymple
3320:blown from cannon
3243:Bengal Presidency
3072:Sir John Lawrence
2915:Pandey Ganpat Rai
2712:doctrine of lapse
2422:Bibighar massacre
2413:Siege of Cawnpore
2385:in Cawnpore (now
2353:Siege of Cawnpore
2347:Cawnpore (Kanpur)
2231:Mortar damage to
2005:Central Provinces
1925:Anglo-Sikh wars (
1909:or 'Easterners' (
1806:Jayajirao Scindia
1624:Dhan Singh Gurjar
1301:Doctrine of Lapse
1282:Doctrine of Lapse
1202:Doctrine of Lapse
1186:Civilian disquiet
1117:The Enfield rifle
1002:recruited higher
984:presidency armies
870:Anglo-Mysore Wars
847:Battle of Plassey
741:Madras Presidency
737:Bombay Presidency
615:
614:
499:
498:
386:Sir Patrick Grant
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
15678:
15231:Dhaniakhali Sari
15141:Professor Shonku
15136:Lalmohan Ganguly
15121:Bengali language
15057:Rabindra Sangeet
14914:Jiaganj Azimganj
14683:Dakshin Dinajpur
14604:Burdwan division
14600:
14599:
14575:Matua Mahasangha
14319:Anushilan Samiti
14254:Nawabs of Bengal
14100:
14093:
14086:
14077:
14076:
14022:Cyprus Emergency
13848:Maritz rebellion
13836:Tibet expedition
13769:Benin Expedition
13589:Indian Rebellion
13583:Second Opium War
13565:Eureka Rebellion
13541:British Honduras
13517:New Zealand Wars
13102:Seven Years' War
13048:Queen Anne's War
12881:
12874:
12867:
12858:
12857:
12846:Simla Conference
12637:Tiruppur Kumaran
12607:Subramaniya Siva
12562:Sangolli Rayanna
12552:Rash Behari Bose
12492:Nagnath Naikwadi
12402:Jawaharlal Nehru
12347:Dadabhai Naoroji
12342:Chittaranjan Das
12232:A. K. Fazlul Huq
12154:Savitribai Phule
11979:Khaksar movement
11934:Berlin Committee
11919:Anushilan Samiti
11883:Independence Day
11843:Aundh Experiment
11818:Vedaranyam March
11723:Kheda Satyagraha
11708:Singapore Mutiny
11491:Portuguese India
11438:
11431:
11424:
11415:
11414:
11402:
11401:
11377:Preceded by
11374:
11373:
11364:New York Tribune
11302:. 23 March 1998.
11293:Tertiary sources
11268:Thomson, Mowbray
11253:
11196:
11183:Khan, Syed Ahmed
11162:The Sepoy Revolt
11050:
11029:
11000:
10979:
10961:
10935:
10886:
10868:
10822:
10786:
10757:
10726:
10695:
10661:Lahiri, Nayanjot
10656:
10620:
10592:
10563:
10543:
10507:
10467:
10453:Social Scientist
10439:
10423:Wolpert, Stanley
10417:
10398:
10379:
10360:
10341:
10322:
10303:
10278:
10259:
10240:
10221:
10202:
10183:
10171:
10170:
10168:
10159:, archived from
10135:
10116:
10103:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10072:, archived from
10048:
10026:
10007:
9976:
9955:
9932:
9912:
9903:
9889:
9868:
9847:
9829:
9808:
9786:Social Scientist
9780:
9756:
9734:
9709:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9674:, archived from
9656:Brown, Judith M.
9651:
9640:
9622:
9599:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9450:. Archived from
9440:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9429:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9379:
9373:
9356:
9350:
9349:(pp. 2303–2331).
9338:
9332:
9329:
9323:
9322:
9310:
9300:
9294:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9193:(10): 760–766 .
9182:
9176:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9138:
9132:
9125:
9119:
9112:
9106:
9105:
9085:
9079:
9072:
9066:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9030:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8954:on 12 March 2011
8950:. Archived from
8944:
8938:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8892:
8886:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8853:
8847:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8741:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8634:
8628:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8584:
8575:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8507:Redfern (1858).
8504:
8498:
8497:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8300:
8291:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8131:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8018:. 13 July 2014.
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8001:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7962:. 10 June 2009.
7950:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7878:
7867:
7866:
7846:
7837:
7836:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7708:
7697:
7696:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7452:
7446:
7439:
7433:
7426:
7420:
7413:
7407:
7404:
7398:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7323:
7317:
7306:
7303:
7294:
7291:
7285:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7221:
7208:
7205:
7199:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7113:
7104:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7074:
7065:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7025:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6989:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6953:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6916:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6880:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6844:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6785:. Archived from
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6759:. Archived from
6753:
6747:
6746:
6745:on 14 June 2011.
6741:. Archived from
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6711:. Archived from
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6659:
6649:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6613:, pp. 93–95
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6581:
6572:
6565:
6559:
6558:, pp. 80–85
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6512:
6506:
6505:, pp. 73–75
6500:
6494:
6493:
6475:
6469:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6340:
6334:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6297:
6288:
6287:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6243:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6087:
6081:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6028:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5912:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5874:
5868:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5819:
5802:
5801:, pp. 70–72
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5410:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5362:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5309:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5242:
5229:
5215:
5200:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5136:
5119:
5118:, pp. 72–73
5113:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5058:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4990:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4778:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4586:The majority of
4571:Michael Crichton
4486:
4479:
4472:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4332:Portuguese India
4273:
4272:
4264:
4250:
4249:
4218:Rani Lakshmi Bai
3952:House of Commons
3905:
3903:
3791:
3766:
3737:
3624:Viceroy of India
3597:Empress of India
3561:Charles Shepherd
3541:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3498:
3490:
3443:Sir John Tenniel
3347:Bombay Telegraph
3167:Faraizi movement
3084:Herbert Edwardes
2888:Barkagarh Estate
2601:Sir James Outram
2556:Siege of Lucknow
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2432:(London, 1859).
2295:and his sons by
2259:
2244:
2228:
2212:
2177:Kingdom of Nepal
2009:United Provinces
1604:court martialled
1362:House of Commons
1337:widow remarriage
1312:
1293:
1274:
1255:
1145:paper cartridges
784:political system
773:Governor-General
537:
535:
525:
518:
511:
502:
501:
454:
441:
427:
416:Sir James Outram
410:
382:
370:The Earl Canning
360:
344:
332:
320:
301:
278:Kingdom of Nepal
246:Rajputana Agency
227:, and chieftains
89:
87:
81:
79:
68:
67:
60:
48:
47:
21:
18:Indian Civil War
15686:
15685:
15681:
15680:
15679:
15677:
15676:
15675:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15573:
15568:
15559:
15535:Sister Nivedita
15405:Anil Kumar Gain
15376:
15315:
15301:Sundarban Honey
15291:Shantipuri sari
15182:
15084:Pohela Boishakh
14993:
14825:
14814:
14752:
14743:Purba Medinipur
14708:
14669:
14631:
14627:Purba Bardhaman
14593:
14584:
14561:
14552:CID West Bengal
14497:Chief Ministers
14483:
14363:
14198:
14125:
14110:
14104:
14074:
14069:
14010:Kenya Emergency
13816:
13810:
13805:Second Boer War
13799:Boxer Rebellion
13727:Pahang Uprising
13607:Ambela campaign
13529:Río de la Plata
13511:First Opium War
13493:Aden Expedition
13325:Río de la Plata
13287:
13281:
13252:Irish Rebellion
13144:First Carib War
13040:
13034:
12957:Confederate War
12951:Irish Rebellion
12901:
12895:
12885:
12855:
12850:
12811:Cabinet Mission
12799:
12703:British leaders
12698:
12687:Yogendra Shukla
12592:Siraj ud-Daulah
12547:Rani Lakshmibai
12537:Rajendra Prasad
12527:R. Venkataraman
12472:Mithuben Petit
12452:Mahadaji Shinde
12432:Lala Lajpat Rai
12267:Bahadur Shah II
12252:Ashfaqulla Khan
12222:Accamma Cherian
12217:Abul Kalam Azad
12209:
12203:
12174:Syed Ahmad Khan
12164:Sister Nivedita
12129:Pandita Ramabai
12124:Niralamba Swami
12089:J. B. Kripalani
12014:Ashfaqulla Khan
12006:
12000:
11939:Ghadar Movement
11897:
11778:Flag Satyagraha
11686:Revolutionaries
11668:
11662:
11605:
11599:
11501:Battle of Buxar
11447:
11442:
11407:
11395:
11382:
11343:
11342:
11341:
11321:
11320:
11316:
11309:
11295:
11243:
11230:, London, 1858.
11085:
11057:
11055:Other histories
11041:(10): 760–766.
11035:History Compass
11018:10.2307/1345889
10977:
10933:
10909:Wayback Machine
10893:
10884:
10447:
10437:
10415:
10396:
10377:
10358:
10339:
10320:
10301:
10276:
10257:
10238:
10219:
10200:
10166:
10164:
10157:
10133:
10101:
10079:
10077:
10070:
10046:
10024:
10005:
9989:
9984:
9982:Further reading
9979:
9974:
9960:Spear, Percival
9953:
9887:
9866:
9852:Marshall, P. J.
9845:
9827:
9798:10.2307/3517586
9778:
9754:
9740:Victoria's Wars
9732:
9724:, p. 528,
9707:
9696:The Last Mughal
9681:
9679:
9672:
9649:
9620:
9597:
9577:
9572:
9571:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9541:
9537:
9528:
9527:
9523:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9489:
9487:
9472:
9471:
9467:
9457:
9455:
9442:
9441:
9437:
9427:
9425:
9410:
9406:
9396:
9394:
9381:
9380:
9376:
9370:Wayback Machine
9359:Sitaram Yechury
9357:
9353:
9339:
9335:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9301:
9297:
9280:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9247:Wayback Machine
9237:
9233:
9227:
9210:
9206:
9187:History Compass
9183:
9179:
9170:
9166:
9155:
9139:
9135:
9126:
9122:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9086:
9082:
9073:
9069:
9063:Taranaki Herald
9057:
9053:
9043:
9041:
9032:
9031:
9027:
9017:
9015:
9002:
9001:
8997:
8987:
8985:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8933:
8929:
8921:
8917:
8911:
8907:
8893:
8889:
8885:8 January 1998.
8883:Wayback Machine
8874:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8859:
8854:
8850:
8841:
8837:
8831:
8817:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8796:
8792:
8782:
8780:
8773:
8757:
8753:
8742:
8738:
8730:
8726:
8714:
8710:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8650:
8646:
8635:
8631:
8624:
8620:
8612:
8608:
8600:
8596:
8585:
8578:
8573:
8569:
8559:
8557:
8550:
8534:
8530:
8520:
8518:
8505:
8501:
8485:
8481:
8471:
8469:
8458:
8454:
8444:
8442:
8431:
8427:
8417:
8415:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8387:
8385:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8326:
8322:
8315:
8307:. p. 150.
8301:
8294:
8283:
8279:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8249:
8245:
8235:
8233:
8226:
8210:
8206:
8183:
8179:
8171:
8167:
8152:Turnbull, C. M.
8149:
8145:
8132:
8123:
8113:
8111:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8068:
8064:
8054:
8052:
8044:Gujarat in 1857
8039:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8014:
8013:
8009:
7999:
7997:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7952:
7951:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7907:
7903:
7896:
7879:
7870:
7847:
7840:
7817:
7813:
7803:
7801:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7772:
7765:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7735:
7731:
7721:
7719:
7710:
7709:
7700:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7662:
7658:
7635:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7606:
7602:
7579:
7575:
7565:
7563:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7505:
7501:
7493:
7489:
7475:
7453:
7449:
7440:
7436:
7427:
7423:
7414:
7410:
7405:
7401:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7333:
7326:
7318:
7309:
7304:
7297:
7292:
7288:
7282:Mowbray Thomson
7276:
7272:
7265:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7222:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7190:
7186:
7161:
7157:
7148:
7146:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7090:
7086:
7075:
7068:
7063:Wayback Machine
7056:The British Raj
7053:
7049:
7038:
7016:
7012:
7002:
6980:
6976:
6966:
6944:
6940:
6929:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6871:
6867:
6857:
6835:
6831:
6823:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6718:
6716:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6650:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6582:
6575:
6566:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6490:
6476:
6472:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6430:Wayback Machine
6420:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6345:The Indian Army
6341:
6337:
6331:Wayback Machine
6322:
6318:
6312:
6298:
6291:
6285:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6247:Embree, Ainslie
6244:
6237:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6203:
6199:
6176:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6092:, p. 172,
6088:
6084:
6073:G. W. Forrest,
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6019:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5968:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5907:Hyam, R (2002)
5906:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5879:"Indian Mutiny"
5875:
5871:
5855:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5820:
5805:
5797:, p. 171,
5793:
5789:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5762:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5669:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5522:
5520:
5513:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5467:
5465:
5458:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5365:
5357:, p. 177,
5353:
5349:
5341:
5334:
5328:
5310:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5243:
5232:
5216:
5203:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5166:
5159:
5153:
5137:
5122:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4991:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4719:
4628:The Steam House
4625:The 1880 novel
4555:Sherlock Holmes
4490:
4443:Princely states
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4267:
4248:
4227:
4085:
4080:
4051:
3960:Lord Palmerston
3858:Mutiny Memorial
3850:
3844:
3820:
3814:
3730:
3708:", such as the
3675:Madras Regiment
3667:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3511:
3499:
3488:
3432:
3415:The Last Mughal
3331:sexual violence
3284:
3279:
3251:
3223:
3175:
3124:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2831:Babu Amar Singh
2808:
2802:
2782:
2671:
2665:
2558:
2552:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2466:
2426:Mowbray Thomson
2355:
2349:
2274:Archdale Wilson
2263:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2122:
2116:
2044:Rao Kadam Singh
1980:Bahadur Shah II
1947:
1942:
1736:
1715:Flagstaff Tower
1700:Flagstaff Tower
1688:Bahadur Shah II
1651:
1559:
1527:
1468:
1462:
1442:
1377:
1375:The Bengal Army
1319:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1266:
1259:Charles Canning
1256:
1188:
1119:
1048:Warren Hastings
970:
964:
910:and the Muslim
904:princely states
851:Battle of Buxar
819:
813:
681:Great Rebellion
618:
617:
616:
611:
538:
533:
531:
529:
474:
450:
437:
433:Sir James Neill
406:
388:
384:
378:
372:
365:
340:
316:
312:Rani Lakshmibai
295:Bahadur Shah II
230:
162:Rani Lakshmibai
117:
111:British victory
103:
90:
85:
83:
77:
75:
61:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15684:
15674:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15576:
15575:
15570:
15569:
15564:
15561:
15560:
15558:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15386:
15384:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15374:
15369:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15327:Bengali people
15323:
15321:
15317:
15316:
15314:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15261:Jaynagarer Moa
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15226:Darjeeling tea
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15206:Banglar Muslin
15203:
15198:
15196:Baluchari sari
15192:
15190:
15184:
15183:
15181:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15168:Bengali cinema
15165:
15164:
15163:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15123:
15118:
15117:
15116:
15114:Bengal temples
15106:
15101:
15099:Raksha Bandhan
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15076:
15075:
15074:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15003:
15001:
14995:
14994:
14992:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14874:Hugli-Chuchura
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14830:
14828:
14820:
14819:
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14813:
14812:
14807:
14801:
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14780:
14774:
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14750:
14745:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14724:
14718:
14716:
14710:
14709:
14707:
14706:
14704:Uttar Dinajpur
14701:
14696:
14691:
14685:
14679:
14677:
14675:Malda division
14671:
14670:
14668:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14641:
14639:
14633:
14632:
14630:
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14624:
14619:
14614:
14608:
14606:
14597:
14586:
14585:
14583:
14582:
14577:
14571:
14569:
14563:
14562:
14560:
14559:
14557:Kolkata Police
14554:
14549:
14544:
14539:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14493:
14491:
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14466:
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14459:
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14399:
14394:
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14379:
14373:
14371:
14365:
14364:
14362:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14339:Noakhali riots
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14244:Sher Shah Suri
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14220:
14219:
14208:
14206:
14200:
14199:
14197:
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14127:
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14095:
14088:
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14071:
14070:
14068:
14067:
14061:
14055:
14049:
14043:
14037:
14031:
14025:
14019:
14013:
14007:
14001:
13995:
13989:
13983:
13977:
13971:
13965:
13959:
13953:
13950:Barzani revolt
13947:
13941:
13935:
13929:
13923:
13917:
13911:
13905:
13899:
13893:
13887:
13881:
13875:
13869:
13863:
13857:
13851:
13845:
13839:
13833:
13827:
13820:
13818:
13812:
13811:
13809:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13787:Tirah campaign
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13754:
13748:
13742:
13736:
13730:
13724:
13718:
13712:
13706:
13700:
13697:Central Africa
13694:
13688:
13682:
13676:
13670:
13667:First Boer War
13664:
13658:
13652:
13649:Anglo-Zulu War
13646:
13640:
13634:
13628:
13622:
13616:
13610:
13604:
13598:
13592:
13586:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13562:
13556:
13550:
13544:
13538:
13532:
13526:
13520:
13514:
13508:
13502:
13496:
13490:
13484:
13478:
13472:
13466:
13460:
13454:
13448:
13442:
13436:
13430:
13424:
13418:
13412:
13406:
13400:
13394:
13388:
13382:
13376:
13370:
13364:
13358:
13352:
13346:
13340:
13337:Froberg mutiny
13334:
13328:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13304:
13298:
13291:
13289:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13279:
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13063:
13057:
13051:
13044:
13042:
13036:
13035:
13033:
13032:
13026:
13020:
13017:Williamite War
13014:
13008:
13002:
12996:
12990:
12984:
12978:
12972:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12948:
12942:
12936:
12930:
12924:
12918:
12912:
12905:
12903:
12897:
12896:
12893:British Empire
12884:
12883:
12876:
12869:
12861:
12852:
12851:
12849:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12807:
12805:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
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12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12706:
12704:
12700:
12699:
12697:
12696:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12627:Tarak Nath Das
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12577:Shuja-ud-Daula
12574:
12569:
12567:Sarojini Naidu
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12512:Prafulla Chaki
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12457:Mahatma Gandhi
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12213:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12179:Vakkom Moulavi
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12109:Mahatma Gandhi
12106:
12101:
12096:
12094:Jyotirao Phule
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12034:B. R. Ambedkar
12031:
12026:
12024:Ayya Vaikundar
12021:
12016:
12010:
12008:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11998:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11905:
11903:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11853:Cripps Mission
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11743:Noakhali riots
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11672:
11670:
11664:
11663:
11661:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11609:
11607:
11606:and ideologies
11601:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11590:
11588:Radcliffe Line
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11563:Vellore Mutiny
11560:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11503:
11498:
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11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
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11457:
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11426:
11418:
11412:
11409:
11408:
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11396:
11391:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11372:
11371:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11340:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11323:
11322:
11311:
11310:
11308:
11307:External links
11305:
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11140:
11130:
11123:
11114:
11107:
11100:
11095:, London, The
11089:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11074:Ward, Andrew.
11072:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11030:
11001:
10980:
10975:
10962:
10944:(2): 163–185.
10926:
10919:
10912:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10887:
10882:
10869:
10830:
10823:
10787:
10769:(1–2): 25–42.
10758:
10727:
10696:
10657:
10621:
10593:
10564:
10555:(3): 403–428,
10544:
10519:(3): 511–543,
10508:
10468:
10459:(5/6): 15–23,
10446:
10443:
10442:
10441:
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10381:
10375:
10362:
10356:
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10223:
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10204:
10198:
10185:
10173:
10155:
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10131:
10118:
10105:
10100:978-8122007831
10099:
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10003:
9988:
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9983:
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9956:
9951:
9933:
9924:(3): 700–701,
9913:
9890:
9885:
9869:
9864:
9848:
9843:
9830:
9825:
9809:
9792:(1): 148–151,
9781:
9776:
9757:
9752:
9735:
9730:
9710:
9705:
9687:
9670:
9652:
9647:
9623:
9618:
9600:
9595:
9578:
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9569:
9555:
9535:
9521:
9497:
9465:
9435:
9404:
9374:
9351:
9343:R. C. Majumdar
9333:
9324:
9317:
9295:
9274:
9262:
9250:
9231:
9225:
9204:
9177:
9175:Penguin Books.
9164:
9160:sensibilities.
9153:
9133:
9120:
9107:
9101:
9080:
9067:
9051:
9025:
8995:
8965:
8939:
8927:
8915:
8905:
8887:
8868:
8857:
8848:
8835:
8829:
8811:
8802:
8790:
8771:
8751:
8736:
8724:
8708:
8696:
8690:
8668:
8662:
8644:
8629:
8626:Dalrymple 2006
8618:
8616:, p. 4-5.
8614:Dalrymple 2006
8606:
8604:, p. 374.
8602:Dalrymple 2006
8594:
8576:
8567:
8548:
8528:
8499:
8479:
8452:
8425:
8395:
8368:
8338:
8320:
8313:
8292:
8288:Richard Holmes
8277:
8263:
8243:
8225:978-8120725065
8224:
8204:
8177:
8165:
8143:
8121:
8100:, ed. (1896).
8089:
8082:
8062:
8033:
8007:
7977:
7938:
7936:, p. 163.
7926:
7919:
7901:
7894:
7882:Allen, Charles
7868:
7838:
7811:
7782:
7763:
7744:
7729:
7698:
7683:
7671:
7656:
7629:
7600:
7573:
7544:
7535:
7526:
7520:978-8185693200
7519:
7499:
7487:
7473:
7467:, p. 89,
7447:
7434:
7421:
7419:, 1858, p. 56.
7415:J. W. Sherer,
7408:
7399:
7390:
7378:
7363:
7351:
7339:
7324:
7307:
7295:
7286:
7270:
7263:
7243:
7239:Dalrymple 2006
7231:
7209:
7200:
7184:
7155:
7132:
7126:
7105:
7096:
7084:
7066:
7054:Zachary Nunn.
7047:
7036:
7010:
7000:
6974:
6964:
6938:
6927:
6901:
6891:
6865:
6855:
6829:
6825:Dalrymple 2006
6812:
6800:
6774:
6748:
6726:
6696:
6684:
6673:
6666:
6639:
6627:
6623:Dalrymple 2006
6615:
6603:
6591:
6573:
6560:
6548:
6536:
6507:
6495:
6488:
6470:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6414:
6402:
6389:
6360:
6353:
6335:
6316:
6310:
6289:
6283:
6265:
6259:
6235:
6221:
6215:
6197:
6170:
6158:
6148:, p. 72,
6138:
6126:
6114:
6102:
6082:
6066:
6054:
6042:
6035:
6013:
6001:
5989:
5977:
5949:
5942:
5936:, Peter Lang,
5922:
5913:
5900:
5869:
5849:
5837:
5803:
5787:
5775:
5760:
5722:
5710:
5704:
5686:
5667:
5644:
5632:
5602:
5587:
5580:
5559:
5529:
5511:
5486:
5474:
5456:
5431:
5425:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5363:
5347:
5332:
5326:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5259:
5230:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5157:
5151:
5120:
5105:
5093:
5081:
5033:
5014:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4921:Queen Victoria
4912:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4788:were labelled
4772:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4701:
4687:
4684:Uller Uprising
4676:
4664:
4657:'s 1924 novel
4652:
4636:
4623:
4604:Indian writer
4602:
4584:
4573:'s 1975 novel
4568:
4547:
4540:'s 1975 novel
4535:
4528:'s 1973 novel
4523:
4507:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:Austrian India
4269:
4268:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4254:Colonial India
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4235:Javed Siddiqui
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4121:
4117:Bengal Brigade
4113:
4105:Light of India
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:Henry Havelock
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4030:
4015:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3954:in July 1857,
3877:1857 Rebellion
3869:historiography
3843:
3842:Historiography
3840:
3816:Main article:
3813:
3810:
3794:
3793:
3777:Siege of Delhi
3769:
3768:
3752:Victoria Cross
3740:
3739:
3738:Victoria Cross
3729:
3726:
3666:
3663:
3632:Westernization
3593:Queen Victoria
3581:Humayun's Tomb
3573:Queen Victoria
3544:
3543:
3502:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3486:Reorganisation
3484:
3431:
3428:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3250:
3249:British Empire
3247:
3222:
3219:
3174:
3171:
3123:
3120:
3094:, head of the
3026:John Nicholson
2930:Main article:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2806:Siege of Arrah
2801:
2798:
2781:
2778:
2716:Rani of Jhansi
2696:princely state
2682:Rani of Jhansi
2667:Main article:
2664:
2661:
2656:General Outram
2554:Main article:
2551:
2548:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2460:
2401:Azimullah Khan
2391:prime minister
2351:Main article:
2348:
2345:
2329:Khooni Darwaza
2325:Mirza Abu Bakr
2313:William Hodson
2301:Humayun's tomb
2297:William Hodson
2282:Humayun's tomb
2265:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2201:John Nicholson
2188:Siege of Delhi
2181:Badli-ke-Serai
2120:Siege of Delhi
2118:Main article:
2115:
2114:Siege of Delhi
2112:
1963:wood-engraving
1946:
1945:Initial stages
1943:
1941:
1938:
1735:
1732:
1650:
1647:
1585:Harriet Tytler
1558:
1555:
1526:
1523:
1478:, 29-year-old
1464:Main article:
1461:
1458:
1441:
1438:
1376:
1373:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1278:Lord Dalhousie
1276:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1210:Rani of Jhansi
1187:
1184:
1118:
1115:
1098:Lord Dalhousie
1050:was appointed
1046:In 1772, when
966:Main article:
963:
960:
881:Vellore Mutiny
855:Mughal Emperor
815:Main article:
812:
809:
804:Queen Victoria
792:British Empire
735:province, the
685:Revolt of 1857
613:
612:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
557:Badli-ki-Serai
554:
549:
543:
540:
539:
528:
527:
520:
513:
505:
497:
496:
485:
484:
480:
479:
469:
468:
457:
456:
446:John Nicholson
443:
430:
418:
399:
398:
366:
364:
363:
351:
346:
333:
322:
309:
304:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
238:
231:
229:
228:
199:Various other
197:
192:
186:
180:
175:
168:
158:
153:
148:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
119:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
97:
93:
92:
72:
64:
63:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15683:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15646:1858 in India
15644:
15642:
15641:1857 in India
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15588:
15586:
15567:
15562:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15540:Mother Teresa
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15490:Rani Rashmoni
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15435:Nandalal Bose
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15410:Ritwik Ghatak
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15387:
15385:
15383:
15379:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15353:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15332:Bihari people
15330:
15328:
15325:
15324:
15322:
15318:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15306:Tangail Saree
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15281:Nakshi kantha
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15241:Fazli (mango)
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15211:Bankura horse
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15193:
15191:
15189:
15185:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15128:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15115:
15112:
15111:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15073:
15070:
15069:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15004:
15002:
15000:
14996:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14831:
14829:
14827:
14821:
14811:
14808:
14805:
14802:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14767:
14764:
14763:
14761:
14759:
14755:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14717:
14715:
14711:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14680:
14678:
14676:
14672:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14638:
14634:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14609:
14607:
14605:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14591:
14587:
14581:
14580:Bangla Pokkho
14578:
14576:
14573:
14572:
14570:
14568:
14567:Rights groups
14564:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14494:
14492:
14490:
14486:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14463:
14462:Hooghly River
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14447:Damodar River
14445:
14443:
14440:
14439:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14374:
14372:
14370:
14366:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14304:Sovabazar Raj
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14289:Bardhaman Raj
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14249:Mughal Empire
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14218:
14215:
14214:
14213:
14212:Gauda Kingdom
14210:
14209:
14207:
14205:
14201:
14195:
14191:
14189:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14140:
14137:
14136:
14134:
14132:
14131:State symbols
14128:
14124:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14109:
14101:
14096:
14094:
14089:
14087:
14082:
14081:
14078:
14065:
14062:
14059:
14056:
14053:
14050:
14047:
14044:
14041:
14038:
14035:
14032:
14029:
14026:
14023:
14020:
14017:
14014:
14011:
14008:
14005:
14002:
13999:
13996:
13993:
13990:
13987:
13984:
13981:
13978:
13975:
13972:
13969:
13966:
13963:
13960:
13957:
13954:
13951:
13948:
13945:
13942:
13939:
13938:Ikhwan revolt
13936:
13933:
13930:
13927:
13924:
13921:
13918:
13915:
13912:
13909:
13906:
13903:
13900:
13897:
13894:
13891:
13888:
13885:
13882:
13879:
13876:
13873:
13870:
13867:
13864:
13861:
13858:
13855:
13852:
13849:
13846:
13843:
13840:
13837:
13834:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13813:
13806:
13803:
13800:
13797:
13794:
13791:
13788:
13785:
13782:
13779:
13776:
13773:
13770:
13767:
13764:
13761:
13758:
13755:
13752:
13749:
13746:
13743:
13740:
13737:
13734:
13731:
13728:
13725:
13722:
13719:
13716:
13713:
13710:
13707:
13704:
13701:
13698:
13695:
13692:
13689:
13686:
13683:
13680:
13677:
13674:
13671:
13668:
13665:
13662:
13659:
13656:
13653:
13650:
13647:
13644:
13641:
13638:
13635:
13632:
13629:
13626:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13605:
13602:
13599:
13596:
13593:
13590:
13587:
13584:
13581:
13578:
13575:
13572:
13569:
13566:
13563:
13560:
13557:
13554:
13551:
13548:
13545:
13542:
13539:
13536:
13533:
13530:
13527:
13524:
13521:
13518:
13515:
13512:
13509:
13506:
13503:
13500:
13497:
13494:
13491:
13488:
13485:
13482:
13479:
13476:
13473:
13470:
13467:
13464:
13461:
13458:
13455:
13452:
13449:
13446:
13443:
13440:
13437:
13434:
13431:
13428:
13425:
13422:
13419:
13416:
13413:
13410:
13407:
13404:
13401:
13398:
13395:
13392:
13389:
13386:
13385:Spice Islands
13383:
13380:
13377:
13374:
13371:
13368:
13365:
13362:
13359:
13356:
13353:
13350:
13347:
13344:
13343:Santo Domingo
13341:
13338:
13335:
13332:
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13326:
13323:
13320:
13317:
13314:
13311:
13308:
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13163:
13160:
13157:
13154:
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13148:
13145:
13142:
13139:
13136:
13133:
13132:Pontiac's War
13130:
13127:
13124:
13121:
13118:
13115:
13112:
13109:
13106:
13103:
13100:
13097:
13094:
13091:
13088:
13085:
13084:Carnatic Wars
13082:
13079:
13076:
13073:
13070:
13067:
13064:
13061:
13058:
13055:
13054:Tuscarora War
13052:
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13045:
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13037:
13030:
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13018:
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12711:
12708:
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12705:
12701:
12695:
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12690:
12688:
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12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
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12660:
12658:
12655:
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12648:
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12608:
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12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12572:Satyapal Dang
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12497:Nana Fadnavis
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12462:Mangal Pandey
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12422:Khudiram Bose
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12337:Chetram Jatav
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12307:Bhikaiji Cama
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12297:Bharathidasan
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12282:Basawon Singh
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
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12243:
12240:
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12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12206:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12169:Sri Aurobindo
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12139:Ram Mohan Roy
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12119:Narayana Guru
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
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11940:
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11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11902:Organisations
11900:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11863:Bombay Mutiny
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11848:Indian Legion
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11788:1928 Protests
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11733:Rowlatt Bills
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11703:
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11512:
11509:
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11499:
11497:
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11450:
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11427:
11425:
11420:
11419:
11416:
11410:
11403:
11394:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11370:
11367:, 1853–1858,
11366:
11365:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
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11159:
11156:
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11150:
11149:
11144:
11141:
11138:
11134:
11131:
11128:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11112:
11108:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11097:Folio Society
11094:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11077:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11058:
11048:
11044:
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11023:
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11015:
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11007:
11002:
10998:
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10910:
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10894:
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10821:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10797:
10793:
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10780:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10759:
10756:
10752:
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10744:
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10725:
10721:
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10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
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10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
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10647:
10643:
10639:
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10631:
10627:
10622:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10565:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10545:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10509:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10449:
10448:
10438:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10410:
10406:
10401:
10397:
10391:
10387:
10382:
10378:
10372:
10368:
10363:
10359:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10340:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10321:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10287:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10267:
10262:
10258:
10252:
10248:
10243:
10239:
10233:
10229:
10224:
10220:
10214:
10210:
10205:
10201:
10195:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10174:
10162:
10158:
10152:
10148:
10147:
10142:
10141:Leasor, James
10138:
10134:
10128:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10092:
10087:
10075:
10071:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10006:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9990:
9975:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9948:
9945:, Routledge,
9944:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9914:
9911:
9907:
9902:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9831:
9828:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9782:
9779:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9764:
9758:
9755:
9749:
9745:
9744:Penguin Books
9741:
9736:
9733:
9727:
9723:
9722:Penguin Books
9719:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9702:
9698:
9697:
9692:
9688:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9632:
9631:Jalal, Ayesha
9628:
9624:
9621:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9579:
9558:
9552:
9548:
9547:
9539:
9531:
9525:
9517:
9513:
9512:
9507:
9501:
9485:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9469:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9439:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9378:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9360:
9355:
9348:
9344:
9337:
9328:
9320:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9299:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9278:
9271:
9266:
9259:
9254:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9235:
9228:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9208:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9168:
9161:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9137:
9130:
9124:
9117:
9111:
9104:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9084:
9077:
9071:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9040:on 3 May 2005
9039:
9035:
9029:
9013:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8937:, p. 701
8936:
8931:
8925:, p. 149
8924:
8919:
8909:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8880:
8877:
8872:
8861:
8852:
8845:
8839:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8806:
8800:, p. 103
8799:
8794:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8755:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8728:
8721:
8718:reprinted in
8717:
8712:
8705:
8700:
8693:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8663:0-19-280358-1
8659:
8655:
8648:
8640:
8633:
8627:
8622:
8615:
8610:
8603:
8598:
8590:
8583:
8581:
8571:
8555:
8551:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8532:
8516:
8512:
8511:
8503:
8496:
8495:Charles Ball.
8492:
8491:
8483:
8467:
8463:
8456:
8440:
8436:
8433:Behal, Arsh.
8429:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8383:
8379:
8372:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8316:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8297:
8289:
8286:
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8266:
8260:
8256:
8255:
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8231:
8227:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8181:
8174:
8173:Straits Times
8169:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8139:
8138:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8109:
8105:
8104:
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8074:
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8037:
8021:
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7995:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7965:
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7960:
7955:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7922:
7916:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7895:0-349-11456-0
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7845:
7843:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7815:
7799:
7795:
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7786:
7770:
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7760:
7756:
7755:
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7740:
7733:
7717:
7713:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7633:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7577:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7548:
7539:
7530:
7522:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7503:
7496:
7491:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7461:Santa Barbara
7458:
7451:
7444:
7438:
7431:
7428:Andrew Ward,
7425:
7418:
7412:
7403:
7394:
7387:
7382:
7375:
7370:
7368:
7361:, p. 250
7360:
7355:
7348:
7343:
7336:
7331:
7329:
7322:, p. 191
7321:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7290:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7247:
7241:, p. 400
7240:
7235:
7227:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7204:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7144:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7110:
7100:
7093:
7088:
7080:
7073:
7071:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7014:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6978:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6957:
6952:
6951:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6914:
6905:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6869:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6809:
6804:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6667:0-330-02524-4
6663:
6658:
6657:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6636:
6631:
6624:
6619:
6612:
6607:
6600:
6595:
6587:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6564:
6557:
6552:
6545:
6540:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6491:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6461:
6452:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6418:
6412:, p. 24.
6411:
6406:
6399:
6393:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6356:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6294:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6162:
6156:, p. 173
6155:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6136:, p. 102
6135:
6130:
6123:
6118:
6112:, p. 172
6111:
6106:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6064:, p. 293
6063:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6038:
6036:0-351-15997-5
6032:
6027:
6026:
6017:
6011:, p. 292
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5986:
5981:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5953:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5917:
5910:
5904:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5865:0-333-45672-6
5862:
5858:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5834:0-333-41837-9
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5651:
5649:
5642:, p. 133
5641:
5636:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5484:, p. 76.
5483:
5478:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5409:
5407:
5399:
5394:
5388:, p. 179
5387:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5361:, p. 357
5360:
5356:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5199:, p. 170
5198:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5091:, p. 197
5090:
5089:Marshall 2007
5085:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5031:, p. 64.
5030:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4922:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4739:
4729:
4728:Maniram Dewan
4725:
4721:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4680:H. Beam Piper
4677:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4655:E. M. Forster
4653:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4620:Shyam Benegal
4617:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4526:J. G. Farrell
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4375:British India
4372:
4371:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:Casa da Índia
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:Swedish India
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:Mangal Pandey
4173:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:Shyam Benegal
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:Maniram Dewan
4129:
4125:
4124:Maniram Dewan
4122:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:Elmer Clifton
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4055:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:Mughal Empire
4009:
4008:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3927:Kim A. Wagner
3923:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:Panic of 1857
3839:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:Martial Races
3701:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3557:Robert Tytler
3554:
3550:
3540:
3537:
3529:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3503:This section
3501:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3441:, a print by
3440:
3436:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3385:Edward Vibart
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3309:General Neill
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2933:
2921:Other regions
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Gaya district
2807:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:Uttar Pradesh
2575:
2571:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2506:Samuel Bourne
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2375:Samuel Bourne
2372:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:and grandson
2322:
2318:
2315:had his sons
2314:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Kashmiri Gate
2258:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2235:, Delhi, 1858
2234:
2233:Kashmiri Gate
2227:
2222:
2218:
2217:Jantar Mantar
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Parikshitgarh
2033:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:, Bihar, the
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1645:pursue them.
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:Quarter Guard
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:Mangal Pandey
1477:
1473:
1467:
1466:Mangal Pandey
1460:Mangal Pandey
1457:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:Muzaffarnagar
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:rifled musket
1135:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:William Carey
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
979:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Dogra Dynasty
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:of the Hindu
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
879:In 1806, the
877:
875:
871:
867:
864:, Bihar, and
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:factory areas
840:
837:Although the
831:
823:
818:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
779:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Indian Mutiny
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:central India
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:British Crown
631:
627:
623:
608:
607:Central India
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
541:
536:
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
506:
503:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
475:
473:
472:Randhir Singh
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
455:
453:
447:
444:
442:
440:
434:
431:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
409:
403:
397:
396:Sir Hugh Rose
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
383:
381:
375:
371:
367:
361:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
343:
337:
334:
331:
326:
323:
321:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
302:
296:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
279:
276:
272:
269:
267:
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190:
187:
184:
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176:
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169:
167:
163:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:Mughal Empire
149:
147:
144:
141:
140:
138:
137:
132:
124:
123:British India
120:
115:
114:
110:
107:
106:
102:
98:
95:
94:
73:
70:
69:
65:
59:
54:
49:
42:
37:
33:
19:
15445:Meghnad Saha
15395:Satyajit Ray
15320:Demographics
15271:Manasa chali
15146:Tarini Khuro
14934:Krishnanagar
14457:Teesta River
14417:Ganges Delta
14377:Bengal Basin
14299:Jhargram Raj
14278:
14229:Sena dynasty
14120:
13908:Iraqi Revolt
13763:Matabeleland
13739:North Borneo
13733:Matabeleland
13685:Saskatchewan
13588:
13487:Upper Canada
13481:Lower Canada
13439:Persian Gulf
13355:Persian Gulf
13295:Newfoundland
13276:Polygar Wars
13246:Kandyan Wars
13198:Nootka Sound
12816:Constitution
12804:Independence
12691:
12662:Vanchinathan
12292:Bhagat Singh
12247:Annie Besant
12208:Independence
12189:Vinoba Bhave
11993:
11989:Swaraj Party
11893:Lucknow Pact
11803:Purna Swaraj
11793:Nehru Report
11700:
11604:Philosophies
11592:
11582:
11558:Polygar Wars
11486:French India
11471:Dutch Bengal
11461:Colonisation
11385:
11362:
11327:Online books
11317:
11285:
11278:
11271:
11257:
11244:
11237:
11223:
11216:
11207:
11200:
11189:
11186:
11175:
11168:
11161:
11147:
11136:
11126:
11119:
11110:
11103:
11092:
11075:
11061:
11038:
11034:
11009:
11005:
10988:
10984:
10966:
10941:
10937:
10922:
10915:
10902:online guide
10897:
10873:
10841:
10837:
10834:Stokes, Eric
10826:
10795:
10791:
10766:
10762:
10738:
10734:
10707:
10703:
10668:
10664:
10629:
10625:
10601:
10597:
10572:
10568:
10552:
10548:
10516:
10512:
10480:
10476:
10475:1780–1830",
10472:
10456:
10452:
10426:
10404:
10385:
10366:
10347:
10328:
10309:
10285:
10265:
10246:
10227:
10208:
10189:
10178:
10165:, retrieved
10161:the original
10146:The Red Fort
10145:
10122:
10112:
10090:
10078:, retrieved
10074:the original
10058:
10035:
10013:
9994:
9963:
9941:
9921:
9917:
9899:
9876:
9855:
9834:
9816:
9789:
9785:
9762:
9739:
9717:
9694:
9680:, retrieved
9676:the original
9660:
9636:
9627:Bose, Sugata
9608:
9586:
9560:. Retrieved
9545:
9538:
9529:
9524:
9516:the original
9509:
9500:
9488:. Retrieved
9477:
9468:
9456:. Retrieved
9452:the original
9447:
9438:
9426:. Retrieved
9417:
9407:
9395:. Retrieved
9386:
9377:
9354:
9346:
9336:
9327:
9306:
9298:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9277:
9269:
9265:
9257:
9253:
9234:
9215:
9207:
9190:
9186:
9180:
9172:
9167:
9158:
9143:
9136:
9128:
9123:
9115:
9110:
9091:
9083:
9075:
9070:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9042:. Retrieved
9038:the original
9028:
9016:. Retrieved
9007:
8998:
8986:. Retrieved
8977:
8968:
8956:. Retrieved
8952:the original
8942:
8930:
8918:
8908:
8900:
8896:
8890:
8871:
8860:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8820:
8814:
8805:
8793:
8781:. Retrieved
8761:
8754:
8745:
8739:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8699:
8677:
8671:
8653:
8647:
8638:
8632:
8621:
8609:
8597:
8588:
8570:
8558:. Retrieved
8538:
8531:
8519:. Retrieved
8509:
8502:
8494:
8489:
8482:
8470:. Retrieved
8455:
8443:. Retrieved
8428:
8416:. Retrieved
8407:
8398:
8386:. Retrieved
8371:
8359:. Retrieved
8350:
8341:
8332:
8323:
8304:
8284:
8280:
8268:. Retrieved
8253:
8246:
8234:. Retrieved
8214:
8207:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8172:
8168:
8159:
8155:
8146:
8136:
8112:. Retrieved
8102:
8092:
8072:
8065:
8053:. Retrieved
8043:
8036:
8024:. Retrieved
8010:
7998:. Retrieved
7989:
7980:
7968:. Retrieved
7957:
7934:Hibbert 1980
7929:
7910:
7904:
7885:
7854:
7850:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7804:17 September
7802:, retrieved
7792:
7785:
7775:17 September
7773:, retrieved
7753:
7747:
7738:
7732:
7720:. Retrieved
7692:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7659:
7642:
7638:
7632:
7622:17 September
7620:, retrieved
7610:
7603:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7566:17 September
7564:, retrieved
7554:
7547:
7538:
7529:
7509:
7502:
7495:Hibbert 1980
7490:
7456:
7450:
7442:
7437:
7429:
7424:
7416:
7411:
7402:
7393:
7388:, p. 95
7381:
7376:, p. 92
7354:
7346:
7342:
7334:
7320:Hibbert 1980
7289:
7277:
7273:
7253:
7246:
7234:
7225:
7203:
7187:
7167:
7158:
7147:, retrieved
7141:
7135:
7117:
7099:
7094:, p. 57
7087:
7078:
7050:
7041:
7021:
7013:
7005:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6949:
6941:
6932:
6912:
6904:
6896:
6876:
6868:
6860:
6840:
6832:
6827:, p. 23
6810:, p. 19
6803:
6791:. Retrieved
6787:the original
6777:
6765:. Retrieved
6761:the original
6751:
6743:the original
6738:
6729:
6717:. Retrieved
6713:the original
6708:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6676:
6655:
6635:Hibbert 1980
6630:
6618:
6611:Hibbert 1980
6606:
6599:Hibbert 1980
6594:
6585:
6568:
6563:
6556:Hibbert 1980
6551:
6546:, p. 93
6539:
6527:. Retrieved
6517:
6510:
6503:Hibbert 1980
6498:
6479:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6443:, p. 69
6436:
6417:
6405:
6397:
6396:Seema Alavi
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6370:
6363:
6344:
6338:
6319:
6301:
6274:
6268:
6250:
6230:
6224:
6206:
6200:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6168:, p. 92
6161:
6150:Metcalf 1964
6141:
6129:
6122:Metcalf 1964
6117:
6105:
6100:, p. 92
6085:
6074:
6069:
6057:
6052:, p. 54
6045:
6024:
6016:
6004:
5999:, p. 53
5992:
5987:, p. 63
5985:Hibbert 1980
5980:
5969:, retrieved
5959:
5952:
5932:
5925:
5916:
5908:
5903:
5891:. Retrieved
5882:
5872:
5856:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5825:
5822:Philip Mason
5790:
5785:, p. 48
5783:Metcalf 1964
5778:
5773:, p. 88
5738:
5734:
5725:
5720:, p. 61
5713:
5695:
5689:
5677:. Retrieved
5657:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5614:
5605:
5596:
5590:
5574:. Scribner.
5571:
5562:
5550:. Retrieved
5541:
5532:
5523:19 September
5521:, retrieved
5502:
5477:
5466:, retrieved
5447:
5415:
5393:
5381:
5376:, p. 94
5350:
5317:
5280:
5268:
5250:
5170:
5141:
5096:
5084:
5076:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5007:15 September
5005:. Retrieved
4995:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4776:
4749:India portal
4723:
4707:
4693:
4689:
4678:The plot of
4670:
4658:
4646:
4643:Captain Nemo
4626:
4613:
4609:
4596:
4591:
4574:
4558:
4541:
4529:
4513:
4510:John Masters
4501:
4393:EIC in India
4317:French India
4307:Danish India
4233:– A play by
4230:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4165:
4153:
4148:Satyajit Ray
4141:
4123:
4115:
4103:
4096:Eastward Ho!
4095:
4064:
4060:
4034:
4005:
4000:Felice Beato
3949:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3910:
3886:
3876:
3865:Michael Adas
3863:
3835:Commonwealth
3832:
3824:
3821:
3812:Nomenclature
3795:
3770:
3741:
3722:
3718:
3702:
3694:
3690:York Minster
3659:white mutiny
3648:
3644:
3636:
3616:India Office
3605:
3578:
3532:
3523:
3512:Please help
3507:verification
3504:
3481:
3477:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3418:, historian
3413:
3411:
3407:
3390:
3383:
3367:
3361:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3290:
3277:Consequences
3252:
3227:Surendra Sai
3224:
3211:Baroda State
3176:
3164:
3160:Hill Tippera
3125:
3089:
3080:British Army
3069:
3038:
3019:
2993:
2977:General Reed
2965:
2957:Ranjit Singh
2950:
2943:
2911:Mukti Vahini
2910:
2885:
2870:
2866:
2862:Vincent Eyre
2855:
2839:
2816:Kunwar Singh
2809:
2783:
2753:
2750:
2743:
2729:and eastern
2724:
2688:Jhansi State
2686:
2629:
2624:Felice Beato
2594:
2567:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2454:
2450:
2442:Savada Kothi
2434:
2429:
2398:
2380:
2317:Mirza Mughal
2310:
2306:
2266:
2185:
2158:
2149:
2139:
2104:Rao Tula Ram
2090:
2072:
2029:
2017:Mirza Mughal
1998:
1978:
1970:
1935:
1927:Chillianwala
1904:
1882:
1879:, circa 1860
1876:
1863:Ahl-i-Hadith
1857:and Maulana
1838:
1832:
1830:
1814:
1810:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1769:
1753:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1704:Felice Beato
1681:
1658:
1638:Philip Mason
1635:
1628:
1616:
1597:
1590:
1566:
1551:
1547:hill station
1528:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:Shaikh Paltu
1492:John Hearsey
1489:
1469:
1451:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1386:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1350:astrological
1322:
1234:
1222:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1165:Fort William
1162:
1158:
1134:Pattern 1853
1128:
1111:
1107:Lord Canning
1090:
1082:
1075:
1061:
1052:Fort William
1045:
976:
974:
971:
893:
878:
858:Shah Alam II
836:
780:
776:Lord Canning
705:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:Sepoy Mutiny
672:
666:
621:
619:
597:2nd Cawnpore
552:1st Cawnpore
532:
488:
470:
458:
451:
438:
407:
400:
379:
374:George Anson
368:
354:Kunwar Singh
341:
317:
134:Belligerents
36:
15545:Amartya Sen
15515:Sukumar Ray
15505:Sarada Devi
15495:Ramakrishna
15251:Gobindobhog
15246:Garad Saree
15188:GI products
15104:Ratha Yatra
15072:Dol Purnima
15047:Chhau dance
14954:Murshidabad
14879:Cooch Behar
14699:Murshidabad
14650:Cooch Behar
14402:Rarh region
14224:Pala Empire
14161:Fishing cat
14108:West Bengal
14028:Suez Crisis
13926:Transjordan
13830:West Africa
13807:(1899–1902)
13801:(1898–1901)
13793:Six-Day War
13741:(1894–1905)
13729:(1891–1895)
13709:Mashonaland
13673:Mahdist War
13613:Shimonoseki
13543:(1847–1901)
13453:(1824–1901)
13421:Cape Colony
13319:Cape Colony
13278:(1799–1805)
13272:(1799–1803)
13260:(1798–1800)
13248:(1796–1818)
13222:Cape Colony
13212:(1793–1806)
13194:(1788–1934)
13090:Nova Scotia
13060:Yamasee War
13031:(1694–1700)
13005:Child's War
12993:2nd Tangier
12987:1st Tangier
12983:(1655–1739)
12933:Saint Kitts
12911:(1593–1603)
12760:Mountbatten
12382:Hemu Kalani
12262:Bagha Jatin
12199:Vivekananda
11954:India House
11838:Act of 1935
11613:Ambedkarism
11481:British Raj
11361:Karl Marx,
10080:26 November
9714:David, Saul
9428:16 December
9397:16 December
8560:5 September
8521:1 September
8472:1 September
8351:Crf-usa.org
8114:9 September
7990:Banglapedia
7857:: 493–500.
7645:: 360–369.
7589:: 379–387.
7386:Harris 2001
7374:Harris 2001
7092:Harris 2001
6681:Harris 2001
6079:archive.org
5971:12 November
5731:Eric Stokes
5679:17 November
5640:Ludden 2002
5103:, p. 9
4639:Jules Verne
4633:Jules Verne
4606:Ruskin Bond
4549:Two of Sir
4423:British Raj
4380:(1600–1947)
4337:(1505–1961)
4297:Dutch India
4239:Purana Qila
4172:Ketan Mehta
4023:Bundelkhand
3916:Eric Stokes
3754:are listed
3655:Ilbert Bill
3640:British Raj
3261:the annual
3116:Chichawatni
3066:, July 1857
3054:Lieutenant
2955:, ruled by
2953:Sikh Empire
2883:districts.
2774:Joan of Arc
2727:Bundelkhand
2720:Jhansi Fort
2704:British Raj
2700:Bundelkhand
2678:Jhansi Fort
2333:Zinat Mahal
2291:Capture of
2146:Crimean War
2098:, issued a
2086:Bulandshahr
2048:Bulandshahr
1728:peepul tree
1545:, the cool
1472:Barrackpore
1342:Chris Bayly
1329:evangelical
1325:Utilitarian
1141:Minié balls
1032:Bombay Army
1028:Madras Army
1000:Bengal Army
800:British Raj
602:2nd Lucknow
547:1st Lucknow
116:Territorial
15585:Categories
15430:Jyoti Basu
15420:Jamini Roy
15311:Tulaipanji
15266:Madurkathi
15221:Chhau mask
15156:Kiriti Roy
15089:Durga Puja
15022:Chalchitra
15017:Patachitra
14904:Jalpaiguri
14884:Darjeeling
14844:Berhampore
14824:Cities and
14806:(declared)
14804:Sundarbans
14800:(declared)
14779:(declared)
14768:(declared)
14729:(declared)
14690:(declared)
14688:Berhampore
14660:Jalpaiguri
14655:Darjeeling
14645:Alipurduar
14489:Governance
14407:Sundarbans
13932:Pink's War
13824:Somaliland
13661:Basutoland
13415:Guadeloupe
13397:Xhosa Wars
13379:Seychelles
13361:Guadeloupe
13349:Martinique
13216:Rohilkhand
13180:Gold Coast
13150:Rohilkhand
13108:Bengal War
12945:Pequot War
12790:Linlithgow
12730:Chelmsford
12720:Cornwallis
12632:Tatya Tope
12502:Nana Saheb
12407:K. Kamaraj
12357:Dhan Singh
12272:Bakht Khan
11924:Arya Samaj
11858:Quit India
11808:Salt March
11667:Events and
11643:Satyagraha
9920:(Review),
9742:, London:
9720:, London:
9490:6 February
9458:25 October
9059:The Empire
9044:6 February
8988:6 February
8958:2 November
8935:Nanda 1965
8732:David 2003
8704:David 2003
8445:6 November
8418:6 February
8388:6 November
8361:6 February
8193:(2): 144.
8055:15 January
8000:6 February
7359:David 2003
7192:God's Acre
6934:injustice.
6808:David 2003
6793:6 February
6767:6 February
6719:6 February
6544:David 2003
6441:David 2003
6410:David 2003
6166:Brown 1994
6098:Brown 1994
6062:David 2007
6050:David 2003
6009:David 2007
5997:David 2003
5893:6 February
5771:Brown 1994
5568:Keay, John
5552:6 February
5482:Peers 2013
5398:Bayly 1987
5374:Brown 1994
5359:Bayly 2000
5343:Spear 1990
5285:Brown 1994
5222:Brown 1994
5197:Bayly 1987
5101:David 2003
5029:Peers 2013
4717:Folk music
4698:G.A. Henty
4588:M. M. Kaye
4246:Literature
4027:Rohilkhand
3846:See also:
3651:Lord Ripon
3563:, May 1858
3459:newspapers
3379:Nana Sahib
3375:Bakht Khan
3231:Hazaribagh
3199:Bet Dwarka
3156:cantonment
3152:Jalpaiguri
3142:and later
3128:Chittagong
3030:Ravi River
2969:Ferozepore
2827:Jagdishpur
2804:See also:
2710:under the
2638:. General
2437:Tatya Tope
2394:Nana Sahib
2013:Bakht Khan
1940:The revolt
1931:Ferozeshah
1677:Emily Eden
1346:low people
1206:Nana Sahib
1196:, and the
1006:, such as
761:Travancore
739:, and the
691:, and the
336:Bakht Khan
325:Tatya Tope
307:Nana Sahib
256:Kapurthala
217:Chaudharys
178:Jagdishpur
172:Nana Sahib
170:Forces of
160:Forces of
86:1858-11-01
78:1857-05-10
15352:Rajbanshi
15094:Bhai Dooj
14949:Midnapore
14924:Kharagpur
14919:Kalimpong
14869:Bishnupur
14864:Bardhaman
14849:Balurghat
14727:Bishnupur
14665:Kalimpong
14595:districts
14590:Divisions
14369:Geography
14294:Nadia Raj
14217:Shashanka
14106:State of
14064:Falklands
14060:(1963–67)
14054:(1962–66)
14048:(1962–90)
14036:(1962–76)
14024:(1955–59)
14018:(1954–59)
14012:(1952–60)
14006:(1948–60)
14000:(1946–50)
13992:Indonesia
13988:(1945–46)
13986:Indochina
13982:(1944–48)
13970:(1936–39)
13964:(1936–39)
13952:(1931–32)
13946:(1930–31)
13940:(1927–30)
13922:(1922–24)
13920:Kurdistan
13904:(1919–20)
13880:(1916–17)
13860:Nyasaland
13856:(1914–15)
13850:(1914–15)
13838:(1903–04)
13832:(1901–02)
13826:(1900–20)
13789:(1897–98)
13783:(1897–98)
13765:(1896–97)
13735:(1893–94)
13699:(1886–89)
13675:(1881–99)
13669:(1880–81)
13663:(1880–81)
13657:(1879–80)
13645:(1875–76)
13631:Abyssinia
13627:(1866–71)
13621:(1864–65)
13609:(1863–64)
13601:Kagoshima
13597:(1857–58)
13591:(1857–59)
13585:(1856–60)
13579:(1856–57)
13573:(1854–56)
13571:Åland War
13555:(1848–49)
13531:(1845–50)
13525:(1845–46)
13519:(1845–72)
13513:(1839–42)
13507:(1839–42)
13501:(1839–41)
13489:(1837–38)
13483:(1837–38)
13477:(1831–33)
13471:(1831–32)
13465:(1828–32)
13459:(1824–26)
13435:(1817–18)
13411:(1814–16)
13405:(1812–15)
13399:(1811–79)
13393:(1810–11)
13373:Mauritius
13345:(1808–09)
13327:(1806–07)
13303:(1803–05)
13266:(1798–99)
13236:(1795–96)
13230:(1795–96)
13206:(1789–92)
13182:(1781–82)
13176:(1779–84)
13170:(1775–82)
13164:(1775–83)
13152:(1773–74)
13146:(1769–73)
13140:(1765–71)
13134:(1763–66)
13128:(1762–63)
13116:(1758–61)
13110:(1756–65)
13104:(1756–63)
13098:(1754–63)
13092:(1749–55)
13086:(1746–63)
13080:(1744–48)
13074:(1740–42)
13068:(1722–25)
13062:(1715–17)
13056:(1711–15)
13050:(1702–13)
13025:(1688–97)
13019:(1688–91)
13007:(1686–90)
13001:(1675–78)
12977:(1654–60)
12971:(1654–67)
12965:(1649–53)
12959:(1641–53)
12947:(1634–38)
12917:(1609–46)
12765:Wellesley
12750:Dalhousie
12612:Surya Sen
12507:P. Kakkan
12467:Mir Qasim
12442:M. N. Roy
12377:Har Dayal
12210:activists
12039:Baba Amte
12029:Ayyankali
12007:reformers
11929:Azad Hind
11669:movements
11648:Socialism
11270:(Capt.),
11262:Routledge
11193:Allahabad
10958:141659712
10866:159820559
10820:144558490
10783:146864929
10693:159530372
10654:143348610
10589:141583862
10575:: 36–47.
10541:146482671
10505:143566845
10167:8 January
9962:(1990) ,
9633:(2004) ,
9511:The Hindu
9211:See also
9018:9 January
8270:13 August
8162:(1): 100.
8137:Sambalpur
7196:The Hindu
7180:852404214
6739:orbat.com
6186:: 20–38.
5867:, p. 172.
5625:23 August
5615:The Hindu
5073:145297044
5065:0961-2025
4977:Citations
4669:'s novel
4590:'s novel
4557:stories,
4512:'s novel
4498:Malcolm X
4447:1721–1949
4437:1824–1948
4427:1858–1947
4417:1797–1813
4407:1757–1858
4397:1600–1757
4364:1628–1633
4354:1434–1833
4321:1668–1954
4311:1620–1869
4301:1605–1825
4291:1731–1813
4281:1778–1785
4170:(2005) –
4126:– A 1964
3941:Shikastah
3473:Bangalore
3469:Karl Marx
3464:The Times
3235:Sambalpur
3203:Kathiawar
3179:jagirdars
3100:Neeli Bar
3082:in 1842,
2892:Jharkhand
2881:Jehanabad
2762:from the
2746:Hugh Rose
2731:Rajputana
2532:Allahabad
2418:Allahabad
2248:Hindu Rao
2144:from the
2064:Jullundur
1776:Allahabad
1663:, 1857.
1535:Allahabad
1235:taluqdars
1223:taluqdars
1193:taluqdars
1056:polluting
908:maharajas
896:Wellesley
769:Rajputana
753:Hyderabad
716:Hindustan
592:Najafgarh
221:Taluqdars
209:Zamindars
174:Peshwa II
146:mutineers
15606:Mutinies
15296:Sitabhog
15276:Mihidana
15256:Himsagar
15151:Kakababu
15042:Gombhira
14969:Siliguri
14939:Kurseong
14889:Durgapur
14798:Ranaghat
14777:Ichamati
14766:Basirhat
14733:Jhargram
14502:Governor
14324:Jugantar
14052:Malaysia
13974:Ethiopia
13872:Peshawar
13637:Manitoba
13619:Duar War
12915:Virginia
12795:Hastings
12755:Bentinck
11974:Jugantar
11618:Gandhism
11279:Cawnpore
11185:(1859),
10905:Archived
10465:23611115
10425:(2004),
10143:(1956),
10111:(1883),
10056:(2015),
10034:(2000),
9939:(2013),
9910:63-23412
9896:(1964),
9854:(2007),
9815:(1980),
9716:(2003),
9693:(2006),
9658:(1994),
9606:(1987),
9585:(2004),
9562:21 April
9484:Archived
9422:Archived
9418:BBC News
9391:Archived
9387:BBC News
9366:Archived
9243:Archived
9012:Archived
8982:Archived
8879:Archived
8777:Archived
8554:Archived
8515:Archived
8466:Archived
8439:Archived
8412:Archived
8382:Archived
8355:Archived
8331:(1998).
8230:Archived
8108:Archived
8049:Archived
8020:Archived
7994:Archived
7964:Archived
7884:(2001).
7863:44143953
7833:44145679
7827:: 1454.
7798:archived
7769:archived
7716:Archived
7651:44139859
7616:archived
7595:44140459
7560:archived
7483:54778450
7465:ABC-CLIO
7280:, Capt.
7059:Archived
6529:19 March
6523:Archived
6426:Archived
6382:19 March
6376:Archived
6327:Archived
5965:archived
5887:Archived
5673:Archived
5619:Archived
5570:(1994).
5546:Archived
5517:archived
5468:30 March
5462:archived
5001:Archived
4790:European
4735:See also
4706:'s book
4241:, Delhi.
4128:Assamese
4039:Governor
3907:century.
3779:and the
3771:290,000
3746:and the
3712:and the
3526:May 2017
3316:Cawnpore
3259:Trinidad
3183:taluqdar
3064:Kolapore
2973:Peshawar
2823:Zamindar
2784:Colonel
2632:Nepalese
2609:Alambagh
2536:Fatehpur
2446:Bungalow
2341:Cawnpore
2150:en route
2082:Ranghars
2007:and the
1967:Nainital
1906:Purbiyas
1798:en masse
1515:havildar
1490:General
1485:Adjutant
1476:Calcutta
1424:and the
1415:Calcutta
1411:Purbiyas
1399:Brahmins
1208:and the
1198:peasants
1169:Calcutta
1016:Bhumihar
1008:Brahmins
891:sepoys.
648:town of
646:garrison
626:the rule
191:factions
185:factions
96:Location
15347:Adivasi
15052:Cuisine
14999:Culture
14964:Raiganj
14959:Purulia
14929:Kolkata
14859:Barasat
14854:Bankura
14839:Asansol
14834:Alipore
14783:Kolkata
14748:Purulia
14722:Bankura
14617:Hooghly
14612:Birbhum
14422:Climate
14204:History
14122:Kolkata
14117:Capital
14046:Sarawak
13998:Sarawak
13890:Nigeria
13878:Mohmand
13866:Nigeria
13817:century
13475:Malacca
13469:Jamaica
13427:Algiers
13367:Reunion
13313:Surinam
13288:century
13234:Grenada
13228:Jamaica
13120:Jamaica
13041:century
12981:Jamaica
12909:Ireland
12902:century
12889:English
12715:Canning
12134:Periyar
11783:Bardoli
11551:Gwalior
11453:History
11228:Longman
11099:, 1984.
11026:1345889
10997:4419570
10858:2638016
10685:3560211
9930:i218739
9806:3517586
9682:2 March
9575:Sources
9448:Enajori
9118:(2013).
8236:3 March
7722:18 July
6660:. Pan.
4786:British
4225:Theatre
4002:, 1857.
3873:Marxist
3714:Gurkhas
3589:Rangoon
3439:Justice
3371:Gwalior
3215:Waghers
3207:Gaekwad
3187:thakurs
3173:Gujarat
3148:Lalbagh
3140:Kolkata
3062:, near
3045:Pashtun
3022:Sialkot
3015:lectern
2988:Lectern
2986:Marble
2858:Danapur
2842:Danapur
2764:Scindia
2760:Gwalior
2706:by the
2694:-ruled
2692:Maratha
2648:Benares
2644:Lucknow
2582:Lucknow
2550:Lucknow
2508:, 1860.
2405:Mughals
2383:Wheeler
2078:Gurjars
2001:Haryana
1911:Biharis
1891:of the
1889:Pathans
1852:Maulana
1802:Gwalior
1772:Benares
1684:Emperor
1499:Jemadar
1401:of the
1395:Rajputs
1176:Dum Dum
1131:Enfield
1012:Rajputs
952:Gurkhas
934:to the
924:Kashmir
765:Kashmir
710:ruler,
701:Lucknow
662:Gwalior
628:of the
567:Chinhat
452:†
439:†
423: (
408:†
380:†
356: (
342:†
318:†
297: (
266:Jodhpur
251:Patiala
225:Sardars
213:Thakurs
189:Jodhpur
183:Gwalior
118:changes
84: (
76: (
15382:People
15342:Gurkha
15236:Dhokra
15131:Feluda
14979:Tamluk
14899:Howrah
14894:Haldia
14772:Howrah
14397:Dooars
14192:Fish:
14175:Flower
14157:Animal
14148:Anthem
14139:Emblem
14066:(1982)
14042:(1962)
14040:Brunei
14030:(1956)
13994:(1945)
13976:(1943)
13958:(1935)
13934:(1925)
13928:(1923)
13916:(1921)
13910:(1920)
13898:(1919)
13892:(1918)
13886:(1917)
13884:Quebec
13874:(1915)
13868:(1915)
13862:(1915)
13844:(1906)
13795:(1899)
13777:(1897)
13771:(1897)
13759:(1896)
13753:(1896)
13747:(1895)
13723:(1891)
13717:(1891)
13711:(1890)
13705:(1888)
13703:Hazara
13693:(1885)
13687:(1885)
13681:(1882)
13651:(1879)
13639:(1870)
13633:(1868)
13615:(1864)
13603:(1863)
13567:(1854)
13561:(1852)
13549:(1848)
13547:Ceylon
13537:(1847)
13535:Canton
13495:(1839)
13447:(1823)
13445:Guiana
13441:(1819)
13429:(1816)
13423:(1815)
13417:(1815)
13387:(1810)
13381:(1810)
13375:(1810)
13369:(1810)
13363:(1810)
13357:(1809)
13351:(1809)
13339:(1807)
13333:(1807)
13321:(1806)
13315:(1804)
13309:(1804)
13297:(1800)
13254:(1798)
13242:(1795)
13240:Ceylon
13224:(1795)
13218:(1794)
13200:(1789)
13188:(1786)
13158:(1774)
13122:(1762)
13013:(1687)
12995:(1664)
12989:(1662)
12969:Acadia
12953:(1641)
12941:(1628)
12939:Quebec
12935:(1626)
12929:(1622)
12923:(1612)
12921:Swally
12785:Cripps
12780:Outram
12770:Lytton
12735:Curzon
12710:Wavell
12005:Social
11658:Swaraj
11541:Second
11526:Fourth
11516:Second
11315:about
11195:, 1873
11068:
11024:
10995:
10973:
10956:
10880:
10864:
10856:
10818:
10812:312882
10810:
10781:
10755:651201
10753:
10724:651010
10722:
10691:
10683:
10652:
10646:313141
10644:
10618:651200
10616:
10587:
10539:
10533:312615
10531:
10503:
10497:312880
10495:
10473:Thanah
10463:
10433:
10411:
10392:
10373:
10354:
10335:
10316:
10297:
10272:
10253:
10234:
10215:
10196:
10153:
10129:
10097:
10066:
10042:
10020:
10001:
9970:
9949:
9928:
9908:
9883:
9862:
9841:
9823:
9804:
9774:
9750:
9728:
9703:
9668:
9645:
9616:
9593:
9553:
9315:
9240:online
9223:
9151:
9099:
8827:
8783:20 May
8769:
8688:
8660:
8546:
8311:
8261:
8222:
8080:
8026:10 May
7970:10 May
7917:
7892:
7861:
7831:
7761:
7649:
7593:
7517:
7481:
7471:
7261:
7178:
7149:31 May
7124:
7034:
6998:
6994:–131.
6962:
6925:
6921:–123.
6889:
6853:
6664:
6486:
6351:
6308:
6281:
6257:
6213:
6033:
5940:
5863:
5832:
5755:650259
5753:
5702:
5665:
5578:
5509:
5454:
5423:
5324:
5257:
5178:
5149:
5071:
5063:
4615:Junoon
4520:Jhansi
4155:Junoon
3728:Awards
3271:Penang
3221:Orissa
3136:Gurkha
3112:Chenab
3104:Sutlej
3096:Kharal
2999:Punjab
2995:Jhelum
2961:Khalsa
2946:Lahore
2896:Thakur
2877:Nawada
2820:Rajput
2794:Indore
2790:Indore
2780:Indore
2739:Orchha
2690:was a
2663:Jhansi
2626:, 1858
2570:Meerut
2387:Kanpur
2377:, 1860
2193:Punjab
2173:Gurkha
2169:Karnal
2161:Meerut
2142:Persia
2108:Tijara
2096:Lahore
2088:area.
2056:Meerut
2052:Bijnor
2040:Meerut
2032:Gurjar
1993:Bengal
1989:Mughal
1985:Punjab
1923:Second
1901:Mughal
1893:Punjab
1839:ghazis
1834:ghazis
1818:Nizams
1756:Meerut
1720:Karnal
1642:sowars
1631:Rampur
1620:Kotwal
1593:Meerut
1571:, 1857
1557:Meerut
1539:Ambala
1434:bhatta
1426:Punjab
1390:sepoys
1261:, the
1244:Meerut
1231:Rajput
1215:Indore
1149:tallow
1004:castes
998:. The
996:Bengal
994:, and
992:Madras
988:Bombay
978:sepoys
922:, and
916:Punjab
912:nawabs
889:Muslim
866:Odisha
862:Bengal
788:Indian
763:, and
757:Mysore
747:, the
745:Punjab
733:Bengal
731:India—
728:Kanpur
708:Mughal
687:, the
683:, the
679:, the
675:, the
650:Meerut
642:sepoys
638:mutiny
572:Jhelum
448:
435:
404:
376:
338:
327:
314:
261:Rampur
205:Nawabs
166:Jhansi
108:Result
15173:Jatra
15037:Bhadu
14974:Siuri
14944:Malda
14826:towns
14788:Nadia
14694:Malda
14469:Khoai
14442:Ganga
14387:Terai
14194:Ilish
13944:Tirah
13854:Tochi
13643:Perak
13409:Nepal
13331:Egypt
13258:Malta
13186:Assam
13029:Ghana
12927:Ormuz
12775:Clive
12745:Minto
12740:Ripon
12725:Irwin
12159:Shahu
11546:Third
11536:First
11521:Third
11511:First
11022:JSTOR
10993:JSTOR
10954:S2CID
10934:(PDF)
10862:S2CID
10854:JSTOR
10816:S2CID
10808:JSTOR
10779:S2CID
10751:JSTOR
10720:JSTOR
10689:S2CID
10681:JSTOR
10650:S2CID
10642:JSTOR
10614:JSTOR
10585:S2CID
10537:S2CID
10529:JSTOR
10501:S2CID
10493:JSTOR
10461:JSTOR
9926:JSTOR
9802:JSTOR
7859:JSTOR
7829:JSTOR
7647:JSTOR
7591:JSTOR
5751:JSTOR
5069:S2CID
4782:White
4768:Notes
4563:and "
4136:Assam
4083:Films
3710:Sikhs
3447:Punch
3267:Burma
3263:Hosay
3144:Dhaka
2846:Arrah
2800:Bihar
2756:Kalpi
2735:Datia
2652:Patna
2574:Awadh
2409:Delhi
2165:Simla
2154:China
2100:Fatwa
2092:Mufti
2060:Delhi
2038:near
1919:First
1885:Sikhs
1848:jihad
1844:ulema
1760:Delhi
1649:Delhi
1543:Simla
1430:batta
1403:Bihar
1219:Sagar
1103:China
1086:Burma
1024:Bihar
1020:Awadh
956:Berar
944:Nepal
940:Jammu
885:Hindu
724:Awadh
582:Arrah
562:Delhi
271:Nabha
201:Rajas
195:Banda
143:Sepoy
101:India
15067:Holi
15032:Baul
14592:and
14184:Tree
14166:Bird
14058:Aden
14034:Oman
14016:Oman
13815:20th
13391:Java
13286:19th
13039:18th
13011:Siam
12900:17th
12693:more
11995:more
11594:more
11066:ISBN
10971:ISBN
10878:ISBN
10431:ISBN
10409:ISBN
10390:ISBN
10371:ISBN
10352:ISBN
10333:ISBN
10314:ISBN
10295:ISBN
10270:ISBN
10251:ISBN
10232:ISBN
10213:ISBN
10194:ISBN
10169:2012
10151:ISBN
10127:ISBN
10095:ISBN
10082:2015
10064:ISBN
10040:ISBN
10018:ISBN
9999:ISBN
9968:ISBN
9947:ISBN
9906:LCCN
9881:ISBN
9860:ISBN
9839:ISBN
9821:ISBN
9772:ISBN
9748:ISBN
9726:ISBN
9701:ISBN
9684:2008
9666:ISBN
9643:ISBN
9614:ISBN
9591:ISBN
9564:2012
9551:ISBN
9492:2022
9460:2021
9430:2009
9399:2009
9313:ISBN
9221:ISBN
9149:ISBN
9097:ISBN
9046:2022
9020:2008
8990:2022
8960:2006
8825:ISBN
8785:2022
8767:ISBN
8686:ISBN
8658:ISBN
8562:2019
8544:ISBN
8523:2019
8474:2019
8447:2019
8420:2022
8390:2019
8363:2022
8309:ISBN
8272:2013
8259:ISBN
8238:2017
8220:ISBN
8116:2017
8078:ISBN
8057:2017
8028:2016
8002:2022
7972:2016
7915:ISBN
7890:ISBN
7806:2012
7777:2012
7759:ISBN
7724:2016
7624:2012
7568:2012
7515:ISBN
7479:OCLC
7469:ISBN
7259:ISBN
7176:OCLC
7151:2007
7122:ISBN
7032:ISBN
6996:ISBN
6960:ISBN
6923:ISBN
6887:ISBN
6851:ISBN
6795:2022
6769:2022
6721:2022
6662:ISBN
6531:2023
6484:ISBN
6384:2023
6349:ISBN
6306:ISBN
6279:ISBN
6255:ISBN
6211:ISBN
6031:ISBN
5973:2020
5938:ISBN
5895:2022
5861:ISBN
5830:ISBN
5700:ISBN
5681:2021
5663:ISBN
5627:2016
5576:ISBN
5554:2022
5525:2023
5507:ISBN
5470:2017
5452:ISBN
5421:ISBN
5322:ISBN
5255:ISBN
5176:ISBN
5147:ISBN
5061:ISSN
5009:2020
4692:and
4457:1947
4025:and
4019:Oudh
3856:The
3756:here
3583:and
3559:and
3377:and
3257:and
3195:Koli
3191:Bhil
3185:and
3110:and
3108:Ravi
3043:and
3041:Sikh
2879:and
2873:Gaya
2737:and
2650:and
2337:Agra
2319:and
2215:The
2163:and
2152:for
2080:and
2068:Jats
2058:and
2050:and
1929:and
1921:and
1895:and
1887:and
1883:The
1774:and
1765:Fort
1758:and
1698:The
1583:and
1537:and
1531:Agra
1422:Oudh
1407:Oudh
1405:and
1397:and
1367:The
1333:sati
1327:and
1227:Oudh
1217:and
1153:lard
1101:and
1077:sati
1070:and
1064:Oudh
1030:and
1022:and
1014:and
975:The
887:and
790:and
749:Sikh
722:and
667:The
656:and
620:The
587:Agra
577:Aong
156:Oudh
71:Date
13403:USA
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