92:
424:
29:
1576:
302:– The duty to provide, on rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable and nondiscriminatory, for physical colocation of equipment necessary for interconnection or access to unbundled network elements at the premises of the local exchange carrier, except that the carrier may provide for virtual colocation if the LEC demonstrates that physical colocation is not practical for technical reasons or because of space limitations.
1586:
1565:
1596:
394:
British
Columbia – originally established as several independent companies; amalgamated by GTE as BC Tel with the second-last private independent being acquired circa 1980, as the ILEC; merged with Telus in 1999; Northwestel was the ILEC in the northern area as service was initiated by the U.S.
402:
Newfoundland – private companies, mostly small, with one that eventually acquired the other small companies; government developed a system that served smaller communities, and which was taken over by a federal crown corporation in 1950, then sold to the remaining large private company in 1988,
390:
Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan – originally established by Bell Canada and small area independent companies; all purchased by the provincial governments (Alberta, in the 1906–1908 period; Manitoba, circa 1908; Saskatchewan, 1908–1909 period) and developed into a complete service to all communities,
410:
Territories – some independent companies in the west, plus U.S. Army system which came under crown corporation in 1948; from 1958–64, independent companies acquired by the crown corporation that would be
Northwestel as of 1979, and developed in remaining communities; Bell Canada developed
295:
Notice of changes – The duty to provide reasonable public notice of changes in the information necessary for the transmission and routing of services using that local exchange carrier's facilities or networks, as well as of any other changes that would affect the interoperability of those
398:
New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, P.E.I. – established by Bell Canada and small area independent companies; Bell operations sold off in 1888-89 to separate companies which eventually consolidated their operations to absorb most independents (last NB independent bought in 1973); Bell acquired
276:
access - The duty to provide, to any requesting telecommunications carrier for the provision of a telecommunications service, nondiscriminatory access to network elements on an unbundled basis at any technically feasible point on rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable and
382:, as well as any other company that previously held a monopoly to serve a community and continues to do so, or a successor company if it is bought and absorbed. ILECs are obligated to serve the entire exchange area as a "provider of last resort", while
245:
the particular terms and conditions of agreements to fulfill the duties described for a LEC and the specific ones for the ILEC. The requesting telecommunications carrier also has the duty to negotiate in good faith the terms and conditions of such
406:
Ontario and Quebec – private companies, Bell Canada being the dominant one; Bell purchased several of the small independents through the years; other independents amalgamated; this mix became the array of ILECs in the
218:
such carrier occupies a position in the market for telephone exchange service within an area that is comparable to the position occupied by a carrier described previously
265:
That is at least equal in quality to that provided by the LEC to itself or to any subsidiary, affiliate or any other party to which the carrier provides interconnection
287:
To offer for resale at wholesale rates any telecommunications service that the carrier provides at retail to subscribers who are not telecommunications carriers
395:
Army in 1942, then eventually turned over to government and crown corporation entities; Prince Rupert City Tel remains the only ILEC not associated with either
840:
491:
399:
interests in the companies during the 1960s, which are the ILECs, though they merged into a single company covering four provinces including
Newfoundland.
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463:
206:
or is a person or entity that, on or after such date of enactment, became a successor or assignee of a member described in the previous bullet.
39:
290:
Not to prohibit, and not to impose unreasonable or discriminatory conditions or limitations on, the resale of such telecommunications service,
268:
On rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable and nondiscriminatory, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement
1548:
1520:
1515:
540:
504:
411:
services in eastern area, then sold to
Northwestel in 1992; Northwestel becomes ILEC with introduction of local competition in 2007.
17:
1542:
391:
as the ILECs; Alberta's privatized as Telus in the 1990s, Manitoba's in 1997, while
Saskatchewan's remains a crown corporation
1537:
1527:
1507:
1309:
192:
51:
386:
can choose which locations to serve, be it by facilities of their own or by resale of services of an ILEC or another CLEC.
674:
1599:
1532:
1378:
281:
in a manner that allows requesting carriers to combine such elements in order to provide such telecommunications service.
1304:
383:
165:
1398:
320:
277:
nondiscriminatory in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement. An ILEC shall provide such unbundled
211:
135:
113:
73:
326:
Various regional independents also held incumbent monopolies in their respective regions. The largest of these was
106:
1183:
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533:
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1289:
185:
1314:
363:
339:
253:
1589:
1350:
1247:
790:
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557:
256:
and equipment of any requesting telecommunications carrier, interconnection with the LEC's network –
47:
1579:
1086:
526:
196:
1438:
1360:
1299:
1006:
316:
214:(FCC) may, by rule, provide for the treatment of an LEC (or class or category thereof) as an ILEC if:
1210:
1171:
1016:
916:
845:
778:
605:
1569:
811:
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699:
659:
495:
100:
55:
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1393:
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1111:
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689:
575:
570:
501:
448:
1330:
1116:
931:
876:
871:
684:
649:
342:
is responsible for providing local telephone exchange services in a specified geographic area.
177:
117:
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901:
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711:
632:
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565:
1146:
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1076:
833:
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590:
8:
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600:
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549:
200:
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881:
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428:
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886:
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259:
For the transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access
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225:
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330:, the second largest ILEC after the Bell System. GTE was later absorbed into
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1403:
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1081:
971:
966:
956:
941:
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622:
312:
16:"ILEC" redirects here. For the International Legal English Certificate, see
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637:
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1026:
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379:
375:
464:"Bell System Break-Up Opens Era Of Great Expectations and Great Concern"
1486:
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891:
800:
756:
726:
704:
242:
1471:
936:
751:
518:
157:
221:
such carrier has substantially replaced an ILEC described previously
1466:
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1373:
1198:
1021:
371:
161:
1461:
1446:
664:
513:
367:
331:
1491:
1451:
773:
403:
becoming the ILEC that merged with the three
Maritime companies
359:
351:
262:
At any technically feasible point within the carrier's network
1476:
1413:
721:
355:
1418:
335:
191:
on the date of enactment, was deemed to be a member of the
327:
354:, ILECs are the original telephone companies such as
237:
ILECs have the same duties as a LEC and in addition:
164:
on landline service before the market was opened to
315:, ILECs were companies in existence at the time of
241:Duty to negotiate – The duty to negotiate in
1612:
461:
534:
168:, or the corporate successor of such a firm.
36:The examples and perspective in this article
1549:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1585:
541:
527:
455:
323:(RBOCs), also known as the "Baby Bells".
176:An incumbent local exchange carrier is a
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
99:This article includes a list of general
1626:United States communications regulation
18:International Legal English Certificate
1613:
548:
224:such treatment is consistent with the
522:
514:National Exchange Carrier Association
252:– The duty to provide, for the
193:National Exchange Carrier Association
188:, provided telephone exchange service
1595:
85:
22:
166:competitive local exchange carriers
13:
451:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
105:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1637:
485:
462:Andrew Pollack (1 January 1984).
321:Regional Bell Operating Companies
212:Federal Communications Commission
1594:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1184:Free-space optical communication
422:
306:
184:on the date of enactment of the
160:company which held the regional
150:incumbent local exchange carrier
90:
27:
441:
186:Telecommunications Act of 1996
180:(LEC) in a specific area that
1:
434:
364:Alberta Government Telephones
340:independent telephone company
171:
1570:Telecommunication portal
1351:Telecommunications equipment
7:
1087:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
415:
228:, convenience and necessity
197:Code of Federal Regulations
50:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1642:
791:Telecommunications history
15:
1558:
1500:
1437:
1399:Public Switched Telephone
1359:
1323:
1280:
1221:
1211:telecommunication circuit
1172:Fiber-optic communication
1155:
917:Francis Blake (telephone)
864:
712:Optical telecommunication
556:
372:Manitoba Telecom Services
345:
232:
1310:Orbital angular-momentum
747:Satellite communications
586:Communications satellite
296:facilities and networks.
284:Resale – The duty
1189:Molecular communication
1012:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
841:Undersea telegraph line
576:Cable protection system
317:the breakup of AT&T
120:more precise citations.
1331:Communication protocol
1117:Charles Sumner Tainter
932:Walter Houser Brattain
877:Edwin Howard Armstrong
685:Information revolution
178:local exchange carrier
1305:Polarization-division
1037:Narinder Singh Kapany
1002:Erna Schneider Hoover
922:Jagadish Chandra Bose
902:Alexander Graham Bell
633:online video platform
429:Telephones portal
1147:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1107:Almon Brown Strowger
1077:Charles Grafton Page
732:Prepaid mobile phone
660:Electrical telegraph
338:. In some areas, an
203:, section 69.601(b).
56:create a new article
48:improve this article
38:may not represent a
1097:Johann Philipp Reis
856:Wireless revolution
818:The Telephone Cases
675:Hydraulic telegraph
1295:Frequency-division
1272:Telephone exchange
1142:Charles Wheatstone
1072:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1047:Innocenzo Manzetti
982:Reginald Fessenden
717:Optical telegraphy
550:Telecommunications
507:2006-09-26 at the
468:The New York Times
1608:
1607:
1346:Store and forward
1341:Data transmission
1255:Network switching
1206:Transmission line
1052:Guglielmo Marconi
1017:Internet pioneers
882:Mohamed M. Atalla
851:Whistled language
374:(MTS Allstream),
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84:
83:
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58:, as appropriate.
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1598:
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1588:
1587:
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1568:
1567:
1566:
1439:Notable networks
1429:Wireless network
1369:Cellular network
1361:Types of network
1336:Computer network
1223:Network topology
1137:Thomas A. Watson
992:Oliver Heaviside
977:Philo Farnsworth
952:Daniel Davis Jr.
927:Charles Bourseul
887:John Logie Baird
596:Data compression
591:Computer network
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519:
502:FCC CFR Title 47
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279:network elements
195:pursuant to the
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116:this article by
107:inline citations
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1057:Robert Metcalfe
912:Tim Berners-Lee
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680:Information Age
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509:Wayback Machine
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250:Interconnection
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742:Radiotelephone
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64:September 2020
42:of the subject
40:worldwide view
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1300:Time-division
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1082:Radia Perlman
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764:Semiconductor
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449:"47CFR69.601"
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1282:Multiplexing
1157:Transmission
1122:Nikola Tesla
1112:Henry Sutton
1067:Samuel Morse
997:Robert Hooke
962:Amos Dolbear
897:John Bardeen
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796:Telautograph
700:Mobile phone
655:Edholm's law
638:social media
571:Broadcasting
471:. Retrieved
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1482:NPL network
1194:Radio waves
1132:Alfred Vail
1042:Hedy Lamarr
1027:Dawon Kahng
987:Elisha Gray
947:Yogen Dalal
872:Nasir Ahmed
806:Teleprinter
670:Heliographs
376:Bell Canada
246:agreements.
118:introducing
1615:Categories
1528:Antarctica
1487:Toasternet
1409:Television
892:Paul Baran
824:Television
808:(teletype)
801:Telegraphy
779:transistor
757:Phryctoria
727:Photophone
705:Smartphone
695:Mass media
435:References
300:Colocation
254:facilities
243:good faith
172:Definition
101:references
1621:Telephony
1512:Americas
1501:Locations
1472:Internet2
1233:Bandwidth
937:Vint Cerf
834:streaming
812:Telephone
752:Semaphore
643:streaming
319:into the
274:Unbundled
158:telephone
126:July 2008
52:talk page
1580:Category
1467:Internet
1457:CYCLADES
1374:Ethernet
1324:Concepts
1248:terminal
1199:wireless
1022:Bob Kahn
865:Pioneers
690:Internet
581:Cable TV
505:Archived
473:18 March
416:See also
201:Title 47
199:(C.F.R)
162:monopoly
46:You may
1600:Commons
1590:Outline
1543:Oceania
1462:FidoNet
1447:ARPANET
1260:circuit
829:digital
558:History
498:format.
368:SaskTel
332:Verizon
311:In the
114:improve
1538:Europe
1508:Africa
1492:Usenet
1452:BITNET
1389:Mobile
1265:packet
774:MOSFET
769:device
566:Beacon
380:Aliant
360:BC Tel
352:Canada
346:Canada
233:Duties
103:, but
1521:South
1516:North
1477:JANET
1414:Telex
1404:Radio
1243:Nodes
1238:Links
1159:media
737:Radio
722:Pager
650:Drums
616:video
611:image
601:audio
407:1990s
384:CLECs
356:Telus
334:, an
54:, or
1533:Asia
1419:UUCP
1379:ISDN
475:2013
378:and
362:and
336:RBOC
210:The
154:ILEC
1424:WAN
1394:NGN
1384:LAN
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