1591:
427:
System security, to the extent that it existed, was mostly-based on de facto "security by obscurity". Guest hackers willing to dedicate significant time and effort to learning ITS were expected to behave respectfully, and to avoid interfering with the research projects which funded the hardware and
423:
Tourists (guest users either at MIT AI Lab terminals, or over the ARPAnet) were tolerated and occasionally invited to actively join the ITS community. Informal policy on tourist access was later formalized in a written policy. Ease of access, with or without a guest account, allowed interested
663:
CTSS and ITS file systems have a number of design elements in common. Both have an M.F.D. (master file directory) and one or more U.F.D. (user file directories). Neither of them have nested directories (sub-directories) Both have file names consisting of two names which are a maximum of
659:
printer, an early sheet-fed laser printer. Although any ITS user could access the laser printers, physical access to pick up printouts was limited to staff and others who obtained access to the MIT lab, to control usage of printer supplies which had to be specially ordered.
318:, and a superior process could control a large number of inferior processes. Any inferior process could be frozen at any point in its operation, and its state (including contents of the registers) examined; the process could then be resumed transparently.
655:(XGP), one of the first laser printers in the world, was supported by ITS by 1974. The MIT AI Lab had one of these prototype continuous roll-fed printers for experimentation and use by its staff. By 1982, the XGP was supplemented by a
374:
it, a novel approach was taken. A command that caused the system to crash was implemented and could be run by anyone, which took away all the fun and challenge of doing so. It did, however, broadcast a message to say who was doing
424:
parties to informally explore and experiment with the operating system, application programs, and "hacker" culture. Working copies of documentation and source code could be freely consulted or updated by anybody on the system.
428:
software systems. There was little of exclusive value on the ITS systems except information, much of which would eventually be published for free distribution, and open and free sharing of knowledge was generally encouraged.
386:. A series of informal papers and technical notes documented new commands, technical issues, primitive games, mathematical puzzles, and other topics of interest to the ITS hacker community. Some were issued as more formal
635:
Different implementations of ITS supported an odd array of peripherals, including an automatic wire stripper devised by hacker
Richard Greenblatt, who needed a supply of pre-stripped jumper wires of various lengths for
194:, allowing many interested parties to informally try out features of the operating system and application programs. The wide-open ITS philosophy and collaborative online community were a major influence on the
288:
output; programs generated generic commands to control screen content, which the system automatically translated into the appropriate character sequences for the particular type of terminal operated by the
190:
ITS, and the software developed on it, were technically and culturally influential far beyond their core user community. Remote "guest" or "tourist" access was easily available via the early
460:
programs (called "macros"). On later operating systems, it was written in the common language of those systems – for example, the C language under Unix, and
Zetalisp under the
224:
ITS development was initiated in the late 1960s by those (the majority of the MIT AI Lab staff at that time) who disagreed with the direction taken by
Project MAC's
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652:
1626:
1328:
262:
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on another's terminal (using a command called OS for "output spy"). A target of OS could detect and kill it using another command called JEDGAR, named after
243:
By simplifying their system compared to
Multics, ITS's authors were able to quickly produce a functional operating system for their lab. ITS was written in
624:. The document described much of the terminology, puns, and culture of the two AI Labs and related research groups, and is the direct predecessor of the
959:
648:, all under computer control from ITS software. The device was accessible by any ITS user, but was disappointingly unreliable in actual use.
1348:
261:
Although not used as intensively after about 1986, ITS continued to operate on original hardware at MIT until 1990, and then until 1995 at
621:
359:
The environment seen by ITS users was philosophically significantly different from that provided by most operating systems at the time.
200:
593:
The local spelling "TURIST" is an artifact of six-character filename (and other identifier) limitations, which is traceable to six
367:, and a user could work on ITS without logging on. Logging on was considered polite, though, so people knew when one was connected.
474:
help system was originally an EMACS subsystem, and then was later written as a complete standalone system for Unix-like machines.
1641:
1616:
1595:
1341:
1290:
1172:
720:
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symbolic algebra system, started in 1968, was the first widely-known mathematical computing environment. It was a forerunner of
176:
33:
1310:
1162:
925:
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1451:
490:
307:, and a user on one machine could perform the same operations with files on other ITS machines as if they were local files.
1631:
1223:
1207:
550:'s Mac Hack VI was the top-rated chess program for years and was the first to display a graphical board representation.
800:
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969:
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1436:
525:
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547:
409:
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237:
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613:" was also applied to guest users, especially those who repeatedly engaged in clueless or vandalous behavior.
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700:
502:
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248:
205:
82:
902:
343:. No process could ever observe any process (including itself) in the middle of executing any system call.
1506:
1396:
563:
140:
456:("Editor MACroS") editor was originally written on ITS. In its ITS instantiation it was a collection of
228:
project (which had started in the mid-1960s), particularly such decisions as the inclusion of powerful
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1090:
571:
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started as a combined effort between people on the ITS machines at MIT and at
Stanford University
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136:
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on another's terminal, or they could use a command (SHOUT) to ask all active users for help.
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computer, but the majority of ITS development and use was on the later, largely compatible,
991:
437:
432:
The wide-open ITS philosophy and collaborative community were the direct forerunner of the
209:
44:
876:
269:
of PDP-10 hardware running on modern, low-cost computers supported by interested hackers.
8:
1521:
781:
521:
347:
282:
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To deal with a rash of incidents where users sought out flaws in the system in order to
1224:"A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory"
457:
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322:
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1258:
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965:
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729:
513:
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Several important programming languages and systems were developed on ITS, including
398:
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244:
229:
49:
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937:
854:
688:
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characters fitting into a single 36-bit PDP-10 word. "TURIST" may also have been a
336:
265:
in Sweden. Today, some ITS implementations continue to be remotely accessible, via
172:
153:
148:
107:
102:
1222:
Chiou, Stefanie; Music, Craig; Sprague, Kara; Wahba, Rebekah (December 16, 2001).
508:
Among other significant and influential software subsystems developed on ITS, the
1333:
872:
628:(1983), the first compendium of hacker jargon to be issued by a major publisher (
413:
1301:
UP: Public ITS system operated by the Update
Computer Club at Uppsala University
1195:
1015:
1179:
1040:
579:
578:, which was written in TECO. Both DDT and TECO were implemented through simple
531:
293:
195:
129:
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facility that allowed user processes to operate asynchronously, using complex
1610:
1401:
1065:
835:
641:
637:
379:
236:
as a joke on the name of the earliest MIT time-sharing operating system, the
926:"A Socio-Cultural Perspective on the Free and Open Source Software Movement"
1364:
1152:
Eastlake, D; Greenblatt, R; Holloway, J; Knight, T; Nelson, S (July 1969).
587:
461:
169:
346:
In support of the AI Lab's robotics work, ITS also supported simultaneous
930:
International
Journal of Instructional Technology & Distance Learning
656:
617:
602:
567:
486:
471:
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command: it appeared as if the remote session was killed, but it was not.
383:
340:
180:
37:
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in software running in user processes (which were called "jobs" in ITS).
1406:
858:
28:
1196:"Epistemologically Multiple Actor-Centered Systems: or, EMACS At Work"
335:, a mechanism providing what appeared (to user processes) to be quasi-
783:
Hackers: Heroes of the
Computer Revolution - 25th Anniversary Edition
629:
364:
644:
and a formerly hand-held wire stripper tool and cutter, operated by
640:
computer hardware he and others were prototyping. The device used a
1466:
961:
Free
Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman
645:
482:
332:
266:
1305:
1536:
1531:
1486:
1461:
509:
498:
478:
417:
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304:
225:
191:
1253:
Free as in
Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
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88:
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1317:
594:
535:
517:
391:
255:
122:
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1471:
610:
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299:
Using the virtual-device mechanism, ITS provided transparent
251:
118:
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1314:
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540:
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1300:
818:
Principles of Operating Systems: Design & Applications
447:
598:
467:
1221:
1100:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. May 24, 1974
1296:
SV: An ITS system running online and open for logins
1363:
1250:
849:Eastlake, Donald E. (1972). "ITS Status Report".
664:six-characters long. Both support linked files.
272:
1608:
582:on single-letter commands, and thus had no true
538:program was developed in ITS. The computer game
378:All files were editable by all users, including
183:. The name is the jocular complement of the MIT
871:
1627:Massachusetts Institute of Technology software
1349:
303:. The ITS machines were all connected to the
1173:An Introduction to ITS for the MACSYMA User
924:Pan, Guohua; Bonk, Curtis J. (April 2007).
779:Levy, Steven (2010). "Winners and Losers".
1356:
1342:
1118:Stacy, Christopher C. (7 September 1982).
562:was the PDP-10 machine language debugger (
416:. This facility was later disabled with a
1180:"PCLSRing: Keeping Process State Modular"
1120:"Getting Started Computing at the Al Lab"
204:, and were the direct forerunners of the
1306:KLH10: Ken Harrenstien's PDP-10 emulator
1248:
957:
848:
774:
772:
770:
768:
1129:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
951:
923:
448:Important applications developed on ITS
277:ITS introduced many then-new features:
1609:
1177:
1008:
917:
815:
667:
177:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
34:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1412:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
1337:
1117:
1033:
842:
820:. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 23.
809:
765:
314:; user processes were organized in a
292:A general mechanism for implementing
198:, as described in Steven Levy's book
1058:
984:
778:
544:was also originally written on ITS.
240:, which dated from the early 1960s.
1208:Association for Computing Machinery
1193:
1168:from the original on 16 March 2022.
996:Software Development for the Masses
354:
13:
1178:Bawden, Alan (December 29, 2000).
1066:"The Original Hacker's Dictionary"
728:. 1967. p. 18. Archived from
14:
1653:
1284:
1155:ITS Reference Manual, Version 1.5
501:'s programming environment), and
1590:
1589:
1311:instructions allowing ITS to run
1194:Lin, Yuwei (February 24, 2004).
787:(1st ed.). Sebastopol, CA:
553:
1427:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
1144:
1111:
1083:
609:. The less-complimentary term "
301:inter-machine filesystem access
162:Incompatible Timesharing System
23:Incompatible Timesharing System
1642:Software using the GPL license
1617:Time-sharing operating systems
895:
865:
739:
722:Project MAC Progress Report IV
713:
273:Significant technical features
238:Compatible Time-Sharing System
185:Compatible Time-Sharing System
1:
1379:Time-sharing system evolution
958:Stallman, Richard M. (2002).
706:
701:Time-sharing system evolution
434:free and open-source software
249:Digital Equipment Corporation
206:free and open-source software
175:developed principally by the
7:
1397:Berkeley Timesharing System
1022:. TuristDictionary.com, LLC
903:"MIT AI Lab Tourist Policy"
875:, ed. (December 29, 2003).
694:
605:, a pioneer of theoretical
497:(which became the basis of
350:and time-sharing operation.
69:; 57 years ago
10:
1658:
1632:Assembly language software
558:The default ITS top-level
493:(implemented in MacLisp),
397:All users could talk with
219:
1585:
1387:
1374:
816:Stuart, Brian L. (2008).
232:. The name was chosen by
147:
128:
113:
101:
81:
63:
55:
43:
27:
1291:ITS System Documentation
964:. Lulu.com. p. 13.
526:computer algebra systems
363:Initially there were no
1392:BBN Time-Sharing System
851:MIT AI Laboratory Memos
339:, safely-interruptible
1249:Williams, Sam (2002).
653:Xerox Graphics Printer
406:see what was happening
137:Command-line interface
1161:. MIT AI Laboratory.
1047:. Dictionary.com, LLC
263:Stacken Computer Club
247:, originally for the
380:online documentation
936:(4). Archived from
668:Original developers
626:Hacker's Dictionary
560:command interpreter
522:Wolfram Mathematica
24:
1091:"XGP Font Catalog"
905:. January 15, 1997
674:Richard Greenblatt
548:Richard Greenblatt
481:(the precursor of
327:interrupt handling
323:software interrupt
312:process management
283:device-independent
22:
1604:
1603:
1368:operating systems
1324:Jargon File Entry
1268:978-0-596-00287-9
735:on March 8, 2016.
590:was called PEEK.
524:, and many other
399:instant messaging
286:graphics terminal
245:assembly language
179:, with help from
159:
158:
50:Assembly language
1649:
1593:
1592:
1492:ORVYL and WYLBUR
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1329:ITS bibliography
1279:
1277:
1275:
1257:. Petaluma, CA:
1256:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1229:. Archived from
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992:"History of OSS"
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689:Richard Stallman
607:computer science
390:, including the
355:User environment
173:operating system
154:GPL-3.0-or-later
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19:Operating system
16:Operating system
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1236:on May 14, 2011
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881:The Jargon File
877:"OS and JEDGAR"
873:Eric S. Raymond
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414:J. Edgar Hoover
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294:virtual devices
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230:system security
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64:Initial release
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802:978-1449388393
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1072:. Paul Dorish
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940:on 2014-10-12
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1272:. Retrieved
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1238:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1213:December 21,
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588:task manager
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491:Microplanner
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462:Lisp Machine
451:
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404:Users could
358:
341:system calls
321:An advanced
276:
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189:
170:time-sharing
165:
161:
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103:Available in
1070:dourish.com
859:1721.1/6194
853:. AIM-238.
791:. pp.
657:Xerox Dover
618:Jargon File
603:Alan Turing
570:on ITS was
568:text editor
487:Common Lisp
444:movements.
438:open-design
394:compendium.
384:source code
329:mechanisms.
216:movements.
210:open-design
181:Project MAC
38:Project MAC
1611:Categories
1407:CDC Kronos
1133:2021-08-20
1127:MIT Dspace
1104:2021-08-20
1098:MIT Dspace
1076:2014-06-16
1051:2014-06-04
1026:2014-06-04
1001:2014-06-02
977:2014-06-02
944:2014-06-02
707:References
684:Tom Knight
586:. The ITS
574:and later
281:The first
234:Tom Knight
83:Repository
45:Written in
1320:emulator.
836:221248143
751:MIT CSAIL
630:MIT Press
412:Director
365:passwords
348:real-time
267:emulation
114:Platforms
29:Developer
1596:Category
1467:MUSIC/SP
1259:O'Reilly
1200:Ubiquity
1163:Archived
1016:"turist"
747:"README"
695:See also
646:solenoid
483:Zetalisp
464:system.
388:AI Memos
333:PCLSRing
187:(CTSS).
117:Digital
1537:TOPS-20
1532:TOPS-10
1487:OpenVMS
1462:Multics
1313:on the
1041:"luser"
510:Macsyma
499:Infocom
479:MacLisp
418:placebo
305:ARPAnet
226:Multics
220:History
201:Hackers
192:ARPANET
168:) is a
149:License
130:Default
108:English
93:/PDP-10
74:1967-07
72: (
1594:
1572:VPS/VM
1567:VP/CSS
1512:RSTS/E
1497:OS4000
1482:NOS/VE
1422:CP/CMS
1318:PDP-10
1265:
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795:–102.
584:syntax
536:SHRDLU
518:MATLAB
514:Maxima
503:Scheme
440:, and
392:HAKMEM
337:atomic
256:PDP-10
212:, and
123:PDP-10
89:github
59:Active
1577:WAITS
1547:TSS/8
1517:TENEX
1472:NLTSS
1452:MCTSS
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1227:(PDF)
1206:(1).
1166:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
753:. n.d
733:(PDF)
726:(PDF)
611:LUSER
576:Emacs
454:EMACS
372:crash
289:user.
252:PDP-6
119:PDP-6
1552:Unix
1527:TSOS
1502:Pick
1447:LTSS
1437:EMAS
1432:DTSS
1315:SIMH
1276:2009
1263:ISBN
1242:2009
1215:2009
1187:2009
966:ISBN
911:2009
889:2009
832:OCLC
822:ISBN
797:ISBN
759:2022
651:The
622:SAIL
616:The
572:TECO
541:Zork
485:and
472:info
458:TECO
452:The
442:Wiki
382:and
316:tree
214:Wiki
95:/its
91:.com
36:and
1557:UTS
1542:TSS
1522:TSO
1507:RAX
1477:NOS
1457:MTS
1442:ITS
1417:COS
855:hdl
632:).
601:on
599:pun
564:DDT
534:'s
495:MDL
489:),
470:‘s
468:GNU
410:FBI
375:it.
166:ITS
141:DDT
1613::
1562:VM
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