613:, that professional helpers should base their practice on people's existing strengths and "natural" capabilities. The careful practice of "unnatural" (self-conscious) professional intervention may be important and valuable, said Kegan; nevertheless "rather than being the panacea for modern maladies, it is actually a second-best means of support, and arguably a sign that the natural facilitation of development has somehow and for some reason broken down". Helping professionals need a way of evaluating the quality of people's evolving cultures of embeddedness to provide opportunities for problem-solving and growth, while acknowledging that the evaluators too have their own evolving cultures of embeddedness. Kegan warned that professional helpers should not delude themselves into thinking that their conceptions of health and development are unbiased by their particular circumstances or partialities. He acknowledged the importance of
975:(DDO) with adult development theory and argue that creating conditions for employees to successfully navigate through the transitions from socialized mind to self-authoring mind to self-transforming mind (described in Kegan's earlier works) "has a business value", at least in part because they expect demand for employees with more complex mindsets "will intensify in the years ahead". Three different and successful DDOs are introduced and analyzed throughout the book. These DDOs are
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or "flow" of the company from day-to-day that foster development. "Home" is the supportive community within a DDO that allows people to be vulnerable and trust each other. The authors emphasize that underlying each of these parts of a DDO is the idea that adults are truly capable of continuous improvement and development. The authors also explain that for DDOs, the goals of adult development and business success are not mutually exclusive, but both ultimately become one objective.
1438:
justifications of what constitutes epistemic progress (the development of more adequate knowledge), there are several aspects of
Piagetian theory that we find limiting and attempt to transcend in our view of the nature of development. Most prominent among these are (a) the theory of global stages, (b) imprecision in identifying levels of psychological development, and (c) a lack of emphasis on social and cultural relations as constitutive of developmental change."
657:. What he earlier called "evolutionary truces" of increasing subject–object complexity are now called "orders of consciousness". The book explores what happens, and how people feel, when new orders of consciousness emerge, or fail to emerge, in various domains. These domains include parenting (families), partnering (couples), working (companies), healing (psychotherapies), and learning (schools). He connects the idea of orders of consciousness with the idea of a
121:, the activity of making sense of experience through discovering and resolving problems. As he wrote, "Thus it is not that a person makes meaning, as much as that activity of being a person is the activity of meaning-making." The purpose of the book is primarily to give professional helpers (such as counselors, psychotherapists, and coaches) a broad, developmental framework for empathizing with their clients' different ways of making sense of their problems.
919:(3) Hidden competing commitment (and worry box): The hidden competing commitment column often evokes a visceral reaction as it develops into unpleasant emotions stemming from deep-rooted fears and worries. To fill this column, individuals examine the doing and not doing column and imagine doing the opposite. Hidden competing commitments represent unspoken or unconscious actions that protect individuals from experiencing their worries and fears.
177:
decontextualized individual. Constructive-developmental psychology reconceives the whole question of the relationship between the individual and the social by reminding that the distinction is not absolute, that development is intrinsically about the continual settling and resettling of this very distinction."
913:(1) Commitment (improvement) goals: In this column, individuals make commitment goals stated in a positive way focusing on development rather than what actions will cease. These goals emphasize proactive actions, solidifying commitment. The goal is something that an individual feels a deep need to improve.
990:
The book elaborates on three concepts that the authors believe to be critical to the success of a DDO. These three concepts are what they refer to as "edge", "groove", and "home". The "edge" of a DDO is the drive of the organization to uncover weaknesses and to develop. The "groove" is the practices
779:
Kegan and Lahey progressively introduce each of the four columns of the immunity map in four chapters that show how to transform people's way of talking to themselves and others. In each case, the transformation in people's way of talking is a shift from a habitual and unreflective pattern to a more
693:
In the last chapter, "On Being Good
Company for the Wrong Journey", Kegan warns that it is easy to misconceive the nature of the mental transformations that a person needs or seeks to make. Whatever the virtues of higher orders of consciousness, no one should expect us to master them when we are not
1437:
are best understood as general philosophical frameworks, not as psychological constructs that explain the complexity and diversity of individuals' meaning-making. Later, Basseches and
Mascolo explained: "Although we embrace both Piagetian models of psychological change and their organization into
1035:
of what constitutes epistemic progress (the development of more adequate knowledge)". However, Basseches and
Mascolo rejected theories of global developmental stages, such as those in Kegan's earlier writings, in favor of a more finely differentiated conception of development that focuses on "the
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inquiry. This involves asking questions such as: What are the changes that we think we need to make? What are we doing or not doing to prevent ourselves (immunize ourselves) from making those changes? What anxieties and big assumptions does our doing or not doing imply? How can we test those big
685:
in our knowing, as is the case with subject–object principles". The book continues the same combination of detailed storytelling and theoretical analysis found in his earlier book, but presents a "more complex bi-theoretical approach" rather than the single subject–object theory he presented in
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of three mindsets, called socialized mind, self-authoring mind, and self-transforming mind. (These correspond to the interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual "evolutionary truces" or "orders of consciousness" in Kegan's earlier books.) Kegan and Lahey also borrow and incorporate some
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ready or when we are without the necessary support; and we are unlikely to be helped by someone who assumes that we are engaged at a certain order of consciousness when we are not. He ends with an epilogue on the value of passionate engagement and the creative unpredictability of human lives.
176:
is more than an individual"; developmental psychology studies the evolution of cultures of embeddedness, not the study of isolated individuals. He wrote, "One of the most powerful features of this psychology, in fact, is its capacity to liberate psychological theory from the study of the
910:(0) Generating ideas: Individuals will undergo self-reflective processes to diagnose problems in life that inhibit development. These problems typically transcend both the workplace and home life and affect most aspects of life, including relationships.
922:(4) Big assumption: The big assumption refers to an individual's relevant views of the world, the foundation for the hidden competing commitments. Many individuals hold on to such views, even if they are misconstrued or inaccurately represent life.
870:(2009), the next book by Kegan and Lahey, revisits the immunity map of their previous book. The authors describe three dimensions of immunity to change: the change-preventing system (thwarting challenging aspirations), the feeling system (managing
1018:
in 2000, Kegan expressed self-criticism toward his earlier writings; Kegan told
Scharmer: "I can go back and look at things I've written and think, ugh, this is a pretty raw and distorted way of stating what I think I understand much better now."
617:'s "suggestion that mental illness is a kind of myth", and he said that we need a way to address what Szasz calls "problems in living" while protecting clients as much as possible from the helping professional's partialities and limitations.
124:
Kegan described meaning-making as a lifelong activity that begins in early infancy and can evolve in complexity through a series of "evolutionary truces" (or "evolutionary balances") that establish a balance between self and other (in
916:(2) Doing / not doing: This step includes identifying actions that hinder individuals from achieving their commitment goals. It goes beyond general behavior and focuses on individual actions that occur throughout everyday life.
333:
to refer to things that people are aware of and can take control of. The process of emergence of each evolutionary balance is described in detail in the text of the book; as Kegan said, his primary interest is the
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Kegan repeatedly points to the suffering that can result when people are presented with challenging tasks and expectations without the necessary support to master them. In addition, he now distinguishes between
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Kegan, Robert; Congleton, Christina; David, Susan A (2013). "The goals behind the goals: pursuing adult development in the coaching enterprise". In David, Susan A; Clutterbuck, David; Megginson, David (eds.).
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meaning-making, possessing both strengths and limitations. Each subsequent evolutionary truce is a new, more refined, solution to the lifelong tension between how people are connected, attached, and included
69:. He taught there for forty years until his retirement in 2016. He was also Educational Chair for the Institute for Management and Leadership in Education and the co-director for the Change Leadership Group.
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by psychologists
Michael Basseches and Michael Mascolo—a book which Kegan called "the closest thing we have to a 'unified field theory' for psychotherapy"—Basseches and Mascolo said that they "embrace both
937:: Such tests are employed to challenge big assumptions. The tests are safe and modest in what actions an individual can undertake. It is testable because there of a source of measurement to compare data.
309:
Kegan presented a sequence of six evolutionary balances: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual. The following table is a composite of several tables in
1007:" that "perfectly reflects the rationalist values of modern academia". Brooks also said that Kegan excluded "the possibility of a developmental trajectory aimed at increased connection with others".
874:), and the knowing system (organizing reality). They further illustrate their method with a number of actual case studies from their experiences as consultants, and they connect the method to a
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In three subsequent chapters, Kegan and Lahey present three transformations that groups of people can make in their social behavior, again from a lesser to greater self-reflective pattern:
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pattern of Kegan's earlier thinking but without any explicit use of the concept of "evolutionary truces" or "orders of consciousness". The immunity map primarily consists of a four-column
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188:) are a result of the "natural emergencies" that happen when "the terms of our evolutionary truce must be renegotiated" and a new, more refined, culture of embeddedness must emerge.
3164:
756:. An immunity to change is the "processes of dynamic equilibrium, which, like an immune system, powerfully and mysteriously tend to keep things pretty much as they are" in people's
2892:
169:. Kegan described cultures of embeddedness in terms of three processes: confirmation (holding on), contradiction (letting go), and continuity (staying put for reintegration).
987:. Kegan, along with his fellow co-authors, explore the successful business practices that promote a culture where individual growth and personal satisfaction can flourish.
97:
as formative experiences during his college years. He took his "collection of interests in learning from a psychological and literary and philosophical point of view" to
3854:
609:, titled "Natural Therapy", is a meditation on the philosophical and ethical fundamentals of the helping professions. Kegan argued, similarly to later theorists of
639:. Despite the book's wealth of human stories, some readers have found it difficult to read due to the density of Kegan's writing and its conceptual complexity.
4069:
94:
971:(2016) was co-authored by Robert Kegan, Lisa Laskow Lahey, Matthew L. Miller, Andy Fleming, and Deborah Helsing. The authors connect the concept of the
4000:
3627:"'Mental growth' and 'mental health' as distinct concepts in the study of developmental psychopathology: theory, research, and clinical implications"
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Role-recognizing culture. School and family as institutions of authority and role differentiation. Peer gang which requires role-taking.
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emergence of specific skills, experiences, and behavioral dispositions over the course of psychotherapy as a developmental process".
2899:
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1011:, in contrast, said that Kegan "has made the most heroic efforts" to balance individuality and connection with others in his work.
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deliberate and self-reflective pattern. The four transformations, each of which corresponds to a column of the immunity map, are:
2999:
Bachkirova, Tatiana; Kegan, Robert (March 2009). "Cognitive-developmental approach to coaching: an interview with Robert Kegan".
3165:"Putting the 'development' in professional development: understanding and overturning educational leaders' immunities to change"
1398:
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4028:
1323:
195:
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1328:
66:
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Kaiser, Robert B; Kaplan, Robert E (December 2006). "The deeper work of executive development: outgrowing sensitivities".
2476:"Cooperation and conflict: a personal perspective on the history of the social psychological study of conflict resolution"
2736:
Personality development: theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of
Loevinger's conception of ego development
740:(2001), co-authored by Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey, jettisons the theoretical framework of Kegan's earlier books
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17:
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3597:. Published in cooperation with the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES). Thousand Oaks, CA:
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291:
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1421:
Kegan cites the dialectical psychology of
Michael Basseches, and Basseches in turn was influenced by Kegan. In
906:, has five interlinked columns designed to target anxiety mechanisms that contribute to an immunity to change:
3752:. Consulting group co-founded by Robert Kegan, Lisa Laskow Lahey, Andy Fleming, and Claire Lee. Archived from
2619:
1055:
705:
2514:
Eriksen, Karen (June 2008). "'Interpersonal' clients, students, and supervisees: translating Robert Kegan".
3927:
3884:
3512:
Handbook of reflection and reflective inquiry: mapping a way of knowing for professional reflective inquiry
3466:
3269:. International Conference on Moral and Religious Development. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett Co. pp.
1426:
3635:
2739:
731:
2297:"Toward a constructive-developmental understanding of the dialectics of individuality and irrationality"
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950:
207:
162:
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3405:
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3132:
Eriksen, Karen; Kegan, Robert (2006). "Robert Kegan, PhD: subject–object theory and family therapy".
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892:
2827:
2731:"From taxonomy to ontogeny: thoughts on Loevinger's theory in relation to subject–object psychology"
115:(1982), Kegan explored human life problems from the perspective of a single process which he called
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59:
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3299:"Epistemology, expectation, and aging: a developmental analysis of the gerontological curriculum"
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2237:
1032:
624:
65:
He was the
William and Miriam Meehan Professor in Adult Learning and Professional Development at
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3639:
3626:
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and proposed that the evolution of meaning-making is a life history of holding environments, or
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Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow; Miller, Matthew L.; Fleming, Andy; Helsing, Deborah (2016).
980:
954:
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assumptions so as to disturb our immunity to change and make possible new learning and change?
203:
3298:
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that is gradually filled in by individuals or groups of people during a structured process of
3682:
3593:
Handbook of counselor preparation: constructivist, developmental, and experiential approaches
3063:
Bochman, David J; Kroth, Michael (2010). "Immunity to transformational learning and change".
2925:
The way we're working isn't working: the four forgotten needs that energize great performance
2730:
1348:
1085:
Immunity to change: how to overcome it and unlock potential in yourself and your organization
772:
199:
90:
3590:
3297:
3265:. In Brusselmans, Christiane; O'Donohoe, James A; Fowler, James W; Vergote, Antoine (eds.).
3194:
3029:
2769:
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2336:
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Kegan argued that some of the psychological distress that people experience (including some
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with other people and the world), and how people are distinct, independent, and autonomous (
4049:
3348:"What 'form' transforms?: a constructive-developmental approach to transformative learning"
2952:
2484:
1333:
636:
3568:
Lahey, Lisa Laskow; Souvaine, Emily; Kegan, Robert; Goodman, Robert; Felix, Sally (1988).
2809:"Learning styles and learning spaces: enhancing experiential learning in higher education"
2772:
The hedgehog effect: executive coaching and the secrets of building high performance teams
270:). The third is what Kegan calls the constructive-developmental tradition (which includes
8:
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3732:. Consulting group co-founded by Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey. 2001. Archived from
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The sweeter welcome: voices for a vision of affirmation—Bellow, Malamud, and Martin Buber
1008:
888:
632:
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3393:"Easing a world of pain: learning disabilities and the psychology of self-understanding"
3185:
719:
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3103:
3086:"You don't need more willpower: professors Kegan and Lahey on the challenges of change"
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2548:
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1048:
339:
271:
98:
3507:"From subject to object: a constructive-developmental approach to reflective practice"
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3980:
3904:
3889:
3709:
3699:
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3643:
3632:
Constructivist perspectives on developmental psychopathology and atypical development
3612:
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3572:. Cambridge, MA: The Subject–Object Research Group, Laboratory of Human Development,
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547:(in love or work). Typically: group involvement in career, admission to public arena.
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Culture of intimacy (in love and work). Typically: genuine adult love relationship.
379:
251:
158:
3832:
3109:. Plenum series in adult development and aging. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
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1155:
How the way we talk can change the way we work: seven languages for transformation
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Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow; Fleming, Andy; Miller, Matthew (April 2014).
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Helsing, Deborah; Howell, Annie; Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow (Fall 2008).
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A guide to the subject–object interview: its administration and interpretation
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TKC Interviews | Prof. Robert Kegan – How to develop a 'Self-Authoring Mind'
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of three different intellectual traditions in psychology. The first is the
47:
33:
653:(1994) extends his perspective on psychological development formulated in
54:, lectures to professional and lay audiences, and consults in the area of
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3946:
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Learning as transformation: critical perspectives on a theory in progress
2858:
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Learning as transformation: critical perspectives on a theory in progress
2850:"Learning to think like an adult: core concepts of transformation theory"
2777:
2702:
2406:
1393:
1203:
1160:
1125:
355:
283:
267:
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235:
3262:"There the dance is: religious dimensions of a developmental framework"
1343:
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An everyone culture: becoming a deliberately developmental organization
969:
An
Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization
275:
243:
130:
126:
3753:
3733:
2697:
The space between us: exploring the dimensions of human relationships
2344:
1028:
976:
875:
768:
764:
299:
223:
78:
2734:. In Westenberg, P Michiel; Blasi, Augusto; Cohn, Lawrence (eds.).
934:
930:
509:
Culture of mutuality. Mutually reciprocal one-to-one relationships.
335:
871:
757:
185:
134:
3694:
Action inquiry: the secret of timely and transforming leadership
3462:"Adult leadership and adult development: a constructionist view"
3359:. Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. San Francisco:
2857:. Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. San Francisco:
2232:
Organizational traps: leadership, culture, organizational design
1324:
Coherence therapy § Hierarchical organization of constructs
1120:
Change leadership: a practical guide to transforming our schools
999:
Adult education professor Ann K. Brooks criticized Kegan's book
3436:. Farnham, Surrey: Gower Publishing Limited. pp. 229–244.
3396:. In Rodis, Pano; Garrod, Andrew; Boscardin, Mary Lynn (eds.).
3812:
TKC Interviews | Prof. Robert Kegan – Adult Mental Development
2898:. Dialogue on Leadership, Presencing Institute. Archived from
3434:
Beyond goals: effective strategies for coaching and mentoring
2893:"Grabbing the tiger by the tail: interview with Robert Kegan"
2205:
941:
The immunity to change framework has been cited favorably by
329:" but not necessarily consciously aware of. He uses the term
3308:
Handbook of aging and mental health: an integrative approach
407:
Mothering culture. Mothering one(s) or primary caretaker(s).
3032:
Changing on the job: developing leaders for a complex world
2728:
Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow; Souvaine, Emily (1998).
2479:. In West, Michael A; Tjosvold, Dean; Smith, Ken G (eds.).
1241:
The evolving self: problem and process in human development
1031:
models of psychological change and their organization into
3310:. Plenum series in adult development and aging. New York:
2443:
Good business: leadership, flow, and the making of meaning
2372:"Robert Kegan at Harvard: the end—and beginning—of an era"
895:. They also provide more detailed guidance on how to test
3567:
2481:
The essentials of teamworking: international perspectives
883:'s distinction between technical and adaptive learning,
3790:
The Further Reaches of Adult Development – Robert Kegan
3548:
3162:
3036:. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, an imprint of
2302:
Transformation in clinical and developmental psychology
2156:
2144:
2133:
1045:
879:
frameworks and methods from other thinkers, including
3671:"Epistemological lenses and group relations learning"
2917:
2300:. In Kramer, Deirdre A; Bopp, Michael Joseph (eds.).
2122:
3785:
Full Harvard class session taught by Kegan included.
1999:
1997:
1995:
1190:
In over our heads: the mental demands of modern life
1003:. She claimed that Kegan fell victim to a cultural "
748:
and instead presents a practical method, called the
3862:
3589:McAuliffe, Garrett J; Eriksen, Karen, eds. (2011).
3430:
673:(stylistic diversity). Theories of style describe "
3691:
3625:
3505:
3460:
3391:
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3102:
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2727:
2694:
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2396:
2264:
2229:
1721:
1281:
1238:
1187:
1152:
1117:
1082:
1047:
902:The revised immunity map worksheet, introduced in
441:Parenting culture. Typically, the family triangle.
321:(S) of the preceding balance. Kegan uses the term
3100:
2667:"Directory of People & Offices: Robert Kegan"
1992:
504:O: enduring disposition, needs, interests, wishes
467:S: enduring disposition, needs, interests, wishes
4041:
3588:
3101:Demick, Jack; Andreoletti, Carrie, eds. (2003).
2435:
2401:. In Wilson, Arthur L; Hayes, Elisabeth (eds.).
2334:
2209:
1795:
1670:
1658:
4023:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
3664:
2998:
2335:Basseches, Michael; Mascolo, Michael F (2009).
1369:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
2814:Academy of Management Learning & Education
738:How the Way We Talk Can Change the Way We Work
721:How the Way We Talk Can Change the Way We Work
154:from other people and the rest of the world).
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2118:
1767:
1765:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1524:
1464:
72:
4070:Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
3630:. In Keating, Daniel P; Rosen, Hugh (eds.).
3230:Academy of Management Learning and Education
3227:
3131:
3062:
1417:
1415:
3623:
2921:; Gomes, Jean; McCarthy, Catherine (2010).
2618:
2550:Relational being: beyond self and community
1943:
1115:
298:). The book is also strongly influenced by
137:terms). Each evolutionary truce is both an
3855:
3841:
3504:Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow (2010).
3503:
3471:Leadership: multidisciplinary perspectives
3459:Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow (1984).
3458:
3197:Handbook of adult development and learning
2403:Handbook of adult and continuing education
2370:Berger, Jennifer Garvey (April 24, 2016).
2267:Dialectical thinking and adult development
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2015:
2003:
1986:
1974:
1963:
1762:
1625:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1151:Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow (2001).
1150:
1081:Kegan, Robert; Lahey, Lisa Laskow (2009).
1080:
576:O: personal autonomy, self-system identity
535:S: personal autonomy, self-system identity
521:Love, affection, belongingness orientation
3241:
2826:
2689:
2293:
2262:
2192:
1803:
1654:
1422:
1412:
2951:
2802:
2339:Psychotherapy as a developmental process
2304:. New York: Springer. pp. 188–209.
1947:
1807:
1288:. Needham Heights, MA: Humanitas Press.
1024:Psychotherapy as a Developmental Process
933:stance (not a self-improvement stance),
133:terms), or organism and environment (in
3801:Robert Kegan: The Evolution of the Self
3689:
3083:
2843:
2580:
2513:
2469:
2224:
2110:
1951:
1939:
1799:
1706:
1451:
973:deliberately developmental organization
763:The immunity map continues the general
752:, intended to help readers overcome an
538:O: mutuality, interpersonal concordance
501:S: mutuality, interpersonal concordance
14:
4042:
3398:Learning disabilities and life stories
3027:
2542:
2394:
2369:
2180:
2168:
2114:
1475:
1399:Structure of observed learning outcome
960:
453:Physiological satisfaction orientation
42:(born August 24, 1946) is an American
36:, an American neoconservative scholar.
4060:Constructivism (psychological school)
4029:Evolutionary developmental psychology
3836:
3624:Rogers, Laura; Kegan, Robert (1991).
3389:
3344:
3295:
3258:
3192:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1854:
1842:
1831:
1819:
1783:
1771:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1717:
1694:
1682:
1638:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1520:
1508:
1497:
1434:
1430:
1279:
1236:
1185:
515:Interpersonal concordance orientation
101:, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1977.
4065:American developmental psychologists
3781:Harvard Graduate School of Education
3777:"Robert Kegan | Instructional Moves"
3574:Harvard Graduate School of Education
2671:Harvard Graduate School of Education
2664:
2483:. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ:
1486:
1329:Constructive developmental framework
1116:Wagner, Tony; Kegan, Robert (2006).
642:
447:Punishment and obedience orientation
325:to refer to things that people are "
104:
67:Harvard Graduate School of Education
4090:20th-century American psychologists
4055:21st-century American psychologists
3728:
3267:Toward moral and religious maturity
3186:10.17763/haer.78.3.888l759g1qm54660
2516:Counselor Education and Supervision
2123:Schwartz, Gomes & McCarthy 2010
1480:
1425:, Basseches argued that structural
1039:
313:that summarize these balances. The
24:
3698:. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
3675:Organisational and Social Dynamics
2991:
2891:; Kegan, Robert (March 23, 2000).
2624:"A participatory inquiry paradigm"
2622:; Reason, Peter (September 1997).
2592:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of
2528:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2008.tb00054.x
1445:
559:Esteem and self-esteem orientation
419:Physiological survival orientation
338:of these balances, not just their
302:philosophy and psychology and by
129:terms), or subject and object (in
25:
4101:
3722:
1697:, pp. 86, 134, 164, 190, 226
611:asset-based community development
3885:Cognitive development of infants
3028:Berger, Jennifer Garvey (2012).
1722:Kegan, Lahey & Souvaine 1998
1364:Model of hierarchical complexity
929:test: Safe, Modest, Actionable,
891:, and a reworded version of the
565:Identity vs. identity diffusion
436:O: reflexes, sensing, and moving
399:S: reflexes, sensing, and moving
95:movement against the Vietnam War
3951:Theory of cognitive development
3864:Human psychological development
3750:"Team – The Developmental Edge"
3514:. New York: Springer. pp.
3193:Hoare, Carol Hren, ed. (2006).
3084:Brubach, Holly (January 2009).
2588:Leadership without easy answers
2405:(2nd ed.). San Francisco:
2204:Statement is from a back-cover
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2127:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2009:
1980:
1968:
1957:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1825:
1813:
1789:
1777:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1647:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
527:(Affiliation vs. abandonment?)
3961:Cultural-historical psychology
1553:
1541:
1529:
1514:
1502:
1491:
1469:
573:S: interpenetration of systems
13:
1:
4021: (b. 1950), and others (
3105:Handbook of adult development
2217:
1056:Harvard Business Review Press
677:the way we know, rather than
3730:"Minds at Work | Who We Are"
3681:(2): 155–179. Archived from
3524:10.1007/978-0-387-85744-2_22
3320:10.1007/978-1-4899-0098-2_10
2398:"Cultures of transformation"
2310:10.1007/978-1-4612-3594-1_10
2210:Basseches & Mascolo 2009
1671:Basseches & Mascolo 2009
1659:Basseches & Mascolo 2009
1427:developmental stage theories
994:
819:big assumptions that hold us
700:has been cited favorably by
623:has been cited favorably by
7:
4001:Stages of moral development
3690:Torbert, William R (2004).
3636:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
2740:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
2376:cultivatingleadership.co.nz
2294:Basseches, Michael (1989).
2263:Basseches, Michael (1984).
1311:
732:Psychological immune system
669:(cognitive complexity) and
584:(Post-formal; Dialectical?)
317:(O) of each balance is the
10:
4106:
3910:Positive adult development
3895:Positive youth development
3551:"Making business personal"
3252:10.5465/AMLE.2006.23473207
3173:Harvard Educational Review
2853:. In Mezirow, Jack (ed.).
2837:10.5465/AMLE.2005.17268566
2766:Kets de Vries, Manfred F R
2643:10.1177/107780049700300302
1429:such as those proposed in
1374:Positive adult development
951:Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries
729:
242:tradition (which includes
210:tradition (which includes
89:in 1968. He described the
73:Education and early career
44:developmental psychologist
31:
4075:Harvard University alumni
3991:Ecological systems theory
3923:
3870:
3769:
3077:10.1108/09696471011043090
3065:The Learning Organization
3038:Stanford University Press
3013:10.1080/17521880802645951
1643:Scharmer & Kegan 2000
1525:Scharmer & Kegan 2000
1465:Scharmer & Kegan 2000
893:four stages of competence
493:Industry vs. inferiority
470:O: impulse and perception
433:S: impulse and perception
4085:Dartmouth College alumni
3971:Psychosocial development
3941:Psychosexual development
3872:Developmental psychology
3510:. In Lyons, Nona (ed.).
3473:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
3148:10.1177/1066480706287795
2965:Harvard University Press
2929:. New York: Free Press.
2594:Harvard University Press
2437:Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly
1247:Harvard University Press
1196:Harvard University Press
985:The Decurion Corporation
861:deconstructive criticism
512:Early formal operational
481:Instrumental orientation
306:'s psychology of women.
167:cultures of embeddedness
60:organization development
56:professional development
32:Not to be confused with
3556:Harvard Business Review
3203:Oxford University Press
2556:Oxford University Press
2238:Oxford University Press
1944:Heron & Reason 1997
1405:
801:personal responsibility
667:orders of consciousness
625:Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
596:(Intimacy orientation?)
562:Achievement orientation
550:Full formal operational
543:Culture of identity or
524:Affiliation orientation
351:Culture of embeddedness
196:theoretical integration
3685:on September 13, 2014.
3390:Kegan, Robert (2001).
3345:Kegan, Robert (2000).
3296:Kegan, Robert (1998).
3259:Kegan, Robert (1980).
2395:Brooks, Ann K (2000).
2271:. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
2099:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2087:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2075:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2063:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2051:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2039:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2027:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2016:Kegan & Lahey 2009
2004:Kegan & Lahey 2001
1987:Kegan & Lahey 2001
1975:Kegan & Lahey 2001
1964:Kegan & Lahey 2001
1379:Reflective equilibrium
1354:Integrative complexity
1339:Educational assessment
1280:Kegan, Robert (1976).
1237:Kegan, Robert (1982).
1186:Kegan, Robert (1994).
1091:Harvard Business Press
981:Bridgewater Associates
857:constructive criticism
855:"From the language of
844:"From the language of
833:"From the language of
817:"From the language of
808:New Year's resolutions
806:"From the language of
795:"From the language of
784:"From the language of
587:Principled orientation
3090:O, the Oprah Magazine
2959:The wisdom of the ego
2660:on February 11, 2014.
2121:, pp. 178, 273;
1857:, pp. 10, 47, 77
1802:, pp. 288, 310;
1796:Csikszentmihalyi 2003
1349:Higher-order thinking
1014:In an interview with
812:competing commitments
605:The final chapter of
459:Initiative vs. guilt
238:). The second is the
91:civil rights movement
27:American psychologist
3756:on December 10, 2019
3736:on December 10, 2019
3667:Josselson, Ruthellen
3314:. pp. 197–216.
3201:. Oxford; New York:
2889:Scharmer, Claus Otto
2691:Josselson, Ruthellen
2554:. Oxford; New York:
2447:. New York: Viking.
2236:. Oxford; New York:
1948:Kolb & Kolb 2005
1334:Double-loop learning
1204:10.2307/j.ctv1pncpfb
570:(5) Interindividual
553:Societal orientation
478:Concrete operational
348:Evolutionary balance
254:, Donald Winnicott,
4013: (1943–2020),
3999: (1927–1987) (
3989: (1917–2005) (
3979: (1907–1990) (
3969: (1902–1994) (
3959: (1896–1934) (
3949: (1896–1980) (
3939: (1856–1939) (
2631:Qualitative Inquiry
2006:, table of contents
1845:, table of contents
1810:, pp. 365, 370
1384:Reflective practice
1009:Ruthellen Josselson
962:An Everyone Culture
889:ladder of inference
859:to the language of
848:to the language of
837:to the language of
835:prizes and praising
823:assumptions we hold
821:to the language of
810:to the language of
799:to the language of
788:to the language of
633:Ruthellen Josselson
280:George Herbert Mead
163:holding environment
46:. He is a licensed
3467:Kellerman, Barbara
3135:The Family Journal
2953:Vaillant, George E
2742:. pp. 39–58.
2171:, pp. 161–162
2119:Kets de Vries 2011
2089:, pp. 256–272
1930:, pp. 353–355
1906:, pp. 335–352
1774:, pp. 290–296
1747:, pp. 256–262
1735:, pp. 255–296
1574:, pp. 115–116
1562:, pp. 107–109
904:Immunity to Change
868:Immunity to Change
846:rules and policies
754:immunity to change
725:Immunity to Change
661:of everyday life.
593:Self-actualization
532:(4) Institutional
498:(3) Interpersonal
487:Safety orientation
396:(0) Incorporative
272:James Mark Baldwin
240:neo-psychoanalytic
99:Harvard University
18:Immunity to change
4037:
4036:
4017: (b. 1946),
4009: (b. 1939),
3981:Attachment theory
3905:Adult development
3890:Child development
3634:. Hillsdale, NJ:
3599:SAGE Publications
3402:Allyn & Bacon
2963:. Cambridge, MA:
2776:. San Francisco:
2701:. San Francisco:
2677:on April 29, 2016
2582:Heifetz, Ronald A
2544:Gergen, Kenneth J
2157:Kegan et al. 2016
2145:Kegan et al. 2016
2134:Kegan et al. 2016
2101:, p. 210–280
1954:, pp. 11, 26
1685:, pp. 5, 108
1389:Rubric (academic)
1359:Integrative level
1245:. Cambridge, MA:
1194:. Cambridge, MA:
1159:. San Francisco:
1124:. San Francisco:
1022:In the 2009 book
1001:In Over Our Heads
947:Kenneth J. Gergen
881:Ronald A. Heifetz
746:In Over Our Heads
742:The Evolving Self
698:In Over Our Heads
688:The Evolving Self
675:preferences about
659:hidden curriculum
655:The Evolving Self
651:In Over Our Heads
644:In Over Our Heads
629:Ronald A. Heifetz
621:The Evolving Self
607:The Evolving Self
603:
602:
490:Power orientation
311:The Evolving Self
288:Lawrence Kohlberg
228:Ludwig Binswanger
192:The Evolving Self
113:The Evolving Self
106:The Evolving Self
83:Dartmouth College
81:, Kegan attended
16:(Redirected from
4097:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3813:
3802:
3791:
3784:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3717:
3697:
3686:
3665:Silver, Junell;
3661:
3629:
3620:
3596:
3585:
3564:
3545:
3509:
3500:
3464:
3455:
3427:
3395:
3386:
3350:
3341:
3301:
3292:
3264:
3255:
3245:
3224:
3200:
3189:
3169:
3159:
3128:
3108:
3097:
3080:
3059:
3035:
3024:
2986:
2962:
2948:
2928:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2905:on April 6, 2021
2904:
2897:
2884:
2852:
2840:
2830:
2799:
2775:
2761:
2733:
2724:
2700:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2673:. Archived from
2661:
2659:
2653:. Archived from
2628:
2615:
2591:
2577:
2553:
2539:
2510:
2478:
2466:
2446:
2432:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:. Archived from
2366:
2342:
2331:
2299:
2290:
2270:
2259:
2235:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2041:, pp. 16–20
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1641:, pp. 3–4;
1636:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1439:
1423:Basseches (1989)
1419:
1319:Bloom's taxonomy
1307:
1287:
1276:
1244:
1233:
1193:
1182:
1158:
1147:
1123:
1112:
1088:
1077:
1053:
1040:Key publications
850:public agreement
345:
344:
292:William G. Perry
252:Ronald Fairbairn
208:phenomenological
172:For Kegan, "the
159:Donald Winnicott
21:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3866:
3861:
3822:
3811:
3800:
3789:
3775:
3772:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3725:
3720:
3706:
3650:
3609:
3534:
3489:
3444:
3416:
3375:
3330:
3281:
3213:
3167:
3117:
3048:
2994:
2992:Further reading
2989:
2975:
2937:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2873:
2828:10.1.1.127.6489
2803:Kolb, Alice Y;
2788:
2750:
2713:
2680:
2678:
2657:
2626:
2604:
2566:
2499:
2471:Deutsch, Morton
2455:
2421:
2385:
2383:
2355:
2320:
2279:
2248:
2220:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2117:, p. 314;
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1950:, p. 207;
1946:, p. 283;
1938:
1934:
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1922:
1914:
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1902:
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1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
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1841:
1837:
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1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:, p. 276;
1794:
1790:
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1778:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:, p. 114;
1716:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1648:
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1626:
1618:
1614:
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1534:
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1515:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1446:Short citations
1443:
1442:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1314:
1296:
1257:
1214:
1171:
1136:
1101:
1066:
1042:
997:
965:
897:big assumptions
773:self-reflective
734:
728:
647:
637:George Vaillant
545:self-authorship
256:Margaret Mahler
161:'s idea of the
109:
87:summa cum laude
75:
50:and practicing
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4087:
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4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4004:
3994:
3987:Bronfenbrenner
3984:
3974:
3964:
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3944:
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3931:
3924:
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3830:
3819:
3808:
3797:
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3767:
3766:
3746:
3724:
3723:External links
3721:
3719:
3718:
3705:978-1576752647
3704:
3687:
3662:
3649:978-0805804379
3648:
3621:
3608:978-1412991773
3607:
3586:
3565:
3546:
3533:978-0387857442
3532:
3501:
3488:978-0135276716
3487:
3456:
3442:
3428:
3415:978-0205320103
3414:
3387:
3374:978-0787948450
3373:
3342:
3329:978-0306457500
3328:
3304:Lomranz, Jacob
3293:
3280:978-0382002861
3279:
3256:
3243:10.1.1.695.337
3236:(4): 463–483.
3225:
3212:978-0195171907
3211:
3190:
3180:(3): 437–465.
3160:
3142:(3): 299–305.
3129:
3116:978-0306467585
3115:
3098:
3081:
3071:(4): 328–342.
3060:
3047:978-0804778237
3046:
3025:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2974:978-0674953727
2973:
2949:
2936:978-1439127667
2935:
2919:Schwartz, Tony
2915:
2885:
2872:978-0787948450
2871:
2841:
2821:(2): 193–212.
2800:
2787:978-1119973362
2786:
2762:
2749:978-0805816495
2748:
2738:. Mahwah, NJ:
2725:
2712:978-1555424107
2711:
2687:
2662:
2637:(3): 274–294.
2616:
2603:978-0674518582
2602:
2578:
2565:978-0195305388
2564:
2540:
2522:(4): 233–248.
2511:
2498:978-0470015483
2497:
2467:
2454:978-0670031962
2453:
2433:
2420:978-0787949983
2419:
2392:
2382:on May 4, 2016
2367:
2354:978-0805857306
2353:
2332:
2319:978-0387969015
2318:
2291:
2278:978-0893910174
2277:
2260:
2247:978-0199586165
2246:
2226:Argyris, Chris
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2197:
2193:Josselson 1992
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2126:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2008:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1956:
1942:, p. 11;
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1824:
1812:
1804:Josselson 1992
1798:, p. 32;
1788:
1776:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1710:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1655:Basseches 1984
1646:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1513:
1501:
1490:
1479:
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1410:
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1310:
1309:
1308:
1295:978-0911628258
1294:
1277:
1256:978-0674272316
1255:
1234:
1213:978-0674445888
1212:
1183:
1170:978-0787963781
1169:
1148:
1135:978-0787977559
1134:
1113:
1100:978-0787963781
1099:
1078:
1064:
1041:
1038:
1033:justifications
996:
993:
964:
959:
939:
938:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
865:
864:
853:
842:
839:ongoing regard
827:
826:
815:
804:
793:
760:and behavior.
727:
718:
702:Morton Deutsch
646:
641:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
577:
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567:
566:
563:
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551:
548:
541:
540:
539:
536:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
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494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:Preoperational
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
430:(1) Impulsive
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
393:
392:
386:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
349:
304:Carol Gilligan
296:Jane Loevinger
220:Abraham Maslow
216:Prescott Lecky
157:Kegan adapted
152:differentiated
139:achievement of
118:meaning-making
108:
103:
74:
71:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4102:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Living people
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
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4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
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4027:
4024:
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4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
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3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
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3935:
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3929:
3925:Theorists and
3922:
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3508:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3475:Prentice-Hall
3472:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3443:9781409418511
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
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3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:Mezirow, Jack
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3290:
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3175:
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3166:
3161:
3157:
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3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
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3130:
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3118:
3112:
3107:
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3099:
3095:
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3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
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3033:
3026:
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3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
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2997:
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2984:
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2890:
2886:
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2878:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:Mezirow, Jack
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2807:(June 2005).
2806:
2805:Kolb, David A
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:HGSE (2006).
2663:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2195:, p. 264
2194:
2189:
2183:, p. 162
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2077:, p. 273
2076:
2071:
2065:, p. 187
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1918:, p. 351
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 203
1893:
1888:
1882:, p. 201
1881:
1876:
1870:, p. 244
1869:
1866:For example:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:Vaillant 1993
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1786:, p. 291
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1759:, p. 256
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1653:For example:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1622:, p. 110
1621:
1616:
1610:, p. 115
1609:
1604:
1598:, p. 116
1597:
1592:
1586:, p. 118
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1523:, p. 3;
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:9781625278623
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1016:Otto Scharmer
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
958:
956:
955:Tony Schwartz
952:
948:
944:
943:Chris Argyris
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
907:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Chris Argyris
882:
877:
873:
869:
862:
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
832:
831:
830:
824:
820:
816:
813:
809:
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802:
798:
794:
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782:
781:
777:
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766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
710:David A. Kolb
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
649:Kegan's book
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
575:
572:
571:
569:
568:
564:
561:
558:
556:Conscientious
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
537:
534:
533:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
492:
489:
486:
484:Opportunistic
483:
480:
477:
474:
469:
466:
465:
464:(2) Imperial
463:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
435:
432:
431:
429:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
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401:
398:
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394:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
375:
371:
369:
365:
363:
359:
357:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Harry Guntrip
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Andras Angyal
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
183:
178:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
144:
143:constraint on
140:
136:
132:
131:philosophical
128:
127:psychological
122:
120:
119:
114:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:, graduating
84:
80:
70:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
19:
4014:
3760:December 10,
3758:. Retrieved
3754:the original
3740:December 10,
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3693:
3683:the original
3678:
3674:
3631:
3592:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3511:
3470:
3433:
3397:
3356:
3312:Plenum Press
3307:
3266:
3233:
3229:
3196:
3177:
3171:
3139:
3133:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3068:
3064:
3031:
3007:(1): 10–22.
3004:
3000:
2958:
2924:
2907:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2854:
2818:
2812:
2771:
2735:
2696:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:the original
2655:the original
2634:
2630:
2587:
2549:
2519:
2515:
2480:
2442:
2402:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2375:
2343:. New York:
2338:
2301:
2266:
2231:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2159:, p. 85
2152:
2147:, p. 77
2140:
2129:
2111:Argyris 2010
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2053:, p. 29
2046:
2034:
2029:, p. 56
2022:
2011:
1989:, p. 78
1982:
1970:
1959:
1952:Mezirow 2000
1940:Deutsch 2005
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1827:
1815:
1800:Heifetz 1994
1791:
1779:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1713:
1707:Eriksen 2008
1702:
1690:
1678:
1673:, p. 32
1666:
1649:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1550:, p. 30
1543:
1538:, p. 28
1531:
1516:
1511:, p. 11
1504:
1493:
1482:
1471:
1435:Kegan (1994)
1431:Kegan (1982)
1283:
1240:
1222:j.ctv1pncpfb
1189:
1154:
1119:
1084:
1049:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1000:
998:
989:
972:
968:
966:
961:
940:
903:
901:
867:
866:
860:
856:
849:
845:
838:
834:
828:
822:
818:
811:
807:
800:
796:
789:
785:
778:
762:
753:
750:immunity map
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
724:
720:
714:Jack Mezirow
697:
696:
692:
687:
682:
679:competencies
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
654:
650:
648:
643:
620:
619:
615:Thomas Szasz
606:
604:
410:Sensorimotor
388:Analogue in
378:Analogue in
372:Analogue in
366:Analogue in
360:Analogue in
354:Analogue in
330:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
248:Erik Erikson
212:Martin Buber
194:attempted a
191:
190:
179:
173:
171:
166:
156:
151:
147:
142:
138:
123:
116:
112:
111:In his book
110:
105:
86:
76:
64:
48:psychologist
40:Robert Kegan
39:
38:
34:Robert Kagan
29:
4050:1946 births
3900:Young adult
3638:. pp.
3563:(4): 44–52.
3477:. pp.
3404:. pp.
3363:. pp.
3361:Jossey-Bass
2909:January 28,
2861:. pp.
2859:Jossey-Bass
2778:Jossey-Bass
2703:Jossey-Bass
2620:Heron, John
2487:. pp.
2409:. pp.
2407:Jossey-Bass
2181:Brooks 2000
2169:Brooks 2000
2115:Gergen 2009
1977:, p. 5
1822:, p. 2
1476:Berger 2016
1394:Sensemaking
1265:j.ctvjz81q8
1161:Jossey-Bass
1126:Jossey-Bass
765:dialectical
300:dialectical
284:Jean Piaget
268:Heinz Kohut
264:John Bowlby
236:Carl Rogers
204:existential
4044:Categories
3400:. Boston:
2218:References
1928:Kegan 1994
1916:Kegan 1994
1904:Kegan 1994
1892:Kegan 1994
1880:Kegan 1994
1868:Kegan 1994
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1784:Kegan 1982
1772:Kegan 1982
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