783:
782:
195:. Beyond the Western and Eastern categories, some scholars have also suggested a Southern group. These can be further subdivided into five main dialect groups as proposed by Gigineishvili, Topuria, and K'avtaradze (1961):
492:
493:
Amiran
Lomtadze (Institute of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Tbilisi, Georgia) and Manana Tabidze (Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences).
274:
The
Central dialects, sometimes considered part of the Eastern group, are spoken in central and southern Georgia, and provide the basis for Standard Georgian language.
80:
dialect. It has over centuries wiped out significant regional linguistic differences within
Georgia, particularly through the centralized educational system and the
494:
582:
675:
539:
560:
966:
1065:
191:
The
Georgian dialects are classified according to their geographic distribution, reflecting a traditional ethnographic subdivision of the
742:
370:
Two of these dialects, Ingiloan and
Fereidanian, are spoken outside Georgia, the former by the indigenous Georgians in northwest
959:
66:. It is a highly standardized language, with established literary and linguistic norms dating back to the 5th century.
17:
451:
occupation of
Georgia in the early 18th century. It was technically a mixture of various Georgian dialects laden with
709:
685:
659:
1058:
991:
891:
735:
602:
1261:
1231:
1216:
1307:
952:
501:
1176:
577:
1051:
74:
1312:
1251:
728:
555:
1171:
986:
632:
532:
841:
822:
475:
lexically, it is considered by some not to be a distinct language but rather a dialect of
Georgian.
89:
120:
to
Georgian, but are unintelligible to speakers of Standard Georgian or other Georgian dialects.
1191:
1074:
619:
519:
1201:
1136:
1111:
975:
886:
807:
772:
651:
101:
35:
1236:
8:
1226:
1156:
1151:
1091:
1023:
996:
879:
846:
128:
105:
471:. Largely Georgian phonetically, morphologically, and syntactically, and mixed Georgian-
1276:
1221:
1206:
1126:
1106:
1096:
933:
1241:
1196:
1181:
1101:
1086:
1001:
851:
817:
812:
751:
705:
681:
655:
375:
39:
27:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1131:
1121:
874:
802:
797:
759:
452:
248:
1211:
1186:
1166:
1141:
1116:
915:
910:
858:
586:
564:
472:
463:
192:
117:
100:, but they are virtually entirely intelligible with each other. The three other
1146:
448:
436:
1301:
1032:
1013:
495:"Some problems of the functioning of the Georgian language in Georgia, p. 31"
468:
456:
399:
109:
63:
1018:
1006:
896:
113:
1043:
598:
179:
and borrowings from neighboring languages not found in
Standard Georgian.
944:
371:
341:
332:
97:
81:
47:
300:
262:
217:
163:
85:
720:
418:
408:
328:
291:
176:
123:
Some of the basic variations among the
Georgian dialects include:
767:
440:
390:
359:
208:
70:
311:
This group is spoken by the mountaineers in northeast Georgia.
444:
350:
282:
253:
93:
77:
59:
51:
43:
374:, and the latter by the descendants of the 17th-19th century
319:
242:
226:
132:
379:
170:
84:. Dialects still retain their unique features in terms of
73:
of the language. Standard Georgian is largely based on the
55:
38:
language spoken by about 4 million people, primarily in
152:Extra vowel sounds not found in Standard Georgian;
567:, The ARMAZI project. Retrieved on March 28, 2007
1299:
677:Jewish Culture and Identity in the Soviet Union
455:loanwords. Subsequently, the group was largely
447:by descendants of those Georgians who fled the
42:but also by indigenous communities in northern
327:(Mtiulur-Gudamaqruli, მთიულურ-გუდამაყრული) in
1059:
960:
736:
597:
1073:
1066:
1052:
967:
953:
743:
729:
149:Distinction between long and short vowels;
673:
538:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
974:
699:
551:
549:
648:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
14:
1300:
1047:
948:
750:
724:
645:
579:From the history of Standard Georgian
546:
306:
232:
198:
702:Language Policy in the Soviet Union
365:
269:
24:
576:Manana Kock Kobaidze (2004-02-11)
25:
1324:
674:Roʹi, Yaacov; Beker, Avi (1991),
425:
186:
781:
603:"The geography of Georgian q'e"
459:and the dialect became extinct.
318:(Mokheuri, მოხეური), spoken in
50:, and the diaspora, such as in
693:
667:
639:
591:
570:
486:
13:
1:
479:
417:(Phereidnuli, ფერეიდნული) in
700:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003),
467:is a language spoken by the
131:(ჲ) and (ჳ) before certain
7:
585:September 27, 2007, at the
435:dialect, was spoken in the
340:(Khevsuruli, ხევსურული) in
261:(Imerkheuli, იმერხეული) in
216:(Lečkhumuri, ლეჩხუმური) in
10:
1329:
407:(Ingilouri, ინგილოური) in
398:(Tianeturi, თიანეთური) in
182:Different stress patterns;
1082:
982:
926:
867:
831:
790:
779:
758:
646:Price, Glanville (2000),
299:(Javakhuri, ჯავახური) in
281:(Kartluri, ქართლური) in
437:north central Caucasian
290:(Meskhuri, მესხური) in
627:Cite journal requires
527:Cite journal requires
325:Mtiuletian-Gudamaqrian
252:(Ačaruli, აჭარული) in
207:(Imeruli, იმერული) in
69:There are at least 18
389:(Kakhuri, კახური) in
349:(Phšauri, ფშაური) in
1308:Dialects by language
976:Kartvelian languages
887:Kartvelian languages
652:Blackwell Publishing
358:(Tušuri, თუშური) in
241:(Guruli, გურული) in
225:(Račuli, რაჭული) in
102:Kartvelian languages
847:Georgian Supplement
992:Proto-Georgian–Zan
934:Georgian Knowledge
892:Proto-Georgian–Zan
563:2016-03-04 at the
376:Georgian deportees
307:Northeast dialects
233:Southwest dialects
199:Northwest dialects
18:Imeretian language
1313:Georgian language
1295:
1294:
1041:
1040:
942:
941:
906:Georgian dialects
852:Georgian Extended
752:Georgian language
557:Georgian Dialects
16:(Redirected from
1320:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1044:
987:Proto-Kartvelian
969:
962:
955:
946:
945:
875:Proto-Kartvelian
785:
745:
738:
731:
722:
721:
715:
714:
697:
691:
690:
671:
665:
664:
643:
637:
636:
630:
625:
623:
615:
613:
612:
607:
595:
589:
574:
568:
553:
544:
543:
536:
530:
525:
523:
515:
513:
512:
506:
500:. Archived from
499:
490:
433:Kizlar-Mozdokian
431:The obsolescent
378:and migrants in
366:Eastern dialects
270:Central dialects
159:(ნ) plural form;
138:The presence of
127:The presence of
21:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1078:
1072:
1042:
1037:
978:
973:
943:
938:
922:
916:Judaeo-Georgian
863:
859:Mac OS Georgian
827:
786:
777:
754:
749:
719:
718:
712:
698:
694:
688:
672:
668:
662:
644:
640:
628:
626:
617:
616:
610:
608:
605:
596:
592:
587:Wayback Machine
575:
571:
565:Wayback Machine
554:
547:
537:
528:
526:
517:
516:
510:
508:
504:
497:
491:
487:
482:
428:
368:
309:
272:
235:
201:
193:Georgian people
189:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Serbo-Croatian
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1009:
994:
989:
983:
980:
979:
972:
971:
964:
957:
949:
940:
939:
937:
936:
930:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
919:
918:
913:
903:
902:
901:
900:
899:
884:
883:
882:
871:
869:
865:
864:
862:
861:
856:
855:
854:
849:
844:
835:
833:
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
792:
788:
787:
780:
778:
776:
775:
770:
764:
762:
756:
755:
748:
747:
740:
733:
725:
717:
716:
710:
692:
686:
666:
660:
638:
629:|journal=
590:
569:
545:
529:|journal=
484:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
464:Judæo-Georgian
460:
427:
426:Other dialects
424:
423:
422:
412:
402:
393:
367:
364:
363:
362:
353:
344:
335:
322:
308:
305:
304:
303:
294:
285:
271:
268:
267:
266:
256:
245:
234:
231:
230:
229:
220:
211:
200:
197:
188:
187:Classification
185:
184:
183:
180:
174:
167:
160:
153:
150:
147:
136:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
977:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
950:
947:
935:
932:
931:
929:
925:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
872:
870:
866:
860:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
836:
834:
830:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
789:
784:
774:
773:Verb paradigm
771:
769:
766:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
726:
723:
713:
711:1-4020-1298-5
707:
703:
696:
689:
687:0-8147-7432-6
683:
680:, NYU Press,
679:
678:
670:
663:
661:0-631-22039-9
657:
653:
649:
642:
634:
621:
604:
600:
594:
588:
584:
581:
580:
573:
566:
562:
559:
558:
552:
550:
541:
534:
521:
507:on 2011-06-05
503:
496:
489:
485:
474:
470:
469:Georgian Jews
466:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
401:
400:Ertso-Tianeti
397:
394:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
381:
377:
373:
361:
357:
354:
352:
348:
345:
343:
339:
336:
334:
330:
326:
323:
321:
317:
314:
313:
312:
302:
298:
295:
293:
289:
286:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
264:
260:
257:
255:
251:
250:
246:
244:
240:
237:
236:
228:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
203:
202:
196:
194:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:Non-standard
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:The usage of
154:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
125:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
67:
65:
64:North America
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1161:
1077:of languages
1007:Old Georgian
905:
897:Old Georgian
823:Romanization
704:, Springer,
701:
695:
676:
669:
647:
641:
620:cite journal
609:. Retrieved
593:
578:
572:
556:
520:cite journal
509:. Retrieved
502:the original
488:
462:
432:
414:
411:(Azerbaijan)
404:
395:
386:
369:
355:
346:
337:
324:
315:
310:
296:
287:
278:
273:
258:
247:
238:
222:
213:
204:
190:
156:
143:
139:
122:
68:
31:
26:
1112:Azerbaijani
808:Calligraphy
599:Kevin Tuite
415:Fereydanian
259:Imerkhevian
214:Lechkhumian
146:(ყ) sounds;
1302:Categories
1227:Portuguese
1192:Macedonian
1024:Mingrelian
611:2007-03-27
511:2007-03-27
480:References
372:Azerbaijan
342:Khevsureti
338:Khevsurian
333:Gudamaqari
164:adjectival
106:Mingrelian
98:vocabulary
90:morphology
82:mass media
54:, Turkey,
48:Azerbaijan
36:Kartvelian
1277:Ukrainian
1207:Norwegian
1127:Bulgarian
1107:Aromanian
1097:Aragonese
1075:Varieties
997:Karto-Zan
880:Karto-Zan
868:Genealogy
457:Russified
439:areas of
396:Tianetian
387:Kakhetian
356:Tushetian
316:Mokhevian
301:Javakheti
297:Javakhian
263:Imerkhevi
218:Lechkhumi
205:Imeretian
177:Archaisms
86:phonology
30:(ქართული
1242:Romanian
1182:Japanese
1162:Georgian
1102:Armenian
1087:Albanian
1002:Georgian
842:Georgian
838:Unicode
832:Encoding
818:Numerals
813:Keyboard
601:(1987).
583:Archived
561:Archived
419:Fereydan
409:Saingilo
405:Ingiloan
347:Pshavian
329:Mtiuleti
292:Meskheti
288:Meskhian
279:Kartlian
265:(Turkey)
249:Adjarian
142:(ჴ) and
78:Kartlian
75:prestige
71:dialects
28:Georgian
1287:Yiddish
1272:Turkish
1267:Swedish
1262:Spanish
1257:Slovene
1247:Russian
1232:Punjabi
1217:Persian
1202:Maltese
1152:English
1137:Chinese
1132:Catalan
1122:Bengali
911:Adjaran
803:Braille
798:Scripts
791:Writing
768:Screeve
760:Grammar
453:Russian
449:Ottoman
441:Kizlyar
391:Kakheti
360:Tusheti
209:Imereti
162:Plural
118:sisters
40:Georgia
34:) is a
32:kartuli
1237:Romani
1222:Polish
1212:Pashto
1187:Korean
1167:German
1157:French
1142:Danish
1117:Basque
1092:Arabic
708:
684:
658:
473:Hebrew
445:Mozdok
421:(Iran)
351:Pshavi
283:Kartli
254:Adjara
239:Gurian
223:Rachan
173:forms;
166:forms;
133:vowels
129:glides
96:, and
94:syntax
62:, and
60:Europe
52:Russia
44:Turkey
1197:Malay
1177:Hindi
1172:Greek
1147:Dutch
927:Other
606:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
498:(PDF)
320:Khevi
243:Guria
227:Racha
116:—are
1282:Urdu
1033:Svan
706:ISBN
682:ISBN
656:ISBN
633:help
540:link
533:help
443:and
382:.
380:Iran
331:and
171:verb
112:and
110:Svan
56:Iran
46:and
1019:Laz
1014:Zan
114:Laz
1304::
654:,
650:,
624::
622:}}
618:{{
548:^
524::
522:}}
518:{{
144:q'
140:qʰ
108:,
92:,
88:,
58:,
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
968:e
961:t
954:v
744:e
737:t
730:v
635:)
631:(
614:.
542:)
535:)
531:(
514:.
157:n
135:;
104:—
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.