443:
Qaghan's leadership. However, Chinese sources detail that on 9 April 687 Ilterish Qaghan and Ashide
Yuanzhen plundered the city of Changping in the You Prefecture. General Heichi was sent to intercept the Turks, although the result of this potential engagement is not recorded. Between 12 September and 11 October 687 the Tang general managed to intercept and defeat the Turks during their attack on the Shuo Prefecture, completely routing Ilterish Qaghan's forces. A month following this defeat, the Tang general Cuan Baobi volunteered to capture the remnants of the defeated Turks that had fled north of the Gobi. While the Tang court had ordered the general to march alongside Heichi, the former decided to independently lead his troops into Turk territory. The battle between the Turks and general Cuan Baobi resulted in the annihilation of Cuan's army - as such, on 19 November 687, the Tang general was executed by
426:, was dispatched by the Tang emperor to intercept the Turks in their raids on Tang territories. The Turk forces suffered a minor defeat during the Battle of Liangjing. While the Turks launched a surprise attack against the Tang camp at sunset, they were ultimately routed by the Tang. Neither Ilterish Qaghan or Ashide Yuanzhen are mentioned in the Chinese accounts of this battle, suggesting that the main body of the Turk army was dispatched to the north of the
390:, which had surrendered to the Tang during the expedition were resettled around the citadel of Tongcheng in the Anbei Protectorate. However, tribes such as the Tongra and Pugu remained in active rebellion and thus the Tang dispatched yet another general, Liu Jingtong, to suppress the rebels. Due to their sheer number of losses as a result of starvation the Toquz Oghuz eventually surrendered to the Tang state and were largely resettled in the
370:- the former heartland and symbolic centre of the Turks. As such, the ousting of the Toquz Oghuz and reconquest of ĂtĂŒken was necessary for Ilterish Qaghan to consolidate his authority and impose himself as suzerain of the steppe, and true qaghan of the Turks and steppe nomads. This campaign is detailed in the Tonyukuk inscription. It notes that a deserter from the Toquz Oghuz informed the Turk leaders that the qaghan of the Toquz Oghuz -
530:...Then Turk Tengri above, Turkish holy Earth and Water said as follows: "In order to Turkish people would not go to ruin and in order to should be a nation again", They rose my father Ilterish Kagan and my mother Ilbilga Katun, to the top and sat them upwards on the throne. My father, the kagan gathered together seventeen brave Lords... Tengri gave them power. My father's army was like wolves, their enemies were like sheep...
349:, Cui Zhibian, led an expedition against the Turks. However, this would result in Cui Zhibian's capture by the Turks. As a result of these defeats and losses, the Tang court almost decided on abandoning the Feng Prefecture, although this did not come into fruition due to opposition from its adjutant -
513:
Little is known about the later years of
Ilterish Qaghan's life and his death. The Tonyukuk inscription does not provide any information on the qaghan's passing, only detailing Mochuo's succession to the throne at the age of 27 following his brother's death, donning the title of Qapaghan Qaghan. When
496:
and engaged the TĂŒrgesh, who were supported by a retinue of Tang soldiers, in battle at the YarĂŻsh Plain, defeating them completely. The TĂŒrgesh qaghan was captured while both the TĂŒrgesh shad and yabghu were executed. Possibly describing the result of this battle, Chinese sources note that between 7
341:
against Turk aggression. This culminated in an engagement between the two military forces, resulting in the defeat of the Turks who suffered thousands of losses. However, the Turk forces resumed their attacks, and in the march of 683 had plundered the Ding and Gui prefectures. The following month the
442:
roughly translating to âseaâ or âoceanâ. It is further detailed that the Turks besieged 23 Tang cities during this campaign, although the names of the cities are not mentioned in the inscription and the number may in fact represent the sum of all the Tang cities plundered by the Turks under
Ilterish
402:
In 31 August 684, Ilterish Qaghan and Ashide
Yuanzhen began an attack against the Shuo Prefecture, under the protection of general Cheng Wuting. While the Turks encountered difficulties during this campaign as a result of the Tang general's competency, the latter's involvement in a political scandal
483:
mountains, the Turk troops launched an ambush on the Kyrgyz while their troops were still sleeping. This resulted in the annihilation of the Kyrgyz force and the execution of their qaghan, thus the Kyrgyz surrendered and pledged allegiance to
Ilterish Qaghan. Following this victory, the Turks began
378:, requesting to form a tripartite alliance against the expanding Turks. After learning of this, the adviser and general Tonyukuk informed Ilterish Qaghan and advised him to first attack the Toquz Oghuz. As such, the Turks expanded into ĂtĂŒken and defeated a force of 3,000 Toquz Oghuz warriors.
492:, had passed and a funeral feast was required. Consequently, his son Inel Qaghan and his brother Mochuo (under the title of Tardush Shad) were appointed as the nominal heads of the army, while actual command of the campaign was transferred to Tonyukuk. Tonyukuk led the Turk army across the
381:
Following the completion of the conquest of ĂtĂŒken in 685, the Turks instigated the Toquz Oghuz in turning against the Tang government - thus initiating what the Tang perceived to be yet another rebellion. In response to this, the Tang dispatched around 30,000 troops from the
353:. Between the June and July of 683, the Turks began attacking the Lan Prefecture which would result in a defeat at the hands of the assistant general Yang Xuanji who routed Ilterish Qaghan's forces. However, due to the incessant attacks on the prefecture,
365:
In 684, Ilterish Qaghan turned his attention to the steppe and initiated his campaign against the Toquz Oghuz. Following the subjugation of the
Eastern Turks by the Chinese in 630, the Toquz Oghuz confederation had come to occupy and dominate
430:. According to the Tonyukuk inscription, the Turk army under Ilterish Qaghan had managed to campaign deep into Tang territory, reaching the regions of Shandong and Taluy. The former referred to the territories east of the
309:
himself and a certain Boyla Bagha Tarkan who enthroned
Ilterish Qaghan. The Chinese sources then expand on this detailing that, following his enthronement, Ilterish Qaghan appointed his younger brothers
455:
Following his victory over general Cuan Baobi, between the years 688-94, Ilterish Qaghan began concentrating on a western campaign. According to the
Tonyukuk inscription, the Tang, On Oq (headed by the
342:
Turks besieged Chanyu and managed to kill its adjutant, Zhang
Xingshi. Similarly, the prefect of the Yu Prefecture - Li Sijian - was also killed following an attack in the region by the Turk rebels.
265:, borne by Ilterish Qaghan, may in fact have represented a title inherited from his father as opposed to a personal name. Regarding Ilterish Qaghan's rank prior to his ascension as qaghan in 682, the
329:
and even managing to capture and execute its prefect, Wang Demao. Half a year later, due to the poor climatic conditions in their headquarters, the Turks began plundering the northern borders of the
497:
November and 5 December 690, over 60,000 On Oq surrendered to the Tang court, settling within its borders. The Turks then expanded westwards, extracting tribute from peoples such as the
518:
inscriptions, both of which claim that the two eponymous figures were 7 and 8 years old respectively when their father died, this suggests that
Ilterish Qaghan died in the year 691.
357:
and the Tang court decided to degrade the region to a lesser military institution. On 8 December 683, the commander Cheng Wuting led an expedition against the Turk headquarters.
298:
rebels who had served under Ashina Funian, the Turk leader began his military campaigns - initially focusing on attacks against the Tang forces and the
908:
1672:
1184:
1177:
1498:
1827:
403:
and execution allowed the Turks to gain the upper hand. Between 11 March and 16 May 685 the Turks began plundering both the Shuo and
865:
1677:
234:
1689:
1667:
990:
233:, his father served as a chief under the leadership of Sheli Yuanying, the military governor of Yunzhong - a subdivision of the
1832:
620:
599:
468:
appear to have formed a military coalition against the Turks. The tripartite alliance aimed to dispatch troops to the
892:
555:, which are used in memory of Ilterish Qaghan. Mihaly Dobrovits believes he changed lateral system of succession to
29:
1607:
484:
their attack on the TĂŒrgesh. The inscription notes that Ilterish Qaghan himself had to return to ĂtĂŒken as his
294:
authorities. Managing to accumulate a military force of over 5,000 troops, partly composed of remnants of the
1822:
1682:
1635:
1812:
983:
1837:
1587:
1267:
1416:
852:
839:
632:
475:
Tonyukuk advised Ilterish Qaghan to campaign against the Kyrgyz first. After a 10-day trek across the
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33:
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and from there expand into the territories of the Turks, and destroy the newly formed polity.
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His attacks on the Tang border regions began on 12 July 682, with the Turks attacking the
8:
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under general Tian Yangming to subdue the Toquz Oghuz. The Toquz Oghuz tribes, primarily
170:
1592:
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Little is known surrounding Ilterish Qaghan's early life. He was a distant relative of
526:
Ilterish is mentioned also in 10 to 12 lines of the Kul Tigin inscription as follows:
1602:
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115:
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230:
187:
1360:
1514:
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1423:
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Textological Structure and Political Message of the Old Turkic Runic Inscriptions
566:
On 23 August 2022, his memorial complex and an inscription written in Turkic and
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failed rebellion in 681, the later Ilterish Qaghan rose up in arms against the
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55:
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253:, in which it is stated that Ilterish Qaghan's father bore the title of
1612:
1380:
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1275:
1141:
1121:
1079:
855:â, TalĂąt Tekin ArmaÄanı, TĂŒrk Dilleri AraĆtırmaları 18 (2008), 149-153.
498:
411:, the engagement culminating in the loss of around 5,000 Tang troops.
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prefectures, resulting in a clash with general Chunyu Chuping in the
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647:, Ethno Cultural Dictionary in the official website of TĂRIK BITIG
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237:. The source specifically notes his hereditary title as that of
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A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, Volume I
360:
866:"Turkic inscription of Ilterish Kagan found in Mongolia"
613:
Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources
181:
785:
333:. In response to these attacks, the military general
205:, a-shih-na ku-tu-lu, d. 691) was the founder of the
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797:
725:
713:
659:
A History of the Second TĂŒrk Empire (ca. 682-745 AD)
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Tang, On Oq, and Kyrgyz coalition against the Turks
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773:
761:
749:
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592:Nomads and sedentary societies in medieval Eurasia
701:
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665:
1804:
273:- a special title given to military commanders.
521:
984:
305:The Tonyukuk inscription records that it was
991:
977:
261:. This potentially suggests that the name
882:
594:, American Historical Association, 1998,
514:analysed together with the Kul Tigin and
397:
249:text inscribed on the stele dedicated to
245:). However, this is contradicted in the
842:in the official website of TĂRIK BITIK.
508:
1805:
635:in the official website of TĂRIK BITIG
361:Conquest of the Toquz Oghuz and ĂtĂŒken
257:, the Chinese rendering of Old Turkic
16:Founder of the Second Turkic Khaganate
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840:The Kultegin Inscription (1-40 lines)
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559:, thus trying to avoid fate of the
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13:
615:, Indiana University Press, 2009,
14:
1849:
1828:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire
902:
551:and Ä°lteriĆ are common masculine
1608:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
858:
845:
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574:, in Mongolia's Otuken region.
434:while the latter refers to the
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638:
626:
611:Scott Cameron Levi, Ron Sela,
605:
584:
372:Baz Qaghan (Yaoluoge Dujiezhi)
1:
1631:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
577:
345:The military governor of the
286:Following the suppression of
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1833:7th-century monarchs in Asia
998:
661:. Leiden: Brill. p. 19.
302:confederation to the north.
182:
7:
1678:Tang Western Turk campaigns
633:Kultegin's Memorial Complex
522:Kultegin's memorial complex
337:was assigned to defend the
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10:
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1668:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
1588:Turks in the Tang military
1268:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
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883:Christian, David (1998).
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1203:Western Turkic Khaganate
1107:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
911:Kingdoms of Central Asia
887:. Blackwell Publishers.
227:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1331:Second Turkic Khaganate
951:Second Turkic Khaganate
221:who ruled as the final
207:Second Turkic Khaganate
34:Second Turkic Khaganate
1008:First Turkic Khaganate
561:First Turkic Khaganate
418:, originally from the
398:Campaign into Shandong
1598:Tonyukuk inscriptions
1583:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
909:GöktĂŒrks (Blue Turks)
1636:GöktĂŒrkâPersian wars
1476:Mengchi Protectorate
1447:Kunling Protectorate
509:Later life and death
267:Tonyukuk inscription
209:(reigning 682â691).
52:Position established
1782:GöktĂŒrk family tree
1573:Orkhon inscriptions
1563:Old Turkic language
1371:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
553:Turkish given names
414:In 686 the general
235:Chanyu Protectorate
229:. According to the
1813:7th-century births
1417:QutluÄ SĂ€bĂ€g Qatun
1233:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
1150:Ashina Jiesheshuai
657:Chen, Hao (2021).
1838:Founding monarchs
1800:
1799:
1663:GöktĂŒrk civil war
1658:GoguryeoâTang War
1603:Ongin inscription
1568:Old Turkic script
1506:Anxi Protectorate
967:
966:
958:Succeeded by
794:, pp. 39â40.
621:978-0-253-22140-7
600:978-0-87229-108-9
590:Peter B. Golden,
572:Khangai Mountains
432:Taihang Mountains
201:, éżćČéŁéȘšçŻ€ç„ż/éżćČéŁéȘšçŹçŠ,
197:; personal name:
180:
175:đ°đ° đ±
đ°Œđ°Ÿ:đ°Žđ°đ°Ł
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1695:Battle of Bolchu
1690:Li-Sun rebellion
1243:Sy Yabghu Khagan
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919:Ilterish Qaghan
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231:Old Book of Tang
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1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
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1669:
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1632:
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1620:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Orkhon Valley
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Ashina Buzhen
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:Western Turks
1432:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Tengri Qaghan
1364:
1362:
1361:Yollıg Khagan
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:El Kulug Shad
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:Ishbara Tolis
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:Ashide Fengji
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:Ashina She'er
1161:
1158:
1157:Ashina Funian
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Qilibi Qaghan
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Taspar Qaghan
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
975:
974:
971:
962:
961:Qapgan Khagan
953:
952:
948:
940:
939:Ashina Funian
936:
930:
926:
925:
916:
910:
907:
906:
896:
894:0-631-20814-3
890:
886:
881:
880:
867:
861:
854:
848:
841:
836:
829:
824:
818:, p. 44.
817:
812:
805:
800:
793:
788:
782:, p. 37.
781:
776:
770:, p. 36.
769:
764:
758:, p. 35.
757:
752:
746:, p. 34.
745:
740:
733:
728:
721:
716:
710:, p. 29.
709:
704:
697:
692:
686:, p. 21.
685:
680:
674:, p. 20.
673:
668:
660:
653:
646:
641:
634:
629:
622:
618:
614:
608:
601:
597:
593:
587:
583:
575:
573:
570:was found at
569:
564:
562:
558:
557:primogeniture
554:
550:
546:
542:
533:
531:
527:
519:
517:
506:
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
448:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
395:
393:
392:Hexi Corridor
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
369:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:qutlugh irkin
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:(Old Turkic:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
203:ÄshÇnĂ gÇdÇlĂč
200:
196:
192:é Ąè·ć©æœćŻæ±/éąè·ć©æœćŻæ±
189:
184:
183:Elteris qaÎłan
172:
168:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
126:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
56:Ashina Funian
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
20:
1787:Ashina tribe
1622:GöktĂŒrk wars
1455:Ashina Mishe
1376:ĂzmiĆ Khagan
1340:
1320:Ashina Tuizi
1313:Tardush Shad
1306:Ashina Duzhi
1248:Duolu Qaghan
1178:Ashide Wenfu
1142:Chebi Qaghan
1132:Illig Qaghan
1127:Chulo Qaghan
1122:Shibi Qaghan
1089:Yangsu Tegin
1060:Tulan Qaghan
1055:Bagha Qaghan
1045:Ashina Anluo
1035:Muqan Qaghan
1030:Issik Qaghan
1025:Bumin Qaghan
945:
934:
922:
884:
868:. TRT World.
860:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
667:
658:
652:
640:
628:
612:
607:
591:
586:
565:
539:
529:
528:
525:
516:Bilge Qaghan
512:
474:
454:
439:
413:
401:
380:
364:
351:Tang Xiujing
344:
324:
304:
285:
262:
258:
254:
242:
219:Illig Qaghan
216:
202:
198:
194:
166:
165:
121:Bilge Qaghan
51:
1624:and battles
1593:ĂlĂŒĆ system
1521:Turk Shahis
1470:Ashina Zhen
1465:Ashina Xian
1440:Jimi system
1356:BilgÀ Qaǧan
1351:Inel Qaghan
1281:Irbis Seguy
1238:KĂŒlĂŒg Sibir
1218:Niri Qaghan
1117:Yami Qaghan
1019:Ashina Tuwu
924:Ashina Clan
300:Toquz Oghuz
130:Inel Qaghan
128:BögĂŒ Qaghan
48:Predecessor
1818:694 deaths
1807:Categories
1613:Qara bodun
1499:Ashina Xin
1381:Ashina Shi
1292:Bagha Shad
1276:Yukuk Shad
1080:Apa Qaghan
941:(claimant)
578:References
499:Tocharians
445:Empress Wu
335:Xue Rengui
213:Early life
171:Old Turkic
150:Etmish Beg
58:(claimant)
1673:Xueyantuo
1523:(665â870)
1517:(625-758)
1403:Kul Tigin
1396:Kulun Beg
1334:(682â744)
1299:Böri Shad
1206:(581â657)
1110:(581â630)
1011:(552â581)
828:Chen 2021
816:Chen 2021
804:Chen 2021
792:Chen 2021
780:Chen 2021
768:Chen 2021
756:Chen 2021
744:Chen 2021
732:Chen 2021
720:Chen 2021
708:Chen 2021
696:Chen 2021
684:Chen 2021
672:Chen 2021
481:Tannu-Ola
422:state of
251:Kul Tigin
243:Tudun Ăor
239:Tutunchuo
125:Kul Tegin
63:Successor
1683:Conquest
1558:Kurultai
1538:Tengrism
1410:Tonyukuk
1000:GöktĂŒrks
955:681â694
623:, p. 54.
602:, p. 25.
503:Sogdians
307:Tonyukuk
282:Uprising
159:Tengrism
155:Religion
77:Tonyukuk
1766:Elteber
1756:Tarkhan
949:of the
877:Sources
568:Sogdian
464:), and
462:Wuzhile
458:TĂŒrgesh
388:Uyghurs
376:Khitans
316:Duoxifu
277:History
263:Qutlugh
247:Chinese
225:of the
188:Chinese
43:682-691
32:of the
1792:Ashide
1775:Family
1751:Khatun
1726:Yabghu
1711:Khagan
1704:Titles
1646:Second
1548:Otuken
1438:under
1286:Hallig
1228:Sheguy
1096:Tamgan
1066:IstÀmi
947:Khagan
891:
619:
598:
545:Kutluk
536:Legacy
494:Irtysh
486:khatun
466:Kyrgyz
460:under
424:Baekje
420:Korean
368:ĂtĂŒken
320:yabghu
312:Mochuo
223:qaghan
190::
147:Father
141:Ashina
105:Spouse
92:éżćČéŁéȘšçŻ€ç„ż
73:Regent
30:Qaghan
24:é Ąè·ć©æœćŻæ±
1761:Ishad
1741:Tudun
1736:Boyla
1731:Bagha
1721:Tegin
1651:Third
1641:First
1553:Suyab
1543:Asena
1213:Tardu
549:Ä°lter
541:Kutlu
477:Sayan
440:taluy
384:On Oq
318:as a
136:House
116:Issue
40:Reign
1716:Shad
935:none
889:ISBN
617:ISBN
596:ISBN
501:and
479:and
428:Gobi
296:Turk
292:Tang
271:shad
97:Died
87:Born
1746:Beg
405:Dai
100:691
1809::
563:.
547:,
543:,
532:"
505:.
488:,
447:.
438:-
186:,
177:,
173::
1426:)
1422:(
1419:)
1415:(
1412:)
1408:(
1405:)
1401:(
1398:)
1394:(
1391:)
1387:(
1322:)
1318:(
1315:)
1311:(
1308:)
1304:(
1301:)
1297:(
1294:)
1290:(
1270:)
1266:(
1263:)
1259:(
1194:)
1190:(
1187:)
1183:(
1180:)
1176:(
1173:)
1169:(
1166:)
1162:(
1159:)
1155:(
1152:)
1148:(
1098:)
1094:(
1091:)
1087:(
1082:)
1078:(
1075:)
1071:(
1068:)
1064:(
1021:)
1017:(
992:e
985:t
978:v
897:.
169:(
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