33:
311:
258:), that the civil bureaucracy reached its apex of power in the Abbasid court, but where the achievements of previous reigns in restoring the Caliphate's fortunes collapsed due to chronic financial shortages. Throughout the period, the political scene in Baghdad was dominated by Ibn al-Furat and his faction (the
416:
as the primary script for transmitting the holy Koran. Naskh is an easy-to-read font and continues to be used in printing to the present era. Ibn Muqla was revered as 'a prophet in the field of handwriting; it was poured upon his hand, even as it was revealed to the bees to make their honey cells
339:
By this time, the greatest threat faced by the
Caliphate was the increasing independence of the regional governors, who had taken advantage of the internal quarrels in the Abbasid court to strengthen their own control over their provinces and withheld the taxes due to Baghdad, leaving the central
318:
Ibn Muqla was reappointed as vizier by al-Qahir when he succeeded al-Muqtadir after the latter's death in 932. The new caliph's attempts to assert his own authority met with opposition both from Ibn Muqla and from Mu'nis. Mu'nis started conspiring against al-Qahir, but he was arrested and killed
298:) Nasr, Ibn Muqla managed to secure the post of vizier for himself after Ali's disgrace in 928. His vizierate however was marked by extreme internal instability, including a short-lived coup in 929, instigated by Mu'nis, which deposed al-Muqtadir in favour of his brother
331:
Initially, al-Radi sent for Ali ibn Isa to once more assume the vizierate, but the latter refused on account of his advanced age; Ibn Muqla was then appointed to his third term of office. However, for the first months of the reign,
319:
before he could act, whereupon, after only six months in office, Ibn Muqla was dismissed. Ibn Muqla then headed another conspiracy, and in 934 al-Qahir was captured, blinded and deposed by the
Baghdad troops, with his nephew
373:
ruler of what remained of the
Caliphate and deprived the caliph from all real authority. Ibn Ra'iq had the possessions of Ibn Muqla and his son confiscated, and Ibn Muqla in turn began to conspire against the
274:. Despite his close ties to Ibn al-Furat, which were re-affirmed during the latter's second tenure in 917–918, Ibn Muqla eventually turned against him. His next promotion came during the
1006:
360:, failed to even get started. Coupled with his failure to counter the mounting financial crisis, this last disaster led to Ibn Muqla's dismissal and arrest.
175:
at
Baghdad thrice: in 928–930, 932–933 and 934–936. Unable to successfully challenge the growing power of regional emirs, he lost his position to the first
419:
336:
continued to be the most powerful member of the court until his downfall in April 935; only then did Ibn Muqla truly gain control of the administration.
363:
Ibn Muqla's dismissal marks also the final end of the independence of the
Abbasid caliphs, for shortly after Ibn Ra'iq was appointed to the new post of
382:
was approaching
Baghdad to depose Ibn Ra'iq, his tongue was cut. Despite Bajkam's success, Ibn Muqla remained in prison, where he died on 20 July 940.
378:. Ibn Ra'iq however became aware of this, and had him imprisoned and his right hand cut off. Shortly after, even while the army of the Turkish general
991:
302:. Despite the coup's failure, Mu'nis and his close ally Ali ibn Isa now dominated the government, and led to Ibn Muqla's dismissal in 930.
996:
981:
340:
government crippled. Ibn Muqla resolved to reassert his control over the neighbouring provinces by military force, and chose the
240:, where he served as tax collector. His rise to power in the central government came in 908, under the patronage of the powerful
952:
794:
1011:
352:, but he was forced to return to Baghdad. Another attempt in 936 to launch a campaign against the rebellious governor of
938:
860:
761:
244:
427:. "Khatt" refers to the "marking out" of lines, which suggests that calligraphy is a demarcation of space. In the
171:
origin who rose to high state posts in the early 10th century. His career culminated in his own assumption of the
247:, who appointed him in charge of official dispatches. It was at this time, under the ineffectual rule of Caliph
986:
478:
345:
1001:
911:
775:. The A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts. Vol. XXXV. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
172:
80:
925:
450:
None of Ibn Muqla's authentic work exists today, his work is only known through other sources like
1016:
786:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
149:
847:
882:
Tabbaa, Yasser (1991). "The
Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy".
483:
357:
263:
976:
971:
804:
Osborn, J.R. (2009). "Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces".
8:
473:
468:
391:
271:
186:
98:
929:
899:
821:
677:
333:
916:
838:
948:
891:
870:
833:
825:
790:
757:
669:
417:
hexagonal'. He or his brothers have been considered the originators of the so-called
229:
164:
50:
933:
817:
813:
348:
as his first target: in 935 he launched a campaign that took the
Hamdanid capital,
267:
506:
423:("proportioned script") style, perfected by the 11th-century Persian calligrapher
784:
780:
753:
The Arab
Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries
751:
259:
140:
921:
855:
851:
406:
108:
965:
895:
874:
843:
673:
424:
365:
280:
237:
177:
278:
918–928 vizierate of Ali ibn Isa, when he assumed the important department (
451:
233:
182:
32:
353:
248:
681:
657:
903:
747:
463:
369:("commander of commanders"), a military-based office that became the
310:
439:
431:
system letter design is related to three measurements: the size of
341:
299:
168:
120:
396:
320:
305:
225:
201:
112:
76:
64:
46:
379:
294:
241:
433:
412:
349:
116:
615:
613:
443:; and the circle with a diameter equal to the height of the
292:
By cultivating the friendship of the powerful chamberlain (
404:, he invented five other styles of calligraphy, including
712:
688:
625:
610:
583:
559:
637:
600:
598:
236:
272 (885/6 CE). His career in public service began in
595:
571:
410:, a smooth cursive script that eventually superseded
700:
154:
915:
837:
159:; 885/6 – 20 July 940/1), commonly known as
724:
1007:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
963:
662:The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
501:
499:
658:"Arabic Calligraphy in the Library of Congress"
326:
306:Second vizierate and the overthrow of al-Qahir
756:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
496:
206:
194:
910:
619:
270:), and the powerful chief of the military,
939:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
861:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
185:, and died in prison. He was also a noted
31:
869:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 886–887.
266:and the faction gathered around him (the
992:Calligraphers from the Abbasid Caliphate
309:
219:
832:
779:
643:
631:
604:
589:
577:
565:
553:
964:
881:
803:
770:
718:
706:
694:
549:
547:
16:Abbasid vizier and Arabic calligrapher
655:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
314:Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries
947:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 368.
789:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
156:Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muqla
746:
730:
507:"Ibn Muqlah | Islamic calligrapher"
207:
195:
144:
13:
524:
287:
137:Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muqla
14:
1028:
997:Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
649:
390:Ibn Muqla was also famous as a
253:
982:Calligraphers of Arabic script
818:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643292
656:Selim, George Dimitri (1979).
385:
1:
489:
479:List of Persian calligraphers
245:Abu 'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
327:Third vizierate and downfall
145:أبو علي محمد بن علي ابن مقلة
7:
1012:10th-century Iranian people
457:
155:
10:
1033:
740:
773:The Mediation of Ornament
284:) of the public estates.
163:, was an official of the
126:
104:
94:
86:
72:
57:
39:
30:
23:
394:and the inventor of the
511:Encyclopedia Britannica
214:
400:style. In addition to
315:
224:Ibn Muqla was born in
987:Iranian calligraphers
771:Grabar, Oleg (1992).
484:List of Iraqi artists
313:
264:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
228:, the capital of the
220:Early life and career
437:; the height of the
1002:People from Baghdad
721:, pp. 289–306.
697:, pp. 119–148.
634:, pp. 194–195.
592:, pp. 193–194.
568:, pp. 185–188.
556:, pp. 886–887.
474:Persian calligraphy
469:Islamic calligraphy
99:Islamic calligraphy
79:court official and
67:, Abbasid Caliphate
912:Zetterstéen, K. V.
834:Sourdel, Dominique
806:Design and Culture
646:, pp. 195ff..
429:al-khatt al-mansub
420:al-khatt al-mansub
358:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
334:Muhammad ibn Yaqut
316:
191:al-khatt al-mansūb
954:978-90-04-09834-3
917:"al-Rāḍī bi'llāh"
796:978-0-582-40525-7
230:Abbasid Caliphate
202:khatt ath-thuluth
165:Abbasid Caliphate
153:
134:
133:
87:Years active
51:Abbasid Caliphate
1024:
958:
930:Heinrichs, W. P.
919:
907:
878:
841:
829:
800:
776:
767:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
685:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
620:Zetterstéen 1995
617:
608:
602:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
522:
521:
519:
517:
503:
323:succeeding him.
272:Mu'nis al-Khadim
257:
255:
210:
209:
198:
197:
158:
148:
146:
35:
21:
20:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
962:
961:
955:
922:Bosworth, C. E.
797:
764:
743:
738:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
689:
654:
650:
642:
638:
630:
626:
618:
611:
603:
596:
588:
584:
576:
572:
564:
560:
552:
525:
515:
513:
505:
504:
497:
492:
460:
388:
329:
308:
290:
288:First vizierate
252:
222:
217:
68:
62:
53:
44:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1017:Muslim artists
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
960:
959:
953:
926:van Donzel, E.
908:
884:Ars Orientalis
879:
830:
812:(3): 289–306.
801:
795:
777:
768:
763:978-9774244766
762:
742:
739:
736:
735:
723:
711:
699:
687:
668:(2): 140–177.
648:
636:
624:
622:, p. 368.
609:
607:, p. 194.
594:
582:
580:, p. 191.
570:
558:
523:
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
459:
456:
387:
384:
328:
325:
307:
304:
289:
286:
256: 908–932
221:
218:
216:
213:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:Known for
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
55:
54:
45:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
956:
950:
946:
942:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
857:
853:
849:
848:Ménage, V. L.
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
792:
788:
787:
782:
781:Kennedy, Hugh
778:
774:
769:
765:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
744:
733:, p. 81.
732:
727:
720:
715:
709:, p. 38.
708:
703:
696:
691:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
645:
640:
633:
628:
621:
616:
614:
606:
601:
599:
591:
586:
579:
574:
567:
562:
555:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
512:
508:
502:
500:
495:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
455:
453:
448:
446:
442:
441:
436:
435:
430:
426:
425:Ibn al-Bawwab
422:
421:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
393:
383:
381:
377:
376:amir al-umara
372:
368:
367:
366:amir al-umara
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
337:
335:
324:
322:
312:
303:
301:
297:
296:
285:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
268:Banu'l-Jarrah
265:
262:), his rival
261:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
212:
204:
203:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
178:amir al-umara
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
151:
142:
138:
130:Ali ibn Muqla
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
73:Occupation(s)
71:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
944:
943:Volume VIII:
937:
887:
883:
866:
859:
809:
805:
785:
772:
752:
726:
714:
702:
690:
665:
661:
651:
644:Kennedy 2004
639:
632:Kennedy 2004
627:
605:Kennedy 2004
590:Kennedy 2004
585:
578:Kennedy 2004
573:
566:Kennedy 2004
561:
554:Sourdel 1971
514:. Retrieved
510:
452:Ibn al-Nadim
449:
444:
438:
432:
428:
418:
411:
405:
401:
395:
392:calligrapher
389:
375:
370:
364:
362:
344:-controlled
338:
330:
317:
293:
291:
279:
275:
260:Banu'l-Furat
223:
200:
196:الخط المنسوب
190:
189:, inventing
187:calligrapher
176:
160:
136:
135:
18:
977:940s deaths
972:880s births
934:Lecomte, G.
890:: 119–148.
865:Volume III:
856:Schacht, J.
852:Pellat, Ch.
839:"Ibn Muḳla"
748:Ali, Wijdan
719:Osborn 2009
707:Grabar 1992
695:Tabbaa 1991
386:Calligraphy
249:al-Muqtadir
61:20 July 940
966:Categories
516:6 December
490:References
896:0571-1371
875:495469525
844:Lewis, B.
826:147422407
674:0041-7939
464:Iraqi art
183:Ibn Ra'iq
173:vizierate
161:Ibn Muqla
150:romanized
25:Ibn Muqla
936:(eds.).
914:(1995).
858:(eds.).
836:(1971).
783:(2004).
750:(1999).
731:Ali 1999
682:29781806
458:See also
371:de facto
342:Hamdanid
300:al-Qahir
276:de facto
208:خط الثلث
121:Muhaqqaq
945:Ned–Sam
904:4629416
741:Sources
402:thuluth
397:thuluth
321:al-Radi
226:Baghdad
169:Persian
152::
113:Thuluth
90:908–936
77:Abbasid
65:Baghdad
47:Baghdad
951:
932:&
902:
894:
873:
867:H–Iram
854:&
824:
793:
760:
680:
672:
380:Bajkam
346:Jazira
295:hadjib
242:vizier
199:) and
141:Arabic
127:Father
81:vizier
920:. In
900:JSTOR
842:. In
822:S2CID
678:JSTOR
434:nuqta
407:naskh
354:Wasit
350:Mosul
281:diwan
232:, in
117:Tawqi
109:Naskh
105:Style
43:885/6
949:ISBN
892:ISSN
871:OCLC
791:ISBN
758:ISBN
670:ISSN
518:2020
445:alif
440:alif
413:kūfi
238:Fars
215:Life
58:Died
40:Born
814:doi
211:).
167:of
968::
928:;
924:;
898:.
888:21
886:.
863:.
850:;
846:;
820:.
808:.
676:.
666:36
664:.
660:.
612:^
597:^
526:^
509:.
498:^
454:.
447:.
356:,
254:r.
234:AH
181:,
147:,
143::
119:,
115:,
111:,
49:,
957:.
941:.
906:.
877:.
828:.
816::
810:1
799:.
766:.
684:.
520:.
251:(
205:(
193:(
139:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
