564:
2009:
1366:) is a Neo-Platonic philosophical dialogue between master and disciple on the nature of Creation and how understanding what we are (our nature) can help us know how to live (our purpose). "His goal is to understand the nature of being and human being so that he might better understand and better inspire the pursuit of knowledge and the doing of good deeds." The work stands out in the history of philosophy for introducing the doctrine that all things, including soul and intellect, are composed of matter and form, and for its emphasis on divine will.
423:. As to the circumstances of his death, one legend claims that he was trampled to death by an Arab horseman. A second legend relates that he was murdered by a Muslim poet who was jealous of Gabirol's poetic gifts, and who secretly buried him beneath the roots of a fig tree. The tree bore fruit in abundant quantity and of extraordinary sweetness. Its uniqueness excited attention and provoked an investigation. The resulting inspection of the tree uncovered Gabirol's remains, and led to the identification and execution of the murderer.
284:
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335:, then an important center of Jewish culture. Gabirol's anti-social temperament, occasionally boastful poetry, and sharp wit earned him powerful enemies, but as long as Jekuthiel lived, Gabirol remained safe from them and was able to freely immerse himself in study of the Talmud, grammar, geometry, astronomy, and philosophy. However, when Gabirol was seventeen years old, his benefactor was
3084:
2756:
331:, but was forced to relocate to Málaga during a political crisis in 1013. Gabirol's parents died while he was a child, leaving him an orphan with no siblings or close relatives. He was befriended, supported and protected by a prominent political figure of the time, Yekutiel ibn Hassan al-Mutawakkil ibn Qabrun, and moved to
2044:. lit. "The Choice of Pearls"), an ethics work of sixty-four chapters, has been attributed to Gabirol since the 19th century, but this is doubtful. It was originally published, along with a short commentary, in Soncino, Italy, in 1484, and has since been re-worked and re-published in many forms and abridged editions (e.g.
1805:
the power of activity of physical beings, which
Gabirol affirmed. Aquinas held that Gabirol made the mistake of transferring to real existence the theoretical combination of genus and species, and that he thus came to the erroneous conclusion that in reality all things are constituted of matter and
270:
and had translated his work on Jewish Neo-Platonic philosophy into a Latin form that had in the intervening centuries been highly regarded as a work of
Islamic or Christian scholarship. As such, ibn Gabirol is well known in the history of philosophy for the doctrine that all things, including soul
418:
As mentioned above, the conflicting accounts of
Gabirol's death have him dying either before age 30 or by age 48. The opinion of earliest death, that he died before age 30, is believed to be based upon a misreading of medieval sources. The remaining two opinions are that he died either in 1069 or
1984:
independently of religious dogma and that it proposes that the five physical senses are emblems and instruments of virtue and vice, but not their agents; thus, a person's inclination to vice is subject to a person's will to change. Gabirol presents a tabular diagram of the relationship of twenty
530:
was evidently the translation. Munk concluded that
Avicebron or Avencebrol, who had for centuries been believed to be a Christian or Arabic Muslim philosopher, was instead identical with the Jewish Solomon ibn Gabirol. The centuries-long confusion was in part due to a content feature atypical in
1645:, in which he reproaches Gabirol for having philosophized without any regard to the requirements of the Jewish religious position and bitterly accuses him of mistaking a number of poor reasons for one good one. He criticizes Gabirol for being repetitive, wrong-headed and unconvincing.
347:(Shmuel HaNaggid). Gabirol made ibn Naghrillah an object of praise in his poetry until an estrangement arose between them and ibn Naghrillah became the butt of Gabirol's bitterest irony. It seems Gabirol never married, and that he spent the remainder of his life wandering.
1977:) is an ethical treatise that has been called by Munk "a popular manual of morals." It was composed by Gabirol at Zaragoza in 1045, at the request of some friends who wished to possess a book treating of the qualities of man and the methods of effecting their improvement.
314:
Gabirol lived a life of material comfort, never having to work to sustain himself, but he lived a difficult and loveless life, suffering ill health, misfortunes, fickle friendships, and powerful enemies. From his teenage years, he suffered from some disease, possibly
323:
wrote: "his irascible temperament dominated his intellect, nor could he rein the demon that was within himself. It came easily to him to lampoon the great, with salvo upon salvo of mockery and sarcasm." He has been described summarily as "a social misfit."
2079:) as the greatest poet of his age. His secular poems express disillusionment with social mores and worldliness, but are written with a sophistication and artistry that reveals him to have been socially influenced by his worldly Arabic contemporaries.
538:
The progression in the
Latinization of Gabirol's name seems to have been ibn Gabirol, Ibngebirol, Avengebirol. Avengebrol, Avencebrol, Avicebrol, and finally Avicebron. Some sources still refer to him as Avicembron, Avicenbrol, or Avencebrol.
1985:
qualities to the five senses, reconstructed at right, and urges his readers to train the qualities of their souls unto good through self-understanding and habituation. He regards man's ability to do so as an example of divine benevolence.
1313:: both were ignored by their fellow Jews, but exercised considerable influence upon Gentiles (Philo upon primitive Christianity, Gabirol upon medieval Christian scholasticism); and both served as cultural intermediaries (Philo between
2087:, is acknowledged today as one of the greatest poems in all of Hebrew literature." His verses are distinctive for tackling complex metaphysical concepts, expressing scathing satire, and declaring his religious devotion unabashedly.
2082:
Gabirol's lasting poetic legacy, however, was his sacred works. Today, "his religious lyrics are considered by many to be the most powerful of their kind in the medieval Hebrew tradition, and his long cosmological masterpiece,
439:
Gabirol seems to have often been called "the Málagan", after his place of birth, and would occasionally so refer to himself when encrypting his signature in his poems (e.g. in "שטר עלי בעדים", he embeds his signature as an
2090:
Gabirol wrote with a pure
Biblical Hebrew diction that would become the signature style of the Spanish school of Hebrew poets, and he popularized in Hebrew poetry the strict Arabic meter introduced by
1716:
as the work of a
Christian philosopher or Arabic Muslim philosopher, and it became a cornerstone and bone of contention in many theologically charged debates between Franciscans and Dominicans. The
3182:
Seyerlen, Die
Gegenseitigen Beziehungen Zwischen Abendländischer und Morgenländischer Wissenschaft mit Besonderer Rücksicht auf Solomon ibn Gebirol und Seine Philosophische Bedeutung, Jena, 1899;
339:
as the result of a political conspiracy, and by 1045 Gabirol found himself compelled to leave
Zaragoza. He was then sponsored by no less than the grand vizier and top general to the kings of
2177:(lit. Royal Crown), which, in 900 lines, describes the cosmos as testifying to its own creation by God, based upon the then current (11th-century) scientific understanding of the cosmos.
311:, but are unclear whether in late 1021 or early 1022 CE. The year of his death is a matter of dispute, with conflicting accounts having him dying either before age 30 or by age 48.
1578:
Though
Gabirol as a philosopher was ignored by the Jewish community, Gabirol as a poet was not, and through his poetry, he introduced his philosophical ideas. His best-known poem,
431:
Though Gabirol's legacy was esteemed throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods, it was historically minimized by two errors of scholarship that mis-attributed his works.
44:
1641:
he praises Gabirol as a poet. But to counteract the influence of ibn Gabirol the philosopher, he wrote an Arabic book, translated into Hebrew under the title
1236:
251:. He published over a hundred poems, as well as works of biblical exegesis, philosophy, ethics and satire. One source credits ibn Gabirol with creating a
1398:
The work was originally composed in Arabic, of which no copies are extant. It was preserved for the ages by a translation into Latin in the year 1150 by
1395:(5.43, p. 338, line 21), ibn Gabirol further describes this state of “return” as a liberation from death and a cleaving to the source of life.
319:, that would leave him embittered and in constant pain. He indicates in his poems that he considered himself short and ugly. Of his personality,
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misinterpreted manuscript signatures of the form "שלמה ... יהודה ... אלמלאק" to mean "Solomon ... the Jew .. the king", and so ascribed to
444:
in the form "אני שלמה הקטן ברבי יהודה גבירול מאלקי חזק" – meaning: "I am young Solomon, son of Rabi Yehuda, from Malaqa, Hazak"). While in
2055:
The work is a collection of maxims, proverbs, and moral reflections, many of them of Arabic origin, and bears a strong similarity to the
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1302:. As such, he is best known for the doctrine that all things, including soul and intellect, are composed of matter and form (“Universal
3412:
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2015:, traditionally thought to have been written by Solomon ibn Gabirol, 1899 edition with corrected text and a facing English translation.
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supported its teachings, and led to its acceptance in Christian philosophy, influencing later philosophers such as the 16th-century
3298:
3143:
Guttmann, Das Verhältniss des Thomas von Aquino zum Judenthum und zur Jödischen Litteratur, especially ii. 16–30, Götingen, 1891;
1599:
is the first to mention Gabirol as a philosopher, praising his intellectual achievements, and quoting several passages from the
1292:
Gabirol made his mark on the history of philosophy under his alias as Avicebron, one of the first teachers of Neo-Platonism in
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Gabirol, in his poem "כשרש עץ" (line 24), claims to have written twenty philosophical works. Through scholarly deduction (see
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Kaufmann, Gesch. der Attributtenlehre in der Jüd. Religionsphilosophie des Mittelaliers, pp. 95–115, Gotha, 1877;
369:
At age 17, he composed a 200-verse elegy for his friend Yekutiel and four other notable elegies to mourn the death of
307:
Little is known of Gabirol's life, and some sources give contradictory information. Sources agree that he was born in
3149:
Joël, Ibn Gebirol's Bedeutung für die Gesch. der Philosophie, Beiträge zur Gesch. der philosophie, i., Breslau, 1876;
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3387:
3304:
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Some popular examples that are often sung outside of the liturgy include: Shalom L'ben Dodi, Shachar Abakeshcha.
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Bloch, Die Jüdische Religionsphilosophic, in Winter and Wünsche, Die Jüdische Litteratur, ii. 699–793, 723–729;
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posits that the basis of existence and the source of life in every created thing is a combination of "matter" (
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imported that error back into the Hebrew canon, and added another four works to the list of false ascriptions.
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and other Arabic and Hebrew collections of ethics sayings, which were highly prized by both Arabs and Jews.
1407:
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857:
376:
By age 19, he had composed a 400-verse alphabetical and acrostic poem teaching the rules of Hebrew grammar.
3113:
Bacher, Bibelexegese der Jüdischen, Religionsphilosophen des Mittelalters, pp. 45–55, Budapest, 1892;
535:
exhibits an independence of Jewish religious dogma and does not cite Biblical verses or Rabbinic sources.
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1375:
Teacher: The inclination of his soul to the higher world in order that everyone might return to his like.
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17:
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2409:. Schiff Library of Jewish Classics. Translated by Zangwill, Israel. Philadelphia: JPS. p. 247.
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Gabirol wrote both sacred and secular poems, in Hebrew, and was recognized even by his critics (e.g.
1593:; namely, that all the attributes predicated of God exist apart in thought alone and not in reality.
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2766:"IBN GABIROL, SOLOMON BEN JUDAH (ABU AYYUB SULAIMAN IBN YAḤYA IBN JABIRUL), known also as Avicebron"
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2302:, ed. by M. J. Cano (Granada: Universidad de Granada; : Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, 1987)
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1403:
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1988:
While this work of Gabirol is not widely studied in Judaism, it has many points in common with
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344:
259:
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Eisler, Vorlesungen über die Jüdischen Philosophen des Mittelalters, i. 57–81, Vienna, 1876;
328:
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1216:
958:
923:
806:
155:
64:
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1788:, who accept the teaching of Gabirol that spiritual substances consist of matter and form.
8:
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1672:, are based on an acquaintance with the scholastic philosophy, especially the works of
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1589:. For example, the eighty-third line of the poem points to one of the teachings of the
1534:), which latter are the connecting link between the first substance (i.e. the Godhead,
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1226:
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978:
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240:
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Kümpf, Nichtandalusische Poesie Andalusischer Dichter, pp. 167–191, Prague, 1858;
1611:, who cites Gabirol's philosophico-allegorical Bible interpretation, borrows from the
3128:
idem. Salomo ben Gabirol aus Malaga und die Ethischen Werke Desselben, Hanover, 1860;
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2008:
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the universality of matter, Aquinas holding that spiritual substances are immaterial;
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776:
751:
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pronunciation. In Gabirol's day, when it was ruled by Arabic speakers, it was called
131:
82:
3238:
3185:
Stouössel, Salomo ben Gabirol als Philosoph und Förderer der Kabbala, Leipsic, 1881;
2286:
Selección de perlas = Mibḥar ha-penînîm: (máximas morales, sentencias e historietas)
480:
some seventeen philosophical essays of Gabirol. The 15th-century Jewish philosopher
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2032:
1994:
1989:
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and the Oriental world; Gabirol between Greco-Arabic philosophy and the Occident).
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829:
771:
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716:
683:
481:
457:
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By age 23 or 25, he had composed, in Arabic, "Improvement of the Moral Qualities" (
359:
3276:
3194:
Wittmann, Die Stellung des Heiligen Thomas von Aquin zu Avencebrol, Münster, 1900.
3179:
Sachs, Die Religiöse; Poesie der Juden in Spanien, pp. 213–248, Berlin, 1845;
3173:
Myer, Qabbalah, The Philosophical Writings of . . . Avicebron, Philadelphia, 1888;
1652:
literature of the 13th century. Later references to ibn Gabirol, such as those of
3280:
3107:
H. Adler, Ibn Gabirol and His Influence upon Scholastic Philosophy, London, 1865;
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2624:
2501:
2402:
2138:
2118:
2076:
2037:
2023:
1973:
1961:
1953:
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392:
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228:
204:
199:
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86:
3167:
Müller, De Godsleer der Middeleeuwsche Joden, pp. 90–107, Groningen, 1898;
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proofs that these "intelligibiles" are likewise constituted of matter and form;
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2227:
Shire Shelomoh ben Yehudah ibn Gabirol: meḳubatsim ʼal-pi sefarim ṿe-kitve-yad
2204:, in a piece titled "Red Lips" ("Adumey Ha-Sefatot" "אֲדֻמֵּי הַשְּׂפָתוֹת")
1464:
proofs of the existence of intermediaries between God and the physical world (
1363:
472:), as it is to this day by Arabic speakers. The 12th-century Arab philosopher
3336:
3119:
Beer, Philosaphie und Philosophische Schriftsteller der Juden, Leipsic, 1852;
3063:
2793:
2546:. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
2130:
1634:
1493:) and "form". The doctrine of matter and form informed the work's subtitle: "
1411:
1201:
1084:
1059:
445:
336:
283:
3227:
Kämpf, Nichtandalusische Poesie Andalusischer Dichter, pp. 167 et seq.;
1432:
in Hebrew, and only in 1926 was the full Latin text translated into Hebrew.
2832:
1303:
1139:
988:
721:
673:
493:
405:(lit. "Choice of Pearls"), although scholars are divided on his authorship.
272:
244:
143:
2535:
2213:
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At around age 25, or not, he may have composed his collection of proverbs
2897:
A History of God: The 4000-year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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1785:
1740:
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1089:
1054:
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Gabirol had become an accomplished poet and philosopher at an early age:
3078:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
3040:
2997:"ArtScroll.com - The ArtScroll Sephardic Siddur - Schottenstein Edition"
1753:. Other early supporters of Gabirol's philosophy include the following:
295:
3317:
Traditional Sphardic Singing of Gabirol's Shabbat Poem Shimru Shabtotai
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2191:
2154:
2122:
1736:
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1114:
900:
890:
796:
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663:
589:
248:
3230:
Brody, Kuntras ha-Pijutim nach dem Machsor Vitry, Berlin, 1894, Index.
1795:
The main points at issue between Gabirol and Aquinas were as follows:
1442:
matter and form in general and their relation in physical substances (
327:
Gabirol's writings indicate that his father was a prominent figure in
1661:
905:
668:
599:
594:
3155:
Karpeles, Gesch. der Jüdischen Litteratur, i. 465–483, Berlin, 1886;
2315:, trans. by Peter Cole (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001)
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2098:
calls Gabirol, not ben Labrat, "the writer of metric songs," and in
1648:
Occasional traces of ibn Gabriol's thought are found in some of the
1585:, is a philosophical treatise in poetical form, the "double" of the
308:
288:
258:
In the 19th century it was discovered that medieval translators had
60:
3140:
Guttmann, Die Philosophie des Salomon ibn Gabirol, Göttingen, 1889;
2866:
A Short Survey of the Literature of Rabbinical and Mediæval Judaism
2110:
1980:
The innovations in the work are that it presents the principles of
1649:
998:
678:
441:
420:
370:
332:
78:
3221:
M. Sachs, Die Religiöse Poesie der Juden in Spanien, Berlin, 1845;
3067:
1802:
the plurality of forms in a physical entity, which Aquinas denied;
3045:
2141:
Some of his most famous in liturgical use include the following:
2126:
2114:
1683:
drew upon Gabirol's works in his encyclopedic philosophical text
1425:. In the 13th century, Shem Tov ibn Falaquera wrote a summary of
895:
477:
363:
355:
340:
3326:
3237:
3125:
Dukes, Ehrensäulen, und Denksteine, pp. 9–25, Vienna, 1837;
2626:
Wine, Women, & Death: Medieval Hebrew Poems on the Good Life
2309:, ed. by María José Cano (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1992)
3329:
digital humanities project on Ibn Gabirol's philosophical ideas
3321:
2925:
2424:
2194:
2190:
In 2007 Gabirol's poetry has been set to music by the Israeli
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2106:
1981:
1952:, originally written in Arabic under the title Islah al-Khlaq (
1615:
both in his prose and in his poetry without giving due credit.
1293:
1241:
523:
2183:
Gabirol's poetry has been set to music by the modern composer
1553:
Matter and form are always and everywhere in the relation of "
43:
3206:
Senior Sachs, Cantiqucs de Salomon ibn Gabirole, Paris, 1868;
3191:
Wise, The Improvement of the Moral Qualities, New York, 1901;
3188:
Steinschneider, Hebr. Uebers. pp. 379–388, Berlin, 1893;
1747:
1637:, was the first to take exception to Gabirol's teachings. In
1453:
the substance which underlies the corporeality of the world (
1310:
625:
505:
408:
At around age 28, or not, he composed his philosophical work
252:
1764:
into Latin and incorporated its ideas into his own teaching.
1289:), we know their titles, but we have the texts of only two.
3203:
Geiger, Salomo Gabirol und Seine Dichtungen, Leipsic, 1867;
3170:
Munk, Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et, Arabe, Paris, 1859;
3164:
Löwenthal, Pseudo-Aristoteles über die Seele, Berlin, 1891;
3158:
Kaufmann, Studien über Salomon ibn Gabirol, Budapest, 1899;
3134:
Geiger, Salomo Gabirol und Seine Dichtungen, Leipsic, 1867;
1501:
everything that exists may be reduced to three categories:
354:
By age 17, he had composed five of his known poems, one an
271:
and intellect, are composed of matter and form ("Universal
236:
233:
2288:, trans. by David Gonzalo Maeso (Barcelona: Ameller, 1977)
2102:
uses Gabirol's poems to illustrate various poetic meters.
1774:. He speaks of Gabirol as a Christian and praises him as "
358:("I am the master, and Song is my slave") enumerating all
229:[ˈʔæbuːʔæjˈjuːbsʊlæjˈmæːnbɪnˈjæħjæːbɪndʒæbiːˈruːl]
3025:
2629:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. p. 204.
1836:
3218:
Edelmann and Dukes, Treasures of Oxford, London, 1851;
3146:
Horovitz, Die Psychologie Ibn Gabirols, Breslau, 1900;
2295:, trans. by Elena Romero (: Ediciones Alfaguara, 1978)
1515:
All created beings are constituted of form and matter.
1712:
For over six centuries, the Christian world regarded
1622:
borrows extensively from the "Fons Vitæ" in his work
1286:
2878:
The manuscript in the Mazarine Library is entitled "
1770:, who refers to the work of Gabirol under the title
1342:) and later translated into Hebrew by Ibn Tibbon as
218:
189:
2800:. cambridge: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2275:, ed. by H. Brody and J. Schirmann (Jerusalem 1975)
434:
27:
11th-century Andalusian poet and Jewish philosopher
3248:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3224:Zunz, Literaturgesch. pp. 187–194, 411, 588;
3116:Bäumker, Avencebrolis Fons Vitæ, Muuünster, 1895;
2798:A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages
1550:, lit. "substance divided into nine categories").
3334:
3209:idem, in Ha-Teḥiyyah, p. 185, Berlin, 1850;
2564:. London: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2187:, in an album titled "Symphony of Meditations."
3322:pdf of Azharot of Solomon Ibn Gabirol in Hebrew
2407:Selected Religious Poems of Solomon ibn Gabirol
1330:, originally written in Arabic under the title
3021:"Kernis Takes On Ibn Gabirol in 'Meditations'"
2214:אבן גבירול שלמה ב"ר יהודה הספרדי (1928–1929).
1459:de substantia quæ sustinet corporeitatem mundi
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1707:
1518:This holds true for both the physical world (
1406:, who was the first official director of the
1266:
2863:
2595:"Shelomo Ibn Gabirol (1021/22 – c. 1057/58)"
2207:
180:ר׳ שְׁלֹמֹה בֶּן יְהוּדָה אִבְּן גָּבִּירוֹל
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2948:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2239:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2125:, most of which have been included in the
1960:), and later translated by Ibn Tibbon as (
1824:because he felt that that idea would make
1776:unicus omnium philosophantium nobilissimus
1532:substantiis spiritualibus sive simplicibus
1273:
1259:
220:’Abū ’Ayyūb Sulaymān bin Yaḥyá bin Jabīrūl
42:
3110:Ascher, A Choice of Pearls, London, 1859;
2891:
2857:
2827:
2825:
2810:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2666:
2502:"Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Avicebron]"
1306:”), and for his emphasis on divine will.
275:"), and for his emphasis on divine will.
255:, possibly female, for household chores.
200:[ʃ(e)loˈmobenjehuˈdaʔibnɡabiˈʁol]
3307:English translation at seforimonline.org
3062:
2864:Oesterley, W. O. E.; Box, G. H. (1920).
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2401:
2007:
1569:": substratum and property or attribute.
294:
282:
2917:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2506:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2458:
2342:
1806:form as genus and species respectively.
886:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
456:), that is in deference to its current
14:
3335:
3235:
2850:Mélanges de philosophie juive et arabe
2822:
2618:
2616:
2533:
2499:
2437:
2153:(lit. Royal Crown), for recitation on
1950:The Improvement of the Moral Qualities
1838:The Improvement of the Moral Qualities
1309:His role has been compared to that of
522:, Munk proved them to both excerpt an
426:
3212:Dukes, Schire Shelomo, Hanover, 1858;
2804:
2792:
2786:
2689:
2643:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2313:Selected poems of Solomon Ibn Gabirol
2281:, ed. by Dov Jarden (Jerusalem, 1975)
1998:, written in 1040, also in Zaragoza.
1972:
1815:Gabirol denied the idea of "creation
1699:
1524:substantiis corporeis sive compositis
1391:In the closing sentences of the Fons
1354:
227:
198:
3378:11th-century writers from al-Andalus
3137:Graetz, History of the Jews. iii. 9;
2846:
2831:
2550:
2431:
2105:He wrote also more than one hundred
2048:versified the work under the title "
2001:
1679:The 13th-century Jewish philosopher
1478:universal matter and universal form.
1372:Student: What is the purpose of man?
3286:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2613:
2273:Shelomoh Ibn Gabirol, shirei ha-ḥol
2041:
2027:
1965:
1957:
1704:, lit. "The Book of Compilation").
1692:
1347:
1339:
469:
453:
396:
384:
208:
179:
24:
3305:Improvement of the Moral Qualities
3293:includes an extensive bibliography
3274:
3056:
2885:
2568:
2520:
2165:) mourning the destruction of the
1974:[ti.'kunmi.ˈdotha.ˈne.feʃ]
1629:Another 12th-century philosopher,
1448:substantiæ corporeæ sive compositæ
25:
3429:
3413:11th-century Spanish philosophers
3373:11th-century rabbis in al-Andalus
3253:
3092:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2966:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2764:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
209:أبو أيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرول
3259:
3242:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3215:idem, Ehrensaülen, Vienna, 1837;
3176:Rosin, in J. Q. R. iii. 159–181;
3102:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
3094:"Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Judah"
3082:
2976:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2968:"Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Judah"
2930:(in Hebrew). London. p. 208
2754:
2500:Pessin, Sarah (April 18, 2014).
2200:and the Israeli modern composer
1507:matter and form (i.e. Creation);
562:
448:the city is also called Málaga (
435:False ascription as King Solomon
3033:
3013:
2989:
2980:
2872:
2774:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls
2623:Scheindlin, Raymond P. (1986).
2601:. Pen America. 16 February 2007
48:Modern depiction of Ibn Gabirol
2853:(in French). Paris: A. Franck.
2441:From the World of the Cabbalah
2173:Gabirol's most famous poem is
1359:, lit. "Source of Life", (cf.
1298:
830:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
518:
410:
34:Solomon ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol
13:
1:
2924:Ibn Gabirol, Shelomo (1899).
2504:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2336:
1618:The 12th-century philosopher
542:
191:Shlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol
3393:Philosophers from al-Andalus
3363:Medieval Jewish philosophers
3041:"Berry Sakharof discography"
1810:
1408:Toledo School of Translators
1320:
1045:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
387:, translated into Hebrew by
278:
7:
2534:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878).
2319:
1879:Hard-heartedness (cruelty)
1526:) and the spiritual world (
1497:" Its chief doctrines are:
1438:consists of five sections:
516:work by Avicebron entitled
488:Identification as Avicebron
219:
190:
10:
3434:
3398:11th-century Spanish poets
2868:. New York: Burt Franklin.
2837:Literaturblatt des Orients
1708:Influence on Scholasticism
1542:) and the physical world (
1160:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1040:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
3301:introduction to his poems
2444:. Kessinger. p. 57.
2438:Bokser, Ben Zion (2006).
2208:Editions and translations
2066:
1932:
1925:
1831:
1731:opposed the teachings of
1472:, lit. "intelligibiles");
1356:[mɛ.ˈkorxay.ˈyim]
1070:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
863:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
621:Aristobulus of Alexandria
389:Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
161:
149:
137:
127:
117:
113:
101:
93:
71:
53:
41:
32:
3236:Turner, William (1907).
2226:
2169:and the plight of Israel
1915:Grief (apprehensiveness)
1701:[ˈsefeʁhaχiˈbuʁ]
1670:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
1574:Influence within Judaism
1035:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
419:1070, or around 1058 in
3418:Jewish liturgical poets
3388:Philosophers of Judaism
3313:biography on chabad.org
3099:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3075:Encyclopædia Britannica
2986:Commentary on Gen. 3: 1
2973:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2771:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2560:Raphael, Loewe (1989).
2543:Encyclopædia Britannica
1758:Dominicus Gundissalinus
1510:will (an intermediary).
1404:Dominicus Gundissalinus
1385:1.2, p. 4, lines 23–25)
502:French National Library
3299:An Andalusian Alphabet
2847:Munk, Salomon (1859).
2816:Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah
2508:(Summer 2014 ed.)
2224:שירי שלמה בן יהודה אבן
2016:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1490:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1315:Hellenistic philosophy
1095:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1065:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
762:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
526:original of which the
512:. Comparing it with a
510:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
304:
292:
287:Ibn Gabirol statue in
232:) was an 11th-century
3353:Hebrew-language poets
3277:"Solomon Ibn Gabirol"
3245:Catholic Encyclopedia
2880:De Materia Universali
2672:"Solomon Ibn Gabirol"
2298:Šelomoh Ibn Gabirol,
2127:Holy Day prayer books
2011:
1992:'s very popular work
1760:, who translated the
1105:Samuel David Luzzatto
1075:Samson Raphael Hirsch
696:Spanish and European:
664:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
496:discovered among the
345:Samuel ibn Naghrillah
298:
286:
3403:People from Zaragoza
2818:(in Hebrew). Venice.
2326:Miguel Asín Palacios
2291:Selomo Ibn Gabirol,
2284:Selomó Ibn Gabirol,
1919:Penitence (remorse)
1495:De Materia et Forma.
1470:substantiæ simplices
807:Judah Leon Abravanel
156:Religious philosophy
97:Avicebron, Avicebrol
65:Caliphate of Cordoba
3327:Ibn Gabirol Digital
3311:Solomon Ibn Gabirol
3266:Solomon ibn Gabirol
3069:"Ibn Gabirol"
2901:Alfred A. Knopf Inc
2812:ibn Yahya, Gedaliah
2167:Temple in Jerusalem
1902:Good-will (suavity)
1828:"subject to the ".
1768:William of Auvergne
1725:St. Albertus Magnus
1681:Berechiah ha-Nakdan
1491:materia universalis
1237:Microcosm–macrocosm
1155:Joseph Soloveitchik
825:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
626:Philo of Alexandria
550:Part of a series on
500:manuscripts in the
427:Historical identity
168:Solomon ibn Gabirol
122:Medieval philosophy
75:1070 (1050?, 1058?)
3408:Spanish male poets
3383:People from Málaga
3264:Works by or about
2331:Ibn Gabirol Street
2020:Mukhtar al-Jawahir
2017:
1913:Joy (cheerfulness)
1791:William of Lamarre
1782:Alexander of Hales
1729:St. Thomas Aquinas
1620:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1150:Abraham Isaac Kook
1130:Monsieur Chouchani
732:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
702:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
669:Ismaili philosophy
659:Brethren of Purity
385:كتاب إصلاح الأخلاق
305:
293:
262:Gabirol's name to
3239:"Avicebron"
3001:www.artscroll.com
2910:978-0-679-42600-4
2537:"Avicebron"
2092:Dunash ben Labrat
2033:Mivchar HaPeninim
2013:Mivhar ha-Peninim
2003:Mivchar HaPeninim
1947:
1946:
1784:and his disciple
1639:Sefer ha-Kabbalah
1603:in his own work,
1283:
1282:
1120:Eliezer Berkovits
1110:Elijah Benamozegh
1100:Moses Mendelssohn
1015:Francisco Sanches
974:Reconstructionist
777:Isaac ben Sheshet
772:Moses of Narbonne
752:Samuel ibn Tibbon
712:Abraham bar Hiyya
556:Jewish philosophy
531:Jewish writings:
217:
188:
172:Solomon ben Judah
165:
164:
132:Jewish philosophy
83:Taifa of Valencia
16:(Redirected from
3425:
3290:
3281:Zalta, Edward N.
3263:
3249:
3241:
3103:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2927:Mivchar HaPninim
2921:
2915:
2914:
2893:Armstrong, Karen
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2668:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2497:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2403:Davidson, Israel
2399:
2307:Poesía religiosa
2300:Poemas seculares
2244:
2238:
2230:
2229:. תל אביבגבירול.
2185:Aaron Jay Kernis
2159:various dirges (
2096:Abraham ibn Ezra
2061:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2050:Shekel ha-Kodesh
2043:
2029:
1995:Chovot HaLevavot
1990:Bahya ibn Paquda
1976:
1971:
1967:
1966:"תקון מדות הנפש"
1959:
1843:
1842:
1735:; the Platonist
1703:
1698:
1694:
1631:Abraham ibn Daud
1609:Abraham ibn Ezra
1605:Aruggat ha-Bosem
1400:Abraham ibn Daud
1358:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1296:, and author of
1275:
1268:
1261:
1178:
1135:Emmanuel Levinas
926:
757:Joseph ben Judah
737:Abraham ibn Ezra
727:Abraham ibn Daud
717:Bahya ibn Paquda
684:Rabbinic Judaism
646:
577:
566:
547:
546:
482:Yohanan Alemanno
471:
455:
398:
386:
360:613 commandments
301:Caesarea, Israel
231:
226:
222:
212:
210:
202:
197:
193:
183:
181:
104:
94:Other names
46:
30:
29:
21:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3368:Sephardi rabbis
3333:
3332:
3275:Pessin, Sarah.
3256:
3090:Singer, Isidore
3083:
3059:
3057:Further reading
3054:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2964:Singer, Isidore
2961:
2957:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:. p. 186.
2890:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2862:
2858:
2830:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2762:Singer, Isidore
2755:
2753:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
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2637:
2621:
2614:
2604:
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2593:
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2521:
2511:
2509:
2498:
2459:
2452:
2436:
2432:
2417:
2400:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2210:
2077:Yehuda Alharizi
2069:
2006:
1969:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1906:Wide-awakeness
1905:
1903:
1901:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1813:
1710:
1696:
1666:Moses Almosnino
1662:Judah Abarbanel
1658:Isaac Abarbanel
1654:Elijah Chabillo
1583:("Royal Crown")
1576:
1351:
1332:Yanbu' al-Hayat
1325:
1279:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1145:Gershom Scholem
1125:Eliyahu Dessler
1004:
1003:
927:
922:
915:
914:
911:
910:
873:
872:
835:
834:
812:
811:
802:Isaac Abarbanel
792:Elia del Medigo
689:
688:
647:
642:
635:
634:
631:
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610:
609:
578:
573:
545:
490:
474:Jabir ibn Aflah
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3255:
3254:External links
3252:
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3080:
3066:, ed. (1911).
3064:Chisholm, Hugh
3058:
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3012:
2988:
2979:
2955:
2916:
2909:
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2871:
2856:
2835:(1846). "??".
2821:
2803:
2794:Sirat, Colette
2785:
2688:
2642:
2636:978-0195129878
2635:
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2293:Poesía secular
2289:
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2276:
2270:
2209:
2206:
2198:Berry Sakharof
2171:
2170:
2157:
2151:Keter Malchuth
2148:
2073:Moses ibn Ezra
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1772:Fons Sapientiæ
1765:
1751:Giordano Bruno
1709:
1706:
1685:Sefer Haḥibbur
1597:Moses ibn Ezra
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1540:essentia prima
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1050:Tzvi Ashkenazi
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1030:Salomon Maimon
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1025:Baruch Spinoza
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1020:Uriel da Costa
1017:
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969:Existentialist
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782:Hasdai Crescas
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653:Influenced by:
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403:Mivchar Pninim
399:
397:תקון מדות הנפש
377:
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321:Moses ibn Ezra
317:lupus vulgaris
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151:Main interests
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2833:Munk, Solomon
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2451:9781428620858
2447:
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2426:
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2418:
2416:0-8276-0060-7
2412:
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2305:Ibn Gabirol,
2304:
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2256:
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2217:
2216:ביאליק, ח. נ.
2212:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Keter Malchut
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
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2140:
2136:
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2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
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2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2085:Keter Malchut
2080:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:Joseph Ḳimcḥi
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:مختار الجواهر
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1963:
1958:إصلاح الأخلاق
1955:
1951:
1942:
1931:
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1242:Righteousness
1240:
1238:
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1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
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1198:
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1193:
1192:Chosen people
1190:
1188:
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1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Isaac Cardoso
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Samuel Hirsch
1058:
1056:
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1046:
1043:
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1038:
1036:
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869:
866:
864:
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859:
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854:
851:
849:
848:Isaac Israeli
846:
845:
843:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
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479:
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451:
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446:Modern Hebrew
443:
432:
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413:
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407:
404:
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382:
378:
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372:
368:
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318:
312:
310:
302:
297:
290:
285:
276:
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269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
247:tradition in
246:
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192:
186:
177:
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169:
160:
157:
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92:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
52:
45:
40:
31:
19:
3358:Jewish poets
3348:1050s deaths
3343:1020s births
3292:
3284:
3243:
3197:
3097:
3073:
3044:
3035:
3029:. July 2009.
3024:
3015:
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
2991:
2982:
2971:
2958:
2932:. Retrieved
2926:
2919:
2899:. New York:
2896:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2769:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2625:
2603:. Retrieved
2598:
2561:
2541:
2510:. Retrieved
2505:
2440:
2433:
2406:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2223:
2202:Rea Mochiach
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2070:
2054:
2049:
2042:מבחר הפנינים
2031:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1926:
1917:Tranquillity
1912:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1872:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1816:
1814:
1794:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1732:
1718:Aristotelian
1713:
1711:
1684:
1678:
1647:
1643:Emunah Ramah
1642:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:Keter Malkut
1580:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1340:ينبوع الحياة
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1308:
1304:Hylomorphism
1297:
1291:
1284:
1140:Martin Buber
1008:
959:Conservative
932:
879:
841:
818:
722:Judah Halevi
706:
695:
674:Jewish Kalam
652:
614:
583:
537:
532:
527:
517:
494:Solomon Munk
491:
461:
438:
430:
417:
409:
402:
349:
337:assassinated
326:
313:
306:
273:Hylomorphism
267:
263:
257:
245:Neo-Platonic
171:
167:
166:
144:Neoplatonism
107:
103:Notable work
57:1021 or 1022
2934:October 11,
2778:October 15,
2681:October 14,
2605:October 14,
2562:Ibn Gabirol
2512:October 13,
2220:רבניצקי, ח.
2137:, and even
2100:Sefer Zaḥot
2057:Florilegium
1937:Miserliness
1786:Bonaventura
1741:Duns Scotus
1737:Franciscans
1650:Kabbalistic
1624:Microcosmos
1559:sustentatum
1415:philosopher
1197:Eschatology
1090:David Nieto
1055:Jacob Emden
989:Neo-Hasidic
868:Ibn Kammuna
858:al-Mukkamas
853:Saadia Gaon
787:Joseph Albo
747:Nachmanides
707:Ibn Gabirol
575:Hellenistic
241:philosopher
3337:Categories
3270:Wikisource
3198:For Poetry
3104:Endnotes:
3006:2024-01-14
2845:Also, see
2676:chabad.org
2337:References
2155:Yom Kippur
2135:Ashkenazim
1970:pronounced
1941:Cowardice
1935:Liberality
1866:Impudence
1721:Dominicans
1697:pronounced
1693:ספר החיבור
1567:proprietas
1563:propriatum
1419:archdeacon
1417:, and the
1412:scholastic
1352:pronounced
1115:Moses Hess
933:Positions:
880:Positions:
797:Judah Minz
767:Gersonides
742:Maimonides
605:Boethusian
584:Positions:
543:Philosophy
508:a work by
299:Statue in
268:Avencebrol
249:Al-Andalus
225:pronounced
196:pronounced
18:Ibn Gvirol
2944:cite book
2235:cite book
2195:guitarist
2131:Sephardim
2123:fast-days
2119:festivals
1818:ex nihilo
1811:Ex nihilo
1762:Fons Vitæ
1745:Dominican
1733:Fons Vitæ
1714:Fons Vitæ
1613:Fons Vitæ
1601:Fons Vitæ
1591:Fons Vitæ
1587:Fons Vitæ
1555:sustinens
1483:Fons Vitæ
1436:Fons Vitæ
1348:מקור חיים
1328:Fons Vitæ
1322:Fons Vitæ
1299:Fons Vitæ
1227:Holocaust
1217:Happiness
999:Rambamist
979:Holocaust
954:Chassidic
944:Sephardic
891:Kabbalist
819:Yemenite:
595:Sadducean
590:Hasmonean
533:Fons Vitæ
528:Fons Vitæ
519:Fons Vitæ
492:In 1846,
411:Fons Vitæ
279:Biography
264:Avicebron
260:Latinized
214:romanized
185:romanized
108:Fons Vitæ
36:Avicebron
2895:(1996).
2814:(1587).
2796:(1985).
2405:(1924).
2320:See also
2222:(eds.).
2139:Karaites
2113:for the
2111:selichot
2107:piyyuṭim
1904:Jealousy
1862:Meekness
1222:Holiness
939:Orthodox
906:Tosafist
901:Talmudic
679:Kabbalah
644:Medieval
600:Pharisee
442:acrostic
421:Valencia
371:Hai Gaon
333:Zaragoza
291:, Spain.
79:Valencia
3283:(ed.).
3046:Discogs
2599:pen.org
2425:73-2210
2146:Azharot
2115:Sabbath
1864:Pudency
1852:Hearing
1739:led by
1723:led by
1674:Aquinas
1565:" and "
1557:" and "
1232:Messiah
1009:People:
984:Renewal
896:Karaism
615:People:
478:Solomon
458:Spanish
364:Judaism
341:Granada
329:Córdoba
243:in the
216::
187::
3087:
2907:
2759:
2633:
2448:
2423:
2413:
2267:vol. 6
2263:vol. 5
2259:vol. 4
2255:vol. 3
2251:vol. 2
2247:vol. 1
2162:kinnot
2121:, and
2067:Poetry
2038:Hebrew
2024:Arabic
1982:ethics
1962:Hebrew
1954:Arabic
1832:Ethics
1689:Hebrew
1668:, and
1635:Toledo
1361:Psalms
1344:Hebrew
1336:Arabic
1294:Europe
1202:Ethics
1177:Topics
994:Mussar
964:Reform
949:Chabad
924:Modern
842:Other:
524:Arabic
498:Hebrew
466:Arabic
462:Mālaqa
450:Hebrew
393:Hebrew
381:Arabic
356:azhara
309:Málaga
289:Málaga
234:Jewish
205:Arabic
176:Hebrew
139:School
128:Region
87:Toledo
61:Málaga
3279:. In
1939:Valor
1927:Touch
1900:Wrath
1892:Taste
1887:Smell
1877:Mercy
1860:Pride
1847:Sight
1748:friar
1544:Latin
1536:Latin
1528:Latin
1520:Latin
1487:Latin
1466:Latin
1455:Latin
1444:Latin
1364:36:10
1311:Philo
1287:above
1207:Faith
1187:Anger
514:Latin
506:Paris
470:مالقة
454:מאלגה
253:golem
2950:link
2936:2015
2905:ISBN
2780:2015
2683:2015
2631:ISBN
2607:2015
2514:2015
2446:ISBN
2421:LCCN
2411:ISBN
2241:link
2192:rock
2109:and
2075:and
2052:").
1875:Hate
1873:Love
1727:and
1561:", "
1504:God;
1430:Vitæ
1427:Fons
1410:, a
1402:and
1393:Vitæ
1383:Vitæ
1380:Fons
239:and
237:poet
72:Died
54:Born
3268:at
3026:PBS
2129:of
2059:of
2030:),
1826:God
1633:of
1421:of
1212:God
504:in
391:as
362:of
266:or
170:or
118:Era
3339::
3096:.
3072:.
3043:.
3023:.
2999:.
2970:.
2946:}}
2942:{{
2841:46
2839:.
2824:^
2768:.
2691:^
2674:.
2645:^
2615:^
2597:.
2570:^
2552:^
2540:.
2522:^
2460:^
2419:.
2344:^
2265:,
2261:,
2257:,
2253:,
2249:,
2245:,
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