1419:
20:
236:. After cutting the Geatish danger, the rest of the survivors took to sea in such disordered haste that they left their dead on the field, including their king. The Franks must have taken back whatever had been taken in pillage as well as spoils of the battlefield; and it is reported by Gregory that they found the Scandinavian monarch (Hygelac)'s corpse so awe-inspiring due his extraordinary height—which is implied by his name, perhaps a sobriquet like
42:
253:, and they have a bearing upon the date assigned to the poem. It may date to the early 8th century, but some have suggested that it was composed as late as the 10th century, the date of the sole surviving manuscript. One view considers the account to have kept alive by the oral tradition of heroic poetry until it was included in the
244:) and not his real one—that as a pagan barbarian not entitled to burial, his remains were exposed for a long time in the nearest Merovingian Court as a curiosity, following the usual triumphal trophy exhibition customary after battle or pirate captures.
927:
Theodisca. Beiträge zur althochdeutschen und altniederdeutschen
Sprache und Literatur in der Kultur des frühen Mittelalters. Eine internationale Fachtagung in Schönmühl bei Penzberg vom 13. bis zum 16. März
161:
but were assaulted by the Geats. In the battle, the
Swedish king was slain by Eofor. After the death of his brother Herebeald, Hygelac ascended the Geatish throne. After he was killed during a raid on
204:, the king of the Franks in the early sixth century, and was killed in the ensuing chaos after the Scandinavian raiders were caught by the sudden appearance of a military response force led by
121:. It is Hygelac's presence in the poem which has allowed scholars to tentatively date the setting of the poem as well as to infer that it contains at least some points of historical fact.
153:, Hygelac arrived at Hrefnesholt one day too late to save his brother Hæþcyn, but he managed to rescue the surviving Geatish warriors, who were besieged by the Swedish king
1418:
922:
889:
1656:
841:
The relationship between
Swerting and Hreðel is not clear from the poem. He may also have been his father, or his brother-in-law.
273:. One scholar considers it to be inconceivable that independent oral tradition would have faithfully transmitted such a detail.
1471:
1464:
962:
935:
1661:
882:
923:"Ein Held für viele Zwecke. Dietrich von Bern und sein Widerpart in den Heldensagenzeugnissen des frühen Mittelalters"
1209:
1045:
1651:
1450:
1641:
1439:
1028:
because of his reputed large size, and it is there reported that no horse could carry him from the age of twelve.
1636:
1577:
1102:
1070:
29:
1646:
1254:
1163:
232:
1592:
999:
247:
There are two theories on how the account of
Chlochilaicus' raid came to be preserved in the epic
1541:
1481:
88:
1094:
1086:
1488:
1202:
952:
184:
to approximate the date of
Hygelac's death to c. 516, because a raid to France under a King
1582:
1551:
1406:
72:
8:
1587:
1531:
1427:
1401:
241:
141:
and was the mother of the hero
Beowulf. Hygelac was married to Hygd, and they had a son
19:
1236:
1040:
The Norton
Anthology of English Literature (1986). W. W. Norton and Co., Ltd, 1986:19.
181:
80:
1169:
1098:
1066:
1041:
1017:
1006:
958:
931:
1526:
1507:
1458:
1195:
1133:
995:
861:
222:
189:
1556:
1546:
193:
23:
Anachronistic portrait depicting a battle between Franks and Danes in 515, from
1536:
1268:
1121:
621:
274:
96:
893:
1630:
1444:
1615:
1500:
1359:
1058:
205:
24:
1561:
1231:
504:
209:
197:
134:
1386:
1352:
1137:
154:
45:
1610:
1364:
1300:
1155:
523:
281:
could not have been written with these historical details before 923.
1305:
158:
130:
1320:
366:
125:
gives
Hygelac's genealogy: according to the poem, he was the son of
1605:
1381:
1369:
1315:
1310:
1295:
1290:
1273:
1179:
752:
302:
201:
170:
166:
142:
138:
1396:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1241:
1219:
856:
249:
150:
126:
117:
954:
The
Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia
901:(Lexicon of Nordic Personal Names Before the 8th Century); from
1600:
1374:
162:
1347:
1263:
764:
146:
112:
49:
41:
1278:
1065:, Kungl. Vetenskaps- och vitterhets-samhället, p. 24,
907:
604:
257:. It has also been suggested that the poem is dependent on
1187:
1124:(1 September 1970). "The Significance of Hygelac's Raid".
149:. When Hygelac's brother Hæþcyn was fighting with the
1018:
All three sources in Latin and in
English translation
930:(in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 332.
137:, as well as an unnamed sister who was married to
1057:
157:and his three sons. The Swedes found refuge at a
1628:
192:. In that source he is recorded as invading the
1084:
1203:
994:
977:Grundtvig produced the first translation of
890:Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore
1210:
1196:
1036:
1034:
950:
944:
920:
880:
216:Danish. He is called the king of Getae (
40:
18:
1031:
1629:
1120:
1465:Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
1191:
810:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
770:
768:
763:
761:
758:
756:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
625:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
559:
557:
555:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
527:
522:
520:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
498:
428:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
365:
363:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
346:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
188:, king of the Danes, is mentioned by
883:"Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn"
867:
145:and an unnamed daughter who married
212:. Gregory of Tours calls this king
60:, who killed Hygelac, according to
13:
1132:. University of Nottingham: 3–26.
1114:
14:
1673:
1093:, Greenwood Publishing, pp.
1451:Beowulf: A New Verse Translation
1417:
1087:"Placing Beowulf on a Timeline."
1020:; Hygelac is represented in the
925:. In Haubrichs, Wolfgang (ed.).
835:
261:(727), because it mentions the
1657:6th-century monarchs in Europe
1475:: The Monsters and the Critics
1085:Johnston Staver, Ruth (2005),
1078:
1051:
1011:
988:
971:
914:
874:
111:516 or 521) was a king of the
1:
1001:Decem Libri Historiarum III 3
108:
921:Haubrichs, Wolfgang (2000).
892:. p. 39. Archived from
169:), Hygelac was succeeded by
30:Grandes Chroniques de France
7:
1662:6th-century Germanic people
1217:
1126:Nottingham Medieval Studies
850:
180:The raid to Frisia enabled
10:
1678:
1063:Die Geaten des Beowulfepos
1570:
1519:
1426:
1415:
1250:
1227:
1176:
1160:
1152:
1147:
957:. DS Brewer. p. 27.
820:
818:
816:
814:
808:
804:
802:
800:
735:
733:
731:
709:
705:
699:
673:
653:
649:
610:
608:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
567:
565:
553:
551:
492:
490:
488:
482:
480:
478:
472:
470:
468:
460:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
404:
402:
344:
342:
259:Liber historiae Francorum
233:Liber historiae Francorum
981:into a modern language,
1652:Early Germanic warriors
1482:Beowulf and the Critics
881:Peterson, Lena (2007).
226:and king of the Goths (
202:Clovis ("Chlodovechus")
200:(died 534), the son of
92:
84:
76:
27:'s illumination in the
16:Legendary king of Geats
1642:English heroic legends
1091:A Companion To Beowulf
115:according to the poem
100:
65:
38:
1637:Characters in Beowulf
129:and had two brothers
44:
22:
1583:Anglo-Saxon paganism
1440:List of translations
196:during the reign of
1588:Battle of Finnsburg
1532:Michael D. C. Drout
951:Sam Newton (2004).
52:, inhabited by the
1647:Kings of the Geats
1237:Alliterative verse
1138:10.1484/J.NMS.3.44
182:N. F. S. Grundtvig
165:(by a grandson of
66:
39:
1624:
1623:
1186:
1185:
1177:Succeeded by
1170:King of the Geats
1148:Legendary titles
1059:Weibull, C. H. J.
1026:Book of Monsters,
1007:The Latin Library
964:978-0-85991-472-7
937:978-3-11-016316-2
868:Sources and notes
826:
825:
194:Frankish Kingdoms
1669:
1596:and Middle-Earth
1527:Nora K. Chadwick
1508:Finn and Hengest
1496:
1459:J. R. R. Tolkien
1421:
1402:Grendel's mother
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1153:Preceded by
1145:
1144:
1141:
1108:
1107:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1022:Liber Monstrorum
1015:
1009:
1004:
996:Gregory of Tours
992:
986:
975:
969:
968:
948:
942:
941:
918:
912:
900:
898:
887:
878:
842:
839:
291:
290:
223:Liber Monstrorum
190:Gregory of Tours
110:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1566:
1557:Geoffrey Russom
1547:Leonard Neidorf
1515:
1494:
1489:On Translating
1429:
1422:
1413:
1252:
1246:
1223:
1216:
1182:
1158:
1122:Storms, Godfrid
1117:
1115:Further reading
1112:
1111:
1105:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1056:
1052:
1039:
1032:
1016:
1012:
993:
989:
976:
972:
965:
949:
945:
938:
919:
915:
896:
885:
879:
875:
870:
853:
848:
847:
846:
845:
840:
836:
288:
287:
277:estimated that
173:, according to
101:Ch(l)ochilaicus
17:
12:
11:
5:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Robert D. Fulk
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1485:
1478:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1077:
1071:
1050:
1030:
1010:
987:
983:Bjovulfs Drape
970:
963:
943:
936:
913:
905:"courage" and
899:on 2007-09-27.
872:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
859:
852:
849:
844:
843:
833:
832:
824:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:
769:
767:
762:
760:
757:
755:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
725:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
681:
680:
678:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:
624:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
575:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:
526:
521:
519:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
500:
496:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
462:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
412:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
364:
362:
359:
357:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
300:
298:
296:
294:
289:
285:
284:
283:
275:Walter Goffart
89:Proto-Germanic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1674:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:John D. Niles
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Kevin Kiernan
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:Seamus Heaney
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1046:0-393-95472-2
1043:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
991:
984:
980:
974:
966:
960:
956:
955:
947:
939:
933:
929:
924:
917:
910:
909:
904:
895:
891:
884:
877:
873:
863:
862:Chlochilaicus
860:
858:
855:
854:
838:
834:
831:
830:
822:
813:
806:
798:
796:
775:
773:
766:
754:
740:
737:
729:
727:
726:
707:
703:
701:
697:
695:
682:
679:
677:
675:
672:
651:
647:
645:
630:
628:
623:
606:
590:
587:
583:
581:
576:
571:
563:
561:
532:
530:
525:
513:
506:
497:
494:
486:
484:
476:
474:
466:
464:
463:
458:
446:
444:
432:
430:
427:
424:
420:
418:
413:
408:
400:
398:
387:
385:
368:
351:
349:
331:
329:
304:
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:Chlochilaicus
211:
208:, the son of
207:
203:
199:
198:Theodericus I
195:
191:
187:
186:Chlochilaicus
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:at the lower
47:
43:
36:
32:
31:
26:
21:
1616:Nowell Codex
1593:
1506:
1501:Sellic Spell
1490:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1449:
1430:
1360:Waegmundings
1283:
1218:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1129:
1125:
1090:
1080:
1062:
1053:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1000:
990:
982:
978:
973:
953:
946:
926:
916:
906:
902:
894:the original
876:
837:
828:
827:
511:
278:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
248:
246:
237:
231:
228:rege Gotorum
227:
221:
217:
213:
206:Theodebertus
185:
179:
174:
122:
116:
104:
68:
67:
61:
57:
53:
34:
28:
25:Jean Fouquet
1578:Adaptations
1562:Tom Shippey
1428:Translating
1232:Old English
265:, which in
218:rex Getarum
210:Theodericus
73:Old English
64:, line 2916
1631:Categories
1407:The Dragon
1387:Wealhtheow
1353:Ongentheow
1255:characters
1104:031333224X
1072:9185252026
286:Hrethlings
238:Longshanks
155:Ongentheow
105:Hugilaicus
93:Hugilaikaz
46:Hettergouw
1393:Monsters
1328:Scylfings
1306:Healfdene
1296:Scyldings
1164:legendary
499:Herebeald
220:) in the
159:hill fort
131:Herebeald
81:Old Norse
33:, Tours,
1606:Hrunting
1520:Scholars
1382:Wulfings
1370:Weohstan
1311:Heorogar
1291:Hundings
1274:Heardred
1180:Heardred
1061:(1974),
851:See also
759:daughter
753:Heardred
518:daughter
361:daughter
303:Swerting
263:Attoarii
242:Edward I
171:Heardred
167:Clovis I
143:Heardred
139:Ecgtheow
85:Hugleikr
54:Attoarii
1611:Nægling
1594:Beowulf
1571:Related
1491:Beowulf
1473:Beowulf
1431:Beowulf
1397:Grendel
1365:Ecgþeow
1343:Ohthere
1338:Eanmund
1333:Eadgils
1316:Hroðgar
1301:Æschere
1284:Hygelac
1269:Beowulf
1242:Kenning
1220:Beowulf
1156:Hæthcyn
985:(1820).
979:Beowulf
857:Hugleik
622:Beowulf
524:Ecgþeow
512:Hygelac
279:Beowulf
271:Hetware
269:become
267:Beowulf
250:Beowulf
175:Beowulf
127:Hrethel
123:Beowulf
118:Beowulf
107:; died
91:: *
77:Hygelāc
69:Hygelac
62:Beowulf
58:Hetware
37:1455-60
1601:Heorot
1375:Wiglaf
1321:Unferð
1101:
1069:
1044:
961:
934:
505:Hæþcyn
367:Hreðel
163:Frisia
151:Swedes
135:Hæþcyn
1348:Onela
1264:Geats
1251:Clans
1024:, or
897:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
829:Notes
765:Eofor
230:) in
147:Eofor
113:Geats
97:Latin
50:Rhine
1279:Hygd
1099:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1042:ISBN
959:ISBN
932:ISBN
928:1997
908:-lac
605:Hygd
255:epos
133:and
1134:doi
1130:XIV
1095:135
1005:at
903:hyg
103:or
56:or
1633::
1128:.
1097:,
1089:,
1033:^
998:,
888:.
177:.
109:c.
99::
95:;
87:;
83::
79:;
75::
1503:"
1499:"
1495:"
1487:"
1477:"
1470:"
1257:)
1253:(
1211:e
1204:t
1197:v
1166:)
1162:(
1140:.
1136::
1048:.
967:.
940:.
911:.
240:(
71:(
35:c
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