1377:
1299:. However, much more water is "in storage" (or in "pools") for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 1,386,000,000 km of the world's water supply, about 1,338,000,000 km is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle. The Earth's ice caps, glaciers, and permanent snowpack stores another 24,064,000 km accounting for only 1.7% of the planet's total water volume. However, this quantity of water is 68.7% of all freshwater on the planet.
33:
1400:
1288:
1313:
1668:, Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea, the sea never became full. Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage: "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits. All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again" (
3850:
3471:
774:
1258:) and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).
3460:
971:
1687:, a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BCE, it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain. By roughly 500 BCE, Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. The origin of rain was also known by then. These scholars maintained the belief, however, that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers. Examples of this thinking included
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3188:
226:
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1077:. Approximately 505,000 km (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year, 398,000 km (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. The rain on land contains 107,000 km (26,000 cu mi) of water per year and a snowing only 1,000 km (240 cu mi). 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean.
1236:. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.
1346:. Such changes can affect the ability of soils to soak up surface water. Deforestation has local as well as regional effects. For example it reduces soil moisture, evaporation and rainfall at the local level. Furthermore, deforestation causes regional temperature changes that can affect rainfall patterns.
1950:
Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.
1729:
writing "By it agency the finest and sweetest water is everyday carried up and is dissolved into vapor and rises to the upper regions, where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth.", and believed that clouds were composed of cooled and condensed water vapor. Much like the
1513:
The strength of the water cycle and its changes over time are of considerable interest, especially as the climate changes. The hydrological cycle is a system whereby the evaporation of moisture in one place leads to precipitation (rain or snow) in another place. For example, evaporation always
146:
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water because it causes salts and other solids picked up during the cycle to be left behind. The condensation phase in the atmosphere replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It also
2410:
Jouzel, J.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Cattani, O.; Dreyfus, G.; Falourd, S.; Hoffmann, G.; Minster, B.; Nouet, J.; Barnola, J. M.; Chappellaz, J.; Fischer, H.; Gallet, J. C.; Johnsen, S.; Leuenberger, M.; Loulergue, L.; Luethi, D.; Oerter, H.; Parrenin, F.; Raisbeck, G.; Raynaud, D.; Schilt, A.;
1951:
Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:
1661:(ca. 700 BC), the Greek poet Hesiod outlines the idea of the water cycle: " is drawn from the ever-flowing rivers and is raised high above the earth by windstorm, and sometimes it turns to rain towards evening, and sometimes to wind when Thracian Boreas huddles the thick clouds."
951:, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge or be taken up by plants and transferred back to the atmosphere as water vapor by
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1451:
of the water cycle (also called hydrologic cycle). This effect has been observed since at least 1980. One example is when heavy rain events become even stronger. The effects of climate change on the water cycle have important negative effects on the availability of
824:
821:
909:). The lower temperature causes water vapor to condense into tiny liquid water droplets which are heavier than the air, and which fall unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large area in the atmosphere becomes visible as
820:
2469:
Abbott, Benjamin W.; Bishop, Kevin; Zarnetske, Jay P.; Minaudo, Camille; Chapin, F. S.; Krause, Stefan; Hannah, David M.; Conner, Lafe; Ellison, David; Godsey, Sarah E.; Plont, Stephen; Marçais, Jean; Kolbe, Tamara; Huebner, Amanda; Frei, Rebecca J. (2019).
825:
1751:
Up to the time of the
Renaissance, it was wrongly assumed that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water.
1023:. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km (104,000 cu mi) of which evaporates from the oceans. 86% of global evaporation occurs over the ocean.
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Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
1927:
Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
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and the pumping of fossil water increase the total amount of water in the hydrosphere. This is because the water that was originally in the ground has now become available for evaporation as it is now in contact with the atmosphere.
823:
1101:. Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of
1642:
In ancient times, it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth. Examples of this belief can be found in the works of
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The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle. The ocean holds "97% of the total water on the planet; 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean, and it is the source of 86% of global evaporation".
798:
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changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence the
2640:
Vahid, Alavian; Qaddumi, Halla Maher; Dickson, Eric; Diez, Sylvia
Michele; Danilenko, Alexander V.; Hirji, Rafik Fatehali; Puz, Gabrielle; Pizarro, Carolina; Jacobsen, Michael (November 1, 2009).
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1772:(1580 CE), who is often credited as the discoverer of the modern theory of the water cycle. Palissy's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674, in a study commonly attributed to
1007:: The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily
822:
1419:
in 2021 predicted that these changes will continue to grow significantly at the global and regional level. These findings are a continuation of scientific consensus expressed in the
1722:(350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle. Aristotle correctly hypothesized that the sun played a role in the Earth's hydraulic cycle in his book
2411:
Schwander, J.; Selmo, E.; Souchez, R.; Spahni, R.; Stauffer, B.; Steffensen, J. P.; Stenni, B.; Stocker, T. F.; Tison, J. L.; Werner, M.; Wolff, E. W. (10 August 2007).
1540:, flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded
2610:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1934:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1898:
1087:. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.
1572:, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies. The
1484:
is expected to be accompanied by changes in the water cycle for various reasons. For example, a warmer atmosphere can contain more water vapor which has effects on
2738:
1403:
Predicted changes in average soil moisture for a scenario of 2°C global warming. This can disrupt agriculture and ecosystems. A reduction in soil moisture by one
2627:
Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2589:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1957:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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through the evaporative cooling at the surface which provides latent heat to the atmosphere, as atmospheric systems play a primary role in moving heat upward.
1247:– store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.
1376:
1518:. The runoff from the land flows into streams and rivers and discharges into the ocean, which completes the global cycle. The water cycle is a key part of
935:, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls as rain back into the ocean or onto land, where the water flows over the ground as
2152:
2202:
Evaristo, Jaivime; Jasechko, Scott; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. (September 2015). "Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow".
844:
The water cycle is powered from the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the
1514:
exceeds precipitation over the oceans. This allows moisture to be transported by the atmosphere from the oceans onto land where precipitation exceeds
36:
A detailed diagram depicting the global water cycle. The direction of movement of water between reservoirs tends towards upwards movement through
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or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.
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987:: The movement of water through the atmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land.
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or groundwater. A recent global study using water stable isotopes, however, shows that not all soil moisture is equally available for
939:. A portion of this runoff enters rivers, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (
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1424:
1335:. Such changes affect "precipitation, evaporation, flooding, groundwater, and the availability of freshwater for a variety of uses".
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72:. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of
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2002:
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2894:"Palaeos: History of Evolution and Paleontology in science, philosophy, religion, and popular culture : Pre 19th Century"
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2612:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
1936:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
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1959:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 33−144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002.
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An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of
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means that average soil moisture will approximately match the ninth driest year between 1850 and 1900 at that location.
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Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called
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353:
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2591:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.
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Maxwell, Reed M; Condon, Laura E; Kollet, Stefan J; Maher, Kate; Haggerty, Roy; Forrester, Mary
Michael (2016-01-28).
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1634:. Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.
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moves water vapor around the globe; cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as
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The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as
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In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on the principle of
1225:
of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir (
955:. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs. In river valleys and
943:) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers; much of it soaks into the ground as
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189:. Research has shown that global warming is causing shifts in precipitation patterns, increased frequency of
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The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was
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in the atmosphere increases by 7% when temperature rises by 1 °C. This relationship is known as the
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1776:. Even then, these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century.
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Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
1703:
Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BCE) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts.
1427:
which had already stated that the water cycle will continue to intensify throughout the 21st century.
905:
drives humid air higher. As altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see
3331:
1672:). Furthermore, it was also observed that when the clouds were full, they emptied rain on the earth (
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without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as
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1083:: The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and
132:. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.
3879:
3727:
2642:"Water and climate change: understanding the risks and making climate-smart investment decisions"
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1029:: The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes
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Human activities can alter the water cycle at the local or regional level. This happens due to
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events, and changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall. These water cycle changes affect
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44:. The diagram also shows how human water use impacts where water is stored and how it moves.
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2666:"Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses"
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The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the
1053:: Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as
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that move large volumes of water vapor over long distances are an example of advection.
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1830: – interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems
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1472:. The water cycle is essential to life on Earth and plays a large role in the global
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Important physical processes within the water cycle include (in alphabetical order):
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96:, or from the ocean to the atmosphere. The processes that drive these movements are
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2472:"Human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions"
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2413:"Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years"
1395:. These events will be progressively more common as the Earth warms more and more.
997:: The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating
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The underlying cause of the intensifying water cycle is the increased amount of
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2881:(Trinity Broadcasting Network ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. p. 15.
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The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of
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from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the
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Water cycle showing human influences and major pools (storages) and fluxes.
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1043:: Water flows vertically through the soil and rocks under the influence of
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reshapes the geological features of the Earth, through processes including
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2365:"The imprint of climate and geology on the residence times of groundwater"
963:. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.
927:. Some precipitation falls as snow, hail, or sleet, and can accumulate in
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155:. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and
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has resulted in observable changes in the global water cycle. The
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held this view (1240 CE), as did
Leonardo da Vinci (1500 CE) and
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in the atmosphere, which lead to a warmer atmosphere through the
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Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T.; Mackaro, Jessica (2011).
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The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to
1111:: The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air.
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of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to
947:. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water molecule
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3064:'Origins and History of Hydrology', Dijon, May 9–11, 2001.
2948:. International Association of Hydrological Science. 2004.
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are greatly affecting the water cycle. Activities such as
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and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural
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Processes leading to movements and phase changes in water
914:
913:, while condensation near ground level is referred to as
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181:) all have an effect on the water cycle. On top of this,
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1596:, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.
1019:, though together they are specifically referred to as
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than the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen (
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Concepts of the hydrological Cycle. Ancient and modern
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1456:
resources, as well as other water reservoirs such as
2286:"Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle"
1839: – Sources of water that are potentially useful
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1783:
1411:Since the middle of the 20th century, human-caused
27:
Biogeochemical cycle for movement of water on Earth
2998:Precipitation: Theory, Measurement and Distributio
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2095:
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1738:(27–100 AD) accurately described the water cycle
1362:Water cycle intensification due to climate change
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1971:"NASA Viz: The Water Cycle: Following The Water"
1864:"The Water Cycle (PNG) | U.S. Geological Survey"
3001:. Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 7.
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2644:. Washington, DC: World Bank. pp. 1–174.
1503:. Fundamental laws of physics explain how the
3523:
3133:
2843:
2559:"Ice, Snow, and Glaciers and the Water Cycle"
1845: – Theory of how forests affect rainfall
1818: – Earth's surface where water is frozen
1637:
799:
3042:
2816:
2315:"Chapter 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere"
1441:effects of climate change on the water cycle
1433:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
1368:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
1307:
1265:techniques. This is done in the subfield of
2910:
1891:"Water Cycle | Science Mission Directorate"
1824: – Movement of water in the deep Earth
1443:are profound and have been described as an
1423:from 2007 and other special reports by the
1302:
3530:
3516:
3140:
3126:
2945:The Basis of Civilization – water Science?
2109:. Archived from the original on 2011-12-26
1393:changing water cycle due to global warming
806:
792:
3537:
3114:(NASA Visualization Explorer with videos)
2689:
1748:but was dismissed by his contemporaries.
1691:(570 BCE) (who also speculated about the
1531:
1425:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
64:that involves the continuous movement of
2145:"Salinity | Science Mission Directorate"
1398:
1375:
1342:are converting fields to urban areas or
1311:
1286:
1093:: The flow of water underground, in the
1011:. Evaporation often implicitly includes
969:
817:
31:
2766:. Ohio State University. Archived from
2280:
2278:
829:Video of the Earth's water cycle (NASA)
68:on, above and below the surface of the
14:
3867:
2975:. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 70.
2968:
2876:
2837:
2737:. The Environmental Literacy Council.
2712:. The Environmental Literacy Council.
1683:(a devotional hymn to the Sun God) of
3511:
3121:
2139:
2137:
2028:NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
3481:
3105:The Water Cycle: Following The Water
2624:
2307:
2275:
2024:"Atmospheric River Information Page"
1968:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1885:
1883:
1526:
201:, agriculture, and human societies.
3025:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, p. 468
2760:"Nitrogen and the Hydrologic Cycle"
1693:evolution of land animals from fish
1372:Effects of climate change on oceans
1272:
714:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
24:
3801:Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
3186:
2891:
2795:. NASA. 2011-06-16. Archived from
2521:
2134:
1912:
1592:. Runoff also plays a part in the
1536:While the water cycle is itself a
1121:Average reservoir residence times
1115:
833:
187:intensification of the water cycle
25:
3916:
3101:, United States Geological Survey
3095:, United States Geological Survey
3086:
2258:National Snow and Ice Data Center
2075:National Snow and Ice Data Center
2046:National Snow and Ice Data Center
1999:National Snow and Ice Data Center
1939:
1880:
1622:, where the gases can then reach
177:are altering natural landscapes (
3849:
3848:
3491:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3458:
2900:from the original on 2014-03-02.
2648:from the original on 2017-07-06.
1800:
1786:
1431:This section is an excerpt from
773:
772:
224:
3071:from the original on 2014-10-11
3036:
3015:
2989:
2962:
2936:
2918:. pp. 9–10. Archived from
2904:
2885:
2810:
2781:
2752:
2741:from the original on 2016-08-20
2727:
2716:from the original on 2015-04-30
2702:
2629:. . Cambridge University Press.
2577:
2565:. US Department of the Interior
2550:
2539:from the original on 2018-01-16
2462:
2403:
2356:
2325:from the original on 2016-01-26
2296:from the original on 2017-11-07
2264:from the original on 2018-01-16
2246:
2195:
2184:from the original on 2006-04-27
2178:Northwest River Forecast Center
2166:
2155:from the original on 2018-01-15
2107:Dr. Art's Guide to Planet Earth
2081:from the original on 2018-01-16
2052:from the original on 2018-01-16
2005:from the original on 2018-01-16
1901:from the original on 2018-01-15
1764:Discovery of the correct theory
2972:Aristotle: The Father of Logic
2850:. Wiley-VCH. pp. 139–40.
2817:Nick Strobel (June 12, 2010).
2063:
2034:
2016:
1987:
1962:
1856:
1556:of the oceans is derived from
1119:
204:
40:and downward movement through
13:
1:
3360:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1849:
1648:
3806:Lichens and nitrogen cycling
3661:Marine biogeochemical cycles
2369:Geophysical Research Letters
1600:Slow loss over geologic time
1421:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
1417:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
459:Marine biogeochemical cycles
7:
1779:
1509:Clausius-Clapeyron equation
1283:Water distribution on Earth
1037:or for plant transpiration.
852:directly into water vapor.
840:Water distribution on Earth
88:is variable and depends on
10:
3921:
3052:. International Symposium
3021:Needham, Joseph. (1986a).
1638:Historical interpretations
1603:
1430:
1391:) is one consequence of a
1365:
1276:
837:
3844:
3705:
3669:
3545:
3453:
3420:
3352:
3279:
3238:
3198:
3184:
3155:
3147:
2958:– via Google Books.
2877:Morris, Henry M. (1988).
2533:USGS Water Science School
2529:"The Water Cycle summary"
2499:10.1038/s41561-019-0374-y
2319:8(b) the Hydrologic Cycle
2126:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1618:, the lower limit of the
1505:saturation vapor pressure
1308:Local or regional impacts
3794:Arctic methane emissions
3789:clathrate gun hypothesis
3560:carbonate–silicate cycle
3099:The Water Cycle for Kids
2913:"Xenophanes' Scepticism"
2585:Summary for Policymakers
1708:Anaxagoras of Clazomenae
1303:Changes caused by humans
527:Arctic methane emissions
522:clathrate gun hypothesis
437:Carbonate–silicate cycle
173:, and the extraction of
3826:Phosphorus assimilation
3728:environmental chemistry
2710:"Biogeochemical Cycles"
2440:10.1126/science.1141038
1730:earlier Aristotle, the
1239:The major ice sheets –
1129:Average residence time
921:Atmospheric circulation
681:environmental chemistry
3370:Planetary oceanography
3192:
2969:Roscoe, Kelly (2015).
2844:Rudolf Dvořák (2007).
2691:10.1175/2011JCLI4171.1
2557:Water Science School.
1754:Bartholomew of England
1697:Xenophanes of Colophon
1532:Biogeochemical cycling
1408:
1396:
1324:
1292:
977:
830:
45:
3821:Nitrogen assimilation
3539:Biogeochemical cycles
3190:
2879:Science and the Bible
2825:on September 17, 2010
1712:Diogenes of Apollonia
1701:Warring States period
1576:at the outlet of the
1482:warming of our planet
1402:
1379:
1316:Relationship between
1315:
1290:
1277:Further information:
1174:Groundwater: shallow
973:
838:Further information:
828:
218:Biogeochemical cycles
35:
3875:Biogeochemical cycle
3836:Planetary boundaries
3740:carbon sequestration
3570:oceanic carbon cycle
3433:Ocean stratification
3266:Doubly labeled water
2764:Extension Fact Sheet
2389:10.1002/2015GL066916
1580:is a consequence of
1538:biogeochemical cycle
1520:Earth's energy cycle
1252:conservation of mass
1158:Seasonal snow cover
1057:, but also includes
1035:groundwater recharge
848:. Some ice and snow
364:nitrogen and lichens
62:biogeochemical cycle
3831:Sulfur assimilation
3772:Ocean acidification
3438:Lake stratification
3421:Physical parameters
2819:"Planetary Science"
2682:2011JCli...24.4907T
2606:Water Cycle Changes
2491:2019NatGe..12..533A
2432:2007Sci...317..793J
2381:2016GeoRL..43..701M
2224:10.1038/nature14983
2216:2015Natur.525...91E
1969:NASA (2012-01-12).
1930:Water Cycle Changes
1566:agricultural fields
1329:changes in land use
1318:impervious surfaces
1192:lake retention time
1122:
702:Ocean acidification
512:Atmospheric methane
212:Part of a series on
3385:List of Candidates
3246:Deuterium-depleted
3193:
3110:2016-03-23 at the
3043:James C.I. Dodge.
2847:Extrasolar Planets
2789:"The Carbon Cycle"
2735:"Phosphorus Cycle"
2670:Journal of Climate
2290:www3.geosc.psu.edu
2174:"Hydrologic Cycle"
1758:Athanasius Kircher
1734:Chinese scientist
1670:Ecclesiastes 1:6-7
1614:to move up to the
1606:Atmospheric escape
1516:evapotranspiration
1409:
1405:standard deviation
1397:
1338:Examples for such
1325:
1293:
1182:Groundwater: deep
1120:
1021:evapotranspiration
989:Atmospheric rivers
978:
854:Evapotranspiration
831:
199:water availability
90:climatic variables
58:hydrological cycle
46:
38:evapotranspiration
18:Hydrological cycle
3862:
3861:
3816:Nitrogen fixation
3784:Methane clathrate
3765:mycorrhizal fungi
3718:geochemical cycle
3565:deep carbon cycle
3505:
3504:
3445:Ocean temperature
2911:James H. Lesher.
2857:978-3-527-40671-5
2793:Earth Observatory
2676:(18): 4907–4924.
2479:Nature Geoscience
2426:(5839): 793–796.
2103:"The Water Cycle"
1975:svs.gsfc.nasa.gov
1953:Technical Summary
1674:Ecclesiastes 11:3
1666:ancient Near East
1578:Mississippi River
1527:Related processes
1501:greenhouse effect
1478:ocean circulation
1267:isotope hydrology
1217:
1216:
1177:100 to 200 years
826:
816:
815:
671:geochemical cycle
517:Methane clathrate
315:mycorrhizal fungi
305:deep carbon cycle
185:is leading to an
86:atmospheric water
16:(Redirected from
3912:
3852:
3851:
3735:Biosequestration
3723:chemical cycling
3654:deep water cycle
3624:Phosphorus cycle
3532:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3495:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3365:Asteroidal water
3353:Extraterrestrial
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2993:
2987:
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2966:
2960:
2959:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2892:Kazlev, M.Alan.
2889:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2821:. Archived from
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
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2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
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2706:
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2650:
2649:
2637:
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2613:
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2581:
2575:
2574:
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2547:
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2525:
2519:
2518:
2476:
2466:
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2459:
2417:
2407:
2401:
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2354:
2353:
2347:
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2341:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2149:science.nasa.gov
2141:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1948:
1937:
1925:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1895:science.nasa.gov
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1860:
1833:
1822:Deep water cycle
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1714:(460 BCE). Both
1653:
1650:
1497:greenhouse gases
1344:clearing forests
1340:land use changes
1273:Water in storage
1197:50 to 100 years
1153:20 to 100 years
1123:
900:
899:
898:
888:
887:
886:
872:
870:
869:
827:
808:
801:
794:
781:
776:
775:
688:Biosequestration
676:chemical cycling
386:Phosphorus cycle
249:deep water cycle
228:
209:
208:
179:land use changes
54:hydrologic cycle
21:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3840:
3755:biological pump
3713:Biogeochemistry
3701:
3670:Research groups
3665:
3541:
3536:
3506:
3501:
3449:
3416:
3348:
3275:
3234:
3194:
3182:
3151:
3146:
3112:Wayback Machine
3093:The Water Cycle
3089:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2858:
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2811:
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2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2662:
2653:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2616:
2602:
2595:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2415:
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2404:
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2357:
2345:
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2335:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2254:"precipitation"
2252:
2251:
2247:
2210:(7567): 91–94.
2200:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1963:
1949:
1940:
1926:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1837:Water resources
1831:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1774:Pierre Perrault
1770:Bernard Palissy
1766:
1651:
1640:
1624:escape velocity
1608:
1602:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1445:intensification
1436:
1381:Extreme weather
1374:
1366:Main articles:
1364:
1310:
1305:
1285:
1279:Water resources
1275:
1118:
1116:Residence times
1091:Subsurface flow
1009:solar radiation
976:
897:
894:
893:
892:
890:
885:
882:
881:
880:
878:
868:
865:
864:
863:
861:
842:
836:
834:Overall process
818:
812:
771:
764:
763:
762:
743:
728:
727:Research groups
720:
719:
718:
697:
666:Biogeochemistry
660:
652:
651:
650:
545:
535:
534:
533:
506:
496:
495:
494:
485:Calcareous ooze
468:Biological pump
463:
453:
443:
442:
441:
421:
411:
410:
409:
338:
328:
327:
326:
267:
257:
256:
255:
238:
207:
191:extreme weather
159:on the planet.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Forms of water
3877:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
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3828:
3823:
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3808:
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3798:
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3779:
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3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3709:
3707:
3706:Related topics
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Selenium cycle
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3607:Nutrient cycle
3604:
3602:Nitrogen cycle
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3582:Hydrogen cycle
3579:
3577:Chlorine cycle
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3520:
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3488:
3477:
3466:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3428:Stratification
3424:
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3122:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3087:External links
3085:
3082:
3081:
3058:
3035:
3014:
3007:
2988:
2981:
2961:
2954:
2935:
2903:
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2780:
2751:
2726:
2701:
2651:
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2614:
2593:
2576:
2549:
2520:
2485:(7): 533–540.
2461:
2402:
2375:(2): 701–708.
2355:
2346:|website=
2306:
2274:
2245:
2194:
2165:
2133:
2091:
2062:
2042:"condensation"
2033:
2015:
1986:
1961:
1938:
1911:
1879:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1808:Ecology portal
1797:
1781:
1778:
1765:
1762:
1718:(390 BCE) and
1710:(460 BCE) and
1681:Adityahridayam
1659:Works and Days
1652: 800 BCE
1639:
1636:
1632:planetary wind
1604:Main article:
1601:
1598:
1590:Gulf of Mexico
1562:eutrophication
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1474:climate system
1437:
1429:
1413:climate change
1383:(heavy rains,
1363:
1360:
1322:surface runoff
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1274:
1271:
1222:residence time
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:2 to 6 months
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1169:1 to 2 months
1167:
1166:Soil moisture
1163:
1162:
1161:2 to 6 months
1159:
1155:
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1112:
1106:
1088:
1085:channel runoff
1078:
1048:
1038:
1024:
1002:
992:
974:
961:hyporheic zone
937:surface runoff
895:
889:) and oxygen (
883:
875:molecular mass
866:
835:
832:
814:
813:
811:
810:
803:
796:
788:
785:
784:
783:
782:
766:
765:
761:
760:
755:
750:
744:
742:
741:
736:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
710:
709:
698:
696:
695:
693:Deep biosphere
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
662:
661:
659:Related topics
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
514:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
492:
490:Siliceous ooze
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
473:microbial loop
464:
462:
461:
455:
454:
449:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:
434:
429:
423:
422:
417:
416:
413:
412:
408:
407:
406:
405:
395:
394:
393:
383:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
349:Nitrogen cycle
346:
344:Hydrogen cycle
340:
339:
336:Nutrient cycle
334:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
322:Boreal forests
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
269:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
251:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
203:
183:climate change
141:climate system
122:surface runoff
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Nitrification
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Mineral cycle
3595:
3593:
3592:Mercury cycle
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Hycean planet
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:Water droplet
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3067:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3032:
3031:0-521-05801-5
3028:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3008:9781139460019
3004:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2982:9781499461275
2978:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2955:9781901502572
2951:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2925:on 2013-07-28
2921:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2873:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2829:September 28,
2824:
2820:
2813:
2799:on 2006-09-28
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2770:on 2006-09-01
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2625:IPCC (2013).
2621:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:"evaporation"
2066:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:from land to
1547:
1543:
1539:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:soil moisture
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:strengthening
1446:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1256:water balance
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:10,000 years
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:20,000 years
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1110:
1109:Transpiration
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Precipitation
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:soil moisture
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:transpiration
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
972:
968:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:transpiration
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:precipitation
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
876:
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
789:
787:
786:
780:
770:
769:
768:
767:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
724:
723:
715:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
699:
694:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
663:
656:
655:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
539:
538:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:Methane cycle
500:
499:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
457:
456:
452:
447:
446:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
427:Calcium cycle
425:
424:
420:
415:
414:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:nitrification
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
337:
332:
331:
323:
320:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:Sequestration
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
266:
261:
260:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
241:
237:
232:
231:
227:
223:
222:
219:
216:
215:
211:
210:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:deforestation
164:
163:Human actions
160:
158:
154:
153:sedimentation
150:
144:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:precipitation
107:
103:
102:transpiration
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3905:Oceanography
3890:Soil physics
3648:
3644:Sulfur cycle
3639:Silica cycle
3612:Oxygen cycle
3555:Carbon cycle
3310:Hydrobiology
3295:Distribution
3289:
3073:. Retrieved
3045:
3038:
3022:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2971:
2964:
2944:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2906:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2861:. Retrieved
2846:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:the original
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2792:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2763:
2754:
2743:. Retrieved
2729:
2718:. Retrieved
2704:
2673:
2669:
2635:
2626:
2583:IPCC, 2021:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2482:
2478:
2464:
2423:
2419:
2405:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2298:. Retrieved
2289:
2266:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2186:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2157:. Retrieved
2148:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2083:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2054:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1871:. Retrieved
1868:www.usgs.gov
1867:
1858:
1828:Ecohydrology
1794:Water portal
1767:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1705:
1678:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1609:
1594:carbon cycle
1586:river system
1535:
1494:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1410:
1355:overdrafting
1348:
1337:
1326:
1294:
1260:
1249:
1238:
1234:fossil water
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1145:3,200 years
1027:Infiltration
995:Condensation
979:
965:
945:infiltration
919:
873:has smaller
843:
631:ozone–oxygen
543:Other cycles
451:Marine cycle
432:Silica cycle
403:assimilation
398:Sulfur cycle
391:assimilation
381:Oxygen cycle
374:assimilation
354:human impact
265:Carbon cycle
243:
235:
171:urbanization
161:
145:
134:
118:infiltration
106:condensation
57:
53:
49:
47:
29:
3760:viral shunt
3750:soil carbon
3745:carbon sink
3649:Water cycle
3375:Ocean world
3300:Hydrosphere
3228:superheated
2569:October 17,
1995:"advection"
1843:Biotic pump
1760:(1644 CE).
1732:Eastern Han
1725:Meteorology
1699:(530 BCE).
1689:Anaximander
1628:outer space
1626:, entering
1570:fertilizers
1550:waterbodies
1486:evaporation
1297:hydrosphere
1210:Atmosphere
1190:Lakes (see
1134:Antarctica
1095:vadose zone
1041:Percolation
1005:Evaporation
957:floodplains
941:groundwater
478:viral shunt
310:soil carbon
300:carbon sink
283:terrestrial
278:atmospheric
244:Water cycle
236:Water cycle
205:Description
175:groundwater
137:temperature
114:sublimation
98:evaporation
78:fresh water
50:water cycle
3869:Categories
3629:Rock cycle
3587:Iron cycle
3497:Wiktionary
3332:management
3178:Properties
3075:2014-02-26
2929:2014-02-26
2863:2009-05-05
2803:2006-10-24
2774:2006-10-24
2745:2018-01-15
2720:2006-10-24
2543:2018-01-15
2329:2006-10-24
2300:2018-01-15
2268:2018-01-15
2188:2006-10-24
2159:2018-01-15
2113:2006-10-24
2085:2018-01-15
2056:2018-01-15
2009:2018-01-15
1980:2022-09-28
1905:2018-01-15
1873:2024-04-24
1850:References
1816:Cryosphere
1736:Wang Chong
1546:phosphorus
1466:atmosphere
1462:ice sheets
1454:freshwater
1389:heat waves
1333:land cover
1241:Antarctica
858:transpired
850:sublimates
419:Rock cycle
195:ecosystems
157:ecosystems
82:salt water
3900:Limnology
3885:Hydrology
3777:acid rain
3682:GEOTRACES
3410:Enceladus
3391:Specific
3327:Resources
3322:Pollution
3305:Hydrology
3271:Hydronium
3261:Tritiated
3251:Semiheavy
3156:Overviews
2515:195214876
2507:1752-0894
2397:0094-8276
2348:ignored (
2338:cite book
1720:Aristotle
1620:exosphere
1574:dead zone
1245:Greenland
1227:see table
1150:Glaciers
1126:Reservoir
985:Advection
856:is water
739:GEOTRACES
707:acid rain
621:manganese
3854:Category
3475:Category
3108:Archived
3066:Archived
2898:Archived
2739:Archived
2714:Archived
2646:Archived
2537:Archived
2456:30125808
2448:17615306
2323:Archived
2294:Archived
2262:Archived
2232:26333467
2182:Archived
2180:. NOAA.
2153:Archived
2122:cite web
2079:Archived
2050:Archived
2003:Archived
1899:Archived
1780:See also
1740:of Earth
1685:Ramayana
1612:Hydrogen
1582:nitrates
1554:salinity
1542:sediment
1490:rainfall
1385:droughts
1351:drawdown
1349:Aquifer
1263:isotopic
1099:aquifers
1067:fog drip
1001:and fog.
949:aquifers
933:glaciers
929:ice caps
907:Gas laws
903:buoyancy
779:Category
641:vanadium
636:selenium
591:fluorine
581:chromium
576:chlorine
551:aluminum
369:fixation
60:), is a
3486:Commons
3163:Outline
2678:Bibcode
2487:Bibcode
2428:Bibcode
2420:Science
2377:Bibcode
2240:4467297
2212:Bibcode
1745:Lunheng
1742:in his
1679:In the
1664:In the
1616:exobase
1588:to the
1558:erosion
1213:9 days
1202:Rivers
1142:Oceans
1103:gravity
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