242:
502:
400:
299:
33:
663:
732:
The facility processes nearly two million tons of tailings each month at a processing cost of below US$ 3.00/t (2013). Gold is recovered at a rate of only 0.20 g/t, but the low yield is compensated for by the extremely low cost of processing, with no risky or expensive mining or milling required
458:
Vast areas of farmland in the
Sacramento Valley were deeply buried by the mining sediment. Frequently devastated by flood waters, farmers demanded an end to hydraulic mining. In the most renowned legal fight of farmers against miners, the farmers sued the hydraulic mining operations and the landmark
176:
was expanding rapidly in Europe. Using a process later known as hushing, the Romans stored a large volume of water in a reservoir immediately above the area to be mined; the water was then quickly released. The resulting wave of water removed overburden and exposed bedrock. Gold veins in the bedrock
387:
system to protect the city from floods and sediment. Hydraulic mining greatly exacerbated the problem of flooding in
Marysville and shoaled the waters of the Feather River so severely that few steamboats could navigate from Sacramento to the Marysville docks. The sediment left by such efforts were
449:
Nearby farmland became contaminated, which led to political pushback against the use of hydraulic mining. The slickens flowed through the
Sacramento River before depositing itself into the San Francisco Bay. Currently, the San Francisco Bay remains dangerously contaminated with mercury. Estimates
277:
Early placer miners in
California discovered that the more gravel they could process, the more gold they were likely to find. Instead of working with pans, sluice boxes, long toms, and rockers, miners collaborated to find ways to process larger quantities of gravel more rapidly. Hydraulic mining
736:
The resulting slimes are pumped further away from the built-up areas permitting the economic development of land close to commercially valuable areas and previously covered by the tailings. The historic yellow-coloured mine dumps around
Johannesburg are now almost a rarity, seen only in older
289:
mining in
California) or hydraulic mining, which required larger organizations and much more capital. By the mid-1880s, it is estimated that 11 million ounces of gold (worth approximately US$ 7.5 billion at mid-2006 prices) had been recovered by hydraulic mining .
269:
hose by the 1860s. In
California, hydraulic mining often brought water from higher locations for long distances to holding ponds several hundred feet above the area to be mined. California hydraulic mining exploited gravel deposits, making it a form of
473:
decided in favor of the farmers and limited hydraulic mining on
January 7, 1884, declaring that hydraulic mining was "a public and private nuisance" and enjoining its operation in areas tributary to navigable streams and rivers.
407:, California, showing the effects of hydraulic mining on a hillside over a century later. Much of the effects of the mining was beyond the hills themselves, on the areas downstream of the water and sediment flow they produced.
728:
and
Uranium Company (ERGO) has been in operation since 1977. The facility uses hydraulic monitors to create slurry from older (and consequently richer) tailings sites and pumps it long distances to a concentration plant.
253:
The modern form of hydraulic mining, using jets of water directed under very high pressure through hoses and nozzles at gold-bearing upland paleogravels, was first used by Edward
Matteson near
285:
By the early 1860s, while hydraulic mining was at its height, small-scale placer mining had largely exhausted the rich surface placers, and the mining industry turned to hard rock (called
493:. Most of the water-delivery hydraulic mining infrastructure had been destroyed by an 1891 flood, so this later stage of mining was carried on at a much smaller scale in California.
278:
became the largest-scale, and most devastating, form of placer mining. Water was redirected into an ever-narrowing channel, through a large canvas hose, and out through a giant iron
1071:
310:
While generating millions of dollars in tax revenues for the state and supporting a large population of miners in the mountains, hydraulic mining had a devastating effect on
760:, to break up the coal seam and wash the resulting coal slurry toward a collection point. The high-pressure water nozzle is referred to as the 'hydro monitor'.
442:. During this period, the industrial mining industry released 1.5 billion yards of toxic slickens into the Sacramento River. As the slickens traveled through
108:
blocking waterways and covering farm fields. These problems led to its legal regulation. Hydraulic mining has been used in various forms around the world.
585:
and continues to be used in developing nations, often with devastating environmental consequences. The devastation caused by this method of mining caused
177:
were then worked using a number of techniques, and water power was used again to remove debris. The remains at Las MĂ©dulas and in surrounding areas show
125:", in which surface streams of water were diverted so as to erode gold-bearing gravels. This technique was developed in the first centuries BC and AD by
84:
Hydraulic mining developed from ancient Roman techniques that used water to excavate soft underground deposits. Its modern form, using pressurized water
461:
1096:
513:, Australia were mined between the 1850s and 1900s. Hydraulic sluicing left man-made cliffs up to 30 metres (100 ft) high throughout the area.
482:
1225:
1134:
1042:
1002:
325:. Once the rivers reached the relatively flat valley, the water slowed, the rivers widened, and the sediment was deposited in the
96:
in the United States. Though successful in extracting gold-rich minerals, the widespread use of the process resulted in extensive
517:
Although often associated with California due to its adoption and widespread use there, the technology was exported widely, to
321:
systems in California. Millions of tons of earth and water were delivered to mountain streams that fed rivers flowing into the
883:
412:
404:
364:
rivers, Marysville was the final "jumping off" point for miners heading to the northern foothills to seek their fortune.
748:
production) are also available for recovery from the process stream as co-products under suitable economic conditions.
675:
426:
became an outlet for polluting byproducts during the Gold Rush. Hydraulic mining left a trail of toxic waste, called "
922:
616:
where it was used between the 1850s and early 1900s, with abundant evidence of the damage still being visible today.
282:, called a "monitor". The extremely high pressure stream was used to wash entire hillsides through enormous sluices.
241:
1218:
348:
made navigation on the rivers increasingly difficult. Perhaps no other city experienced the boon and the bane of
1110:
701:
121:
Hydraulic mining had its precursor in the practice of ground sluicing, a development of which is also known as "
1444:
1309:
1304:
205:
217:
in the 70s AD and witnessed the operations himself. The use of hushing has been confirmed by field survey and
1434:
17:
466:
443:
501:
298:
1185:
Battling the Inland Sea: American Political Culture, Public Policy, and the Sacramento Valley: 1850-1986.
1439:
1281:
1211:
589:, the "Log Cabin Naturalist", to switch from mining to collecting wildlife specimens from 1875–1900 in
450:
suggest that it will be another century before the Bay naturally removes the mercury from its system.
989:
416:
210:
399:
329:
and river beds causing them to rise, shift to new channels, and overflow their banks, causing major
671:
1449:
526:
254:
964:
938:
489:
were constructed. This led to a number of operations above sediment catching brush dams and log
1363:
597:
590:
562:
534:
530:
478:
377:
353:
246:
214:
126:
875:
868:
709:
172:
Water was used on a large scale by Roman engineers in the first centuries BC and AD when the
1261:
724:
On the South African Rand gold fields, a gold surface tailings re-treatment facility called
195:
of up to 30 miles (48 km) in length feeding large supplies of water into the site. The
779:
647:
613:
522:
262:
97:
93:
38:
8:
314:
188:
1017:
181:
scenery on a gigantic scale owing to hydraulicking of the rich alluvial gold deposits.
582:
411:
The spectacular eroded landscape left at the site of hydraulic mining can be viewed at
133:. The Romans used ground sluicing to remove overburden and the gold-bearing debris in
1090:
918:
879:
558:
439:
423:
337:
322:
1072:"Eric's Heroes: The work behind the 'Denny Hill Regrade' and how it changed Seattle"
1398:
791:
574:
542:
435:
373:
1191:
Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California's Sacramento Valley
1158:
438:
and into the San Francisco Bay. The slickens would contain harmful metals such as
1403:
1368:
1345:
1251:
803:
797:
785:
643:
620:
605:
506:
486:
393:
200:
1393:
1373:
1243:
1013:
725:
713:
651:
609:
510:
470:
192:
134:
32:
1428:
1413:
1335:
1266:
745:
477:
Hydraulic mining on a much smaller scale was recommenced after 1893 when the
431:
369:
361:
271:
230:
142:
58:
245:
Gold miners excavate an eroded bluff with jets of water at a placer mine in
1330:
1325:
705:
624:
586:
318:
173:
756:
High-pressure water jets have also been used in the underground mining of
670:
In addition to its use in true mining, hydraulic mining can be used as an
1408:
1271:
628:
349:
226:
218:
196:
85:
899:
774:
639:
550:
365:
357:
345:
326:
303:
258:
222:
138:
638:
Starting in the 1870s, hydraulic mining became a mainstay of alluvial
27:
Mining technique using high-pressure water jets to carve away minerals
769:
686:
570:
266:
1203:
1340:
690:
490:
427:
389:
311:
306:. Rocks line the outside of the wood boards that create the sluice.
154:
130:
105:
36:
A miner using a hydraulic jet to mine for gold in California, from
1355:
679:
546:
538:
178:
146:
122:
101:
1256:
1234:
856:, Montana: The Magazine of Western History, v.35, n.2, p.18-29.
741:
662:
601:
578:
566:
518:
446:, it deposited its toxins into local ecosystems and waterways.
286:
279:
185:
166:
89:
74:
70:
50:
806:, remote operated similar use of high-pressure jets of water.
694:
554:
384:
341:
330:
150:
54:
800:, uses similar method of high pressure water to mine uranium
757:
674:
technique, principally to demolish hills. For example, the
158:
78:
62:
265:. Matteson used canvas hose which was later replaced with
69:, the resulting water-sediment slurry is directed through
1047:, London: Routledge, 2000, p.47.accessed 5 November 2009.
162:
66:
92:
called a "monitor", came about in the 1850s during the
462:
Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Mining and Gravel Company
1044:
Environment and Development in the Straits of Malacca
485:
which allowed licensed mining operations if sediment
380:
where they would unload their passengers and cargo.
191:. The site shows the remains of at least seven large
990:
North Bloomfield Hydraulic Mining Environmental Case
782:, use of high-pressure water in oil and gas drilling
73:
boxes to remove the gold. It is also used in mining
57:to dislodge rock material or move sediment. In the
1179:Hydraulic Mining in California: A Tarnished Legacy
1060:, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1946, p.436-438.
867:
841:A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms
828:A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms
915:Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin
372:, carrying miners and supplies, navigated up the
1426:
340:experienced an increasing number of devastating
1070:Anchor, Eric Johnson, KOMO News (17 May 2023).
751:
209:published in the first century AD. Pliny was a
682:was largely accomplished by hydraulic mining.
1219:
619:Hydraulic mining was used extensively in the
453:
1200:, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
1095:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1003:"Oriental Claims Historic Area - Park Notes"
794:, similar use of high-pressure jets of water
788:, similar use of high-pressure jets of water
581:), and overseas. It was used extensively in
383:Marysville eventually constructed a complex
199:operations were described in vivid terms by
685:Hydraulic mining is the principal way that
1226:
1212:
1135:"Ergo: Mining South Africa's wealth again"
145:. The method was also used in Elizabethan
865:
822:
820:
661:
500:
398:
297:
293:
240:
31:
912:
870:Mining California An Ecological History
700:Egypt used hydraulic mining methods to
666:Modern hydraulic mining monitor in use.
236:
14:
1427:
1111:"DRDGold Ergo fact sheet October 2012"
1069:
430:," that flowed from mine sites in the
1233:
1207:
1198:Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain
995:
854:Hydraulic mining in the American West
817:
657:
646:. Hydraulicking was formerly used in
596:Hydraulic mining was used during the
333:, especially during the spring melt.
623:that took place in the 1860s in the
496:
413:Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park
356:. Situated at the confluence of the
229:, the only known Roman gold mine in
719:
24:
917:. University of California Press.
843:, US Bureau of Mines, 1968, p.515.
830:, US Bureau of Mines, 1968, p.560.
604:. One notable location was at the
25:
1461:
1196:Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones,
116:
100:, such as increased flooding and
708:sand wall at the Suez Canal, in
53:that uses high-pressure jets of
1151:
1127:
1103:
1063:
1050:
1041:Mark Cleary and Kim Chuan Goh,
1035:
249:sometime between 1857 and 1870.
983:
965:"Mercury in San Francisco Bay"
957:
939:"Mercury in San Francisco Bay"
931:
906:
892:
859:
846:
833:
600:where it was called hydraulic
13:
1:
810:
631:, where it was also known as
469:in San Francisco where Judge
1010:Parks Victoria Official Site
752:Underground hydraulic mining
467:United States District Court
376:, then the Feather River to
7:
1193:, by Robert L. Kelley, 1959
1181:, by Powell Greenland, 2001
763:
444:California's water arteries
396:, located near Marysville.
10:
1466:
874:. Hill and Wang. pp.
454:Legal action landmark case
111:
1386:
1354:
1318:
1297:
1290:
1242:
866:Isenberg, Andrew (2005).
697:, in South-West England.
417:Nevada County, California
561:in 1863), South Dakota (
336:Cities and towns in the
1187:, U.Calif Press; 395pp.
621:Central Otago gold rush
913:Brechin, Gray (2006).
902:. State of California.
900:"Malakoff Diggins SHP"
667:
598:Australian gold rushes
591:Breckenridge, Colorado
514:
479:United States Congress
408:
307:
250:
247:Dutch Flat, California
215:Hispania Terraconensis
43:
1445:Hydraulic engineering
710:Operation Badr (1973)
665:
504:
402:
301:
294:Environmental impacts
244:
184:Las MĂ©dulas is now a
35:
1435:California Gold Rush
852:Randall Rohe (1985)
780:Hydraulic fracturing
648:Polk County, Florida
487:retention structures
465:made its way to the
263:California Gold Rush
237:California Gold Rush
98:environmental damage
94:California Gold Rush
39:The Century Magazine
1282:Mountaintop removal
344:, while the rising
315:natural environment
302:A man leans over a
261:in 1853 during the
189:World Heritage Site
1058:Elements of Mining
668:
658:Contemporary usage
583:Dahlonega, Georgia
515:
409:
308:
251:
44:
1440:History of mining
1422:
1421:
1382:
1381:
1159:"Borehole Mining"
1056:George J. Young,
992:National Archives
971:. 5 November 2015
945:. 5 November 2015
885:978-0-8090-9535-3
712:which opened the
689:clay is mined in
497:Beyond California
424:San Francisco Bay
338:Sacramento Valley
323:Sacramento Valley
157:) for developing
16:(Redirected from
1457:
1295:
1294:
1277:Hydraulic mining
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1016:. Archived from
1007:
999:
993:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
935:
929:
928:
910:
904:
903:
896:
890:
889:
873:
863:
857:
850:
844:
839:Paul W. Thrush,
837:
831:
826:Paul W. Thrush,
824:
792:Water jet cutter
720:Rand gold fields
575:British Columbia
436:Sacramento River
405:Malakoff Diggins
374:Sacramento River
47:Hydraulic mining
21:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1404:Deep sea mining
1378:
1364:Room and pillar
1350:
1314:
1286:
1238:
1232:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:on 3 March 2011
1020:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
937:
936:
932:
925:
911:
907:
898:
897:
893:
886:
864:
860:
851:
847:
838:
834:
825:
818:
813:
804:Borehole mining
798:Cigar Lake Mine
786:Pressure washer
766:
754:
722:
660:
644:Malay Peninsula
606:Oriental Claims
507:Oriental Claims
499:
456:
394:Yuba Goldfields
388:reprocessed by
296:
239:
206:Natural History
201:Pliny the Elder
119:
114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1450:Surface mining
1447:
1442:
1437:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
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1401:
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1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1161:. Great Mining
1150:
1126:
1102:
1062:
1049:
1034:
1014:Parks Victoria
994:
982:
956:
930:
923:
905:
891:
884:
858:
845:
832:
815:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
772:
765:
762:
753:
750:
733:for recovery.
726:East Rand Gold
721:
718:
714:Yom Kippur War
659:
656:
652:phosphate rock
529:(Clear Creek,
498:
495:
483:Camminetti Act
471:Lorenzo Sawyer
455:
452:
390:mining dredges
295:
292:
238:
235:
137:of Spain, and
129:to erode away
118:
117:Ground Slucing
115:
113:
110:
88:produced by a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1446:
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1433:
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1415:
1414:Seabed mining
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749:
747:
746:sulfuric acid
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737:photographs.
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730:
727:
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715:
711:
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681:
677:
676:Denny Regrade
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316:
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304:wooden sluice
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272:placer mining
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231:Great Britain
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153:(and rarely,
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99:
95:
91:
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80:
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72:
68:
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59:placer mining
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52:
49:is a form of
48:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
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1178:
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1153:
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1129:
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1105:
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1075:
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1018:the original
1009:
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968:
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942:
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869:
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853:
848:
840:
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827:
755:
740:Uranium and
739:
735:
731:
723:
706:Bar Lev Line
699:
684:
669:
637:
632:
625:South Island
618:
595:
587:Edwin Carter
535:Breckenridge
531:Central City
523:Jacksonville
516:
476:
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457:
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434:through the
421:
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335:
319:agricultural
309:
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204:
183:
174:Roman empire
171:
127:Roman miners
120:
83:
46:
45:
42:January 1883
37:
29:
1409:Prospecting
1291:Sub-surface
1165:23 November
629:New Zealand
481:passed the
352:as much as
350:gold mining
327:floodplains
255:Nevada City
227:South Wales
219:archaeology
197:gold-mining
135:Las MĂ©dulas
1429:Categories
1319:Directions
1237:techniques
1143:19 January
1119:19 January
1027:16 October
975:19 October
949:19 October
811:References
775:Hydropower
672:excavation
640:tin mining
573:in 1920),
565:in 1876),
559:Idaho City
553:in 1868),
551:Lynx Creek
545:in 1865),
537:in 1860),
525:in 1856),
378:Marysville
366:Steamboats
354:Marysville
259:California
223:Dolaucothi
211:procurator
139:Dolaucothi
1399:Automated
1394:Abandoned
1310:Soft rock
1305:Hard rock
1257:Quarrying
770:Hydrology
687:kaolinite
571:Fairbanks
491:crib dams
346:riverbeds
267:crinoline
193:aqueducts
1369:Longwall
1346:Borehole
1341:Bell pit
1272:Dredging
1252:Open-pit
1091:cite web
764:See also
691:Cornwall
650:to mine
633:sluicing
614:Victoria
602:sluicing
563:Deadwood
527:Colorado
459:case of
428:slickens
331:flooding
312:riparian
155:Scotland
131:alluvium
106:sediment
1374:Retreat
1356:Stoping
1298:Classes
1244:Surface
1081:27 June
680:Seattle
642:on the
547:Arizona
543:Bannack
539:Montana
440:mercury
432:Sierras
392:at the
362:Feather
203:in his
179:badland
169:mines.
147:England
123:hushing
112:History
102:erosion
1267:Placer
1235:Mining
921:
882:
742:pyrite
702:breach
593:, US.
579:Canada
567:Alaska
519:Oregon
342:floods
287:quartz
280:nozzle
186:UNESCO
167:copper
104:, and
90:nozzle
75:kaolin
71:sluice
51:mining
1387:Other
1336:Shaft
1331:Slope
1326:Drift
1262:Strip
1138:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
744:(for
695:Devon
608:near
555:Idaho
509:near
385:levee
368:from
151:Wales
55:water
1167:2011
1145:2013
1121:2013
1097:link
1083:2023
1076:KOMO
1029:2010
977:2022
969:KQED
951:2022
943:KQED
919:ISBN
880:ISBN
758:coal
704:the
693:and
610:Omeo
533:and
511:Omeo
505:The
422:The
403:The
360:and
358:Yuba
317:and
165:and
159:lead
149:and
86:jets
79:coal
77:and
63:gold
678:in
627:of
612:in
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225:in
221:at
213:in
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