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economic criteria. Formal and discrete social divisions were consequently imposed upon ambiguous biological distinctions. To some extent, the permeability of these categories in the intervening decades helped to reify the biological distinctions, generating a taller elite and a shorter underclass, but with little relation to the gene pools that had existed a few centuries ago. The social categories are thus real, but there is little if any detectable genetic differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi.
91:
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73:
438:
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In general, the Hutu appear to share a close genetic kinship with neighboring Bantu populations, particularly the Tutsi. However, it is unclear whether this similarity is primarily due to extensive genetic exchanges between these communities through intermarriage or whether it ultimately stems from
272:
Others suggest that the two groups are related but not identical, and they also suggest that the differences between them were exacerbated by
Europeans, or they were exacerbated by a gradual, natural split, as those who owned cattle became known as the Tutsi and those who did not own cattle became
354:
obliterated whatever clear-cut physical distinctions may have once existed between these two Bantu peoples â renowned to be height, body build, and facial features. With a spectrum of physical variation in the peoples, Belgian authorities legally mandated ethnic affiliation in the 1920s, based on
656:
between Hutu political structures and the Tutsi military, in which an estimated 500,000 Burundians died. There were many mass killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus; these events were deemed to be a genocide by the United
Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi.
675:
About 30% of the Twa pygmy population of Rwanda were also killed by the Hutu extremists. At the same time, the
Rwandan Patriotic Front took control of the country and is still the ruling party as of 2020. Burundi is also currently governed by a former rebel group, the Hutu
269:-speaking neighbors, the Tutsi. The Tutsi were pastoralists and are believed to have established aristocratic control over the sedentary Hutu and Twa. Through intermarriage with the Hutu, the Tutsi were gradually assimilated, culturally, linguistically, and racially.
677:
1489:
683:
As of 2006, violence between the Hutu and Tutsi had subsided, but the situation in both Rwanda and
Burundi was still tense, and tens of thousands of Rwandans were still living outside the country (see
233:
being the second largest ethnic group at 15% and 14% of residents of Rwanda and
Burundi, respectively. However, these figures were omitted in 2017 and no new figures have been published since then.
618:). In Burundi, Tutsis, who are the minority, maintained control of the government and military. In Rwanda, the political power was transferred from the minority Tutsi to the majority Hutu.
1482:
1475:
668:, invaded Rwanda from Uganda, which started a civil war against Rwanda's Hutu government in 1990. A peace agreement was signed, but violence erupted again, culminating in the
243:, the smallest of the two countries' principal populations, share language and culture with the Hutu and Tutsi. They are distinguished by a considerably shorter stature.
1949:
1932:
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1937:
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1982:
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was conducted against the Hutu population in 1972, and an estimated 100,000 Hutus died. In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president,
1942:
566:
652:, who was Hutu, was believed to be assassinated by Tutsi officers, as was the person constitutionally entitled to succeed him. This sparked
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Tishkoff et al. (2009) found their mixed Hutu and Tutsi samples from Rwanda to be predominately of Bantu origin, with minor gene flow from
539:
625:
and Hutu and Tutsis conflicts. Tens of thousands of Tutsis were killed, and many others fled to neighboring countries, such as
Burundi,
1262:
593:
2048:
1384:
815:
1419:
523:
1975:
1242:
1150:
1292:
International
Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report. Part III: Investigation of the Assassination. Conclusions at
934:"Gender Hate Propaganda and Sexual Violence in the Rwandan Genocide: An Argument for Intersectionality in International Law"
1090:"African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping"
3085:
1534:
1226:
729:
Since the
Rwandan massacre, no ethnic census has been conducted an estimated 84 to 90 percent of the population is Hutu.
2041:
904:
International
Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Africa, Volume 76, (Oxford University Press., 2006), pg 135.
860:
1412:
1293:
832:
560:
424:
406:
1968:
1250:
938:
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333:), and are ascribed to much earlier inhabitants who were assimilated. However, the Hutu have considerably fewer
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designated people as Tutsi or Hutu on the basis of cattle ownership, physical measurements and church records.
252:
915:
265:. Various theories have emerged to explain the purported physical differences between them and their fellow
586:
1342:
1467:
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1200:
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792:
288:, and it continues to the present day, with the government of Rwanda no longer using the distinction.
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1321:
637:. Later, exiled Tutsis from Burundi invaded Rwanda, prompting Rwanda to close its border to Burundi.
458:
811:
2847:
1435:
387:
326:
310:
1991:
665:
579:
391:
278:
212:
1023:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
856:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
473:
of Rwanda and
Burundi, respectively. It is also spoken as a mother tongue by the Tutsi and Twa.
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The debate over the ethnic origins of the Hutu and Tutsi within Rwandan politics predates the
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17:
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484:, although the population is dwindling given the poor relations between Rwanda and France.
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8:
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communities (17.7% Afro-Asiatic genes found in the mixed Hutu–Tutsi population).
226:
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Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war
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This article is about the African ethnic group. For the New Zealand native tree, see
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of 1994, when Hutu extremists killed an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsis.
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1387:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2006. Archived from
992:
Newbury, Catharine (1998). "Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda".
968:
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
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The Hutu are believed to have first emigrated to the Great Lake region from
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1263:"Rwanda 1994: Genocide + Politicide, Christian Davenport and Allan Stam"
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While Tutsis remained in control of Burundi, the conflict resulted in
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376:
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Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy
1038:
873:
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The Hutu is the largest of the three main population divisions in
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1826:
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stated that 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians are Hutu, with
218:
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where they form one of the principal ethnic groups alongside the
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35:
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2017:
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159:
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1169:
Passing by; The United States and genocide in Burundi, 1972
1088:
Campbell, Michael C.; Tishkoff, Sarah A. (September 2008).
1255:
480:, the other official language of Rwanda and Burundi, as a
1077:. Vol. 2, DakarâHydrology. Charles Scribner's Sons.
853:
437:
27:
Ethnic group native to the Great Lakes region of Africa
1311:
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002)
1186:(Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.
305:
suggest that the Hutu, like the Tutsi, are largely of
1499:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
854:
Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; et al. (2004).
461:
language family. Rwanda-Rundi is subdivided into the
337:
paternal lineages (4.3% B) than the Tutsi (14.9% B).
156:
1166:Bowen, Michael; Freeman, Gary; Miller, Kay (1973).
633:Tutsi ethnic group in the South Kivu region of the
340:
317:). Paternal genetic influences associated with the
150:
147:
1165:
916:"Sexual Violence and Genocide Against Tutsi Women"
1385:"Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa"
453:as their native tongue, which is a member of the
83:11.1â12 million (84%â90% of the total population)
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1087:
817:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda
175:ethnic or social group which is native to the
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1976:
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1420:
1172:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
587:
1434:
1095:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
913:
780:
476:Additionally, a small portion of Hutu speak
296:
1990:
812:"The Meaning of "Hutu," "Tutsi," and "Twa""
405:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2042:
1983:
1969:
1490:
1476:
1427:
1413:
1305:
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594:
580:
469:dialects, which have been standardized as
101:10.4 million (85% of the total population)
1115:
1046:
914:Vernellia R., Randall, ed. (2006-02-16).
881:
425:Learn how and when to remove this message
1138:
614:was exiled from the colony (then called
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14:
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2037:
1964:
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1199:(New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and
1197:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
1108:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258
931:
1377:
1020:
800:
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732:
403:adding citations to reliable sources
370:
65:Regions with significant populations
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1335:
847:
24:
1069:
1027:American Journal of Human Genetics
861:American Journal of Human Genetics
664:as well. A Tutsi rebel group, the
301:Modern-day genetic studies of the
25:
3138:
1229:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002.
1021:Luis, J. R.; et al. (2004).
932:Green, Llezlie L. (Summer 2002).
1251:United States Institute of Peace
1210:(Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.
939:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
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341:Autosomal DNA (overall ancestry)
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971:. Princeton University Press.
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253:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
13:
1:
1184:Selective genocide in Burundi
1142:Culture and Customs of Rwanda
717:
654:a counter-genocide in Burundi
1208:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi
179:region. They mainly live in
7:
1364:"How the genocide happened"
810:Des Forges, Alison (1999).
690:
366:
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10:
3143:
1343:"Timeline of the genocide"
1324:. Human Rights Watch. 1999
1201:Cambridge University Press
1075:New Encyclopedia of Africa
685:Great Lakes refugee crisis
623:to the "Social revolution"
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1145:. Greenwood. p. 17.
1139:Adekunle, Julius (2007).
965:Mamdani, Mahmood (2001).
610:survived until 1959 when
297:Y-DNA (paternal lineages)
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121:
110:
105:
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1436:Ethnic groups in Burundi
45:Not to be confused with
1992:Ethnic groups in Rwanda
1221:Christian P. Scherrer,
793:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
666:Rwandan Patriotic Front
213:Demographics of Burundi
1238:Weissman, Stephen R. "
646:a campaign of genocide
606:The Belgian-sponsored
446:
357:
279:Belgian colonial power
209:Demographics of Rwanda
1322:"The Hutu Revolution"
1206:Edward L. Nyankanzi,
488:Post-colonial history
440:
348:
225:. Prior to 2017, the
167:), also known as the
122:Related ethnic groups
38:village of HuÈu, see
920:University of Dayton
769:. CIA World Factbook
621:In Rwanda, this led
524:Rwandan Armed Forces
399:improve this section
441:A traditional Hutu
273:known as the Hutu.
177:African Great Lakes
61:
3091:Chinese Tanzanians
1299:2008-12-01 at the
1245:2009-03-11 at the
825:Human Rights Watch
796:. 11 October 2019.
747:CIA World Factbook
702:History of Burundi
662:genocide in Rwanda
629:, and forming the
471:official languages
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227:CIA World Factbook
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3096:Indian Tanzanians
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1958:
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1366:. BBC. 2004-04-01
1203:, 1996), 232 pp.
1195:Rene Lemarchand,
1182:René Lemarchand,
1152:978-0-3133-3177-0
1071:Miller, Joseph C.
767:"Burundi: People"
707:History of Rwanda
697:Burundi Civil War
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16:(Redirected from
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650:Melchior Ndadaye
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286:Rwandan genocide
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1926:Non-indigenous
1923:
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1920:
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1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
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1254:
1231:
1225:; foreword by
1214:
1212:
1211:
1188:
1175:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1080:
1062:
1039:10.1086/382286
1033:(3): 532â544.
1013:
984:
977:
957:
906:
897:
874:10.1086/382286
846:
833:
799:
779:
758:
731:
721:
719:
716:
715:
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709:
704:
699:
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689:
608:Tutsi monarchy
602:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
573:
572:
571:
570:
569:(2000âpresent)
564:
555:
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544:
543:
536:
535:
533:Refugee crisis
529:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
508:
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500:
499:
489:
486:
443:throwing knife
433:
432:
383:
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368:
365:
342:
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319:Horn of Africa
298:
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259:Central Africa
251:Main article:
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81:
67:
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51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3139:
3128:
3127:Bantu peoples
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3120:
3119:
3117:
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3087:
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2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2116:Dar es Salaam
2113:
2107:
2104:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1441:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1391:on 2006-12-01
1390:
1386:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1275:on 2009-03-25
1271:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1227:Robert Melson
1224:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
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1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
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997:
996:
988:
980:
974:
970:
969:
961:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
930:excerpt from
921:
917:
910:
901:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
868:(3): 532â44.
867:
863:
862:
857:
850:
836:
834:1-56432-171-1
830:
826:
819:
818:
813:
806:
804:
795:
794:
789:
783:
768:
762:
748:
744:
738:
736:
726:
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713:
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708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
688:
686:
681:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
635:Belgian Congo
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
616:Ruanda-Urundi
613:
609:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
575:
574:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:2nd Congo War
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
530:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Impuzamugambi
512:
511:
510:
509:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
493:
485:
483:
482:lingua franca
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
439:
429:
426:
418:
415:November 2021
408:
404:
400:
394:
393:
389:
384:This section
382:
378:
373:
372:
364:
362:
356:
353:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
289:
287:
282:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
261:in the great
260:
254:
244:
242:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
140:
130:
125:
120:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
98:
86:
82:
80:
68:
63:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2007:
1634:
1550:Banyamulenge
1446:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1257:
1234:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1030:
1026:
1016:
999:
995:Africa Today
993:
987:
967:
960:
943:
937:
923:. Retrieved
909:
900:
865:
859:
849:
838:. Retrieved
816:
791:
782:
771:. Retrieved
761:
750:. Retrieved
725:
682:
674:
659:
639:
631:Banyamulenge
620:
605:
495:
475:
451:Rwanda-Rundi
449:Hutus speak
448:
421:
412:
397:Please help
385:
361:Afro-Asiatic
358:
349:
344:
335:Nilo-Saharan
325:are few (3%
323:North Africa
303:Y-chromosome
300:
283:
271:
256:
235:
216:
203:Demographics
168:
138:
136:
129:Rwanda-Rundi
52:Ethnic group
47:Houthi tribe
2362:Kilimanjaro
1540:Bakwa Dishi
1102:: 403â433.
1002:(1): 7â24.
563:(1996â2001)
542:(1995â1996)
519:Interahamwe
463:Kinyarwanda
459:NigerâCongo
112:Kinyarwanda
3116:Categories
3078:Immigrants
2747:Ndengereko
1610:Garanganze
1507:Indigenous
1395:2006-12-11
1370:2006-10-31
1349:2006-12-30
1328:2006-10-31
1279:2007-10-22
978:0691102805
925:2007-01-03
840:2006-10-31
773:2006-10-31
752:2006-10-31
718:References
34:. For the
2978:Nyanyembe
2945:Nyamwanga
2858:Shinyanga
2833:Ndendeule
1938:Europeans
1772:Mongo Twa
498:militants
386:does not
352:gene flow
106:Languages
3046:Zanzibar
2973:Nyamwezi
2876:Nyamwezi
2582:Morogoro
2557:Nyakyusa
2456:Barabaig
2398:Machinga
2327:Holoholo
1742:Mangbetu
1640:Iyaelima
1630:Holoholo
1297:Archived
1294:USIP.org
1243:Archived
1126:18593304
1057:14973781
892:14973781
691:See also
678:CNDDâFDD
612:Kigeli V
367:Language
292:Genetics
195:and the
171:, are a
131:peoples
40:GÄiceana
36:Romanian
3068:Swahili
3063:Shirazi
3036:Swahili
2983:Swahili
2922:Nyaturu
2904:Singida
2823:Matengo
2800:Tumbuka
2757:Swahili
2648:Swahili
2633:Makonde
2615:Vidunda
2519:Ngurimi
2466:Kw'adza
2438:Manyara
2428:Swahili
2413:Makonde
2403:Matumbi
2347:Swahili
2337:Manyema
2289:Konongo
2246:Hangaza
2172:Sandawe
2152:Burunge
2124:Swahili
2086:Datooga
2023:Wahinda
1933:Chinese
1867:Turumbu
1827:Songora
1807:Ngbandi
1712:Lugbara
1605:Furiiru
1595:Dengese
1555:Barambu
1530:Avukaya
1117:2953791
1073:(ed.).
1048:1182266
1008:4187200
952:2272193
946:(733).
883:1182266
642:Burundi
467:Kirundi
407:removed
392:sources
329:and 1%
247:Origins
241:pygmies
219:Burundi
185:Burundi
169:Abahutu
116:Kirundi
97:Burundi
59:Abahutu
3058:Hadimu
3048:&
3031:Zigula
3026:Sambaa
3021:Segeju
3006:Dhaiso
3001:Bondei
2965:Tabora
2955:Lambya
2940:Malila
2932:Songwe
2917:Isanzu
2912:Iramba
2894:Sukuma
2886:Simiyu
2871:Sukuma
2866:Iramba
2815:Ruvuma
2795:Mambwe
2767:Zigula
2762:Zaramo
2752:Rufiji
2714:Pangwa
2686:Njombe
2676:Sukuma
2671:Kerewe
2658:Mwanza
2643:Maviha
2625:Mtwara
2610:Sagara
2605:Pogolo
2600:Luguru
2590:Kaguru
2534:Zanaki
2476:Mbugwe
2471:Maasai
2423:Ngindo
2418:Ndonde
2370:Chagga
2342:Tongwe
2309:Kigoma
2299:Rungwa
2294:Pimbwe
2271:Katavi
2256:Nyambo
2238:Kagera
2228:Ndamba
2223:Mbunga
2210:Iringa
2195:Sumbwa
2190:Sukuma
2162:Gorowa
2147:Alagwa
2139:Dodoma
2129:Zaramo
2106:Maasai
2081:Arusha
2073:Arusha
1950:Jewish
1897:Yakoma
1882:Wochua
1862:Tumbwe
1857:Topoke
1852:Tetela
1832:Songye
1812:Nyanga
1797:Ngando
1757:Mbunda
1732:Mayogo
1727:Makere
1660:Keliko
1590:Chokwe
1520:Nyindu
1149:
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506:(1994)
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231:Tutsis
223:Rwanda
189:Uganda
187:, and
181:Rwanda
127:Other
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3101:Arabs
3050:Pemba
3016:Ngulu
3011:Mbugu
2993:Tanga
2950:Ndali
2843:Nindi
2838:Ngoni
2828:Mpoto
2805:Wanda
2790:Lungu
2777:Rukwa
2729:Pwani
2719:Wanji
2709:Manda
2699:Kinga
2638:Makua
2572:Sangu
2567:Safwa
2562:Nyiha
2552:Kimbu
2544:Mbeya
2514:Kuria
2509:Kabwa
2499:Ikoma
2494:Ikizu
2461:Iraqw
2408:Mwera
2390:Lindi
2375:Ngasa
2352:Vinza
2284:Bende
2279:Bembe
2261:Shubi
2200:Zinza
2182:Geita
2167:Rangi
2101:Sonjo
2091:Hadza
2018:Tutsi
1943:Greek
1917:Zyoba
1912:Zande
1902:Yombe
1892:Yanzi
1872:Tutsi
1842:Tagbu
1822:Sanga
1817:Pende
1802:Ngata
1792:Ndaka
1787:Mpama
1767:Mongo
1762:Mbuti
1752:Mbole
1737:Mbaka
1722:Lungu
1717:Lunda
1705:Lulua
1700:Hemba
1685:Lendu
1670:Konjo
1665:Kongo
1650:Kango
1645:Kakwa
1615:Gbaya
1585:Bwile
1580:Bunda
1565:Bembe
1560:Bemba
1545:Banda
1452:Tutsi
1345:. PBS
1273:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
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821:(PDF)
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3122:Hutu
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2704:Kisi
2694:Bena
2666:Kara
2595:Kutu
2529:Ware
2524:Suba
2504:Jita
2486:Mara
2446:Akie
2380:Pare
2332:Jiji
2317:Goma
2251:Haya
2218:Hehe
2157:Gogo
2096:Meru
2013:Kiga
2008:Hutu
1907:Yulu
1887:Yaka
1877:Vira
1847:Teke
1837:Suku
1782:Moru
1777:Mono
1695:Luba
1690:Logo
1680:Lele
1675:Lega
1655:Kele
1635:Hutu
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1575:Budu
1535:Baka
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1515:Alur
1447:Hutu
1147:ISBN
1122:PMID
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973:ISBN
948:SSRN
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