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311:". Hutchinson, unlike Oliver, made no specific proposals on how the colonial government should be reformed and wrote in a letter that was not among those published, "I can think of nothing but what will produce as great an evil as that which it may remove or will be of a very uncertain event." Oliver's letters, in contrast, specifically proposed for the governor's council, whose members were then elected by the assembly with the governor's consent, to be changed to one whose members were appointed by the crown.
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195:. Over the next two years, Hutchinson engaged in an extended and rancorous written debate with the provincial assembly and the governor's council, both of which were dominated by radical leadership, which was hostile to parliamentary authority. The debate centered on the arbitrariness of executive prerogative and the role of Parliament in colonial governance, and it greatly deepened divisions in the province.
413:
A number of candidates have been proposed as the means by which
Franklin obtained the letters. John Temple, despite his political differences with Hutchinson, apparently managed to convince the latter in 1774 that he was not involved in their acquisition. He, however, claimed to know who was involved
327:
In
England, speculation ran rampant over the source of the leak. William Whately accused John Temple of taking the letters, which Temple denied, challenging Whately to a duel. Whately was wounded in the encounter in early December 1773, but neither participant was satisfied, and a second duel was
258:
A longtime opponent of
Hutchinson's, Samuel Adams narrowly followed Franklin's request, but managed to orchestrate a propaganda campaign against Hutchinson without immediately disclosing the letters. He informed the assembly of the existence of the letters, after which it designated a committee to
336:
When
Hutchinson's opponents in Massachusetts read the letters, they seized on key phrases (including the "abridgement" phrase) to argue that Hutchinson was in fact lobbying the London government to make changes that would effect such an abridgement. Combined with Oliver's explicit recommendations
227:
Upon reading them, Franklin concluded that
Hutchinson and Oliver had mischaracterized the situation in the colonies and thus had misled Parliament. He felt that wider knowledge of the letters would then focus colonial anger away from Parliament and towards those who had written the misleading
298:
The letters were written primarily in 1768 and 1769, principally by
Hutchinson and Oliver, but the published letters also included some written by Charles Paxton, a customs official and Hutchinson supporter, and Hutchinson's nephew Nathaniel Rogers. The letters written by Oliver (who became
332:
published a letter admitting that he was responsible for the acquisition and transmission of the letters, to prevent "further mischief". He justified his actions by pointing out that the letters had been written between public officials for the purpose of influencing public policy.
235:, the speaker of the Massachusetts assembly, in December 1772. He insisted to Cushing for them not be published or widely circulated. Franklin specifically wrote that they should be seen only by a few people and that Cushing was not "at liberty to make the letters public."
249:
Alarmed at what they read, Cushing wrote
Franklin to ask if the restrictions on their circulation could be eased. In a response received by Cushing in early June, Franklin reiterated that they were not to be copied or published, but they could be shown to anyone.
429:
Other individuals have also been suggested, but all appear to have an only tenuous connection to
Franklin or to the situation. The historian Kenneth Penegar believes the question will remain unanswerable unless new documents emerge to shed light on the episode.
299:
lieutenant governor when
Hutchinson became governor) proposed a significant revamping of the Massachusetts government to strengthen the executive, and those of Hutchinson were ruminations on the difficult state of affairs in the province. The historian
400:
in April 1775. Franklin, who had been politically neutral with respect to the colonial radicals prior to his appearance before the Board of Trade, returned to
America in early 1775, committed to independence. He went on to serve in the
421:
was the probable source of the letters. Pownall was Massachusetts governor before Francis Bernard, had similar views to Franklin on colonial matters and had access to centers of colonial administration through his brother
306:
According to Bailyn, Hutchinson's ruminations included the observation that it was impossible for colonists have the full rights they would have in the home country, essentially requiring an "abridgement of what are called
1198:
1774 London printing of documents of the affair, including the letters of Hutchinson and Oliver, the Massachusetts petitions, Franklin's admission he sent the letters, and Alexander Wedderburn's speech against
221:, who was acting as agent for Massachusetts in London, to demand for the Massachusetts assembly to retract its response to a speech that the governor had given early in 1772 as part of the ongoing debate.
64:
newspaper. The content of the letters was propagandistically claimed by Massachusetts radical politicians to call for the abridgement of colonial rights, and a duel was fought in England over the matter.
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375:", a package of measures designed to punish Massachusetts for the tea party. Hutchinson was recalled, and the Massachusetts governorship was given to the commander of British forces in North America,
259:
analyze them. Strategic leaks suggestive of their content made their way into the press and political discussions, causing Hutchinson much discomfort. The assembly eventually concluded, according to
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Hutchinson was appointed governor of Massachusetts in 1770 after the critical publication by opposition politicians of letters that had been written by his predecessor,
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for reform, they presented this as a clear indication that the provincial leaders were working against the interests of the people and not for them.
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confirms Hutchinson's own assertion that much of the content of his letters expressed relatively little that had not already been publicly stated.
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for his role in the affair. He was accused of thievery and dishonor, and called the prime mover in England on behalf of Boston's radical
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Copy of Letters sent to Great-Britain by His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson, the Hon. Andrew Oliver, and Several other Persons
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Penegar, p. 27. Penegar notes that there are varying interpretations on how many letters constitute the set at issue.
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in mid-June 1773, causing a political firestorm in Massachusetts and raising significant questions in England.
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Bostonians were outraged at the content of the published letters, burning Hutchinson and Oliver in effigy on
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in December 1773. The response of the British government to the publication of the letters served to turn
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Gage's implementation of the Coercive Acts further raised tensions that led to the outbreak of the
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The affair served to inflame tensions in Massachusetts, where the implementation of the 1773
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Franklin had acquired a packet of about twenty letters, which had been written to Whately.
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Several historians (including Bernard Bailyn and Bernard Knollenberg) have concluded that
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In the years after the enactment of the Townshend Acts, Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor
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Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society
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19th century engraving depicting Benjamin Franklin's appearance before the Privy Council
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but refused to name him because that would "prove the ruin of the guilty party."
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The Massachusetts debate reached a pitch in England when the colonial secretary,
181:. Whately died in 1772, and his papers were turned over to his brother William.
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The letters arrived in Massachusetts in March 1773 and came into the hands of
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460:. Internet Archive: Mercantile Library Association. 1861. p. 11 et seq.
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16:
1773 publication that increased tension between Massachusetts and the British
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Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
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126:, which were intended to raise revenue for the crown and to assert the
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was also discussed, Franklin stood silently while he was lambasted by
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became strained by a series of parliamentary laws, including the 1765
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903:
Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History
41:
was an incident that increased tensions between the colonists of the
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hearing concerning Hutchinson's fate, in which the aftermath of the
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367:. The Board of Trade dismissed Franklin from his post as colonial
1185:
The Letters of Governor Hutchinson and Lieut. Governor Oliver, etc
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385:
69:
2243:
155:
80:, one of the principal figures in the affair, into a committed
61:
2308:
Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1766–1774
184:
Whately, at one point, gave access to his brother's papers to
2548:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1809:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1120:
Thomas Hutchinson and the Origins of the American Revolution
1658:
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One
1572:
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
3045:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
158:
in 1768 further raised, tensions, which escalated to the
405:
and became a leading figure in the American Revolution.
328:
planned. In order to forestall that event, Franklin on
52:
In June 1773, letters written several years earlier by
2656:
2408:
Co-author, 1775 "Letter to the inhabitants of Canada"
1700:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
609:
607:
2358:
Probable author, 1768–1769 "Journal of Occurrences"
820:
Samuel Adams: The Life of an American Revolutionary
1823:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
1610:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
1146:
1011:
130:'s authority to pass such legislation despite the
2413:Signed, United States Declaration of Independence
604:
4645:
878:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
100:, the author of some of the inflammatory letters
1679:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
1215:(Full transcription of 1773 Boston publication)
169:and his colonial secretary and brother-in-law,
72:was met with resistance that culminated in the
4493:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
2643:
134:. The laws had sparked strong protests in the
96:Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
2629:
2259:
1234:
150:against crown officials. The introduction of
2393:Co-inspired and publicized, Boston Tea Party
1912:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
1036:Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775
630:
628:
588:
586:
549:
547:
457:New York City During the American Revolution
3606:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
1629:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
1153:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1032:
851:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4483:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
2737:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2636:
2622:
2266:
2252:
1665:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
1431:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
1241:
1227:
4669:1773 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
2464:Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule
2363:Arranged Christopher Seider funeral, 1770
1759:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
1530:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
817:
691:
625:
583:
544:
392:, who may have given Franklin the letters
177:, an assistant to British Prime Minister
4664:Massachusetts in the American Revolution
2287:4th Governor of Massachusetts, 1794–1797
1378:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1117:
1093:The Political Trial of Benjamin Franklin
1068:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1009:
384:
318:
276:
197:
91:
45:and the British government prior to the
20:
1271:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
1122:. New York: New York University Press.
1090:
927:
4646:
4488:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
2444:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
2294:Second Continental Congress, 1775–1781
1708:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1592:Early American publishers and printers
1144:
1061:
980:
951:
900:
844:
822:. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
4400:
4325:
4253:
3824:
3160:
2994:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
2655:
2617:
2247:
1261:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
1248:
1222:
937:. New York: Oxford University Press.
29:, depicting Death attacking Governor
4603:Daughters of the American Revolution
4401:
2953:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
2398:Signed, 1774 Continental Association
873:
408:
110:During the 1760s, relations between
4598:Children of the American Revolution
4478:Timeline of the American Revolution
1769:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
1483:Academy and College of Philadelphia
1014:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
13:
3259:European allies of King George III
3115:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
3050:Committee of Secret Correspondence
2712:No taxation without representation
2353:1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter
2215:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
1615:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
1314:Committee of Secret Correspondence
1176:
1018:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
14:
4690:
4625:Museum of the American Revolution
2418:Signed, Articles of Confederation
2403:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
2200:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
1850:University of Pennsylvania statue
1118:Walmsley, Andrew Stephen (2000).
4513:Continental Currency dollar coin
4498:Women in the American Revolution
2301:First Continental Congress, 1774
2273:
2228:
2227:
2180:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
1937:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
1510:Continental Currency dollar coin
1411:Franklin's electrostatic machine
1383:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
1266:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
426:, the colonial under-secretary.
4608:Sons of the American Revolution
2578:The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams
2175:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
2150:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
1605:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
1556:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
1473:Library Company of Philadelphia
1095:. New York: Algora Publishing.
958:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
905:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
848:The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
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745:
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682:
673:
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132:lack of colonial representation
25:Political cartoon from 1774 by
4508:Continental currency banknotes
3596:Staten Island Peace Conference
1468:American Philosophical Society
1363:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
1358:Staten Island Peace Conference
1033:Knollenberg, Bernhard (1975).
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
448:
439:
253:
1:
4654:1773 in the Thirteen Colonies
4326:
3302:German supporters of Congress
3000:Massachusetts Circular Letter
2423:1788 Massachusetts Compromise
1566:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
1495:Philadelphia Contributionship
987:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
984:The Life of Thomas Hutchinson
981:Hosmer, John Kendall (1896).
433:
289:
231:Franklin sent the letters to
144:Province of Massachusetts Bay
87:
43:Province of Massachusetts Bay
2983:Committees of correspondence
2376:Committees of correspondence
2170:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
2160:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
1803:The Apotheosis of Washington
1728:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
1686:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
1579:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
1520:United States Postal Service
1346:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
7:
4620:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
3825:
3651:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
3636:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
3410:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
3065:Declaration of Independence
3030:Second Continental Congress
2155:William Franklin (grandson)
1875:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1796:Royal Society of Arts medal
1671:A Letter to a Royal Academy
1331:Declaration of Independence
1188:. London: J. Wilkie. 1774.
403:Second Continental Congress
365:Committee of Correspondence
246:, were to see the letters.
244:Committee of Correspondence
146:saw significant unrest and
10:
4695:
4503:Financial costs of the war
3010:First Continental Congress
2861:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2806:Second Rockingham ministry
2645:American Revolutionary War
2603:John Adams (second cousin)
2459:1796 presidential election
2330:The Independent Advertiser
2210:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
2205:Peter Folger (grandfather)
1900:Washington–Franklin stamps
1865:Stanford University statue
1488:University of Pennsylvania
811:
398:American Revolutionary War
272:
103:
4470:
4439:
4415:
4411:
4396:
4357:Constitutional Convention
4337:Society of the Cincinnati
4332:
4321:
4246:
4141:
3985:
3978:
3923:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3820:
3777:
3699:
3685:
3659:
3626:Carlisle Peace Commission
3588:
3460:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
3389:
3314:
3267:
3234:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3156:
3125:Hutchinson letters affair
3092:
3075:Articles of Confederation
2935:
2922:Proclamation of Rebellion
2834:
2786:First Rockingham ministry
2763:
2730:All men are created equal
2669:
2665:
2651:
2598:Samuel Adams Sr. (father)
2588:
2527:
2477:
2431:
2388:Hutchinson letters affair
2317:
2281:
2223:
2165:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
2127:
2074:
2034:(2002 documentary series)
2018:(1997 documentary series)
1958:
1917:Benjamin Franklin College
1764:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
1736:
1548:
1401:
1309:Hutchinson letters affair
1279:
1256:
1091:Penegar, Kenneth (2011).
1010:Isaacson, Walter (2004).
39:Hutchinson letters affair
3621:Entry of France into war
3236:Kingdom of Great Britain
2454:1789 U.S. House election
2190:James Franklin (brother)
2185:Josiah Franklin (father)
1855:Portland, Oregon, statue
1723:Franklin as a journalist
1692:An Address to the Public
1585:The Pennsylvania Gazette
1341:Franco-American alliance
1292:(1754 political cartoon)
1149:Franklin of Philadelphia
1062:Morgan, Edmund (2003) .
1039:. New York: Free Press.
874:Bell, Whitfield (1997).
845:Bailyn, Bernard (1974).
818:Alexander, John (2011).
523:Bailyn, pp. 171–173, 211
514:Galvin, pp. 178, 180–182
4352:Ratification Day (1784)
3677:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3361:Northern after Saratoga
3341:New York and New Jersey
3015:Continental Association
2912:Conciliatory Resolution
2771:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
2744:Consent of the governed
2519:Old South Meeting House
2341:1764 Sugar Act response
2093:The New-England Courant
1890:One-hundred-dollar bill
1791:Benjamin Franklin Medal
1754:Benjamin Franklin House
1598:Poor Richard's Almanack
1505:Early American currency
1456:111th Infantry Regiment
1324:"...to be self-evident"
1145:Wright, Esmond (1988).
901:Danver, Steven (2010).
138:. In particular, first
116:North American colonies
4613:Sons of the Revolution
4342:Treaty of Paris (1783)
3672:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
3667:Cherokee–American wars
3280:Franco-American Treaty
3135:Philadelphia Tea Party
3105:Treaty of Paris (1763)
3084:Confederation Congress
2677:American Enlightenment
2556:(2002 animated series)
2485:American republicanism
2469:Granary Burying Ground
2145:Francis Franklin (son)
2140:William Franklin (son)
2087:American Enlightenment
2026:(2002 animated series)
1895:Franklin silver dollar
1870:Washington D.C. statue
1845:Columbus, Ohio, statue
1830:Revolutionary War Door
1716:Bagatelles and Satires
1710:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
1650:Pennsylvania Chronicle
1535:Master, Les Neuf SĹ“urs
929:Fischer, David Hackett
688:Penegar, pp. 22–23, 34
393:
324:
295:
210:
101:
34:
4679:18th-century scandals
4558:Washington's Birthday
4363:The Federalist Papers
4347:Evacuation Day (1783)
3400:Lexington and Concord
3100:French and Indian War
3040:Olive Branch Petition
1977:Ben Franklin in Paris
1880:Refunding Certificate
1478:Pennsylvania Hospital
1373:Treaty of Paris, 1783
952:Galvin, John (1976).
769:Isaacson, pp. 284–291
388:
322:
286:John Singleton Copley
280:
201:
95:
24:
4563:Jefferson's Birthday
4553:Pulaski Memorial Day
3560:Guilford Court House
3211:Continental Congress
2988:Committees of safety
2963:Daughters of Liberty
2958:Virginia Association
2707:Rights of Englishmen
2543:Adams, Massachusetts
2082:Age of Enlightenment
2008:A More Perfect Union
1885:Franklin half dollar
1860:San Francisco statue
1636:Birch letters (1755)
1297:Albany Plan of Union
805:Penegar, pp. 176–178
361:Alexander Wedderburn
3691:colony or location)
3646:Newburgh Conspiracy
3505:Sullivan Expedition
3025:Provincial Congress
2816:Fox–North coalition
2755:Settler colonialism
2702:Freedom of religion
2659:American Revolution
2497:American Revolution
2195:Jane Mecom (sister)
2135:Deborah Read (wife)
2107:American Revolution
2100:The American Museum
1979:(1964 musical play)
1950:Ben Franklin effect
955:Three Men of Boston
778:Isaacson, pp. 291ff
742:Hosmer, pp. 314–315
652:Bailyn, pp. 227–228
487:Danver, pp. 151–154
478:Danver, pp. 127–132
106:American Revolution
47:American Revolution
4593:Semiquincentennial
4518:Libertas Americana
2948:Stamp Act Congress
2838:Acts of Parliament
2811:Shelburne ministry
2781:Grenville ministry
2058:(2022 documentary)
1960:In popular culture
1774:Franklin Institute
1500:Union Fire Company
1388:Postmaster General
1368:Libertas Americana
1351:Treaty of Alliance
934:Paul Revere's Ride
724:Penegar, pp. 83–97
445:Knollenberg, p. 54
394:
377:Lieutenant General
369:Postmaster General
325:
296:
211:
128:British Parliament
102:
35:
4659:History of Boston
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4392:
4391:
4379:Shays's Rebellion
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4242:
4241:
4209:Richard Henry Lee
3974:
3973:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3660:Related conflicts
3530:Connecticut Farms
3310:
3309:
3203:Thirteen Colonies
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
2611:
2610:
2572:(2015 miniseries)
2564:(2008 miniseries)
2241:
2240:
2066:(2024 miniseries)
2056:Benjamin Franklin
2050:(2015 miniseries)
2042:(2008 miniseries)
2032:Benjamin Franklin
1999:Benjamin Franklin
1932:State of Franklin
1642:The Way to Wealth
1319:Committee of Five
1250:Benjamin Franklin
1212:Project Gutenberg
1160:978-0-674-31809-0
1129:978-0-8147-9370-1
1065:Benjamin Franklin
1046:978-0-02-917110-3
912:978-1-59884-221-0
885:978-0-87169-226-9
858:978-0-674-64160-0
829:978-0-7425-7033-7
760:Fischer, pp. 41ff
613:Alexander, p. 152
601:Alexander, p. 151
580:Alexander, p. 150
409:Franklin's source
358:Solicitor General
309:English liberties
219:Benjamin Franklin
203:Benjamin Franklin
167:Thomas Hutchinson
136:Thirteen Colonies
98:Thomas Hutchinson
78:Benjamin Franklin
54:Thomas Hutchinson
31:Thomas Hutchinson
4686:
4583:Sesquicentennial
4543:Independence Day
4447:Founding Fathers
4413:
4412:
4398:
4397:
4323:
4322:
4251:
4250:
3983:
3982:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3520:Cape St. Vincent
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3158:
3157:
3130:Boston Tea Party
3055:Halifax Resolves
3005:Suffolk Resolves
2796:Grafton ministry
2791:Chatham ministry
2687:Colonial history
2667:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2368:Co-author, 1772
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2230:
1942:Ships named USS
1393:Founding Fathers
1243:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1197:
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1141:
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354:Boston Tea Party
294:
291:
179:George Grenville
114:and some of its
74:Boston Tea Party
4694:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4629:
4568:Von Steuben Day
4466:
4435:
4407:
4388:
4328:
4305:
4247:Colonial allies
4238:
4137:
3970:
3931:King George III
3919:
3827:
3804:
3773:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3655:
3584:
3565:Lochry's Defeat
3450:Assunpink Creek
3440:Fort Washington
3385:
3319:
3317:
3306:
3297:Hortalez et Cie
3268:Colonial allies
3263:
3230:
3199:United Colonies
3182:
3144:
3110:Boston Massacre
3088:
3079:Perpetual Union
3035:United Colonies
2968:Sons of Liberty
2931:
2839:
2837:
2836:Related British
2830:
2759:
2661:
2657:Origins of the
2647:
2642:
2612:
2607:
2584:
2570:Sons of Liberty
2523:
2509:Founding Father
2473:
2449:Sons of Liberty
2427:
2370:Boston Pamphlet
2321:founding events
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2242:
2237:
2219:
2123:
2070:
2048:Sons of Liberty
1954:
1826:(1816 painting)
1818:(1783 painting)
1815:Treaty of Paris
1732:
1561:Founders Online
1544:
1525:Street lighting
1441:Kite experiment
1403:
1397:
1302:Albany Congress
1281:
1280:Founding of the
1275:
1252:
1247:
1204:
1182:
1179:
1177:Further reading
1161:
1130:
1103:
1076:
1047:
1026:
995:
966:
945:
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886:
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830:
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804:
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796:Penegar, p. 174
795:
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787:Penegar, p. 173
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217:, insisted for
193:Francis Bernard
160:Boston Massacre
108:
90:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4674:Whistleblowing
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4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Minor holidays
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
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4520:
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4425:
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4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:Related topics
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Bill of Rights
4371:
4366:
4359:
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3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3778:Loyal colonies
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3764:South Carolina
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:North Carolina
3746:
3741:
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3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3701:Rebel colonies
3694:
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3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Sint Eustatius
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:"First Salute"
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
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3577:
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3545:Kings Mountain
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3435:Harlem Heights
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3425:Valcour Island
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3394:
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3122:
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3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Lee Resolution
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Black Patriots
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
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2828:
2826:Black Loyalist
2823:
2818:
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2808:
2803:
2801:North ministry
2798:
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2605:
2600:
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2583:
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2574:
2566:
2558:
2554:Liberty's Kids
2550:
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2531:
2529:
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2524:
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2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
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2491:Boston Gazette
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2078:
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2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2024:Liberty's Kids
2020:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
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1922:Franklin Field
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1840:Chicago statue
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1749:Franklin Court
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1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1446:Pay it forward
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Glass armonica
1423:
1421:Franklin stove
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1201:
1200:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1159:
1142:
1128:
1115:
1101:
1088:
1074:
1059:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1007:
993:
978:
964:
949:
943:
925:
911:
898:
884:
871:
857:
842:
828:
813:
810:
808:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
733:Penegar, p. 18
726:
717:
715:Bailyn, p. 243
708:
706:Penegar, p. 35
699:
697:Penegar, p. 34
690:
681:
679:Penegar, p. 32
672:
670:Bailyn, p. 228
663:
661:Bailyn, p. 227
654:
645:
643:Bailyn, p. 226
636:
634:Penegar, p. 29
624:
622:Bailyn, p. 240
615:
603:
594:
592:Bailyn, p. 239
582:
573:
571:Wright, p. 225
564:
562:Bailyn, p. 236
555:
553:Morgan, p. 187
543:
534:
532:Penegar, p. 27
525:
516:
507:
505:Penegar, p. 24
498:
496:Penegar, p. 23
489:
480:
471:
447:
437:
435:
432:
419:Thomas Pownall
410:
407:
390:Thomas Pownall
316:
313:
301:Bernard Bailyn
284:, portrait by
274:
271:
266:Boston Gazette
255:
252:
233:Thomas Cushing
215:Lord Dartmouth
205:, portrait by
175:Thomas Whately
142:and later the
124:Townshend Acts
104:Main article:
89:
86:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4691:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Patriots' Day
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:Commemoration
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4462:Yankee Doodle
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4324:
4320:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:de Rochambeau
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3819:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:New Hampshire
3732:
3730:
3729:Massachusetts
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3381:Naval battles
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3316:Campaigns and
3313:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Gaspee affair
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Bute ministry
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:Spirit of '76
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Republicanism
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Boston Caucus
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2319:United States
2316:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:Syng inkstand
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:(1969 musical
1986:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Boston statue
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Lightning rod
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1290:Join, or Die.
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:United States
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:9780875868493
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:9780300101621
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1025:9780743258074
1021:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:9780722267110
990:
986:
985:
979:
975:
971:
967:
965:9780690010183
961:
957:
956:
950:
946:
944:0-19-508847-6
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
850:
849:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
821:
816:
815:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
629:
619:
610:
608:
598:
589:
587:
577:
568:
559:
550:
548:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
467:
463:
459:
458:
451:
442:
438:
431:
427:
425:
420:
415:
406:
404:
399:
391:
387:
383:
381:
378:
374:
373:Coercive Acts
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
350:Privy Council
347:
343:
342:Boston Common
338:
334:
331:
330:Christmas Day
321:
312:
310:
304:
302:
287:
283:
282:Andrew Oliver
279:
270:
268:
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262:
251:
247:
245:
241:
236:
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229:
225:
222:
220:
216:
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200:
196:
194:
189:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
171:Andrew Oliver
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:direct action
145:
141:
140:New York City
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:and the 1767
121:
117:
113:
112:Great Britain
107:
99:
94:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
63:
59:
58:Andrew Oliver
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
4588:Bicentennial
4471:Other topics
4457:Liberty Tree
4429:
4369:Constitution
4361:
4266:Beaumarchais
4154:Samuel Adams
3905:William Howe
3900:Richard Howe
3800:West Florida
3785:East Florida
3759:Rhode Island
3754:Pennsylvania
3687:Involvement
3631:Gordon Riots
3616:Valley Forge
3611:Conway Cabal
3589:Other events
3351:Philadelphia
3249:British Army
3140:Powder Alarm
3124:
3070:Model Treaty
2992:
2750:Expansionism
2718:Common Sense
2716:
2590:Adams family
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2536:Samuel Adams
2535:
2514:Faneuil Hall
2489:
2387:
2381:Boston, 1772
2369:
2328:
2275:Samuel Adams
2099:
2091:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2001:(miniseries)
1998:
1984:
1976:
1971:(1953 short)
1968:
1943:
1905:other stamps
1821:
1813:
1802:
1801:Depicted in
1744:Bibliography
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1678:
1670:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1628:
1620:
1597:
1584:
1571:
1404:other events
1336:Model Treaty
1308:
1289:
1205:
1184:
1148:
1119:
1092:
1064:
1035:
1013:
983:
954:
933:
902:
875:
847:
819:
801:
792:
783:
774:
765:
756:
751:Bell, p. 516
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
639:
618:
597:
576:
567:
558:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
456:
450:
441:
428:
416:
412:
395:
346:Philadelphia
339:
335:
326:
315:Consequences
305:
297:
264:
261:John Hancock
257:
248:
240:Samuel Adams
237:
230:
226:
223:
212:
207:David Martin
190:
183:
164:
154:troops into
152:British Army
109:
67:
51:
38:
36:
18:
4234:Witherspoon
4118:von Steuben
4073:Charles Lee
3790:Nova Scotia
3709:Connecticut
3580:The Saintes
3535:Springfield
3500:Stony Point
3430:Long Island
3415:Bunker Hill
3336:Nova Scotia
2927:Prohibitory
2917:Restraining
2907:Intolerable
2887:Declaratory
2580:(2022 book)
2010:(1989 film)
1718:(pub. 1845)
1600:(1732–1758)
1587:(1729–1790)
1451:Associators
1402:Inventions,
380:Thomas Gage
293: 1758
254:Publication
186:John Temple
27:Paul Revere
4648:Categories
4578:Centennial
4533:television
4384:Jay Treaty
4281:de Guichen
4189:Huntington
4149:John Adams
4088:Montgomery
3993:Washington
3956:Rockingham
3941:Barrington
3910:Knyphausen
3880:Cornwallis
3739:New Jersey
3570:Chesapeake
3525:Charleston
3480:Germantown
3475:Brandywine
3465:Bennington
3254:Royal Navy
3244:Parliament
3191:Combatants
3164:Combatants
2943:Loyal Nine
2876:Quartering
2846:Navigation
2692:Liberalism
2682:John Locke
2670:Philosophy
2562:John Adams
2439:Early life
2040:John Adams
1969:Ben and Me
1515:Fugio cent
1463:Junto club
434:References
88:Background
4452:Diplomacy
4440:Political
4423:Prisoners
4327:Aftermath
4301:Vergennes
4276:de Grasse
4271:d'Estaing
4261:Louis XVI
4199:Jefferson
4164:Dickinson
4108:St. Clair
4093:Nicholson
4068:Lafayette
4028:Duportail
3998:Alexander
3966:Shelburne
3850:Arbuthnot
3689:(by
3555:Pensacola
3515:Gibraltar
3490:St. Lucia
3455:Princeton
3167:Campaigns
3020:Minutemen
2936:Colonials
2892:Townshend
2821:Loyalists
2764:Royalists
2538:(Whitney)
1992:1972 film
1540:Gravesite
1199:Franklin.
1138:228273378
1111:696296728
1084:224091444
921:475446571
894:246214730
838:678924183
466:848583127
228:letters.
162:in 1770.
120:Stamp Act
4416:Military
4169:Franklin
4142:Civilian
4123:Sullivan
4113:Schuyler
4043:Hamilton
4018:Claghorn
3986:Military
3979:Colonial
3961:Sandwich
3924:Civilian
3870:Carleton
3865:Campbell
3860:Burgoyne
3843:Military
3769:Virginia
3744:New York
3724:Maryland
3714:Delaware
3575:Yorktown
3510:Savannah
3485:Monmouth
3470:Saratoga
3376:Yorktown
3366:Southern
3356:Northern
3346:Saratoga
3318:theaters
3179:Colonies
3170:Theaters
2973:Patriots
2883:up i.p.o
2871:Currency
2856:Molasses
2502:patriots
2346:protests
2233:Category
2112:patriots
2102:magazine
2064:Franklin
2016:Liberty!
1944:Franklin
1549:Writings
1416:Bifocals
1169:12751540
931:(1994).
4538:theater
4296:Suffren
4286:Luzerne
4204:Laurens
4174:Hancock
4159:Carroll
4078:Lincoln
4058:de Kalb
4048:Hopkins
3946:Germain
3936:Amherst
3875:Clinton
3836:British
3826:Leaders
3719:Georgia
3550:Cowpens
3495:Grenada
3445:Trenton
3392:battles
3371:Western
3226:Marines
3173:Battles
2478:Related
2075:Related
1194:8991384
1055:1416300
1003:1527164
974:1530708
867:6825524
812:Sources
273:Content
82:Patriot
70:Tea Act
4430:Turtle
4254:French
4224:Revere
4219:Morris
4214:McKean
4179:Hanson
4103:Rodney
4098:Putnam
4083:Mercer
4038:Greene
4008:Arnold
3915:Rodney
3895:Graves
3885:Fraser
3795:Quebec
3540:Camden
3420:Quebec
3405:Boston
3390:Major
3331:Quebec
3326:Boston
3275:France
3176:Events
3093:Events
2902:Quebec
2528:Legacy
2128:Family
2003:(1972)
1779:awards
1737:Legacy
1702:(1789)
1694:(1789)
1681:(1784)
1673:(1781)
1660:(1773)
1652:(1767)
1644:(1758)
1631:(1751)
1623:(1751)
1574:(1725)
1192:
1167:
1157:
1136:
1126:
1109:
1099:
1082:
1072:
1053:
1043:
1022:
1001:
991:
972:
962:
941:
919:
909:
892:
882:
865:
855:
836:
826:
464:
209:, 1767
156:Boston
62:Boston
4184:Henry
4133:Wayne
4053:Jones
4033:Gates
4023:Clark
4013:Barry
4003:Allen
3951:North
3855:Brant
2881:Stamp
2866:Sugar
1784:medal
4528:film
4428:The
4229:Rush
4128:Ward
4063:Knox
3890:Gage
3290:Navy
3285:Army
3221:Navy
3216:Army
3077:and
2851:Iron
2432:Life
1985:1776
1190:OCLC
1165:OCLC
1155:ISBN
1134:OCLC
1124:ISBN
1107:OCLC
1097:ISBN
1080:OCLC
1070:ISBN
1051:OCLC
1041:ISBN
1020:ISBN
999:OCLC
989:ISBN
970:OCLC
960:ISBN
939:ISBN
917:OCLC
907:ISBN
890:OCLC
880:ISBN
863:OCLC
853:ISBN
834:OCLC
824:ISBN
462:OCLC
424:John
56:and
37:The
4194:Jay
2897:Tea
1210:at
4650::
1163:.
1132:.
1105:.
1078:.
1049:.
997:.
968:.
915:.
888:.
861:.
832:.
627:^
606:^
585:^
546:^
290:c.
288:,
84:.
49:.
3201:/
2746:"
2742:"
2739:"
2735:"
2732:"
2728:"
2637:e
2630:t
2623:v
2267:e
2260:t
2253:v
1994:)
1242:e
1235:t
1228:v
1196:.
1171:.
1140:.
1113:.
1086:.
1057:.
1028:.
1005:.
976:.
947:.
923:.
896:.
869:.
840:.
468:.
33:.
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