Hungarian Turanism

522:"Information about hither-to unknown peoples and languages of Asia and the Americas came into the hands of scholars such as Gottfried Leibniz, who recognized that there was no better method “for specifying the relationship and origin of the various peoples of the earth, than the comparison of their languages”. In order to classify as many languages as possible in genealogical groupings, Leibniz proposed that similar materials be collected from each newly described language. To this end he asked that explorers either obtain translations of well-known Christian prayers such as the Pater Noster, or, better yet, “words for common things” (vocabula rerum vulgarium), a sample list of which he appended to a letter to the Turkologist D. Podesta (Leibniz 1768/1989b). The word list included numerals, kinship terms, body parts, necessitates (food, drink, weapons,domestic animals), naturalia (God, celestial and weather phenomena, topographic features, wild animals) and a dozen verbs (eat, drink, speak, see ...). Leibniz took a particular interest in the expansion of the Russian Empire southward and eastward, and lists based on his model were taken on expeditions sent by the tsars to study the territories recently brought under their control, as well as the peoples living on these and on nearby lands." Kevin Tuite: 766: 1038: 531: 1223:(1920.VI.4.), the new Hungarian state constituted only 32,7 percent of the territory of historic, pre-treaty Hungary, and lost 58,4 percent of its total population. More than 3,2 million ethnic Hungarians, one-third of all Hungarians resided outside the new boundaries of Hungary, in the successor states, under oppressive conditions. Old Hungarian cities of great cultural importance like Pozsony, Kassa, Kolozsvár were lost. Under these circumstances no Hungarian government could survive without seeking justice for Magyars and Hungary. Reuniting the Magyars became a crucial point in public life and on the political agenda. Public sentiment became strongly anti-Western, anti-French, and anti-British. Outrage led many to reject Europe and turn towards the East in search of new friends and allies in a bid to revise the terms of the treaty and restore Hungarian power. 1160:(Principality of Transylvania). Erdély became an ally of the Ottomans (1528.II. 29.). The intensive everyday contacts in the one and a half centuries that followed resulted in pronounced Ottoman Turkish influence on Hungarian art and culture from music to jewellery and clothing, from agriculture to warfare. In the last third of the 17th century strife intensified between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs. The main scene of these power struggles was the territory of Hungary. The Ottoman attempts at further territorial expansion failed in the end and the Habsburgs reconquered the Hungarian territories. But there was a conflict in the circles of Hungarian political elite: many members of it were unwilling to swap the Ottoman alliance for direct Habsburg rule. A large group aspired for full independence, but felt Turkish dependence more amenable than Habsburg reign. 1203:"If the balance of opinion in Hungary were always determined by sober political calculation, this brave and independent people, isolated in the broad ocean of Slav populations, and comparatively insignificant in numbers, would remain constant to the conviction that its position can only be secured by the support of the German element in Austria and Germany. But the Kossuth episode, and the suppression in Hungary itself of the German elements that remained loyal to the Empire, with other symptoms showed that among Hungarian hussars and lawyers self confidence is apt in critical moments to get the better of political calculation and self-control. Even in quiet times many a Magyar will get the gypsies to play to him the song, 'Der Deutsche ist ein Hundsfott' ('The German is a blackguard')." Bismarck, Otto von: 1442: 895:, who presented serious scientific matters in an interesting, readable manner. His books and other writings, presenting customs, traditions and culture of far-flung peoples and faraway places were key in raising wide public interest in ethnography, ethnology and history. Coupled with widespread disillusionment about the political elite, Vámbéry's work turned public attention to the lower classes and peasantry, as better heirs and keepers of real Hungarian legacy. (The neologists of the first half of the 19th century had already turned towards folklore, myths, ballads and tales in their search of a new national literary style, but had not had interest in other aspects of rural peasant life.) 621: 664:) as its closest relatives. (In the long run, his evolutionist theory about languages' structural development, tying growing grammatical refinement to socio-economic development, and grouping languages into 'antediluvian', 'familial', 'nomadic', and 'political' developmental stages proved unsound.) His theory was well known and widely discussed in international scientific circles, and was known to Hungarian scientists as well. He became an associate member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His public lectures received wide attention. His terms "Turan" and "Turanian" were originally borrowed from Persian texts like the 788:. The Compromise was arranged and legitimated by a very small part of the Hungarian society (suffrage was very limited: less than 8 percent of the population had voting rights), and was seen by a very large part of the population as betrayal of the Hungarian cause and the heritage of the 1848-49 War of Independence. This caused deep and lasting cracks in Hungarian society. Academic science remained under state scrutiny and pressure, and press remained under (albeit more permissive) censorship. Matters of nation, language, national origin remained politically sensitive themes, and Turkism remained popular. 3601: 1276:"With the awakening of Hungarian nationalism at the beginning of the 20th century, the question became topical again. The elite wanted to see itself as a military nation. The claims of certain linguistic researchers regarding the Finno-Ugric relationship were therefore strongly rejected, because many found the idea that their nation was related to a peaceful farming people (the Finns) as insulting... The extremist Turanians insisted on “ties of ancestry” with the Turkish peoples, Tibet, Japan and even the Sumerians, and held the view that Jesus was not a Jew but a Hungarian or a “noble of Parthia”." 1227:"Disappointment towards Europe caused by 'the betrayal of the West in Trianon', and the pessimistic feeling of loneliness, led different strata in society towards Turanism. They tried to look for friends, kindred peoples and allies in the East so that Hungary could break out of its isolation and regain its well deserved position among the nations. A more radical group of conservative, rightist people, sometimes even with an anti-Semitic hint propagated sharply anti-Western views and the superiority of Eastern culture, the necessity of a pro-Eastern policy, and development of the awareness of Turanic 3285: 1502: 722:

national history was confined, and history was educated from a Habsburg viewpoint. Even the bastion of Hungarian culture, the academy was kept under control: the institution was staffed with foreigners, mostly Germans and ethnic Germans, and the institution was practically defunct until the end of 1858. Hungarians responded with passive resistance. Questions of nation, language, national origin became politically sensitive matters. Anti-Habsburg and anti-German sentiments were strong. A large number of freedom fighters took refuge in the

1989:"Die Stammväter der Magyaren in Ungarn waren, wie die Geschichte leise andeutet und der Ur-Kern ihrer Sprache zu bestätigen scheint, ein Gemisch von Türken und Hyperboreern. Ihre häufigen Wanderungen hatten noch fernere Amalgamation mit Indo-Germanischen Völkern zu Folge, und so entwickelte sich der heutige Ungar, aus mancherlei Völker-Elementen eben so geläutert und männlich schön hervorgegangen, wie sein heutiger Nachbar und Ur-Verwandter, der Osmane." Schott, Wilhelm: 913:), which started as a scientific dispute, but quickly turned into a bitter feud which spanned two decades. In this work, Vámbéry tried to demonstrate, with the help of word comparisons, that as a result of the intermingling of the early Hungarians with Turkic peoples, the Hungarian language gained a distinct dual character which was both Ugric AND Turkic, albeit it is basically Ugric in origin, so he presented a variant of the linguistic contact theory. 1408:, and according to the Turanist theses, they believed that the Sumerians were Turanid. By advocating these theories, Christian Turanists were able to deny Jesus's Jewish heritage and Christianity's Jewish roots by claiming that Jesus was a Turanian rather than a Jew and Christianity's roots originated in the teachings of the ancient Middle-Eastern mystery religions and the ancient pagan Hungarian beliefs rather than the teachings of Judaism. Both the 1096: 117: 343: 1080:), and direct governmental influence over its operation grew. The defeat in the First World War, and the following revolutionary movements and Entente occupation of the country disrupted the operation of the Eastern Cultural Centre, so real work began only in 1920. But the organisation was split into three that year, because of pronounced internal ideological stresses. Those who wanted a more sciencelike approach formed the " 888:) to denote the areas of Eastern Balkan, Central and Inner Asia inhabited by Turkic peoples, and "Turanian" to denote those Turkic peoples and languages (and he meant the Finno-Ugric peoples and languages as the members of this group), which lived in or originated from this "Turan" area. Hungarian scientists shared his definition. But in common parlance these terms were used in many (and often different) meanings and senses. 25: 1060:"The goal of Turanian Society is the cultural and economic progress, confederation, flourishment of all Turanians, i.e. the Hungarian nation and all kindred European and Asian nations, furthermore the geographical, ethnographical, economical etc. research of the Asian continent, past and present. Political and religious issues are excluded. It wishes to accomplish its objectives in agreement with non-Turanian nations." 401: 66: 1368: 873:. After a long and perilous journey he arrived at Pest in May 1864. He went to London to arrange the English language publication of his book about the travels. "Travels in Central Asia" and its Hungarian counterpart "Közép-ázsiai utazás" were published in 1865. Thanks to his travels Vámbéry became an internationally renowned writer and celebrity. He became acquainted with members of 506:

warriors of the Asian steppes. But linguists theorizing about ancestor languages had to deal with the common belief of the era, that, according to the Bible, Hebrew was the original language of all humans. Leibniz published material countering the Biblical theory, and supported Boxhorn's notion of a Scythian ancestor language behind most of the languages of Europe (today known as the

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copies of them were confiscated. In 1948, Hungary was converted into a communist one-party state. Turanism was vilified and portrayed as an exclusively fascist ideology, although Turanism's role in the interwar development of far-right ideologies was negligible. The official prohibition of Turanism lasted until the collapse of the socialist regime in 1989.

2264:"A kiegyezéses rendszert ugyanis a társadalom szélesebb körei, a parasztság, a kispolgárság – akár igazuk volt, akár nem – elutasították. Ennek folytán, ha a kiegyezéses rendszert fenn akarták tartani, a választójogot nem lehetett bővíteni, mert akkor a kiegyezés ellenfelei kerültek volna parlamenti többségbe." in: Gergely András: Az 1867-es kiegyezés. 730:"It should happen and it will happen - I encouraged myself with this, and did not hurt me other problems, just this one: how could I get a passport from the strict and suspicious Austrian authorities, and exactly to Turkey, where the Hungarian emigration resided, and, as was believed in Vienna, made rebellious plans tirelessly." 765: 1304:, who believed that, owing to their unique historical and geographical position, the Hungarians would be able to play a role which would be equal to, or even greater than, the role which Germany would play in the building of the new European order, while Szálasi's own charisma might eventually enable him to supersede 1192:

allies and friends to secure their position. They turned towards the rivals of the Habsburgs - to Turkey, to the Italians, even to the Prussians - for support and help. Hungarians were interested in a stable, strong and friendly Turkey, capable of preventing Russian and/or Habsburg expansion in the Balkans.

837:, which appeared in an article by György Hary in the Hungarian edition of the journal Valóság (Validity), issue 10, 1976, entitled "Kiegészítések egy nyelvvita történetéhez" (Additions to the history of a language dispute). However, the authenticity of this oft-quoted quotation has not yet been verified. 1485:

in origin. (Azerbaijani, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Chuvash, Gagauz, Hungarians, Karachays, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Manchus, Mongols, Nogai, Tatars, Turks, Turkmen, Uighurs, Üzbeks, Yakuts etc.) It is also a popular tourist attraction in Hungary (from late 2000s) and Central Asia. The first

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The scholars of the Turan society interpreted the ethnic and linguistic kinship and relations between Hungarians and the so-called Turanian peoples on the basis of the then prevailing Ural-Altaic linguistic theory. The Society arranged Turkish, Finnish and Japanese language courses. The Turan Society

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said that Hungary is seeking even closer cooperation with the Turkic Council. In 2018, Hungary obtained its observer status in the council. In 2021, Orbán mentioned that the Hungarian and Turkic peoples share a historical and cultural heritage "reaching back many long centuries". He also pointed out

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in everything from fishing hooks and methods of animal husbandry to ritual folk songs, archaic, 'individualistic' dances, spicy dishes and superstitions." This romantic nationalism was reminiscent of earlier movements seen in the Habsburg Monarchy following the Age of Enlightenment. According to the

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Turáni Társaság célja az egész turánság, vagyis a magyar nemzet és a velünk rokon többi európai és ázsiai népek kulturális és gazdasági előrehaladása, tömörülése, erősödése, úgymint az ázsiai kontinens földrajzi, néprajzi, gazdasági stb. kutatása múltban és jelenben. Politikai és felekezeti kérdések

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The idea of a Hungarian Oriental Institute originated from Jenő Zichy. Unfortunately, this idea did not come true. Instead, a kind of lyceum was formed in 1910, called "Turáni Társaság" (The Hungarian Turan Society (also called The Hungarian Asiatic Society)). The Turan society concentrated on Turan

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The modern legends about the alleged repression of Turanism by the Habsburgs or the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy are sharply contradicted by the fact that the members and supporters of the Turanian Society included Hungarian prime ministers, parliamentary party leaders, the country's leading industrial

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According to the Habsburg conspiracy theory, the Habsburgs promoted "Finno-Ugrianism" in order to deprive the nation of its historical past and thus break the national pride and resistance of the Hungarians. This speculation seems to be contradicted by the fact that compulsory education in Hungarian

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German became the official language of public administration. The edict issued on 1849.X.9. (Grundsätze für die provisorische Organisation des Unterrichtswesens in dem Kronlande Ungarn), placed education under state control, the curriculum was prescribed and controlled by the state, the education of

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Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848–1849 (Transylvania in 1848–1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p. 517 (Hungarian)"Végeredményben úgy látjuk, hogy a háborúskodások során és a polgárháborúban Erdély polgári népességéből körülbelül 14 000-15 000 személy pusztulhatott el; nemzetiségük szerint:

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Hungarian political movements and attempts to regain independence proved unfruitful. At the same time, the Habsburgs were unable to acquire the leading position of the German union, and Germany became united under Prussian rule. The Habsburgs took their empire to the verge of collapse with a series

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There is no evidence that the Habsburgs were interested in the ancestral origins of the Hungarian people or the history of their language, or that they wanted to rewrite Hungarian history. Nonetheless, after the fall of communism, many self-appointed "scholars" invented and successfully popularised

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of 1733–1743. In his work “Qvaestiones Petropolitanae, De origine Ungrorum”, published in 1770, Fischer put Hungarian into a group of kindred peoples and languages which he called 'Scythian' (distinct from van Boxhorn's concept of Scythian). He considered the Ugric peoples (he called them 'Jugors',

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etc. It called for closer collaboration and a political alliance between them and Hungary, as a means of securing and furthering the shared interests and countering the threats which were posed by the policies of the great powers of Europe. The idea of a "Turanian brotherhood and collaboration" was

1296:), others felt more modestly, that as Turanians who were living in Europe, they might be able to provide an important bridge between East and West and they also might be able to play a role in world politics which would be out of proportion to both their numbers and the size of their country. This 1171:

Turkism was reborn in the wake of the 1848-49 War of Independence. During the war Hungary was attacked by the Habsburgs, and many of her ethnic minorities turned against the country. Serious clashes occurred in Transylvania and between the Hungarians and the Serbs of the South. There were serious

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After the Second World War, the Soviet Red Army occupied Hungary. The Hungarian government was placed under the direct control of the administration of the occupying forces. All Turanist organisations were disbanded by the government, and the majority of Turanist publications were banned and all

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Since the 1990s, a well developed souvenir and merchandise business has grown around Turanism, traditionalist and historical reenactment groups, which are quite similar to other well known international examples of this kind of business. According to the opinion of the Hungarian researcher Igaz

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Turanism never became official, because it was out of accord with the Christian conservatist ideological background of the regime. But it was used by the government as an informal tool to break the country's international isolation, and build alliances. Hungary signed treaties of friendship and

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These painful events and experiences changed Hungarians' attitudes profoundly: They began to feel themselves insecure and endangered in their own home. From this time on, Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism were seen as serious threats to the existence of Hungary and Hungarians. Hungarians looked for

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magnates, representatives of the Hungarian financial elite and representatives of the relevant newspapers. In 1916, the Turán Society became the Hungarian Oriental Cultural Centre and was housed in the upper house of the Hungarian Parliament, with its own press department and academic sections.

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Viszont a kiegyezés elfogadtatása a társadalommal, komoly nehézségekbe ütközött. Több megye (például Heves, Pest, Szatmár) elutasította a kiegyezést és kiállt Kossuth mellett, az ellenzék megszervezte a demokrata körök hálózatát, az Alföldön többezres kormány- és kiegyezés-ellenes népgyűlésekre

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Vámbéry's "Ugric-Turkic War" was never closed properly. This forced scientists to try to harmonize and synthesize the differing theories somehow. This resulted in the development of a complex national mythology. This combined the Asian roots and origins of Magyars with their European present.

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gave the basis of the modern scientific research of the origin of the Hungarian language and people. Boxhorn conjectured that the European and Indo-Iranian languages were all derived from a shared ancestor language, and he named this ancestor language "Scythian", after the equestrian, nomadic

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Mennie kell és menni fog, - ezzel biztattam magam és nem bántott más gond, csak az az egy: hogy mi úton-módon kaphatok útlevelet a szigorú és gyanakvó osztrák hatóságtól; hozzá még épen Törökországba, hol akkor a magyar emigráczió tartotta székét és, mint Bécsben hitték, pártütő terveket sző

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It is a well-known fact that the marked interest in the genetic classification of languages prevailing in the last century and at the beginning of the present one has its roots in European nationalisms. The exact knowledge of dialects and languages was supposed to strengthen the national

1318:, believed in the existence of a genuine Turanian-Hungarian race (to the extent that his followers conducted anthropological surveys and collected skull measurements) which was a crucial aspect of the development of his ideology of "Hungarism". Szálasi himself was a practicing 647:

Asian languages in 1855. In his work "The languages of the seat of war in the East. With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian", he called these languages "Turanian". The Hungarian language was classed by Müller as a member of a Northern Division

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and tried to prove the "existence and superiority of a unified Hungarian race". Nonetheless, Andrew C. Janos, a Hungarian political scientist of the University of California, Berkeley, asserts that Turanism's role in the interwar development of far-right ideologies was negligible.

272:, who presented a belief in the racial unity and future greatness of the Ural-Altaic peoples. He concluded that the Finns originated in Central Asia and believed that far from being a small, isolated people, they were part of a larger community that included such peoples as the 1196:

of miscalculated political and military moves. This led to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Hungarian supporters of the Compromise have argued that the already weakened Austria is no longer a threat to the Hungarians, but can help prevent Slavic expansion.

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arranged and funded five expeditions into Asia till 1914: the Mészáros-Milleker expedition, the Timkó expedition, the Milleker expedition, the Kovács-Holzwarth expedition, and the Sebők-Schutz expedition.) The Society held public lectures regularly. Lecturers included

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In the half-century prior to the First World War, some Hungarians encouraged Turanism as a means of uniting Turks and Hungarians against the perils posed by the Slavs and Pan-Slavism. However Pan-Turanism was never more than an outrider to the more prevalent

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etc. Political Turanism was a romantic nationalist movement, which stressed the importance of the common ancestry and the cultural affinity of the Hungarians, the peoples of the Caucasus and the peoples of Inner and Central Asia, such as the Turks, Mongols,

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Hungary warred with the Ottoman Empire for centuries. As a result of a discord of succession Hungary broke up into three parts in the 16th century: one was under Habsburg rule, one became part of the Ottoman Empire (1541.VIII.29.), and the third formed the

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And this atmosphere granted public interest for the then new theory of Max Müller. The Habsburg government saw this "Turkism" as dangerous to the empire, but had no means to suppress it. (The Habsburg Empire lost large territories in the early 19th century

1867:"/"In Hungary the Nationsocialist Party which ascended to power in 1944, took over several theses from Turanism's range of ideas, and as a result the popularity of Turanism strongly dwindled, and then in the socialist era it was labelled "fascist"."/ in: 792:"However, to get the Compromise accepted within the society posed serious difficulties. Many counties (for example Heves, Pest, Szatmár) rejected the Compromise and stood up for Kossuth, the opposition organized a network of Democratic circles, on the 904:

Vámbéry was also the first to put forward a significant alternative origin theory of the Hungarian people and language. His'first large linguistic work, entitled "Magyar és török-tatár nyelvekbeli szóegyezések" and published in 1869–70, was the

1330:, the Christian Balkans and the Muslim Middle East, and from this, its ultimate vocation was stemmed, to spread its culture around the world and lead the world order by example, a task that neither Italy nor Germany was prepared to accomplish. 530: 1510:

Levente, this merchandise industry which has grown around modern Hungarian Turanism, became a kind of business, which he called "Szittya biznisz" (Scythian business), and it does not have much to do with ancient Hungarian traditions.

877:. The Ambassador of Austria in London gave him a letter of recommendation to the Emperor, who received him in an audience and rewarded Vámbéry's international success by granting him professorship in the Royal University of Pest. 1392:”. The theory of “Jesus, the Parthian prince” are such, or the revivification of real or supposed elements of priest-magicians of ancient “magic” Middle-Eastern world, shamanism, and pagan ancient Hungarian religion. Also, some 1449:

Since 2014 Hungary has had observer status at the General Assembly of Turkic-speaking States, and in 2017 it submitted an application for accession to the International Turkic Academy. During the 6th Summit of Turkic Council,

475:, and Turks share this Scythian origin with them. This tradition eventually served as starting point for the scientific research of the ethnogenesis of Hungarian people, which began in the 18th century, in Hungary and abroad. 726:. This resulted in renewed cultural exchange, and mutual sympathy. Turks were seen by many as good allies of the Hungarian cause. Such was the atmosphere, when Vámbéry traveled to Constantinople in 1857 for the first time. 2488:

SZABÓ Lilla: Zajti Ferenc festőművész és Medgyaszay István építész magyarságkutatásai. in: Kultúra, nemzet, identitás. A VI. Nemzetközi Hungarológiai Kongresszuson (Debrecen, 2006. augusztus 23–26.) elhangzott előadások.

264:, both of which were seen by Hungarians as very dangerous to the nation, and the state of Hungary, because the country had large ethnic German and Slavic populations. This political ideology originated in the work of the 1375:

A Hungarian non-commissioned officer named Ferenc Jós Badiny wrote his book ( Jézus Király, a pártus herceg) "King Jesus, the Parthian prince", in which he invented the theory of Jesus the Parthian warrior prince. Many

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was a key figure in the development of Turanism. Since the late 1850s, proposed connections to the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and other Asiatic peoples and languages motivated him to travel to Asia and the Ottoman Empire.

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Magyarországon az 1944-ben uralomra jutott Nemzetszocialista Párt több tételt átvett a turanizmus eszmeköréből, aminek következtében a turanizmus népszerűsége erősen lecsökkent, majd a szocializmusban „fasisztává”

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Hungarians and their ancestors lived amongst or in direct contact with Turkic peoples from time immemorial to 1908. (A common Hungarian-Turkish border ceased to exist after 1908, in the wake of the annexation of

781:, the Habsburg Empire was on the verge of collapse in 1866, because these misfortunate military endeavours resulted in increased state spending, speeding inflation, towering state debts and financial crisis. 1956:"...amikor Kőrösi elindult a magyarok őshazáját és a ‘hátramaradt magyarokat’ megkeresni, úgy vélte, azokra valahol Közép-Ázsiában, illetve az ujgurok között bukkanhat rá..." in: Kőrösi Csoma Sándor élete. 863:

következett tehát ebből az a reménységem, hogy Középázsiában az összehasonlító nyelvtudomány segítségével világosságot vető sugarat lelhetek, mely eloszlatja a homályt a magyar őstörténelem sötét tájairól

225:. It includes many different conceptions and served as the guiding principle of many political movements. It was most lively in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. 929:, and in the development of Hungarian arts, from architecture to applied and decorative arts. Turanist scientists greatly contributed to the development of Hungarian and international science and arts. 1322:

but he wavered between a religious and a racial basis for Hungarism. The unique vocation of “Turanian” (Turkic) Hungary was its capacity to mediate between and unite the east and the west,

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Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg about the kinship of Finnish and Hungarian language, in his book "An historico-geographical description of the north and east parts of Europe and Asia" 1738. London.

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ideology strove to prove the existence and superiority of a unified Hungarian "race" and it therefore inevitably incorporated an anti-Jewish aspect." in: Zoltán Vági, László Csőcs, Gábor Kádár:

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rule. The Habsburgs introduced dictatorial rule, and every aspect of Hungarian life was put under close scrutiny and governmental control. Press and theatrical/public performances were censored.

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grounds, and on the basis of genetic research carried out on a limited number of ancient skeletons found in graves from the age of the conquest). The proto-Hungarian tribes lived in the Eurasian

859:"…from this came my hope, that with the help of comparative linguistics I could find a ray of light in Central Asia, which dispels the gloom over the dark corners of Hungarian prehistory..." 1463:'s people". In 2023, during his visit to Kazakhstan, Orbán said that Hungarians come to Kazakhstan "with great pleasure" because the two nations are connected by "millennial common roots". 1849:, the second orientation of the national socialists, pan-Europaism, had a number of adherents, and it was adopted as the platform of several national socialist groups." Janos, Andrew C.: 237:

in the context of Hungarian history and culture. It was embodied and represented by many scholars who had shared premises (i.e. the Asian origin of the Hungarians, and their kinship with

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and Shuho Chiba. After the outbreak of First World War politics ensnarled the work of the Society. In 1916, the Turan Society was redressed into the "Hungarian Eastern Cultural Centre" (

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Vámbéry Ármin about Turanian peoples in his "Vámbéry Ármin vázlatai Közép-Ázsiából. Ujabb adalékok az oxusmelléki országok népismereti, társadalmi és politikai viszonyaihoz." 1868. Pest

957:(1817–1882), poet, writer of a large corpus of poems about Hungarian historical past. He supported Vámbéry in the "Ugric-Turkic War". He was a member and secretary general of the MTA. 1003:

Ferenc Zajti (1886–1961), Orientalist, painter. He was the warden/curator of the Oriental Collection of the Fővárosi Könyvtár (“Library of the Capital” in English, the present day

698:"… the Sun went down into a sea of blood. The night of immeasurable grief fell on Hungary; her noblest powers were broken. Even the gates of scientific institutions became closed…" 1037: 479:(the writer of the first Tibetan-English dictionary) traveled to Asia in the strong belief that he could find the kindred of Magyars in somewhere in Central Asia, amongst the 1052:

were Jewish or of Jewish descent (Vámbéry was neither proud nor ashamed of his Jewish ancestry, he became a member of the Reformed Church, and considered himself Hungarian).

241:), and arrived at the same or very similar conclusions. Turanism was a driving force in the development of the Hungarian social sciences, especially in the development of 1124:.) These peoples played an eminent role in the birth and formation of Hungarian people, language, culture, state and nation. During the ethnogenesis of Hungarian people, 1081: 4607:

These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

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Alajos Paikert (1866–1948) Was the founding father of the "Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum" (Museum of Hungarian Agriculture), and one of the founders of the Turan Society.

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Turanism got a new meaning: it became the given name of a variant of Orientalism, which researched Asia and its culture in context of Hungarian history and culture.

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a Nap vértengerbe áldozott le. Magyarországra a mérhetetlen gyásznak éjszakája borult; legnemesebb erői törve voltak. Még a tudományos intézetek kapui is bezárultak

714:

Hungary's constitution and her territorial integrity were abolished, and her territory was partitioned into crown lands. This signalled the start of a long era of

1702:, and an electrical engineer by profession, although he was kind of a Finno-Ugrist publishing books and other writings about the Finno-Ugric-Munda kinship, like 451:

Hungarian nobiliary historical tradition considered and rendered the eastern origin of Hungarians. This tradition was preserved in medieval chronicles (such as

3201: 2796:

1940. évi I. törvénycikk a Budapesten, 1938. évi november hó 15. napján kelt magyar-japán barátsági és szellemi együttműködési egyezmény becikkelyezéséről.

784:

The Habsburgs were forced to reconcile with Hungary, to save their empire and dynasty. The Habsburgs and part of the Hungarian political elite arranged the

566:) the closest relatives of Hungarians, actually as 'Magyars left behind', and originated them from the Uyghurs, who live on the western frontiers of China. 2808:

1941. évi XVI. törvénycikk a szellemi együttműködés tárgyában Szófiában az 1941. évi február hó 18. napján kelt magyar-bolgár egyezmény becikkelyezéséről.

2772:

1938. évi XXIII. törvénycikk a szellemi együttműködés tárgyában Budapesten, 1937. évi október hó 13. napján kelt magyar-észt egyezmény becikkelyezéséről.

2784:

1938. évi XXIX. törvénycikk a szellemi együttműködés tárgyában Budapesten, 1937. évi október hó 22. napján kelt magyar-finn egyezmény becikkelyezéséről.

2714:

Bismarck, Otto von: Bismarck, the man and the statesman: being the reflections and reminiscences of Otto, Prince von Bismarck. 1898. Vol. II. p. 255-256.

823: 2002:

Müller, Friedrich Max: The languages of the seat of war in the East. With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian and Turanian. 1855.

1284:

According to Andrew C. János, while some Hungarian Turanists went as far as to argue that they were both racially healthier than and superior to other

1216:

movement. Turanism helped in the creation of the important Turkish-Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian-Austro-Hungarian military and strategic alliances.

222: 3148:

According to their historical understanding, explained by the pseudo-scientific approach of the Turanist movement, Hungarians belonged to the Orient

2760:

1924. évi XVI. törvénycikk a Török Köztársasággal Konstantinápolyban 1923. évi december hó 18. napján kötött barátsági szerződés becikkelyezéséről.

601:. The German linguist and Orientalist Schott was a proponent of Finn-Turk-Hungarian kinship, and considered the Hungarians a mixture of Turks and " 579: 1026:(1845–1914), architect, who created a new national architectural style from the elements of Hungarian folk art, Persian, Sassanian and Indian art. 694:

and the 1848-49 War of Independence, but after the bitter experiences of the war and the defeat, many phenomena received new political overtones.

2889: 2979: 2871: 2936: 471:) as early as the 13th century. According to Chronica Hungarorum, the Hungarians are descendants of the Huns, and came from the Asian parts of 4191: 2115: 925:

Turanism was a driving force in the development of Hungarian social sciences, especially linguistics, ethnography, history, archaeology, and

4576: 1157: 1007:). He was the founder of the Magyar Indiai Társaság ( Hungarian India Society). He arranged Rabindranáth Tagore's visit to Hungary in 1926. 994:

Vilmos Pröhle (1871–1946), Orientalist, linguist, one of the first researchers of Chinese and Japanese language and literature in Hungary.

2065: 2606: 1899:

Kovácsné Csányi Bernadett: Honfoglalás kori, valamint magyar és székely populációk apai ági genetikai kapcsolatrendszerének vizsgálata.

1576:. Though since widely discredited, these theories have regained support among certain Hungarian political parties, in particular among 3558: 2449: 2209:

Kos, Franz Josef: Die Politik Österreich-Ungarns während der Okkupationskrise 1874/75-1879. Böhlau, Köln-Wien, 1984,p.42, p.51.

417: 2418: 1004: 2289: 1900: 1455:

that the Hungarian people are "proud of this heritage, and "were also proud when their opponents in Europe mocked them as barbarian

3044: 4609: 3273: 3018: 2081: 869:

Vámbéry started his second journey into Asia in July 1861 with the approval and monetary help of the Akadémia and its president,

2914: 2322:

Vámbéry Ármin vázlatai Közép-Ázsiából. Ujabb adalékok az oxusmelléki országok népismereti, társadalmi és politikai viszonyaihoz.

762:, major general Ferdinand Franz Xaver Johann Freiherr Mayerhofer von Grünbühel for example)) dreamed about Eastern land grabs.) 2703: 2563:

HANEBRINK, Paul: Islam, Anti-Communism, and Christian Civilization: The Ottoman Menace in Interwar Hungary, Cambridge Journals

3103: 1165: 445: 1441: 2735:

Portik Erzsébet-Edit: Erdélyi magyar kisebbségi sorskérdések a két világháború között. In: Iskolakultúra 2012/9. p. 60-66.

1643: 1267:, "Turanist ethnographers and folklorists privileged the peasants' cultural 'uniqueness', locating a cultural essence of 785: 360: 38: 2950: 4299: 3181: 3141: 3084: 2964: 1977:

Strahlenberg, Philipp Johann von: An historico-geographical description of the north and east parts of Europe and Asia

1104: 1048:

At the beginning of Hungarian Turanism, some of its notable promoters and researchers like Vámbéry, Vilmos Hevesy, and

874: 759: 437: 3251: 2096: 1172:

mutual atrocities between ethnic Hungarians and Romanian ethnics in Transylvania; these events are remembered as the "

932:

This is a short list of Turkist/Turanist scientists and artists, who have left a lasting legacy in Hungarian culture:

3076: 2736: 2027: 1624: 1228: 1041: 1013: 382: 177: 159: 52: 2050: 944: 433: 3900: 3209: 2693:

mintegy 7500–8500 magyar, 4400–6000 román, s körülbelül 500 lehetett a szász, zsidó, örmény lakosság vesztesége."

963:(1814–1897), archaeologist, art historian. He was a member of the MTA and the director of Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum ( 833:

The Habsburg conspiracy theory only appeared in the mid-1970s. It is based on an alleged quotation attributed to

584: 126: 2463: 1337:

has given credence to the Turanist ideology, although they have now reverted this position. For example in 2013

76: 4644: 4352: 690:

In Hungary, discourse on the prehistory of the Hungarians generally lacked the political meanings up until the

364: 314: 1572:

have been suggested by proponents of these theories. Such beliefs gained widespread support in Hungary in the

1088:). The more radical political Turanists left the Turan Society, and formed the "Turan Federation of Hungary" ( 620: 4634: 4571: 4186: 3600: 2660: 1757: 1436: 948: 539: 4234: 1735: 1427:

are uncompromising supporters of Turanism (the ideology of Jobbik considers Hungarians a Turanian nation).

1168:

meant the climax of this Turkism. So, as one can see, Turkish orientation had a long tradition in Hungary.

691: 456: 1205:

Bismarck, the man and the statesman: being the reflections and reminiscences of Otto, Prince von Bismarck.

754:/, and lost most of its Italian holdings a little later, so many members of the Austrian political elite ( 542:(in his work: "An historico-geographical description of the north and east parts of Europe and Asia") and 4649: 4629: 3266: 2014:

Müller, Friedrich Max: Letter to Chevalier Bunsen on the classification of the Turanian languages. 1854.

1920:

Zimonyi István: A magyarság korai történetének sarokpontjai. Elméletek az újabb irodalom tükrében. 2012.

448:

and their relationship with other equestrian nomadic peoples has been and still is a topic for research.

1736:"Farkas Ildikó: A magyar turanizmus török kapcsolatai ("The Turkish connections of Hungarian Turanism")" 476: 4120: 1833: 548: 498: 2915:"Jobbik - the Movement for a Better Hungary - Gabor Vona: Turanism Instead of Euro-Atlantic Alliance!" 2406: 1795:

Vers un profil convergent des fascismes?: "Nouveau consensus" et religion politique en Europe centrale

602: 4654: 2893: 2849: 1153: 1030: 964: 755: 554: 502: 2594: 2374: 4639: 3948: 2724: 2627: 2131: 2112: 3976: 3920: 3667: 3663: 3503: 3321: 3316: 3163: 2219: 1901:

http://www2.sci.u-szeged.hu/fokozatok/PDF/Kovacsne_Csanyi_Bernadett/tezisfuzet_magyar_csanyiB.pdf

640: 507: 405: 353: 214: 44: 2303: 1818: 1794: 1477:

The Great Kurultáj is a tribal assembly which is based on the common heritage of the peoples of

628: 4213: 3571: 3548: 3363: 3259: 1968:

Katičić, Radoslav: A contribution to the general theory of comparative linguistics. 1970. p.10.

1285: 1273: 1117: 130: 2572:

Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, Louise O. Vasvari: Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies (page:48)

2082:

http://janus.ttk.pte.hu/tamop/tananyagok/tort_tan_valt/az_entwurf_hatsa_a_trtnelemtantsra.html

2062: 1501: 1199:

Despite the Compromise, the Hungarians were ambivalent towards these old-new Austrian allies.

1148:(Cuman) tribes and population fragments merged and amalgamated into the Hungarian population. 943:. He founded Europe's first Turcology department at the Royal University of Pest (present day 4443: 4397: 4005: 3219:"Hungarian Turanism. From the Birth of the Ideology to Modernity – an Outline of the Problem" 1614: 1609: 1529: 1029:

Károly Kós (1883–1977), architect, writer, graphic artist, a leading figure of the Hungarian

793: 653: 649: 598: 575: 409: 2554:

DRIEM, George van: Languages of the Himalayas: an ethnolinguistic handbook. 1997. p.161-162.

2265: 1219:

The movement received impetus after Hungary's defeat in World War I. Under the terms of the

936: 851: 796:

anti-government and anti-Compromise demonstrations of several thousand men took place, etc.

83: 4596: 3659: 3378: 3333: 2704:

http://adattar.vmmi.org/fejezetek/1896/07_magyarellenes_atrocitasok_a_karpat_medenceben.pdf

2425: 2313:

Ablonczy Balázs: Keletre magyar! A magyar turanizmus története. Budapest, 2016. 231-232. o.

1445:

Viktor Orbán during the 7th Summit of Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States in Baku

1342: 1121: 1704:"Munda-Magyar-Maori, an Indian link between the antipodes new tracks of Hungarian origins" 1107:(Archduke Joseph Francis Habsburg) became the first patron of the Hungarian Turan Society 141: 8: 4337: 3956: 3581: 3403: 2522: 2386: 2354: 1846: 1257: 1133: 778: 774: 606: 597:, who included the Finno-Ugric languages as a part of a larger hypothesis today known as 468: 464: 265: 256:

Political Turanism was born in the 19th century, in response to the growing influence of

1073: 594: 269: 4332: 4181: 3388: 3281: 3108: 1921: 1810: 1666: 1525: 302: 298: 206: 194: 2502: 2003: 1769: 1619: 1049: 973:

Béla Széchenyi (1837-1918), traveler and explorer of Asia. He was a member of the MTA.

834: 4473: 4392: 4145: 3892: 3566: 3478: 3453: 3443: 3438: 3408: 3348: 3240: 3218: 3177: 3137: 3080: 2922: 2443: 2231: 1670: 1315: 1301: 1220: 1161: 1023: 715: 644: 614: 588: 326: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 1472: 1311: 510:

language family). Leibniz however also recognized that some European languages like

4438: 4418: 4196: 3972: 3960: 3952: 3940: 3916: 3908: 3896: 3877: 3830: 3732: 3695: 3586: 3523: 3518: 3483: 3433: 3358: 3338: 3298: 3230: 3123: 2937:"Hungary is ready for the opening of a new chapter in Hungarian-Turkic cooperation" 2680:

Makkai László, Mócsy András (eds.): Erdély története. Első kötet. 1986. p.409-421.

1890:

Györffy György: István király és műve. 1983. Gondolat Könyvkiadó, Budapest, p. 252.

1699: 1658: 1519: 1333:

In recent years the contemporary neo-fascist scene in Hungary, the political party

1268: 710:(Herman Ottó: Petényi J. S. a magyar tudományos madártan megalapítója. p. 39.) 515: 460: 452: 421: 4428: 3328: 3072:

Great Expectations and Interwar Realities: Hungarian Cultural Diplomacy, 1918-1941

2737:

http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00011/00168/pdf/EPA00011_Iskolakultura_2012-9_060-066.pdf

2061:

Csohány János: Leo Thun egyházpolitikája. In: Egyháztörténeti Szemle. 11/2. 2010.

1016:(1863–1920), painter, sculptor, artisan, art theorist, one of the founders of the 1000:

Gyula Sebestyén (1864–1946), folklorist, ethnographer. He was a member of the MTA.

976:

Jenő Zichy (1837–1906), traveler and explorer of Asia. He was a member of the MTA.

906: 4592:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

4274: 4251: 4224: 3964: 3936: 3932: 3904: 3873: 3810: 3767: 3750: 3576: 3538: 3473: 3458: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3373: 3353: 3343: 3311: 3167: 3133: 3127: 3070: 2181: 2119: 2100: 2069: 1978: 1573: 1553: 1524:

Certain supporters of Hungarian Turanism have been characterized as promoters of

1409: 1319: 1099:

Archduke Joseph Francis Habsburg, the first patron of the Hungarian Turan Society

892: 661: 518:, and Hungarian were connected to each other, but did not belong to this family. 234: 3129:

Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia Relationship

2639: 2582: 2051:

http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00021/00290/pdf/MKSZ_EPA00021_1974_90_03-04_269-293.pdf

1869: 1451: 1017: 574:

By the early 19th century, connections with further languages were perceived by

290:

borrowed from the Pan-Slavic concept of "Slavic brotherhood and collaboration".

4586: 4483: 4463: 4357: 4342: 4307: 4208: 3980: 3968: 3944: 3924: 3885: 3834: 3795: 3700: 3690: 3609: 3543: 3528: 3508: 3493: 3488: 3463: 3448: 3368: 3306: 3289: 3173: 2277: 2015: 1662: 1593: 1549: 979:

Géza Nagy (1855-1915), archaeologist, ethnographer. He was a member of the MTA.

960: 870: 723: 657: 277: 2681: 2302:

Klára Sándor : Sándor Klára (2017): A velünk élő turanizmus (Hungarian)

1832:

n.d. “Andrew C. Janos.” University of California, Berkeley. Accessed 4/23/23.

1095: 1020:

artists' colony, a leading figure of the Hungarian Arts & Crafts movement.

954: 137: 4623: 4519: 4509: 4312: 4201: 4100: 4055: 3928: 3850: 3846: 3816: 3760: 3745: 3710: 3617: 3533: 3513: 3498: 3244: 2534: 2026:

Gábor Tóth (28.07.2021.) A Habsburgok valóban átírták a magyar őstörténetet?

1814: 1644:"Geographical Metanarratives in East-Central Europe: Neo-Turanism in Hungary" 1413: 1056:

as a geographic location where the ancestors of Hungarians might have lived.

819: 559: 511: 480: 441: 429: 273: 257: 2872:""As descendants of Turks, we value this visit" says Hungarian party leader" 1598: 1424: 884:("Turanian") in a Hungarian language scientific text. Vámbéry used "Turan" ( 4498: 4284: 3912: 3854: 3838: 3800: 3652: 3622: 2490: 2198: 2093: 2038: 1945: 1933: 1845:"While Turanism was and remained little more than a fringe ideology of the 1478: 1430: 1305: 1264: 988:

Lajos Lóczy (1849–1920), geologist, geographer. He was a member of the MTA.

563: 425: 318: 306: 238: 3235: 1957: 1911:

Hajdú Péter: Ancient culture of the Uralian peoples, Corvina, 1976, p. 134

1758:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98799/Matthias-Alexander-Castren

1698:

Also known as Wilhelm von Hevesy (1877-1945). He was the older brother of

997:

Benedek Baráthosi Balogh (1870–1945), Orientalist, ethnographer, traveler.

4488: 4140: 4085: 3790: 3720: 1388:. Instead, they believed that Jesus was a proto-Hungarian or a “noble of 1297: 1213: 926: 632: 610: 321:

and ended in 1989, Turanism was portrayed and vilified as an exclusively

294: 261: 250: 246: 242: 2980:"Hungarian prime minister visits Kazakhstan for bilateral talks, summit" 2049:

Buzinkay Géza: A magyar irodalom és sajtó irányítása a Bach-korszakban.

1188:). Hungary was defeated with the help of Russian military intervention. 4468: 4433: 4289: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4130: 3468: 1533: 1487: 1377: 1338: 751: 367: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 218: 210: 4095: 2333: 2037:

Herman Ottó: Petényi J. S. a magyar tudományos madártan megalapítója.

900:

Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins § Ugric-Turkic

553:, a German historian and language researcher, who participated in the 4514: 4493: 4458: 4453: 4402: 4362: 4347: 4317: 4220: 4171: 4080: 3842: 3755: 3715: 3636: 3632: 2607:"'Abdu'l-Bahá Budapesten » Magyarországi Bahá'í Közösség »" 2467: 1565: 1537: 1141: 940: 880:

In a work from 1868, Vámbéry may have been the first to use the word

673: 669: 665: 636: 4503: 2581:

Vincze Zoltán: Létay Balázs, a magyar asszirológia legszebb reménye

1834:

https://polisci.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/cv/CV-2017%20AJ.pdf

1231:

among Hungarian people.” in: Uhalley, Stephen and Wu, Xiaoxin eds.:

342: 233:

As a scientific movement, Turanism was concerned with research into

205:

phenomenon that revolves around an identification or association of

4545: 4478: 4423: 4372: 4327: 4176: 4150: 4125: 4075: 4050: 3867: 3680: 3644: 3628: 2407:

http://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01614/00002/pdf/nyjame_02_1959_051-061.pdf

1603: 1397: 1181: 982:

Henrik Marczali (1856–1940), historian. He was a member of the MTA.

747: 202: 1065:

kizártak. Céljait a nem turáni népekkel egyetértve óhajtja elérni.

991:

Jenő Cholnoky (1870–1950), geographer. He was a member of the MTA.

4555: 4535: 4448: 4065: 4060: 4040: 3993: 3862: 3780: 3725: 3705: 3685: 3675: 3640: 2595:

http://mtdaportal.extra.hu/books/teleki_pal_a_turani_tarsasag.pdf

2375:

http://mek.oszk.hu/05300/05389/pdf/Loczy_Szechenyi_emlekezete.pdf

1557: 1541: 1528:

theories. According to these theories, Hungarians share supposed

1495: 1389: 1367: 1293: 1289: 1249: 1245: 1137: 472: 322: 297:, political Turanism played a role in the formation of Hungarian 281: 3045:"Élet a szittya bizniszen túl – utak a magyar hagyományőrzésben" 2882: 2822:

The Remote Borderland: Transylvania in the Hungarian Imagination

2725:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440695/Pan-Turanianism

2628:

http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00030/03094/pdf/VU_EPA00030_1913_11.pdf

2132:

http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00030/00251/pdf/VU-1858_05_51_12_19.pdf

2092:

Bolvári-Takács Gábor: Teleki József, Sárospatak és az Akadémia.

1300:

was taken to absurd extremes by Ferenc Szálasi, the head of the

985:

Sándor Márki (1853–1925), historian. He was a member of the MTA.

524:

The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis.

4581: 4540: 4322: 4279: 4229: 4090: 4045: 4035: 4019: 4013: 3998: 3988: 3824: 3785: 3775: 3740: 3019:"Deputy house speaker greets Asian ethnic groups in Parliament" 2113:

http://tmt.omikk.bme.hu/show_news.html?id=3135&issue_id=390

1629: 1581: 1577: 1460: 1420: 1393: 1334: 1323: 1292:, because they believed that the Germans had been corrupted by 1241: 1173: 1145: 286: 2993: 2702:

Botlik József: Magyarellenes atrocitások a Kárpát-medencében.

2661:"Őstörténet és nemzettudat, 1919-1931 - Digitális Tankönyvtár" 2220:

http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/historia/95-01/ch08.html

2111:

Vekerdi László: Egy könyvtár otthonai, eredményei és gondjai.

1416:

religious leaders of Hungary denounced this theory as heresy.

1044:: "Circle Dance of Shamans" 1911. Marosvásárhely, Kulturpalota 624:

Friedrich Max Müller's Northern Division of Turanian Languages

400: 4550: 4135: 4070: 3805: 3169:

Organic Cinema: Film, Architecture, and the Work of Béla Tarr

2861:

PAYNE, Stanley: A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. 1995. p.272.

1569: 1545: 1491: 1482: 1405: 1401: 1381: 1253: 1129: 1125: 16:

Ideology emphasising Hungarian unity with Inner Asian peoples

4591: 4367: 2965:"Hungary to initiate joint summit of Turkic Council and V4" 2063:

http://www.uni-miskolc.hu/~egyhtort/cikkek/csohany-thun.htm

1561: 1456: 1385: 1327: 668:, which used the term "Turan" to denote the territories of 538:

The Finnish-Hungarian connection was further developed by

493:

individuality and to align nations in 'natural' alliances.

329:

in 1989 there has been a renewal of interest in Turanism.

2266:

http://www.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/az_1867_es_kiegyezes

91: 1431:

Hungary's accession to the Organization of Turkic States

87: 865:...." in: Vámbéry Ármin: Küzdelmeim. Ch.IV. p. 62. 808:(Cieger András: Kormány a mérlegen - a múlt században.) 569: 526:

2008. in: Historiographia Linguistica, 35 #1; p. 23-82.

4577:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

2749:

China and Christianity. Burdened Past, Hopeful Future.

2523:

http://mtda.hu/books/zajti_ferenc_magyar_evezredek.pdf

2193: 2191: 2189: 1681:(University of California, Berkeley, PhD thesis, 1967) 1345:

that, "As descendants of Turks, we value this visit".

1233:

China and Christianity. Burdened Past, Hopeful Future.

2276:

Cieger András: Kormány a mérlegen - a múlt században.

1505:

A banner used at a contemporary Great Kurultáj event.

1341:

stated in relationship to the then upcoming visit of

1308:

as the leader of the international fascist movement.

1010:

József Huszka (1854–1934), art teacher, ethnographer.

486: 4028: 3104:"The Flowering of Pseudo-Science In Orbán's Hungary" 2253:

The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire, 1750-1914.

1922:

http://real-d.mtak.hu/597/7/dc_500_12_doktori_mu.pdf

434:

Uralic homeland for the ancient Hungarian conquerors

2186: 2004:

https://archive.org/details/languagesseatwa00mlgoog

1371:

Jesus Christ as a Parthian-Hungarian warrior prince

1820:The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide. 1490:in 2007 and the last one was organized in 2022 at 967:). He supported Vámbéry in the "Ugric-Turkic War". 395: 2810:http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8169 2798:http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8115 2786:http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8084 2774:http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8078 2762:http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7599 1279: 939:(1832–1913) was the founding father of Hungarian 497:The linguistic theories of the Dutch philosopher 4621: 2334:"Magyar és török-tatár nyelvekbeli szóegyezések" 741:(Vámbéry Ármin: Küzdelmeim. Ch. IV. p. 42.) 3202:"Turanism: the 'new' ideology of the far right" 2951:"Turkic Council inaugurates office in Budapest" 2176: 2174: 1679:Turanism and Pan-Turanism in Hungary: 1890-1945 639:, published and proposed a grouping of the non- 3162: 2832: 2830: 2653: 2182:http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/index.html 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 1979:http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010825073 818:history was introduced in Hungary under Queen 3267: 2977: 2890:"Hetivalasz.com | Shamans in the pantry" 2583:http://www.muvelodes.ro/index.php/Cikk?id=155 2232:"The Great Powers and the "Eastern Question"" 1813:, Hungarian "Turanism" came into being. This 1404:. Instead, they believed that Muhammad was a 812: 86:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 4610:State with limited international recognition 3042: 2723:Encyclopedia Britannica on Pan-Turanianism. 2278:http://c3.hu/scripta/szazadveg/14/cieger.htm 2016:https://archive.org/details/cu31924087972182 679: 3098: 3096: 2827: 2682:http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02109/html/93.html 2218:Palotás Emil: Okkupáció–annexió 1878–1908. 2151: 1641: 1560:. Origins of the Hungarian people with the 1513: 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3274: 3260: 3036: 1938: 1926: 1805: 1803: 840: 418:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin 140:. Please do not remove this message until 3234: 3216: 2145:Go East!: A History of Hungarian Turanism 2080:Az Entwurf hatása a történelemtanításra. 656:), in the Ugric Branch, with the Voguls ( 383:Learn how and when to remove this message 178:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 3557: 3122: 3116: 3093: 2491:http://mek.oszk.hu/09300/09396/09396.pdf 2199:http://mek.oszk.hu/03900/03975/03975.pdf 2094:http://www.zemplenimuzsa.hu/05_2/btg.htm 2039:http://mek.oszk.hu/12100/12102/12102.pdf 1946:http://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm 1934:http://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02245/02245.htm 1730: 1728: 1726: 1500: 1440: 1366: 1094: 1036: 764: 619: 529: 399: 136:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3199: 3064: 3062: 2847:East Central Europe in the Modern World 2747:Uhalley, Stephen and WU, Xiaoxin eds.: 2503:"Zajti Ferenc (Terebess Ázsia Lexikon)" 2331: 1958:http://csoma.mtak.hu/hu/csoma-elete.htm 1851:The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary 1809:"...In addition, as the cornerstone of 1800: 1380:Hungarian Turanists held the view that 845: 428:and their culture was similar to other 4622: 3200:Ungváry, Krisztián (5 February 2014). 2448:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1991:Versuch über die Tatarischen Sprachen. 1362: 1357: 1348: 676:river, inhabited by nomadic warriors. 3255: 3158: 3156: 1950: 1944:Kézai Simon mester Magyar krónikája. 1723: 1396:Turkish Turanists held the view that 1110: 77:too many or overly lengthy quotations 3068: 3059: 2953:. Anadolu Agency. 19 September 2021. 2387:"Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990" 2355:"Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990" 2142: 916: 570:Ural-Altaic and the Turanian concept 365:adding citations to reliable sources 336: 110: 59: 18: 1797:, Editions L'Harmattan,2010, p. 213 786:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 13: 3153: 1756:EB on Matthias Alexander Castrén. 1642:Akcah, Emel; Korkut, Umut (2012). 1635: 1105:Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria 760:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen 487:Development of Finno-Ugric studies 213:with the histories and peoples of 14: 4666: 3193: 3077:Central European University Press 2978:Elena Teslova (2 November 2023). 2197:Vámbéry Ármin: Küzdelmeim. 1905. 1625:Hungarian-Turkish Friendship Park 1466: 891:Vámbéry was a talented writer of 34:This article has multiple issues. 3599: 3283: 3217:Kowalczyk, Michał (April 2017). 1651:Eurasian Geography and Economics 850:The Orientalist and Turkologist 341: 115: 64: 23: 4582:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 3011: 2986: 2971: 2957: 2943: 2929: 2907: 2864: 2855: 2839: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2708: 2696: 2686: 2674: 2632: 2620: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2527: 2516: 2495: 2482: 2464:"Barathosi Balogh Benedek Expo" 2456: 2411: 2400: 2379: 2368: 2347: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2296: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2245: 2224: 2212: 2203: 2136: 2124: 2105: 2086: 2074: 2055: 2043: 2031: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1983: 1971: 1962: 1914: 1905: 1893: 1708:"Finnisch-Ugrisches aus Indien" 1692: 1423:party and its former president 1207:1898. Vol. II. p. 255-256. 947:). He was a member of the MTA ( 446:ancient ancestors of Hungarians 396:Early history of the Hungarians 352:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 2626:Vasárnapi Ujság. 1913.III.16. 2130:Vasárnapi Ujság. 1858.XII.19. 1884: 1856: 1839: 1826: 1787: 1762: 1750: 1314:, the leader of the Hungarian 1302:Arrow Cross-Hungarist movement 1280:Turanism and Hungarian fascism 1: 4572:Organization of Turkic States 1738:. www.valosagonline.hu . 2013 1717: 1437:Organization of Turkic States 1166:Rákóczi's War of Independence 1156:(Eastern Hungarian Kingdom)/ 1090:Magyarországi Turán Szövetség 1005:Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár 949:Hungarian Academy of Sciences 540:Philip Johan von Strahlenberg 332: 2535:"Kultúra, nemzet, identitás" 1932:Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum. 826:educational decree of 1777. 692:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 457:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 432:. Most scientists presume a 404:"Géza, the faithful king of 7: 3047:(in Hungarian). Heti Valasz 3043:Barna Borbas (5 May 2013). 2147:. Indiana University Press. 1606:(a similar Turkic ideology) 1587: 1078:Magyar Keleti Kultúrközpont 909:of the "Ugric-Turkic War" ( 228: 142:conditions to do so are met 10: 4671: 2341:Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 2180:Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon. 1663:10.2747/1539-7216.53.5.596 1517: 1470: 1434: 1120:and the evacuation of the 1031:Arts & Crafts movement 897: 813:Habsburg conspiracy theory 499:Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn 305:nature. It began to carry 301:ideologies because of its 270:Matthias Alexander Castrén 4605: 4564: 4528: 4411: 4385: 4298: 4250: 4243: 4164: 4113: 3608: 3597: 3297: 2850:Stanford University Press 1853:, 1825-1945. 1982. p.275. 1154:“keleti Magyar Királyság” 965:Hungarian National Museum 756:Franz Joseph I of Austria 680:The role of the Habsburgs 555:Great Northern Expedition 503:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4187:Timeline of the Göktürks 3164:Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten 2824:, SUNY Press, 2001, p.97 1685: 1580:and certain factions of 1514:Pseudoscholarly theories 1164:liberation movement and 945:Eötvös Loránd University 773:As a consequence of the 685:such legends in Hungary. 652:), in the Finnic Class ( 412:, from the 11th century. 84:summarize the quotations 2332:Vámbéry, Ármin (1869). 1872:. lexikon.katolikus.hu 1774:Encyclopædia Britannica 1481:, a heritage which was 1240:collaboration with the 1042:Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch 1014:Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch 841:Development of Turanism 544:Johann Eberhard Fischer 501:and the German thinker 438:genealogical linguistic 408:(i.e. Hungary)" on the 199:Turánizmus / Turanizmus 3901:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1710:in the 1920s and 30's. 1506: 1446: 1372: 1237: 1209: 1158:“Erdélyi Fejedelemség” 1118:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1100: 1069: 1045: 867: 810: 770: 743: 712: 625: 535: 528: 495: 413: 317:which began after the 307:anti-Jewish sentiments 198: 4645:Hungarian nationalism 4398:Proto-Turkic language 4029:Extinct Turkic groups 3236:10.12775/HiP.2017.011 2925:on December 19, 2011. 1615:Hungarian neopaganism 1610:Hungarian nationalism 1504: 1444: 1370: 1298:geopolitical argument 1225: 1201: 1098: 1086:Kőrösi Csoma-Társaság 1058: 1040: 857: 794:Great Hungarian Plain 790: 768: 728: 696: 660:) and Ugro-Ostiakes ( 623: 576:Rasmus Christian Rask 533: 520: 490: 410:Holy Crown of Hungary 403: 4635:Political ideologies 4597:World Turks Qurultai 3069:Nagy, Zsolt (2017). 1343:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 1122:Sanjak of Novi Pazar 1082:Kőrösi Csoma Society 846:Ármin Vámbéry's work 629:Friedrich Max Müller 361:improve this article 325:ideology. Since the 4338:Karachay-Cherkessia 3223:Historia i Polityka 2967:. 12 November 2021. 2939:. 3 September 2018. 2878:. February 4, 2013. 1363:Christian Turanists 1358:Turanism after 1989 1349:Turanism after 1945 1250:Republic of Finland 1246:Republic of Estonia 875:British upper class 779:Austro-Prussian War 775:Franco-Austrian War 607:circumpolar peoples 477:Sándor Kőrösi Csoma 469:Johannes de Thurocz 465:Chronica Hungarorum 444:zone, and so these 266:Finnish nationalist 129:of this article is 4650:Culture of Hungary 4630:Hungarian Turanism 4529:Traditional sports 4333:Kabardino-Balkaria 3953:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 3206:The Budapest Times 3112:. August 13, 2018. 3109:Hungarian Spectrum 2845:JÁNOS, Andrew C.: 2470:on 12 January 2014 2143:Ablonczy, Balázs. 2118:2014-03-14 at the 2099:2019-10-31 at the 2068:2020-12-06 at the 1811:racial nationalism 1507: 1447: 1373: 1248:in 1937, with the 1244:in 1923, with the 1242:Republic of Turkey 1235:2001. p. 219. 1111:Political Turanism 1101: 1046: 771: 626: 536: 414: 303:ethnic nationalist 191:Hungarian Turanism 4617: 4616: 4393:Old Turkic script 4381: 4380: 4192:Timeline 500–1300 4109: 4108: 3595: 3594: 3454:Kipchak languages 3409:Karamanli Turkish 3124:Laruelle, Marlene 2852:, 2002 pp.185-186 1316:Arrow Cross Party 1274:Krisztián Ungváry 1221:Treaty of Trianon 917:Later researchers 911:Ugor-török háború 824:Ratio Educationis 393: 392: 385: 327:fall of communism 207:Hungarian history 188: 187: 180: 170: 169: 162: 109: 108: 57: 4662: 4655:Cultural history 4439:Tibetan Buddhism 4419:Turkic mythology 4300:Autonomous areas 4252:Sovereign states 4248: 4247: 4026: 4025: 4008: 3983: 3880: 3857: 3819: 3770: 3735: 3696:Crimean Karaites 3670: 3647: 3603: 3555: 3554: 3434:Khorasani Turkic 3288: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3213: 3208:. 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