444:("Shang Jiezan" (尚結贊) in Chinese) convinced Ma that he was interested in peace, and Emperor Dezong agreed to make peace despite Li Sheng's opposition. Per Shang's request, Emperor Dezong sent Hun, as his emissary, to meet Shang at Pingliangchuan (平涼川, in modern Pingliang). Li Sheng, fearing Tufan treachery, instructed Hun to be careful, but Zhang, hearing this, accused Li Sheng of interfering with the peace with Tufan. Emperor Dezong thus instructed Hun to be relaxes, not to aggravate Tufan in any way. On July 8, 787, at the meeting site, Shang laid a trap for Hun and launched a sudden attack, killing and capturing many of Hun's attendants, but Hun escaped. Subsequently, joining forces with Han and Luo Yuanguang (駱元光), they were able to hold off a Tufan assault on Chang'an. When Hun returned to Chang'an, he wore mourning clothes and apologized for the defeat, but Emperor Dezong had him change back into official uniform. For a few months, Hun remained in the region in case of another Tufan attack, but by winter 787, per Emperor Dezong's orders, he returned to Hezhong. He died on January 1, 800, and was mourned and buried with great honor.
365:) Prefectures to his responsibility. At one point, the situation of Fengtian became so desperate that Emperor Dezong gave Hun the authorization to issue imperial edicts (i.e., if Emperor Dezong himself had become captured or killed) and said to him, "This is farewell to you, Lord." With Hun encouraging the troops, however, the troops fought off the Qin troops, which were eventually forced to lift the siege on Fengtian and return to Chang'an after Li Huaiguang arrived in the vicinity to save Emperor Dezong.
258:
senior than he was, did not take his orders seriously; they removed the fences and charged the Tufan forces. When they could not penetrate through Tufan lines, Tufan forces counterattacked and routed Tang forces, killing over 80% of the Tang forces and capturing over 1,000 civilians. After Tufan forces defeated another Tang general, Ma Lin (馬璘), Hun, while apologizing to Guo for the defeat, asked for another chance. Guo had him head toward Chaona (朝那, in modern
421:) and a post considered one for a chancellor. In the subsequent celebration of the victory of Zhu Ci, when Emperor Dezong was honoring the generals, Li Sheng was honored first, and Hun was honored second. Subsequently, Emperor Dezong made Hun the military governor of Hezhong Circuit, then under Li Huaiguang's control, intending to have him attack Li Huaiguang. He also created Hun the Prince of Xianning.
316:) rebelled, Li Xilie forged letters from Hun, hoping to falsely implicate Hun in the rebellion. Hun defended himself against charges when the letters were intentionally left for imperial authorities to find, and Emperor Dezong, believing him, not only did not punish him but awarded him with a horse and silk, and made him part of the army staff against Li Xilie.
299:(尚父, "like an imperial father") but stripped him of his commands. He divided Guo's responsibility area among Li Huaiguang, Hun Jian, and Chang Qianguang (常謙光), making Hun the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Hohhot), governing the bases and prefectures on the northern border with Huige. Later in the year, however, when
92:, the Hun tribe was incorporated as a border prefecture, the Gaolan Prefecture (臯蘭州). Hun Jian's great-great-grandfather Hun Atanzhi (渾阿貪支) was given the title of prefectural prefect of Gaolan. His great-grandfather Hun Yuanqing (渾元慶), grandfather Hun Dashou (渾大壽), and father Hun Shizhi (渾釋之) all carried the title of commandant at Gaolan Prefecture.
469:), he wrote a record of his own campaigns, in which he described his campaigns plainly without bragging. Despite his great accomplishments, he remained humble and careful in serving the emperor, and whenever he received imperial rewards, he would always kneel to receive them. The popular opinion at the time compared him to
348:
Subsequently, Zhu Ci claimed the title of emperor of a new state of Qin, and he put
Fengtian under siege. It was said that during the siege, Hun and Han Yougui (韓遊瓌) had to fight day and night without rest to fight off the Qin troops. With the siege continuing and Qin forces sieging Fengtian on three
340:
in 782, as their leader. Three days after
Emperor Dezong arrived at Fengtian, Hun and his family members arrived at Fengtian as well, and it was said that due to his presence, Emperor Dezong's followers became calmed. Emperor Dezong made Hun the military governor of the Jingji (京畿, i.e., Chang'an and
428:
opened another front to Li
Huaiguang's east, the imperial forces began to seize Li Huaiguang's territory bit by bit. By spring 785, Hun, Ma, and Han Yougui had joined forces and were approaching Hezhong. Li Huaiguang, facing defeat, committed suicide. Hun took over Li Huaiguang's troops and remained
404:
when making Han the commander of his army. He sent Hun back to the Chang'an region to attack Zhu with Li Sheng and Han Yougui. In summer 784, the joint Tang forces recaptured Chang'an and forced Zhu to flee; Zhu was eventually killed in flight by his own subordinates, and
Emperor Dezong returned to
257:
In 773, during a major Tufan incursion, Guo put Hun in charge of commanding 5,000 men against the incursion, and he encountered Tufan forces at Yilu (宜祿, in modern
Xianyang). He set up fences to try to stop Tufan cavalry advances, but his subordinates Shi Kang (史抗) and Wen Ruya (溫儒雅), who were more
769:
title would indicate that he was acting as governor but titularly serving as a deputy to an imperial prince—one of
Emperor Dezong's brothers or sons—but none of Emperor Dezong's brothers or sons carried the title of military governor of Zhenwu, it would appear that Hun was made military governor.
372:, Li Jianhui (李建徽), and Yang Huiguang (楊惠光), toward Chang'an to combat Zhu. In spring 784, Li Huaiguang rebelled as well, and when Hun received the news, he put army accompanying Emperor Dezong on high alert and escorted Emperor Dezong safely to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern
230:). Pugu Yang was soon killed by his subordinates, however, and Hun resubmitted to the imperial government after that, again serving under Guo Ziyi. That year, his father Hun Shizhi died, but he was recalled from his mourning back to military service. In 765, during a major
303:
was made the military governor of
Shuofang Circuit, Zhenwu was merged back into Cui's command, and Emperor Dezong recalled Hun to serve as a general of the imperial guards, as one of the two generals in charge of security at Chang'an. In 783, after
107:) and, for his repeated accomplishments there, was made a general and created the Prince of Ningshuo. In 746, when Hun Jian was 10, he began to follow his father on fall tours to defend the Tang border. His father's superior, the military governor (
117:?" Yet, even at his young age, he had battlefield accomplishments that year. In 748, he served under his father in defeating the Helu (賀魯) tribe and, by this point, he was said to be braver than the other soldiers in the army. When the ethnically
477:. After Zhu Ci's rebellion, Emperor Dezong often feared rebellions by generals and would often appease them by agreeing to all of their requests, but did not do so with Hun. Hun was pleased by this and stated, "The Emperor does not suspect me!"
665:
gave a different account—that he was executed by Pugu after considering, but did not actually carrying out, a resistance against Pugu when Pugu, after Pugu Yang's death, took his army back to Lingwu (Shuofang
Circuit's capital). Compare
332:), at Chang'an to be deployed to the east, mutinied when they became angry that they did not get rewards from Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong was forced to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang), and the mutineers supported the general
904:
242:, inflicting many casualties on the Tufan troops and forcing them to withdraw. In 767, when Guo attacked Zhou Zhiguang (周智光), the rebellious military governor of Tonghua Circuit (同華, headquartered in modern
496:
266:), and he set up a trap for Tufan forces, defeating them and rescuing the Tang civilians who had been captured. Tufan forces then retreated. In 778, after Tang forces had some border conflicts with
349:
sides, but
Fengtian's defenses holding, Emperor Dezong, apparently to reward Hun, added the Weinan (渭南, i.e., the region south of the Wei River) region, as well as Jin (金州, in modern
152:. In one battle, he personally battled and killed a fierce Yan general, Li Lijie (李立節) and was subsequently made a general. After Emperor Xuanzong was forced to abandon the capital
368:
However, in the aftermaths of
Fengtian's siege being lifted, Emperor Dezong offended Li Huaiguang by refusing to meet him and sending him, along with other generals
80:
Hun Jian (who was initially named Hun Jin, but who subsequently changed his name to Hun Jian after he later became prominent) was born in 736, during the reign of
1069:
1059:
1054:
1064:
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171:(as Emperor Suzong). Hun led his troops to Lingwu to aid Emperor Suzong, and on the way, while marching through Tiande Base (天德軍, in modern
388:), allowing Li Sheng to prepare to attack Zhu. Emperor Dezong made Hun the military governor of Shuofang Circuit and gave him the honorary
1094:
222:
In 764, after Pugu rebelled against Emperor Daizong, he had his son Pugu Yang (僕固瑒) and Hun lead troops in attacking Yuci (榆次, in modern
1039:
396:(同中書門下平章事). When Emperor Dezong bestowed these offices on Hun, he held an elaborate ceremony intended to emulate the ceremony that
254:
served as the forward commanders, although Zhou's own subordinates killed him and surrendered before Guo's Shuofang army arrived.
440:
In 787, during the middle of a major Tufan incursion, Li Sheng, Hun, and Ma all led forces against Tufan, but Tufan's chancellor
1099:
88:
Confederation. After the Tiele tribes largely submitted to Tang rule during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong's great-grandfather
612:
380:). Eventually, though, with Li Huaiguang's subordinates turning against him, Li Huaiguang withdrew to Hezhong (河中, in modern
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295:. Emperor Dezong, believing that Guo Ziyi was too lax and had too large of a responsibility area, honored Guo as
215:, and fought innumerable battles during the campaign. For his accomplishments, he was given the honorific title
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gave a different name for Hun Jian's great-great-grandfather—Hun Jionggui (渾迥貴)—but Jionggui could have been a
465:
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28:
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84:. His ancestors were chieftains of the Hun tribe (渾), one of the nine main constituent tribes of the
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general Li Xianzong (李獻忠) rebelled in 752, the military governor of Shuofang at that time,
113:) of Shuofang, Zhang Qiqiu (張齊丘), saw him, and jokingly asked him, "Did you come with your
424:
Hun, however, was initially not able to make much headway against Li Huaiguang, but after
8:
1034:
1029:
434:
397:
125:, had Hun Jian command troops against Li Xianzhong, and subsequently, he was promoted.
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571:
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345:) regions, in charge of the troops that had followed Emperor Dezong to Fengtian.
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in 757. For these accomplishments, he received a series of honorary titles.
761:, which apparently followed the chronicle of Emperor Dezong's reign in the
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in Emperor Suzong's campaign to recapture Chang'an and the eastern capital
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In fall 783, soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern
308:, the military governor of Huaining Circuit (淮寧, headquartered in modern
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141:
583:, further, indicated that the Hun family traced their beginnings to the
336:, who had been forced into retirement due to a rebellion by his brother
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forces, Guo put Hun in charge of defending Zhenwu Base (振武軍, in modern
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military governor of Zhenwu, not military governor, with the title of
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indicated that Hun Shizhi died in battle against the Tufan, but the
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incursion, he fought the Tufan forces at Fengtian (奉天, in modern
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extraction. He was most-well known for his battles to protect
417:(侍中), the head of the examination bureau of government (門下省,
329:
313:
267:
118:
413:
Before returning to Chang'an, Emperor Dezong made Hun Jian
291:
Emperor Daizong died in 779 and was succeeded by his son
341:
vicinity) and Weibei (渭北, i.e., the region north of the
211:
in the final campaign that destroyed Yan's last emperor
203:
Later, in 762, during the reign of Emperor Suzong's son
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It was said that Hun was studious, and understood the
569:The table of the chancellors' family trees in the
459:well. Imitating the style of the autobiography of
198:
183:tribe. Subsequently, he served under the general
1021:
281:
219:(開府儀同三司) and given 200 households in his fief.
140:) in 755 and soon established his own state of
75:
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429:at Hezhong. Emperor Dezong made him acting
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1070:Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet
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843:
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808:
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1060:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shuofang Circuit
1055:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Jinshang Circuit
765:, he was made military governor. As the
721:
719:
702:
700:
1065:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hezhong Circuit
1045:Chancellors under Emperor Dezong of Tang
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624:
148:in attacking Yan territory north of the
95:Hun Shizhi served in the army at Tang's
1050:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
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741:According to Hun's biographies in the
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179:), he defeated an incursion by a non-
99:Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern
521:
486:
191:from An Lushan's son and successor
13:
1095:Tang dynasty generals from Ningxia
14:
1111:
394:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
1040:Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
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911:
897:
822:
735:
685:
653:Both Hun's biographies in the
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563:
503:
466:Records of the Grand Historian
199:During Emperor Daizong's reign
53:(咸寧忠武王), was a general of the
41:
32:
24:
1:
1100:People of An Lushan Rebellion
282:During Emperor Dezong's reign
160:, Emperor Xuanzong's son and
757:(副大使), but according to the
442:Nanam Shang Gyaltsen Lhanang
76:Background and early service
45:; 736 – January 1, 800), né
7:
579:name for Hun Atanzhi. The
357:) and Shang (商州, in modern
10:
1116:
136:at Fanyang (范陽, in modern
51:Prince Zhongwu of Xianning
594:"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十五‧表第十五"
320:During Zhu Ci's rebellion
287:Before Zhu Ci's rebellion
1080:Chinese military writers
450:Spring and Autumn Annals
409:After Zhu Ci's rebellion
207:, Hun Jian served under
167:was declared emperor at
144:, Hun Jian served under
587:Prince of Hunye. See
132:(An Sishun's cousin)
1085:Tang dynasty writers
600:on December 19, 2009
481:Notes and references
1090:People from Wuzhong
463:(the author of the
156:in 756 and flee to
29:traditional Chinese
1075:Mayors of Yuncheng
796:2008-10-23 at the
781:2007-12-26 at the
749:, he was made the
640:2008-10-23 at the
615:2008-10-23 at the
556:2008-10-23 at the
435:Three Excellencies
398:Emperor Gao of Han
217:Kaifu Yitong Sansi
128:After the general
21:simplified Chinese
674:, vol. 155, with
1107:
961:New Book of Tang
949:Old Book of Tang
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695:
689:
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672:New Book of Tang
668:Old Book of Tang
659:New Book of Tang
655:Old Book of Tang
651:
645:
631:New Book of Tang
628:
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609:
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596:. Archived from
589:New Book of Tang
581:New Book of Tang
572:New Book of Tang
567:
561:
546:Old Book of Tang
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433:(司空, one of the
82:Emperor Xuanzong
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34:
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888:Zizhi Tongjian
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869:Zizhi Tongjian
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848:Zizhi Tongjian
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829:Zizhi Tongjian
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813:Zizhi Tongjian
802:
759:Zizhi Tongjian
734:
726:Zizhi Tongjian
715:
707:Zizhi Tongjian
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692:Zizhi Tongjian
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676:Zizhi Tongjian
663:Zizhi Tongjian
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72:'s rebellion.
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602:. Retrieved
598:the original
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509:
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454:
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419:Menxia Sheng
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392:designation
367:
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323:
296:
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256:
252:Li Huaiguang
221:
216:
209:Pugu Huai'en
202:
162:crown prince
150:Yellow River
127:
108:
94:
79:
58:Tang dynasty
50:
46:
40:
16:
15:
694:, vol. 223.
604:February 7,
475:Han dynasty
456:Book of Han
250:), Hun and
181:Han Chinese
1035:800 deaths
1030:736 births
1024:Categories
591:, vol. 75.
405:Chang'an.
390:chancellor
213:Shi Chaoyi
146:Li Guangbi
577:sinicized
461:Sima Qian
400:held for
343:Wei River
326:Pingliang
193:An Qingxu
173:Bayan Nur
130:An Lushan
123:An Sishun
115:wet nurse
976:, vols.
966:vol. 155
954:vol. 134
938:vol. 235
922:vol. 233
892:vol. 232
873:vol. 231
852:vol. 230
833:vol. 229
817:vol. 228
794:Archived
779:Archived
745:and the
730:vol. 225
711:vol. 224
680:vol. 223
657:and the
638:Archived
635:vol. 155
613:Archived
554:Archived
551:vol. 134
516:vol. 198
471:Jin Midi
453:and the
415:Shizhong
382:Yuncheng
374:Hanzhong
370:Li Sheng
359:Shangluo
306:Li Xilie
301:Cui Ning
236:Xianyang
224:Jinzhong
185:Guo Ziyi
154:Chang'an
134:rebelled
110:jiedushi
101:Yinchuan
97:Shuofang
42:Hún Jiān
17:Hun Jian
905:"中央研究院"
791:vol. 12
776:vol. 82
767:Fudashi
755:Fudashi
585:Xiongnu
497:"中央研究院"
473:of the
402:Han Xin
378:Shaanxi
363:Shaanxi
355:Shaanxi
338:Zhu Tao
310:Xuchang
297:Shangfu
264:Ningxia
248:Shaanxi
240:Shaanxi
189:Luoyang
165:Li Heng
158:Chengdu
138:Beijing
105:Ningxia
68:during
55:Chinese
47:Hun Jin
751:deputy
431:Sikong
426:Ma Sui
386:Shanxi
351:Ankang
334:Zhu Ci
272:Hohhot
260:Guyuan
244:Weinan
228:Shanxi
169:Lingwu
70:Zhu Ci
39::
37:pinyin
31::
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330:Gansu
314:Henan
268:Huige
232:Tufan
119:Tujue
86:Tiele
62:Tiele
770:See
606:2010
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