Liver - Knowledge

1235: 907:

classification divides the liver into eight functionally independent liver segments. Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. In the centre of each segment are branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. In the periphery of each segment is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins. The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units (numbered I to VIII) with unit 1, the caudate lobe, receiving its supply from both the right and the left branches of the portal vein. It contains one or more hepatic veins which drain directly into the inferior vena cava. The remainder of the units (II to VIII) are numbered in a clockwise fashion:

2132: 2148: 1090: 802: 2120: 790: 778: 2425: 1210: 2827: 2389: 1811:. Globally, about 248 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis B (with 843,724 in the U.S.), and 142 million are chronically infected with hepatitis C (with 2.7 million in the U.S.). Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E respectively, but these generally resolve and do not become chronic. Hepatitis D virus is a "satellite" of hepatitis B virus (it can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B), and co-infects nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B, globally. 895: 2367:, both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor, and indeed there were at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases. A 2006 publication addressed the problem of donor mortality and found at least fourteen cases. The risk of postoperative complications (and death) is far greater in right-sided operations than that in left-sided operations. 47: 2413: 2660: 983: 2160: 705: 818: 1738: 1073:

into intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatoblasts not adjacent to portal veins instead differentiate into hepatocytes and arrange into cords lined by sinusoidal epithelial cells and bile canaliculi. Once hepatoblasts are specified into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion, they begin acquiring the functions of a mature hepatocyte, and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant

657: 542: 3027: 2401: 605: 1110:

There, it joins with the left branch of the portal vein. The ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava, allowing placental blood to bypass the liver. In the fetus, the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes and filtration of the infant liver because nutrients are received directly from the mother via the

1255:, small grooves between the faces of adjacent hepatocytes. The canaliculi radiate to the edge of the liver lobule, where they merge to form bile ducts. Within the liver, these ducts are termed intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they exit the liver, they are considered extrahepatic. The intrahepatic ducts eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which exit the liver at the 404: 372:, regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex organic molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions. Estimates regarding the organ's total number of functions vary, but is generally cited as being around 500. For this reason, the liver has sometimes been described as the body's 2311: 2983:) – has, however, made considerable progress in the sixty-odd years since Cunnison's report; the idea that some intoxicating substance might reside in giraffe livers may no longer be as far-fetched as it seemed to Cunnison. However, to date, proof (or disproof) still waits on detailed analyses of the organ and the beverage made from it. 837:, and the opening for the portal vein. The duct, vein, and artery divide into left and right branches, and the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes. The functional lobes are separated by the imaginary plane, Cantlie's line, joining the gallbladder fossa to the 1198: 62: 2196:

in mammals. The lobes that are removed do not regrow and the growth of the liver is a restoration of function, not original form. This contrasts with true regeneration where both original function and form are restored. In some other species, such as zebrafish, the liver undergoes true regeneration

1180:

drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow. Oxygen is provided from both sources; about half of the liver's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein,

664:

Several impressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the

1109:

In the growing fetus, a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein, which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver.

1567:

draining from the liver usually has a protein concentration of about 6 g/dl, which is only slightly less than the protein concentration of plasma. Also, the high permeability of the liver sinusoid epithelium allows large quantities of lymph to form. Therefore, about half of all the lymph formed in

647:

The visceral surface or inferior surface is uneven and concave. It is covered in peritoneum apart from where it attaches the gallbladder and the porta hepatis. The fossa of gallbladder lies to the right of the quadrate lobe, occupied by the gallbladder with its cystic duct close to the right end of

1745:

The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body. Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions, the liver is prone to many diseases. The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the

1072:

and hepatocytes. The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from hepatoblasts around portal veins, first producing a monolayer, and then a bilayer of cuboidal cells. In ductal plate, focal dilations emerge at points in the bilayer, become surrounded by portal mesenchyme, and undergo tubulogenesis

3041:

and is typically the largest internal organ. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates, though its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species, it is

1545:

Because the liver is an expandable organ, large quantities of blood can be stored in its blood vessels. Its normal blood volume, including both that in the hepatic veins and that in the hepatic sinuses, is about 450 milliliters, or almost 10 percent of the body's total blood volume. When high

1023:

is the tube of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme. The mesenchyme of septum transversum induces this endoderm to proliferate, to branch, and to form the glandular epithelium of the liver. A portion of the hepatic diverticulum (that region closest to the

921:

About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60% of these genes are expressed in a normal, adult liver. Over 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver, with some 150 genes highly specific for liver tissue. A large fraction of the corresponding liver-specific

906:

system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein. The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives blood flow from both the right- and left-sided vascular branches. The Couinaud

5184:

Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.;

1266:

Bile either drains directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the

2619:(similar to "your honor") is widely available throughout the old testament, sometimes compared to the breathing soul (Genesis 49:6, Psalms 7:6, etc.). An honorable hat was also referred to with this word (Job 19:9, etc.) and under that definition appears many times along with 2607:(presumably for the same reason). In the Book of Lamentations (2:11) it is used to describe the physiological responses to sadness by "my liver spilled to earth" along with the flow of tears and the overturning in bitterness of the intestines. On several occasions in the 2251:. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. Research is being carried out on the use of stem cells for the generation of an 2360:) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child. 5185:

Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; et al. (2016).

5311:

Rajani R, Melin T, Björnsson E, Broomé U, Sangfelt P, Danielsson A, Gustavsson A, Grip O, Svensson H, Lööf L, Wallerstedt S, Almer SH (Feb 2009). "Budd-Chiari syndrome in Sweden: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and survival – an 18-year experience".

2412: 6112:"My eyes terminated with tears, my intestines overturned with bitterness, my liver spilled to the earth on the breaking of my nation's daughter when a suckling baby lies in the town squares" (Lamentations 2:11) this could be interpreted to be read as my 2131: 2463:) would peck out his liver, which would regenerate overnight (the liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent). Many ancient peoples of the Near East and Mediterranean areas practiced a type of 1097:

At birth, the liver comprises roughly 4% of body weight and weighs on average about 120 g (4 oz). Over the course of further development, it will increase to 1.4–1.6 kg (3.1–3.5 lb) but will only take up 2.5–3.5% of body weight.

3016:

This has been confirmed by the Kumarčen. I am not competent to judge as to the chemical conditions of production of poison which is not destroyed by the heat of explosion. However, the Tungus themselves compare this method with the poisoning of

1550:

with peripheral congestion. Thus, in effect, the liver is a large, expandable, venous organ capable of acting as a valuable blood reservoir in times of excess blood volume and capable of supplying extra blood in times of diminished blood volume.

2370:

With the recent advances of noninvasive imaging, living liver donors usually have to undergo imaging examinations for liver anatomy to decide if the anatomy is feasible for donation. The evaluation is usually performed by multidetector row

592:, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the 635:

are not related to the anatomic ligaments in joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, though they serve as surface landmarks. The falciform ligament functions to attach the liver to the

2379:(MRI). MDCT is good in vascular anatomy and volumetry. MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy. Donors with very unusual vascular anatomy, which makes them unsuitable for donation, could be screened out to avoid unnecessary operations. 568:

makes a superficial division of the liver into a left and right lobe. From below, the two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one in front of the other. A line can be imagined running from the left of the

2197:

by restoring both shape and size of the organ. In the liver, large areas of the tissues are formed but for the formation of new cells there must be sufficient amount of material so the circulation of the blood becomes more active.

1181:

and half is met by the hepatic arteries. The hepatic artery also has both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors; therefore, flow through the artery is controlled, in part, by the splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system.

1155:

The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver is thought to be responsible for up to 500 separate functions, usually in combination with other systems and organs. Currently, no

422:

of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5 kilograms (3.3 pounds) and has a width of about 15 centimetres (6 inches). There is considerable size variation between individuals, with the standard

6132:(in Hebrew, Israeli Linguist Ruvik Rosenthal's website). Rosenthal hypothesized that the term's usage to describe heaviness comes perhaps from the liver being the heaviest of all body parts in some farm animals or in humans. 1051:

After migration of hepatoblasts into the septum transversum mesenchyme, the hepatic architecture begins to be established, with liver sinusoids and bile canaliculi appearing. The liver bud separates into the lobes. The left

683:

Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression.

687:

The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left of the gastric impression. This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, the

4957:

Timens, Wim; Kamps, Willem A.; Rozeboom-Uiterwijk, Thea; Poppema, Sibrand (September 1990). "Haemopoiesis in human fetal and embryonic liver: Immunohistochemical determination in B5-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues".

1872:. Factors contributing to the development of alcoholic liver diseases are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, but can also include gender, genetics, and liver insult. Liver damage can also be 1626:- The formation of blood cells is called haemopoiesis. In embryonic stage RBC and WBC are formed by liver. In the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of 4172:

Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".

1470:(a yellowish liquid) required for emulsifying fats and help the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. The liver produces 1246:

is derived from the branches of the bile ducts. The biliary tract, also known as the biliary tree, is the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the

724:

radiating from a central vein towards an imaginary perimeter of interlobular portal triads. The central vein joins to the hepatic vein to carry blood out from the liver. A distinctive component of a lobule is the

743:

cells and nonparenchymal cells. About 70–85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume. The

4763:"Synthesis of all plasma protein fractions except gamma globulins by the liver; the use of zone electrophoresis and lysine-epsilon-C14 to define the plasma proteins synthesized by the isolated perfused liver" 729:, which can be found running along each of the lobule's corners. The portal triad consists of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the common bile duct. The triad may be seen on a liver ultrasound, as a 616:, that helps to reduce friction against other organs. This surface covers the convex shape of the two lobes where it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form the 1077:

accumulation. In the adult liver, hepatocytes are not equivalent, with position along the portocentrovenular axis within a liver lobule dictating expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism,

5137:

Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, Krause G, Ott JJ (2015). "Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013".

680:, between the bare area and the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland. 1546:

pressure in the right atrium causes backpressure in the liver, the liver expands, and 0.5 to 1 liter of extra blood is occasionally stored in the hepatic veins and sinuses. This occurs especially in

5187:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 2119: 1509:, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for the breakdown and excretion of many waste products. It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances (e.g., 2424: 1957:

the most common type of liver tumour, thought to be congenital. A genetic disorder causing multiple cysts to form in the liver tissue, usually in later life, and usually asymptomatic, is

4443:

Egerton, S.; Wan, A.; Murphy, K.; Collins, F.; Ahern, G.; Sugrue, I.; Busca, K.; Egan, F.; Muller, N.; Whooley, J.; McGinnity, P.; Culloty, S.; Ross, R. P.; Stanton, C. (6 March 2020).

2928:

Cunnison's remarkable account of an apparently psychoactive mammal found its way from a somewhat obscure scientific paper into more mainstream literature through a conversation between

2676:

Humans commonly eat the livers of mammals, fowl, and fish as food. Domestic pig, ox, lamb, calf, chicken, and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets. In the

6322:

Old, J.M.; Selwood, L.; Deane, E.M. (2003). "A Histological Investigation of the Lymphoid and Immunohaematopoietic Tissues of the Adult Stripe-Faced Dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura)".

2363:

More recently, adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to

841:. The plane separates the liver into the true right and left lobes. The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes. The right lobe is further divided into an 2550:) is the same as the word for courage. In English the term 'lily-livered' is used to indicate cowardice from the medieval belief that the liver was the seat of courage. Spanish 6518:

Guo, Bin; Zhang, Shicui; Wang, Shaohui; Liang, Yujun (2009). "Expression, mitogenic activity and regulation by growth hormone of growth hormone / insulin-like growth factor in

2418:

MDCT image. 3D image created by MDCT can clearly visualize the liver, measure the liver volume, and plan the dissection plane to facilitate the liver transplantation procedure.

497:. This tissue extends into the structure of the liver by accompanying the blood vessels, ducts, and nerves at the hepatic hilum. The whole surface of the liver, except for the 1176:

The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers around 75% of the liver's blood supply and carries

6357:

Yuan, Shaochun; Ruan, Jie; Huang, Shengfeng; Chen, Shangwu; Xu, Anlong (February 2015). "Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system".

3238: 2963:

I can only assume that there is no intoxicating substance in the drink, and that the effect it produces is simply a matter of convention, although it may be brought about

3465: 2615::9), the word is used to describe happiness in the liver, along with the heart (which beats rapidly) and the flesh (which appears red under the skin). Further usage as 4576:

Old, J.M; Selwood, L; Deane, E.M (April 2004). "A developmental investigation of the liver, bone marrow and spleen of the stripe-faced dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura)".

4224:

Kampf, Caroline; Mardinoglu, Adil; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Edlund, Karolina; Lundberg, Emma; Pontén, Fredrik; Nielsen, Jens; Uhlen, Mathias (2014-07-01).

2478:

In Plato, and in later physiology, the liver was thought to be the seat of the darkest emotions (specifically wrath, jealousy and greed) which drive men to action. The

1263:

from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. The biliary system and connective tissue is supplied by the hepatic artery alone.

3011:

Formerly the using of poisoned arrows was common. For instance, among the Kumarčen, even in recent times, a poison was used which was prepared from decaying liver.

5238: 4122: 2147: 612:

On the diaphragmatic surface, apart from a triangular bare area where it connects to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the

3889: 219: 427:

for men being 970–1,860 grams (2.14–4.10 lb) and for women 600–1,770 g (1.32–3.90 lb). It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest

356:, a small hollow pouch that sits just under the right lobe of liver, stores and concentrates the bile produced by the liver, which is later excreted to the 6688: 2388: 5986: 1817:

is caused by an accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver. This condition can result in coma and can prove fatal.

4072:

Strunk, H.; Stuckmann, G.; Textor, J.; Willinek, W. (2003). "Limitations and pitfalls of Couinaud's segmentation of the liver in transaxial Imaging".

1209: 4614:

Old, J. M.; Deane, E. M. (February 2003). "The lymphoid and immunohaematopoietic tissues of the embryonic brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)".

2959:

Cunnison, on the other hand, writing in 1958 found it hard to believe in the literal truth of the Humr's assertion that the drink was intoxicating:

801: 6163: 2752:). In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, as in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill (e.g. 3588: 3127: 5966:

Now among people in a primitive state of culture the soul is almost invariably supposed to reside in the liver instead of in the heart or brain.

4047: 1942: 518: 195: 1466:, and a bulk of the body's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver. The liver plays a key role in digestion, as it produces and excretes 1044:. The hepatic endodermal cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratified resulting in thickening into the early 6201: 6142: 1280: 6634: 6018: 5044: 2047:, substances which help prevent bleeding. When liver damage occurs, these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur. 1961:. Diseases that interfere with liver function will lead to derangement of these processes. However, the liver has a great capacity to 4026: 2400: 2217: 931: 6681: 3291:

Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993).

5063:"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review" 2896:. Anthropologist Ian Cunnison accompanied the Humr on one of their giraffe-hunting expeditions in the late 1950s, and noted that: 789: 5256: 3242: 2159: 4288: 3618: 4445:"Replacing fishmeal with plant protein in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) diets by supplementation with fish protein hydrolysate" 4503:

Old, J.M.; Deane, E.M. (July 2000). "Development of the immune system and immunological protection in marsupial pouch young".

3455: 2321:

is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to

553:

divided into two parts when viewed from above – a right and a left lobe – and four parts when viewed from below (left, right,

6595: 6576: 6306: 6195: 5996: 5959: 5614: 5589: 5401: 5287: 4745: 4658: 4427: 4151: 3965: 3932: 3803: 3770: 3738: 3706: 3652: 3439: 3304: 3275: 2087:

tests will be carried out. A physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and any tenderness, and some form of

777: 5537:

Sheporaitis, L; Freeny, PC (1998). "Hepatic and portal surface veins: A new anatomic variant revealed during abdominal CT".

5469: 1028:

of the liver, and a branch from this duct produces the gallbladder. Besides signals from the septum transversum mesenchyme,

5572:

Defrances, Marie C.; Michalopoulos, George K. (2011). "Liver Regeneration and Partial Hepatectomy: Process and Prototype".

4937: 3672: 1559:

Because the pores in the hepatic sinusoids are very permeable and allow ready passage of both fluid and proteins into the

1048:. Their expansion forms a population of the bipotential hepatoblasts. Hepatic stellate cells are derived from mesenchyme. 6674: 5234: 4118: 5061:

Younossi, Zobair M.; Golabi, Pegah; Paik, James M.; Henry, Austin; Van Dongen, Catherine; Henry, Linda (1 April 2023).

4938:"If a person stops consuming the vitamin, the body's stores of this vitamin usually take about 3 to 5 years to exhaust" 2843: 2353: 1906:) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage. This can lead to scarring ( 676:

The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the

692:, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach and lies in front of the anterior layer of the 6811: 6241: 4861: 4818:

Jelkmann, Wolfgang (2001). "The role of the liver in the production of thrombopoietin compared with erythropoietin".

4712: 4685: 3873: 3848: 3337: 2948:, who discussed it in a book on psychoactive drugs for general readers. He speculated that a hallucinogenic compound 2192:; as little as 25% of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver. This is, however, not true regeneration but rather 2012:. Itching is the most common complaint by people who have liver failure. Often this itch cannot be relieved by drugs. 1995:, a brown pigment, is absent from the stool. Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver. 749: 5700:"p75 Neurotrophin receptor is a marker for precursors of stellate cells and portal fibroblasts in mouse fetal liver" 5355:

Hirschfield, GM; Gershwin, ME (Jan 24, 2013). "The immunobiology and pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis".

1234: 2430:

Phase contrast CT image. Contrast is perfusing the right liver but not the left due to a left portal vein thrombus.

1762: 286: 3819: 3817: 3815: 6392:

Yu, Jr-Kai Sky; Lecroisey, Claire; Le Pétillon, Yann; Escriva, Hector; Lammert, Eckhard; Laudet, Vincent (2015).

5680: 3052:

An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate

5270:

Dény, P. (2006). "Hepatitis Delta Virus Genetic Variability: From Genotypes I, II, III to Eight Major Clades?".

2524:) refer to the liver in figurative speech to indicate courage and strong feelings, or "their best"; e.g., "This 2110:. This procedure may be helped by a sonographer providing ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist. 1652:

of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the

3812: 2802:(caul fat), and grilled over an open fire. Traditionally, some fish livers were valued as food, especially the 1934: 868:

and blood vessels. The contents of the whole plate system are surrounded by a sheath. The three plates are the

485:(hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, 6002: 5120: 1946: 1796: 214: 1902:) affected early in the disease. When these ducts are damaged, bile and other toxins build up in the liver ( 1853:

of dead red blood cells; normally, the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile.

922:

proteins are mainly expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and constitute plasma proteins and

6961: 4877:

Lautt, WW; Greenway, CV (August 1976). "Hepatic venous compliance and role of liver as a blood reservoir".

2929: 2228: 1649: 1471: 916: 641: 637: 6698: 3422:

Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005).

2806:

liver. It was used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England, as well as the

1965:

and has a large reserve capacity. In most cases, the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage.

1160:

or device is capable of reproducing all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be carried out by

2269:

where, each day, his liver was devoured by an eagle, only to grow back each night. The myth suggests the

2193: 1950: 1887: 1807:. Chronic (rather than acute) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the main cause of 588:, which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the 585: 17: 5851:

Power, C.; Rasko, J.E. (2008). "Whither prometheus' liver? Greek myth and the science of regeneration".

6756: 6068: 3085: 2376: 2106:

will be necessary, and a tissue sample is taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the

669:

and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the

3592: 3135: 2050:

Pain in the upper right quadrant can result from the stretching of Glisson's capsule in conditions of

7025: 6977: 6155: 2334: 1695: 1229: 621: 325: 5865: 2710:," referring to the livers of geese that had been fattened on figs. Animal livers are rich in iron, 6997: 4419: 4051: 3077: 3058:. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a "true" liver but rather a 2779: 2534:, literally "the strength (power) of my liver", is a term of endearment in Urdu. In Persian slang, 2125:

Axial CT image showing anomalous hepatic veins coursing on the liver's subcapsular anterior surface

1958: 1818: 1029: 625: 178: 6666: 5687:. New York Henry Holt and Company London Williams and Norgate The University Press, Cambridge, MA. 3378: 3102: 387:

have not been developed to promote long-term replacement in the absence of the liver. As of 2018,

6855: 6840: 6734: 1857: 1129: 1079: 1065: 573:

and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves. This line is called

302: 1128:. After 2–5 days, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated; the former becomes the 733:

with the portal vein as the head, and the hepatic artery, and the common bile duct as the ears.

6749: 6714: 6145:

in Akkadian, (From online dictionary at Association Assyrophile de France organization website)

5860: 5424:

Saxena, Romil; Theise, Neil (2004). "Canals of Hering: Recent Insights and Current Knowledge".

3431: 2949: 2634: 2364: 2349: 2185: 1962: 1919: 1814: 1522: 1185: 1184:

Blood flows through the liver sinusoids and empties into the central vein of each lobule. The

1089: 1041: 498: 459: 379:

It is not known how to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although

349: 226: 202: 190: 31: 6185: 5391: 3984:

Kawarada, Y; Das, BC; Taoka, H (2000). "Anatomy of the hepatic hilar area: the plate system".

3758: 3726: 3694: 1197: 489:

connective tissue layer extending from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as

6801: 6744: 4314:"Beta-catenin signaling in hepatic development and progenitors: which way does the WNT blow?" 3640: 2475:, where they tried to obtain information by examining the livers of sheep and other animals. 2345: 2318: 2282: 2030: 1653: 1083: 971: 894: 880:

and the plate system is the site of the many anatomical variations to be found in the liver.

834: 760: 481:

Hepatic lobules are the functional units of the liver. Each lobule is made up of millions of

388: 106: 6394:"Identification, evolution and expression of an insulin-like peptide in the cephalochordate 6015: 5874: 4411: 3919:. Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology. Vol. 161. pp. iii–xiii, 1–151. 3423: 6761: 6472: 6455:

Escriva, Hector; Chao, Yeqing; Fan, Chunxin; Liang, Yujun; Gao, Bei; Zhang, Shicui (2012).

6409: 5041: 4456: 4226:"The human liver-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling" 3354: 3064:

of the vertebrate liver. The amphioxus hepatic caecum produces the liver-specific proteins

2937: 2227:, called hepatic oval cells or ovalocytes (not to be confused with oval red blood cells of 2072: 1923: 1804: 1751: 1560: 1368: 1147:

Unlike eutherian mammals, in marsupials the liver remains haematopoietic well after birth.

1045: 1020: 764: 270: 4022: 3405: 1188:

coalesce into hepatic veins, which leave the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava.

8: 6872: 6279: 5978: 5368: 4412: 3004: 2980: 2976: 2933: 2372: 1915: 1861: 1755: 1376: 1285:

The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, and lipid metabolism.

1141: 994: 846: 632: 593: 384: 122: 6476: 6413: 5095: 5062: 4460: 3290: 6867: 6724: 6547: 6495: 6456: 6432: 6393: 5929: 5886: 5801: 5784: 5764: 5752: 5656: 5631: 5514: 5487: 5449: 5337: 5252: 5211: 5186: 5163: 5019: 5002: 4983: 4795: 4762: 4477: 4444: 4387: 4362: 4338: 4313: 4263: 4206: 4097: 3786:

Skandalakis, Lee J.; Skandalakis, John E.; Skandalakis, Panajiotis N. (2009). "Liver".

3570: 3519: 3210: 3185: 3149:

Elias, H.; Bengelsdorf, H. (1 July 1952). "The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates".

3059: 2726: 2179: 2137:

Maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT image as viewed anteriorly showing the anomalous

2019: 1891: 1822: 1009: 854: 838: 617: 581: 565: 408: 294: 262: 5202: 5151: 4516: 4363:"β-catenin regulates mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation during hepatogenesis" 3421: 993:, the development of the organs, takes place from the third to the eighth week during 6992: 6987: 6905: 6862: 6628: 6591: 6572: 6539: 6500: 6437: 6374: 6339: 6302: 6237: 6191: 5992: 5955: 5933: 5921: 5917: 5878: 5840: 5806: 5756: 5721: 5661: 5610: 5585: 5554: 5519: 5466: 5453: 5441: 5397: 5372: 5329: 5325: 5293: 5283: 5216: 5155: 5100: 5082: 5024: 4975: 4894: 4890: 4857: 4835: 4831: 4800: 4782: 4741: 4737: 4708: 4681: 4654: 4631: 4593: 4555: 4520: 4482: 4423: 4392: 4343: 4282: 4255: 4247: 4198: 4190: 4089: 4001: 3961: 3938: 3928: 3869: 3844: 3799: 3766: 3734: 3702: 3648: 3614: 3562: 3554: 3537:

Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J. M. (2015). "Normal Organ Weights in Women".

3511: 3503: 3435: 3424: 3333: 3310: 3300: 3293: 3271: 3215: 3166: 2754: 2677: 2642: 2638: 2259: 2189: 1938: 1838: 1710: 1124:(or T lymphocytes). After birth, the formation of blood stem cells shifts to the red 1033: 967: 730: 574: 365: 6551: 5890: 5781:

An argument for the ancient Greek’s knowing about liver regeneration is provided by

5768: 5341: 5167: 4987: 4101: 3574: 3523: 2540:

is used as an adjective for any object which is desirable, especially women. In the

1771:

is a common condition of inflammation of the liver. The most usual cause of this is

486: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6900: 6895: 6850: 6845: 6783: 6771: 6653: 6611: 6531: 6490: 6480: 6427: 6417: 6366: 6331: 6129: 6109:כלו בדמעות עיני חמרמרו מעי נשפך לארץ כבדי על שבר בת עמי בעטף עולל ויונק ברחבות קריה 5913: 5870: 5830: 5796: 5748: 5711: 5651: 5643: 5577: 5546: 5509: 5499: 5433: 5364: 5321: 5275: 5206: 5198: 5147: 5118:

Hepatitis A, B, and C Center: Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Transmission, and Treatments

5090: 5074: 5014: 4967: 4886: 4827: 4790: 4774: 4733: 4623: 4585: 4547: 4512: 4472: 4464: 4382: 4374: 4333: 4325: 4267: 4237: 4182: 4143: 4081: 3993: 3920: 3791: 3546: 3495: 3205: 3197: 3158: 2992: 2826: 2749: 2741: 2688: 2495: 2252: 2244: 2232: 1914:. Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver, and can result in 1899: 1668: 1521:, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, the toxins are 1268: 1157: 1133: 850: 830: 670: 475: 458:, whereas the portal vein carries blood rich in digested nutrients from the entire 435:, resting just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach, and overlying the 432: 5274:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 307. pp. 151–171. 4210: 3486:

Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J.M. (2012). "Normal Organ Weights in Men".

1168:. The liver also accounts for about 20% of resting total body oxygen consumption. 6972: 6485: 6422: 6229: 6022: 5716: 5699: 5473: 5124: 5078: 5048: 3795: 3550: 3499: 2945: 2803: 2759: 2681: 2448: 2088: 2034: 2023: 1930: 1772: 1747: 1714: 1683: 1676: 1547: 1514: 1506: 1360: 1316: 1252: 903: 826: 677: 666: 502: 494: 424: 415: 251: 183: 6036: 3924: 3668: 1833:) that drain the liver. It presents with the classical triad of abdominal pain, 407:

The liver, viewed from above, showing the left and right lobes separated by the

7020: 6915: 6766: 6739: 5835: 5818: 4468: 2952:

in the giraffe liver might account for the intoxicating properties claimed for

2873: 2815: 2695: 2608: 2270: 2258:

Scientific and medical works about liver regeneration often refer to the Greek

1873: 1687: 1481:

hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have

1431: 1372: 1364: 1309: 1161: 1061: 1057: 1053: 745: 721: 713: 693: 689: 536: 524: 471: 447: 419: 380: 373: 318: 266: 134: 6535: 6370: 5550: 4627: 4589: 4551: 4378: 4085: 3201: 7014: 6823: 6788: 6729: 6073:

Diccionario vasco-español-francés ... Dictionnaire basque-espagnol-français .

5982: 5086: 4786: 4251: 4194: 3558: 3507: 3049:

In neonatal marsupials, it is responsible for the production of blood cells.

2905: 2893: 2787: 2767: 2722: 2664: 2541: 2333:, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for 2292: 2288: 2240: 2068: 2055: 1954: 1826: 1800: 1732: 1256: 1243: 1165: 1069: 1037: 1025: 990: 927: 889: 589: 558: 550: 482: 392: 207: 162: 6567: 5581: 5279: 4186: 3823: 3314: 545:

The liver, viewed from below, surface showing four lobes and the impressions

46: 6806: 6778: 6719: 6543: 6504: 6441: 6378: 6343: 5947: 5925: 5882: 5844: 5760: 5725: 5665: 5523: 5445: 5376: 5333: 5297: 5220: 5159: 5104: 5051:

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Retrieved 2010-01-22

5028: 4839: 4804: 4635: 4597: 4559: 4524: 4486: 4396: 4347: 4259: 4202: 4093: 4005: 3942: 3566: 3515: 3219: 3170: 3069: 3065: 3042:

divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include

2996: 2941: 2867: 2791: 2654: 2103: 1968: 1808: 1664: 1638: 1623: 1463: 1435: 1427: 1371:. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors, as well as 1298: 1177: 1114:. The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal 756: 726: 554: 455: 443: 274: 118: 89: 5810: 5558: 5504: 5437: 4979: 4912: 3997: 1880:

and drugs used to treat cancer. A rupture of the liver can be caused by a

1856:

Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under

6890: 6882: 4898: 4778: 4242: 4225: 3460: 2877: 2795: 2771: 2715: 2491: 2472: 2357: 2356:

is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed (

2326: 2221: 2044: 1992: 1903: 1877: 1865: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1699: 1631: 1586: 1510: 1475: 1459: 1455: 1415: 1395: 1367:

are synthesised in the liver. It is also responsible for a large part of

1343: 1324: 1260: 1125: 959: 923: 768: 739:, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell: 451: 436: 353: 337: 138: 6586:

Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (4 November 2013).

6296: 5904:

Bramstedt K (2006). "Living liver donor mortality: where do we stand?".

4854:

Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext

4705:

Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext

4678:

Human Anatomy & Physiology + New Masteringa&p With Pearson Etext

2659: 2337:, in which liver failure occurs rapidly over a period of days or weeks. 1894:

of the liver. It is marked by slow progressive destruction of the small

1645:, helps in phagocytosis of dead blood cells and bacteria from the blood. 946:, and transporter proteins involved in the metabolism of drugs, such as 898:

Shape of human liver in animation, with eight Couinaud segments labelled

6796: 6658: 6645: 4971: 4648: 4329: 3038: 2999:

from rotting animal livers, which was, in later times, also applied to

2783: 2464: 2452: 2330: 2262: 2236: 2205: 2201: 2092: 2076: 2043:

and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease. The liver makes

1976: 1881: 1850: 1830: 1672: 1617: 1534: 1518: 1411: 1391: 1379: 1356: 1320: 1101:

Hepatosomatic index (HSI) is the ratio of liver weight to body weight.

1012: 1005: 982: 740: 717: 613: 506: 369: 345: 255: 77: 6335: 5698:

Suzuki K, Tanaka M, Watanabe N, Saito S, Nonaka H, Miyajima A (2008).

5647: 3162: 2732:

Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir-fried, or eaten raw (

2273:

may have known about the liver's remarkable capacity for self-repair.

454:. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta via the 61: 6832: 6616: 3410: 3097: 3054: 3046:, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. 2972: 2763: 2468: 2341: 2322: 2300: 2296: 2248: 2224: 2080: 2051: 2005: 1971:

refers to an enlarged liver and can be due to many causes. It can be

1911: 1895: 1869: 1846: 1768: 1642: 1627: 1597: 1593: 1582: 1578: 1502: 1482: 1423: 1419: 1407: 1399: 1332: 1308:

When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing

1137: 1093:

Adult ultrasound showing the right lobe of the liver and right kidney

1086:

has now been identified to be playing a key role in this phenomenon.

963: 865: 849:

segment by the right hepatic vein. The left lobe is divided into the

817: 753: 736: 704: 570: 361: 341: 278: 248: 94: 4956: 2406:

MDCT image. Portal venous anatomy contraindicated for liver donation

1215:

Diagram of liver, lobule, and portal tract and their inter-relations

829:, includes the opening known as the porta hepatis which carries the 431:

in the human body. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the

6931: 6696: 6301:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 354–355. 4361:

Berg T, DeLanghe S, Al Alam D, Utley S, Estrada J, Wang KS (2010).

2859: 2831: 2612: 2266: 2213: 2209: 2107: 2084: 2001: 1972: 1907: 1842: 1706: 1439: 1403: 1387: 1383: 1328: 1248: 1111: 1074: 1001: 842: 467: 357: 333: 314: 298: 6461:: Implications for the presence of a primitive coagulation system" 5117: 1737: 1375:

production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include

997:. The origins of the liver lie in both the ventral portion of the 767:, between a sinusoid and a hepatocyte. Additionally, intrahepatic 232: 6075:(in Spanish and French). Bilbao, Dirección del autor. p. 345 5476:

Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America. Retrieved 2010-01-22

4223: 3915:

Kmieć Z (2001). "Introduction — Morphology of the Liver Lobule".

3785: 3081: 3073: 2964: 2881: 2855: 2775: 2745: 2711: 2669: 2456: 2304: 2138: 2096: 2015: 1834: 1799:. Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the family 1758:

are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation.

1660: 1526: 1498: 1494: 1478: 1302: 1064:

becomes the portal vein. The expanding liver bud is colonized by

998: 943: 656: 310: 306: 290: 82: 52: 1765:, which affects an estimated one-third of the world population. 541: 470:. These blood vessels subdivide into small capillaries known as 5136: 4171: 3239:"Anatomy and physiology of the liver – Canadian Cancer Society" 3000: 2917: 2479: 2455:

for revealing fire to humans by chaining him to a rock where a

2394:

MDCT image. Arterial anatomy contraindicated for liver donation

2040: 1613: 1605: 1120: 1115: 1016: 947: 463: 258: 101: 6571:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders. 2012. 6260:

Cunnison, Ian (1958). "Giraffe hunting among the Humr tribe".

6025:. Shawuniversitymosque.org (2006-07-08). Retrieved 2013-03-19. 4119:"The Radiology Assistant : Anatomy of the liver segments" 3026: 2556:

also means "courage". However the secondary meaning of Basque

2184:

The liver is the only human internal organ capable of natural

1648:

The liver is responsible for immunological effects – the

716:. The lobules are roughly hexagonal, and consist of plates of 604: 6391: 4071: 3043: 3030: 2920:

or beer. But he uses this word to describe the effects which

2909: 2863: 2851: 2835: 2625: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2525: 2503: 2487: 2460: 1926:

and the systemic circulation, can be a subsequent condition.

1849:

in the system. The bilirubin results from the breakup of the

1754:–blood tests that can identify various markers. For example, 1691: 1564: 1451: 1297:

The liver synthesizes and stores around 100g of glycogen via

1293:

The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism.

1082:, ammonia detoxification, and bile production and secretion. 955: 951: 935: 428: 282: 150: 129: 6627: 4023:"Couinaud classification | Radiology Reference Article" 1987:

The classic symptoms of liver damage include the following:

4418:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2707: 2499: 2444: 2009: 1609: 1601: 1530: 1467: 939: 403: 329: 113: 6621: 5739:

Tietz PS, Larusso NF (May 2006). "Cholangiocyte biology".

5310: 4538:

Old, Julie M. (May 2016). "Haematopoiesis in Marsupials".

4048:"Three-dimensional Anatomy of the Couinaud Liver Segments" 3430:(7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1537:

or the urea cycle, and the urea is excreted in the urine.

1068:. The bipotential hepatoblasts begin differentiating into 712:

Microscopically, each liver lobe is seen to be made up of

509:, and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson's capsule. 5697: 5632:"New school in liver development: Lessons from zebrafish" 5245: 4960:

Virchows Archiv a Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology

4571: 4569: 2975:

in general – including entheogens of animal origin (e.g.

2310: 5227: 4360: 4113: 4111: 3960:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 404. 3581: 1929:

There are also many pediatric liver diseases, including

1525:

to avail excretion in bile or urine. The liver converts

807:

3D medical animation still shot depicting parts of liver

6638:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 801–803. 6588:

Wheater's Functional Histology: A text and colour atlas

6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 5354: 5060: 5000: 4442: 4144:"The human proteome in liver – The Human Protein Atlas" 3539:

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

3488:

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

2079:, that can readily show the extent of liver damage. If 1568:

the body under resting conditions arises in the liver.

5816: 5571: 4566: 3643:. In Busuttil, Ronald W.; Klintmalm, Göran B. (eds.). 2904:, will return to giraffe again and again. Humr, being 2528:

has thrown to you the pieces of its liver!". The term

2216:

and undergo mitosis. This process is activated by the

2165:

A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown

2153:

Lateral MIP view in the same patient as previous image

2004:(yellow skin and/or whites of the eyes) This is where 1577:

The liver stores a multitude of substances, including

1132:

and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosum. In the

860:

The hilum of the liver is described in terms of three

6107: 5977: 5605:

Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (1999).

5001:

Nguyen-Lefebvre, Anh Thu; Horuzsko, Anatolij (2015).

4820:

European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

4287:(6th ed.). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. 4108: 3270:(12th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 945. 2641:

and Ancient Egyptian preserved in classical Ethiopic

2620: 2566: 2535: 1355:

The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein

954:. Examples of highly liver-specific proteins include 66:

Location of human liver (in red) shown on a male body

30:

This article is about the organ. For other uses, see

6215: 3299:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. 3183: 6457:"A novel serpin with antithrombin-like activity in 6454: 6297:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). 6286:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. p. 89. 6278: 6255: 6253: 5817:Tiniakos, D.G.; Kandilis, A.; Geller, S.A. (2010). 5183: 4409: 3669:"Cantlie's line | Radiology Reference Article" 3400: 3398: 2633:These four meanings were used in preceding ancient 2519: 2141:

veins coursing on the anterior surface of the liver

1036:also contributes to hepatic competence, along with 6183: 5127:. Webmd.com (2005-08-19). Retrieved on 2016-05-10. 4649:Shneider, Benjamin L.; Sherman, Philip M. (2008). 4017: 4015: 3292: 3184:Abdel-Misih, Sherif R.Z.; Bloomston, Mark (2010). 2838:, who made a drink from giraffe liver. Plate from 2529: 2443:Some cultures regard the liver as the seat of the 2348:usually come from donors who have died from fatal 1637:The liver helps in the purification of blood. The 1513:) and most medicinal products in a process called 6517: 6356: 5536: 4642: 4609: 4607: 4498: 4496: 3266:Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. (2008). 3265: 2876:), make a non-alcoholic drink from the liver and 2208:. That is, the hepatocytes go from the quiescent 1998:Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine 1319:, which is the synthesis of glucose from certain 1259:, and merge to form the common hepatic duct. The 1251:. The bile produced in the liver is collected in 986:CT scan showing an adult liver in the axial plane 917:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression 883: 517:Terminology related to the liver often starts in 7012: 6250: 5819:"Tityus: A forgotten myth of liver regeneration" 5604: 3983: 3917:Cooperation of Liver Cells in Health and Disease 3868:(Eighth ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 494. 3843:(Eighth ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 501. 3530: 3479: 3395: 3148: 2888:. They claim it is intoxicating (Arabic سكران 2287:Human liver transplants were first performed by 1841:. Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by 1686:, a hormone that is responsible for raising the 414:The liver is a dark reddish brown, wedge-shaped 6448: 6385: 6321: 6190:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 313–. 5678: 4707:. Benjamin-Cummings Pub Co. 2012. p. 939. 4680:. Benjamin-Cummings Pub Co. 2012. p. 881. 4575: 4307: 4305: 4012: 3638: 5607:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 5393:Clinical Hepatology Principles and Practice of 4879:American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content 4604: 4493: 3426:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease 2995:of northeast Asia formerly prepared a type of 1775:, and the most common of these infections are 1493:The liver is responsible for the breakdown of 1430:. The liver is a major site of production for 1331:. Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by 938:, proteins involved in bile synthesis such as 910: 309:, conversion and storage of nutrients such as 51:The human liver is located in the upper right 6682: 6585: 6259: 6086: 6051: 6041:(in Spanish) (23.4 ed.). ASALE-RAE. 2020 5383: 4876: 3752: 3750: 3720: 3718: 2551: 1943:progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1024:digestive tube) continues to function as the 6590:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 6511: 6350: 6092: 5991:. London: Stuart & Watkins. p. 77. 5738: 5732: 5691: 5467:Extraintestinal Complications: Liver Disease 5423: 5263: 5130: 4761:Miller, L. L.; Bale, W. F. (February 1954). 4302: 3986:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery 3701:(3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 900–903. 3536: 3485: 3261: 3259: 2900:It is said that a person, once he has drunk 2798:, is made of minced lamb's liver wrapped in 2590: 2557: 2235:. These cells can differentiate into either 926:. Other liver-specific proteins are certain 6234:The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances 6228: 5903: 4730:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition 3979: 3977: 3233: 3231: 3229: 2790:may also be used as spreads. A traditional 2513: 1898:of the liver, with the intralobular ducts ( 1634:has almost completely taken over that task. 1335:, which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis. 1281:Proteins produced and secreted by the liver 1004:(endoderm being one of the three embryonic 771:are often present in the sinusoidal lumen. 261:, which performs many essential biological 6689: 6675: 6359:Developmental & Comparative Immunology 5988:Kundalini – the evolutionary energy in man 5952:Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria 5850: 5488:"Who should be performing liver biopsies?" 4760: 4727: 4578:Developmental & Comparative Immunology 4540:Developmental & Comparative Immunology 4505:Developmental & Comparative Immunology 4414:Anatomy a Regional Atlas of the Human Body 4280: 3747: 3715: 3692: 3639:Renz, John F.; Kinkhabwala, Milan (2014). 3327: 2545: 2507: 2220:receptors. There is also some evidence of 2022:of the ankles and feet occurs because the 1288: 383:techniques can be used in the short term. 6657: 6494: 6484: 6431: 6421: 6016:The Great Battle Of Badar (Yaum-E-Furqan) 5864: 5834: 5800: 5715: 5655: 5629: 5513: 5503: 5389: 5210: 5179: 5177: 5094: 5018: 4794: 4476: 4386: 4337: 4311: 4241: 3882: 3693:Kuntz, Erwin; Kuntz, Hans-Dieter (2009). 3256: 3209: 1761:The most common chronic liver disease is 1438:hormone that regulates the production of 1312:, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. 6617:VIRTUAL Liver – online learning resource 6569:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary 5789:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 5782: 4817: 4672: 4670: 4613: 4502: 3974: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3825:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary 3226: 3025: 2932:of the Institute of Social and Cultural 2825: 2658: 2565:In biblical Hebrew, the word for liver, 2314:After resection of left lobe liver tumor 2309: 2276: 1736: 1721: 1667:. It is essential in the maintenance of 1359:, synthesis as well as degradation. All 1233: 1144:, the umbilical vein can open up again. 1088: 981: 893: 816: 703: 655: 603: 540: 402: 5875:10.7326/0003-4819-149-6-200809160-00009 5630:Chu, Jaime; Sadler, Kirsten C. (2009). 4846: 4728:Rocha Leão, M.H.M. (2003). "Glycogen". 4699: 4697: 3914: 3330:Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease 3328:Zakim, David; Boyer, Thomas D. (2002). 1008:) and the constituents of the adjacent 580:Other anatomical landmarks include the 297:and mostly shielded by the lower right 27:Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism 14: 7013: 5946: 5785:"The myth of Prometheus and the liver" 5539:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 5174: 5003:"Kupffer Cell Metabolism and Function" 4653:. Connecticut: PMPH-USA. p. 751. 4065: 3955: 3832: 3756: 2986: 2438: 2231:), which are thought to reside in the 1694:, an enzyme that is released when the 795:Types of capillaries–sinusoid on right 763:are nonparenchymal cells found in the 699: 6670: 6067:Azkue, Resurrección María de (1905). 6066: 6060: 5565: 5485: 4667: 4121:. Radiologyassistant.nl. 2006-05-07. 3903: 3863: 3857: 3838: 3733:. Jaypee Brothers. pp. 592–606. 3731:Textbook of Anatomy with Colour Atlas 3724: 2858:ethnic group, native to southwestern 2486:) refers to the liver as the seat of 2173: 2008:deposits in skin, causing an intense 1750:. Liver diseases may be diagnosed by 1350: 1104: 821:Hilum of the liver, circled in yellow 812: 6643: 6108: 6028: 5492:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 5369:10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-164014 5269: 5007:Journal of Enzymology and Metabolism 4917:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 4767:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 4694: 3763:Last's Anatomy: Regional and Applied 3268:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 2621: 2567: 1342:which is synthesis of glycogen from 442:The liver is connected to two large 301:. Its other metabolic roles include 5741:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 4537: 2680:, the anatomical word for "liver" ( 2591: 2508: 1554: 1445: 857:segments by the left hepatic vein. 24: 6290: 6284:Psychomental Complex of the Tungus 5753:10.1097/01.mog.0000218965.78558.bc 4856:. Benjamin-Cummings Pub Co. 2012. 4651:Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease 4040: 3352: 2892:), causing dreams and even waking 2354:Living donor liver transplantation 1540: 1315:The liver is also responsible for 968:complement factor related proteins 748:are lined with two types of cell, 25: 7037: 6812:Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell 6605: 6038:Diccionario de la lengua española 5815:Counterarguments are provided by 3190:Surgical Clinics of North America 3125: 2265:who was chained to a rock in the 2200:This is predominantly due to the 1450:The liver plays several roles in 1301:, the formation of glycogen from 364:. The liver's highly specialized 6699:liver, pancreas and biliary tree 6612:Liver at the Human Protein Atlas 5918:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00421.x 5326:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01838.x 5259:from the original on 2016-03-12. 5241:from the original on 2017-08-25. 4891:10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.2.292 4832:10.1097/00042737-200107000-00006 3021: 2944:and intoxicants in society, and 2821: 2603:("heavy" with possessions) and 2423: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2307:in 1963 and 1967, respectively. 2158: 2146: 2130: 2118: 2029:Excessive fatigue occurs from a 1763:nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1208: 1196: 1164:, an experimental treatment for 800: 788: 783:Microscopic anatomy of the liver 776: 512: 391:is the only option for complete 60: 45: 6644:Rizi, Farid (14 January 2022). 6315: 6272: 6204:from the original on 2015-10-26 6177: 6166:from the original on 2018-06-12 6148: 6135: 6123: 6101: 6009: 5971: 5940: 5897: 5783:Chen, T.S.; Chen, P.S. (1994). 5775: 5672: 5623: 5598: 5530: 5479: 5460: 5417: 5348: 5304: 5111: 5054: 5035: 4994: 4950: 4930: 4905: 4870: 4811: 4754: 4721: 4531: 4436: 4403: 4354: 4291:from the original on 2017-12-18 4274: 4217: 4165: 4154:from the original on 2017-09-21 4136: 4125:from the original on 2015-06-26 4029:from the original on 2015-06-26 3949: 3779: 3727:"The Liver Pancreas and Spleen" 3686: 3675:from the original on 2015-06-27 3661: 3641:"Surgical Anatomy of the Liver" 3632: 3621:from the original on 2015-06-27 3607: 3468:from the original on 2017-03-21 3448: 3415: 2844:Stanislas d'Escayrac de Lauture 2830:19th-century drinking scene in 2758:). Well-known examples include 1795:. Some of these infections are 1663:, the most abundant protein in 1223: 1171: 708:Cells, ducts, and blood vessels 6561: 4738:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00563-0 3788:Surgical Anatomy and Technique 3765:. Elsevier. pp. 342–351. 3699:Hepatology: Textbook and Atlas 3371: 3346: 3321: 3284: 3177: 3142: 3132:Essentials of Human Physiology 3119: 3107:Is the liver a purifying organ 2912:and a Humrawi is never drunk ( 1935:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 1845:caused by increased levels of 1705:The liver produces the enzyme 1671:, and acts as a transport for 977: 884:Couinaud classification system 651: 13: 1: 6053:Ánimo, valentía. U. m. en pl. 5609:(7th ed.). p. 101. 5203:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 5152:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61412-X 4517:10.1016/S0145-305X(00)00008-2 3383:UPMC | Life Changing Medicine 3113: 2940:and specialist on the use of 2854:are one of the tribes in the 2702:, but from the culinary term 2694:, etc.) derives not from the 2031:generalized loss of nutrients 1947:Langerhans cell histiocytosis 1274: 608:Normal human liver at autopsy 6486:10.1371/journal.pone.0032392 6423:10.1371/journal.pone.0119461 5717:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.075 5079:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000004 4410:Clemente, Carmin D. (2011). 3796:10.1007/978-0-387-09515-8_13 3647:. Elsevier. pp. 23–39. 3645:Transplantation of the Liver 3551:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175 3500:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad 2626: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2062: 1650:mononuclear phagocyte system 1517:. This sometimes results in 1488: 1472:insulin-like growth factor 1 1150: 750:sinusoidal endothelial cells 398: 7: 6184:Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). 5853:Annals of Internal Medicine 5396:. Springer. pp. 895–. 3925:10.1007/978-3-642-56553-3_1 3866:Clinically oriented anatomy 3841:Clinically oriented anatomy 3355:"VA.gov | Veterans Affairs" 3241:. Cancer.ca. Archived from 3091: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2024:liver fails to make albumin 1982: 1888:Primary biliary cholangitis 911:Gene and protein expression 599: 586:round ligament of the liver 317:, and the decomposition of 10: 7042: 6757:Fibrous capsule of Glisson 6236:. Abacus. pp. 20–21. 5836:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.032 5390:Dancygier, Henryk (2010). 5357:Annual Review of Pathology 4469:10.1038/s41598-020-60325-7 4312:Lade AG, Monga SP (2011). 3589:"Etymology online hepatic" 3086:insulin-like growth factor 3037:The liver is found in all 2786:, are also a valued meal. 2706:, literally "stuffed with 2652: 2377:magnetic resonance imaging 2280: 2177: 1730: 1726: 1278: 1227: 914: 887: 534: 29: 6930: 6881: 6831: 6822: 6705: 6536:10.1007/s00441-009-0824-8 6396:Branchiostoma lanceolatum 6371:10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.004 5551:10.2214/ajr.171.6.9843288 5426:Seminars in Liver Disease 4628:10.1007/s00429-002-0285-2 4590:10.1016/j.dci.2003.08.004 4552:10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.009 4379:10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.033 4086:10.1007/s00330-003-1885-9 3759:"Liver and Biliary Tract" 3202:10.1016/j.suc.2010.04.017 3128:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30" 3003:. Russian anthropologist 2514: 2335:fulminant hepatic failure 2243:. Cholangiocytes are the 2083:is suspected, then other 1821:is a condition caused by 1230:Enterohepatic circulation 626:left triangular ligaments 326:accessory digestive organ 269:of the organism, and the 225: 213: 201: 189: 177: 161: 149: 144: 128: 112: 100: 88: 76: 71: 59: 44: 39: 6524:Cell and Tissue Research 5679:W.T. Councilman (1913). 5253:"WHO | Hepatitis E" 3956:Pocock, Gillian (2006). 3725:Singh, Inderbir (2008). 3295:Human Biology and Health 3078:alanine aminotransferase 2808:beignets de foie de raie 2599:and is used to describe 2494:counteracting this. The 1959:polycystic liver disease 1858:alcoholic liver diseases 1717:, into water and oxygen. 1571: 1501:. The liver breaks down 1462:, and the production of 1454:metabolism: it performs 1070:biliary epithelial cells 1030:fibroblast growth factor 660:Impressions of the liver 530: 350:breakdown of dietary fat 6841:Intrahepatic bile ducts 6635:Encyclopædia Britannica 6459:Branchiostoma japonicum 5954:. Cosimo. p. 281. 5582:10.1515/9783110250794.1 5280:10.1007/3-540-29802-9_8 5235:"www.hepatitisc.uw.edu" 4187:10.1126/science.1260419 3757:McMinn, R.M.H. (2003). 3379:"Function of the Liver" 2648: 2245:epithelial lining cells 2016:Swelling of the abdomen 1991:Pale stools occur when 1884:used in combat sports. 1289:Carbohydrate metabolism 1203:The liver and its veins 1130:round ligament of liver 1080:carbohydrate metabolism 368:, consisting mostly of 303:carbohydrate metabolism 285:, it is located in the 6640:with several diagrams. 6520:Branchiostoma belcheri 6093: 6087: 6052: 5685:Disease and Its Causes 4732:. pp. 2930–2937. 4616:Anatomy and Embryology 3615:"Anatomy of the Liver" 3034: 2950:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 2847: 2840:Le Désert et le Soudan 2812:foie de raie en croute 2725:is commonly used as a 2673: 2635:Afro-Asiatic languages 2558: 2552: 2546: 2544:, the word for liver ( 2315: 1815:Hepatic encephalopathy 1742: 1682:The liver synthesizes 1585:(1–4 months' supply), 1239: 1094: 1042:lateral plate mesoderm 987: 958:, coagulation factors 899: 822: 761:Hepatic stellate cells 709: 661: 609: 546: 523:from ἡπατο-, from the 505:coat derived from the 460:gastrointestinal tract 411: 227:Anatomical terminology 32:Liver (disambiguation) 6802:Hepatic stellate cell 6187:Unmentionable Cuisine 5823:Journal of Hepatology 5486:Ghent, Cam N (2009). 5438:10.1055/s-2004-823100 5272:Hepatitis Delta Virus 4284:Developmental Biology 3998:10.1007/s005340070007 3103:Johann Joseph Dömling 3029: 2829: 2662: 2319:Liver transplantation 2313: 2283:Liver transplantation 2277:Liver transplantation 1920:Congested anastomoses 1756:acute-phase reactants 1741:Left lobe liver tumor 1740: 1722:Clinical significance 1592:(3–5 years' supply), 1581:(1–2 years' supply), 1279:Further information: 1237: 1092: 985: 972:fibrinogen beta chain 915:Further information: 897: 835:common hepatic artery 820: 707: 659: 607: 544: 535:Further information: 493:after British doctor 474:, which then lead to 406: 389:liver transplantation 324:The liver is also an 271:synthesis of proteins 254:exclusively found in 6762:Perisinusoidal space 6324:Cells Tissues Organs 5906:Am. J. Gastroenterol 5197:(10053): 1545–1602. 5146:(10003): 1546–1555. 4779:10.1084/jem.99.2.125 4243:10.1096/fj.14-250555 4148:www.proteinatlas.org 3790:. pp. 497–531. 3595:on December 15, 2013 3359:www.hepatitis.va.gov 3151:Cells Tissues Organs 2938:University of Oxford 2589:, similar to Arabic 2451:, the gods punished 2099:may also be needed. 2073:liver function tests 1924:portal venous system 1819:Budd–Chiari syndrome 1805:herpes simplex virus 1797:sexually transmitted 1752:liver function tests 1561:perisinusoidal space 1442:by the bone marrow. 1369:amino acid synthesis 1021:hepatic diverticulum 825:The central area or 765:perisinusoidal space 633:peritoneal ligaments 305:, the production of 287:right upper quadrant 6873:Common hepatic duct 6646:"Beaver tail liver" 6477:2012PLoSO...732392C 6414:2015PLoSO..1019461L 6299:The Vertebrate Body 6280:Shirokogoroff, S.M. 5505:10.1155/2009/756584 5314:Liver International 4461:2020NatSR..10.4194E 4281:Gilbert SF (2000). 4025:. Radiopaedia.org. 3890:"Mickey Mouse sign" 3671:. Radiopaedia.org. 3005:S. M. Shirokogoroff 2987:Arrow/bullet poison 2977:hallucinogenic fish 2439:Society and culture 2373:computed tomography 2194:compensatory growth 1916:portal hypertension 1862:alcoholic hepatitis 1659:The liver produces 1377:coagulation factors 1142:portal hypertension 1066:hematopoietic cells 1040:emanating from the 956:apolipoprotein A II 902:In the widely used 700:Microscopic anatomy 171:root hepat- (ἡπατ-) 123:hepatic portal vein 6868:Right hepatic duct 6725:Ligamentum venosum 6659:10.53347/rID-96561 6021:2014-06-30 at the 5574:Liver Regeneration 5472:2010-11-21 at the 5123:2016-01-31 at the 5047:2011-10-30 at the 5042:Cirrhosis Overview 4972:10.1007/BF01605149 4919:. 9 September 2020 4449:Scientific Reports 4330:10.1002/dvdy.22522 4074:European Radiology 3035: 2884:, which they call 2848: 2727:dietary supplement 2674: 2325:, such as chronic 2316: 2180:Liver regeneration 2174:Liver regeneration 1951:hepatic hemangioma 1892:autoimmune disease 1860:and these include 1743: 1700:low blood pressure 1690:when activated by 1351:Protein metabolism 1257:transverse fissure 1240: 1105:Fetal blood supply 1095: 1010:septum transversum 988: 900: 839:inferior vena cava 823: 813:Functional anatomy 710: 662: 618:falciform ligament 610: 582:ligamentum venosum 566:falciform ligament 547: 501:, is covered in a 462:and also from the 412: 409:falciform ligament 273:and various other 7008: 7007: 6993:Centroacinar cell 6988:Pancreatic islets 6926: 6925: 6906:Sphincter of Oddi 6863:Left hepatic duct 6597:978-0-7020-4747-3 6578:978-1-4557-0985-4 6336:10.1159/000068946 6308:978-0-03-910284-5 6197:978-0-8139-1162-5 5998:978-1-57062-280-9 5961:978-1-61640-464-2 5710:(1): 270–281.e3. 5648:10.1002/hep.23157 5616:978-0-8089-2302-2 5591:978-3-11-025078-7 5576:. pp. 1–16. 5403:978-3-642-04509-7 5289:978-3-540-29801-4 4747:978-0-12-227055-0 4660:978-1-55009-364-3 4429:978-1-58255-889-9 4230:The FASEB Journal 4181:(6220): 1260419. 4080:(11): 2472–2482. 3967:978-0-19-856878-0 3934:978-3-540-41887-0 3864:Moore, K (2018). 3839:Moore, K (2018). 3805:978-0-387-09515-8 3772:978-0-7295-3752-0 3740:978-81-8061-833-8 3708:978-3-540-76839-5 3695:"Liver resection" 3654:978-1-4557-5383-3 3441:978-0-7216-0187-8 3306:978-0-13-981176-0 3277:978-0-470-08471-7 3163:10.1159/000140715 3126:Nosek, Thomas M. 2755:meurav Yerushalmi 2698:anatomical term, 2678:Romance languages 2067:The diagnosis of 1939:alagille syndrome 1839:liver enlargement 1711:hydrogen peroxide 864:that contain the 731:Mickey Mouse sign 491:Glisson's capsule 385:Artificial livers 336:fluid containing 241: 240: 236: 172: 16:(Redirected from 7033: 7026:Organs (anatomy) 6962:Uncinate process 6901:Ampulla of Vater 6896:Common bile duct 6851:Canals of Hering 6846:Bile canaliculus 6829: 6828: 6784:Lobules of liver 6772:Periportal space 6691: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6639: 6631: 6601: 6582: 6556: 6555: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6488: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6152: 6146: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6082: 6080: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6048: 6046: 6032: 6026: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6001:. Archived from 5975: 5969: 5968: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5868: 5848: 5838: 5814: 5804: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5719: 5704:Gastroenterology 5695: 5689: 5688: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5642:(5): 1656–1663. 5627: 5621: 5620: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5545:(6): 1559–1564. 5534: 5528: 5527: 5517: 5507: 5483: 5477: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5134: 5128: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5073:(4): 1335–1347. 5058: 5052: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4417: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4245: 4236:(7): 2901–2914. 4221: 4215: 4214: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4050:. Archived from 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4019: 4010: 4009: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3958:Human Physiology 3953: 3947: 3946: 3912: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3810: 3809: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3591:. Archived from 3585: 3579: 3578: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3456:"Enlarged liver" 3452: 3446: 3445: 3429: 3419: 3413: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3332:(4th ed.). 3325: 3319: 3318: 3298: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3134:. Archived from 3123: 2993:Tungusic peoples 2750:Japanese cuisine 2742:Lebanese cuisine 2629: 2624: 2623: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2562:is "indolence". 2561: 2555: 2549: 2539: 2533: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2253:artificial liver 2233:canals of Hering 2204:re-entering the 2162: 2150: 2134: 2122: 2045:clotting factors 1900:Canals of Hering 1777:hepatitis A 1677:steroid hormones 1669:oncotic pressure 1643:phagocytic cells 1555:Lymph production 1483:anabolic effects 1446:Lipid metabolism 1338:Liver also does 1333:breakdown of fat 1269:ampulla of Vater 1212: 1200: 1158:artificial organ 1123: 1034:developing heart 831:common bile duct 804: 792: 780: 671:suprarenal gland 527:word for liver. 433:abdominal cavity 374:chemical factory 233:edit on Wikidata 230: 170: 95:Digestive system 64: 49: 37: 36: 21: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6922: 6877: 6818: 6701: 6697:Anatomy of the 6695: 6650:Radiopaedia.org 6626: 6608: 6598: 6579: 6564: 6559: 6516: 6512: 6453: 6449: 6408:(3): e0119461. 6390: 6386: 6355: 6351: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6295: 6291: 6277: 6273: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6227: 6216: 6207: 6205: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6120:being spilled). 6106: 6102: 6078: 6076: 6065: 6061: 6044: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6023:Wayback Machine 6014: 6010: 5999: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5945: 5941: 5902: 5898: 5866:10.1.1.689.8218 5795:(12): 754–755. 5780: 5776: 5737: 5733: 5696: 5692: 5677: 5673: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5570: 5566: 5535: 5531: 5484: 5480: 5474:Wayback Machine 5465: 5461: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5353: 5349: 5309: 5305: 5290: 5268: 5264: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5182: 5175: 5135: 5131: 5125:Wayback Machine 5116: 5112: 5059: 5055: 5049:Wayback Machine 5040: 5036: 4999: 4995: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4816: 4812: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4647: 4643: 4612: 4605: 4574: 4567: 4536: 4532: 4501: 4494: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4408: 4404: 4359: 4355: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4222: 4218: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4013: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3954: 3950: 3935: 3913: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3813: 3806: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3617:. Liver.co.uk. 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3535: 3531: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3420: 3416: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3353:Basics, Liver. 3351: 3347: 3340: 3326: 3322: 3307: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3264: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3186:"Liver Anatomy" 3182: 3178: 3147: 3143: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3094: 3024: 2989: 2824: 2719: 2672:liver casserole 2657: 2651: 2449:Greek mythology 2441: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2392: 2285: 2279: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2142: 2135: 2126: 2123: 2065: 1985: 1931:biliary atresia 1876:, particularly 1874:caused by drugs 1748:thoracic cavity 1735: 1729: 1724: 1715:oxidising agent 1684:angiotensinogen 1590: 1574: 1557: 1548:cardiac failure 1543: 1541:Blood reservoir 1535:ornithine cycle 1533:as part of the 1515:drug metabolism 1507:glucuronidation 1491: 1448: 1386:(prothrombin), 1365:Gamma-globulins 1361:plasma proteins 1353: 1340:glyconeogenesis 1317:gluconeogenesis 1291: 1283: 1277: 1253:bile canaliculi 1232: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1204: 1201: 1174: 1153: 1119: 1118:, creating the 1107: 1015:. In the human 980: 919: 913: 892: 886: 878:umbilical plate 815: 808: 805: 796: 793: 784: 781: 746:liver sinusoids 714:hepatic lobules 702: 667:hepatic flexure 654: 648:porta hepatis. 640:portion of the 602: 539: 533: 515: 495:Francis Glisson 476:hepatic lobules 472:liver sinusoids 425:reference range 401: 319:red blood cells 281:and growth. In 237: 169: 67: 55: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6916:Cholecystocyte 6910: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6837: 6835: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6767:Liver sinusoid 6764: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6740:Lobes of liver 6737: 6735:Round ligament 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6641: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6606:External links 6604: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6577: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6510: 6447: 6384: 6365:(2): 297–305. 6349: 6330:(2): 115–121. 6314: 6307: 6289: 6271: 6249: 6242: 6214: 6196: 6176: 6147: 6134: 6122: 6100: 6085:(Bc, BN-s, R) 6059: 6027: 6008: 6005:on 2016-03-05. 5997: 5983:Hillman, James 5970: 5960: 5939: 5912:(4): 755–759. 5896: 5859:(6): 421–426. 5829:(2): 357–361. 5774: 5747:(3): 279–287. 5731: 5690: 5671: 5622: 5615: 5597: 5590: 5564: 5529: 5498:(6): 437–438. 5478: 5459: 5416: 5402: 5382: 5347: 5320:(2): 253–259. 5303: 5288: 5262: 5244: 5226: 5173: 5129: 5110: 5053: 5034: 4993: 4966:(5): 429–436. 4949: 4929: 4904: 4885:(2): 292–295. 4869: 4862: 4845: 4826:(7): 791–801. 4810: 4773:(2): 125–132. 4753: 4746: 4720: 4713: 4693: 4686: 4666: 4659: 4641: 4622:(3): 193–197. 4603: 4584:(4): 347–355. 4565: 4530: 4511:(5): 445–454. 4492: 4435: 4428: 4402: 4373:(2): 276–285. 4353: 4324:(3): 486–500. 4301: 4273: 4216: 4164: 4135: 4107: 4064: 4039: 4011: 3992:(6): 580–586. 3973: 3966: 3948: 3933: 3902: 3881: 3874: 3856: 3849: 3831: 3829:, p. 925. 3811: 3804: 3778: 3771: 3746: 3739: 3714: 3707: 3685: 3660: 3653: 3631: 3606: 3580: 3545:(3): 182–187. 3529: 3494:(4): 368–372. 3478: 3447: 3440: 3414: 3394: 3370: 3345: 3338: 3320: 3305: 3283: 3276: 3255: 3225: 3196:(4): 643–653. 3176: 3157:(4): 297–337. 3141: 3138:on 2016-03-24. 3117: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3100: 3093: 3090: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3012: 2988: 2985: 2969: 2968: 2965:subconsciously 2926: 2925: 2894:hallucinations 2874:Chadian Arabic 2834:, home to the 2823: 2820: 2816:French cuisine 2788:Liver sausages 2780:Braunschweiger 2717: 2653:Main article: 2650: 2647: 2643:Ge'ez language 2611:(most notably 2609:book of Psalms 2595:), also means 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2281:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2271:ancient Greeks 2241:cholangiocytes 2178:Main article: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2145: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2038: 2027: 2013: 1999: 1996: 1984: 1981: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1709:to break down 1703: 1688:blood pressure 1680: 1657: 1646: 1635: 1621: 1588: 1573: 1570: 1556: 1553: 1542: 1539: 1490: 1487: 1447: 1444: 1432:thrombopoietin 1382:(fibrinogen), 1373:red blood cell 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1336: 1313: 1310:glycogenolysis 1306: 1290: 1287: 1276: 1273: 1228:Main article: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1173: 1170: 1162:liver dialysis 1152: 1149: 1106: 1103: 1062:vitelline vein 1060:and the right 1058:ductus venosus 1054:umbilical vein 979: 976: 912: 909: 888:Main article: 885: 882: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 799: 797: 794: 787: 785: 782: 775: 701: 698: 694:lesser omentum 690:tuber omentale 653: 650: 601: 598: 575:Cantlie's line 559:quadrate lobes 537:Lobes of liver 532: 529: 514: 511: 448:hepatic artery 400: 397: 381:liver dialysis 328:that produces 277:necessary for 267:detoxification 239: 238: 229: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 193: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 165: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 142: 141: 135:Celiac ganglia 132: 126: 125: 116: 110: 109: 107:Hepatic artery 104: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 80: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7038: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 6999: 6998:Stellate cell 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984:Microanatomy 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Biliary tract 6821: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793:Microanatomy 6792: 6790: 6789:Liver segment 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730:Porta hepatis 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6629:"Liver" 6625: 6623: 6622:Liver enzymes 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471:(3): e32392. 6470: 6466: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6243:0-349-11127-8 6239: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6130:Kavod - Honor 6126: 6119: 6115: 6104: 6097: 6095: 6089: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6054: 6040: 6039: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5979:Krishna, Gopi 5974: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5948:Spence, Lewis 5943: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4863:9780321852120 4859: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4714:9780321852120 4710: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4687:9780321852120 4683: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4570: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4054:on 2009-02-09 4053: 4049: 4043: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3875:9781496347213 3871: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3850:9781496347213 3846: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3406:Liver Anatomy 3401: 3399: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3339:9780721690513 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3245:on 2015-06-26 3244: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3022:Other animals 3015: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971:The study of 2966: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:hallucinogens 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924:has upon him. 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908:, are strict 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2822:Giraffe liver 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:South African 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768:chopped liver 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723:cod liver oil 2720: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2665:Maksalaatikko 2661: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2543: 2542:Zulu language 2538: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:United States 2290: 2289:Thomas Starzl 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:liver disease 2057: 2056:pre-eclampsia 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2037:and vitamins. 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1980: 1979:measurement. 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:benign tumour 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:hepatic veins 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Herpesviridae 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1734: 1733:Liver disease 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1654:portal system 1651: 1647: 1644: 1641:of liver are 1640: 1639:Kupffer cells 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1549: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:triglycerides 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418:, as well as 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1244:biliary tract 1238:Biliary tract 1236: 1231: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1186:central veins 1182: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1166:liver failure 1163: 1159: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1102: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1084:WNT/β-catenin 1081: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:retinoic acid 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026:drainage duct 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 995:embryogenesis 992: 991:Organogenesis 984: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:liver enzymes 925: 918: 908: 905: 896: 891: 890:Liver segment 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:hepatic hilum 819: 803: 798: 791: 786: 779: 774: 773: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:Kupffer cells 755: 751: 747: 742: 738: 734: 732: 728: 723: 719: 715: 706: 697: 695: 691: 685: 681: 679: 674: 672: 668: 658: 649: 645: 643: 639: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 606: 597: 595: 591: 590:porta hepatis 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 549:The liver is 543: 538: 528: 526: 522: 521: 513:Gross anatomy 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:hepatic cells 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:blood vessels 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 417: 410: 405: 396: 394: 393:liver failure 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360:to help with 359: 355: 351: 348:and aids the 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 253: 250: 246: 234: 228: 224: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 206: 204: 200: 197: 194: 192: 188: 185: 182: 180: 176: 173: 166: 164: 160: 157: 154: 152: 148: 143: 140: 136: 133: 131: 127: 124: 120: 117: 115: 111: 108: 105: 103: 99: 96: 93: 91: 87: 84: 81: 79: 75: 70: 63: 58: 54: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6856:Interlobular 6807:Kupffer cell 6779:Portal triad 6720:Cantlie line 6706: 6649: 6633: 6587: 6568: 6530:(1): 67–77. 6527: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6450: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6387: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6298: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6261: 6233: 6206:. Retrieved 6186: 6179: 6168:. Retrieved 6159: 6150: 6137: 6125: 6117: 6116:spilled, or 6113: 6103: 6084: 6077:. Retrieved 6072: 6062: 6050: 6043:. Retrieved 6037: 6030: 6011: 6003:the original 5987: 5973: 5965: 5951: 5942: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5856: 5852: 5826: 5822: 5792: 5788: 5777: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5684: 5674: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5606: 5600: 5573: 5567: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5462: 5432:(1): 43–48. 5429: 5425: 5419: 5407:. Retrieved 5392: 5385: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5271: 5265: 5247: 5229: 5194: 5190: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5113: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5037: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4941:. Retrieved 4932: 4921:. Retrieved 4916: 4907: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4853: 4848: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4729: 4723: 4704: 4677: 4650: 4644: 4619: 4615: 4581: 4577: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4508: 4504: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4413: 4405: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4321: 4317: 4293:. Retrieved 4283: 4276: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4156:. Retrieved 4147: 4138: 4127:. Retrieved 4077: 4073: 4067: 4056:. Retrieved 4052:the original 4042: 4031:. Retrieved 3989: 3985: 3957: 3951: 3916: 3893:. Retrieved 3884: 3865: 3859: 3840: 3834: 3824: 3787: 3781: 3762: 3730: 3698: 3688: 3677:. Retrieved 3663: 3644: 3634: 3623:. Retrieved 3609: 3599:December 12, 3597:. Retrieved 3593:the original 3583: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3470:. Retrieved 3459: 3450: 3425: 3417: 3404: 3386:. Retrieved 3382: 3373: 3362:. Retrieved 3358: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3294: 3286: 3267: 3247:. Retrieved 3243:the original 3193: 3189: 3179: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3136:the original 3131: 3121: 3106: 3070:antithrombin 3066:vitellogenin 3060: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3036: 3007:wrote that: 2997:arrow poison 2990: 2970: 2958: 2953: 2934:Anthropology 2927: 2921: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2885: 2868: 2849: 2839: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2675: 2663: 2655:Liver (food) 2632: 2630:- grandeur. 2616: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2564: 2484:Berakhot 61b 2483: 2477: 2442: 2369: 2362: 2350:brain injury 2339: 2317: 2286: 2257: 2229:ovalocytosis 2199: 2186:regeneration 2183: 2104:liver biopsy 2102:Sometimes a 2101: 2075:, groups of 2066: 1986: 1969:Hepatomegaly 1967: 1928: 1922:between the 1886: 1855: 1813: 1809:liver cancer 1803:such as the 1767: 1760: 1744: 1624:Haemopoiesis 1558: 1544: 1492: 1449: 1436:glycoprotein 1428:antithrombin 1354: 1339: 1299:glycogenesis 1292: 1284: 1265: 1241: 1224:Biliary flow 1183: 1178:venous blood 1175: 1172:Blood supply 1154: 1146: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1056:becomes the 1050: 989: 920: 901: 877: 874:cystic plate 873: 869: 861: 859: 824: 735: 727:portal triad 711: 686: 682: 675: 663: 646: 630: 611: 579: 563: 548: 519: 516: 490: 487:fibroelastic 480: 456:celiac trunk 441: 413: 378: 323: 293:, below the 275:biochemicals 244: 242: 196:A05.8.01.001 168:hepar (ἧπαρ) 167: 156:jecur, iecur 155: 119:Hepatic vein 6891:Cystic duct 6883:Gallbladder 6562:Works cited 6230:Rudgley, R. 6160:Larousse.fr 5363:: 303–330. 4455:(1): 4194. 3461:Mayo Clinic 3105:(published 3074:plasminogen 3039:vertebrates 2954:umm nyolokh 2922:umm nyolokh 2902:umm nyolokh 2886:umm nyolokh 2878:bone marrow 2796:skilpadjies 2772:leverpastej 2744:, or liver 2734:asbeh nayeh 2531:jan e jigar 2506:languages ( 2492:gallbladder 2490:, with the 2473:hepatomancy 2375:(MDCT) and 2358:hepatectomy 2327:hepatitis C 2237:hepatocytes 2222:bipotential 2202:hepatocytes 2091:such as an 2085:serological 2077:blood tests 2071:is made by 1993:stercobilin 1904:cholestasis 1878:paracetamol 1866:fatty liver 1829:(including 1673:fatty acids 1665:blood serum 1632:bone marrow 1511:methylation 1485:in adults. 1476:polypeptide 1460:lipogenesis 1458:synthesis, 1456:cholesterol 1344:lactic acid 1321:amino acids 1261:cystic duct 1126:bone marrow 1006:germ layers 978:Development 924:hepatokines 870:hilar plate 769:lymphocytes 741:parenchymal 718:hepatocytes 652:Impressions 644:body wall. 452:portal vein 437:gallbladder 370:hepatocytes 354:gallbladder 338:cholesterol 247:is a major 145:Identifiers 139:vagus nerve 18:Human liver 7015:Categories 6833:Bile ducts 6797:Hepatocyte 6208:2015-06-27 6170:2019-04-16 6035:"hígado". 5636:Hepatology 5067:Hepatology 4943:2022-08-21 4923:2021-06-23 4367:J Surg Res 4295:2017-09-04 4158:2017-09-21 4129:2015-06-26 4058:2009-02-17 4033:2015-06-26 3679:2015-06-26 3625:2015-06-26 3472:2017-03-29 3388:2024-07-15 3364:2024-07-15 3249:2015-06-26 3114:References 2981:toad venom 2973:entheogens 2946:R. Rudgley 2910:abstainers 2866:who speak 2836:Humr tribe 2794:delicacy, 2784:liverwurst 2778:, such as 2760:liver pâté 2738:sawda naye 2577:, stemmed 2482:(tractate 2465:divination 2453:Prometheus 2365:regenerate 2346:transplant 2342:allografts 2331:alcoholism 2263:Prometheus 2249:bile ducts 2225:stem cells 2206:cell cycle 2093:ultrasound 1977:liver span 1963:regenerate 1896:bile ducts 1882:liver shot 1851:hemoglobin 1831:thrombosis 1713:, a toxic 1618:molybdenum 1523:conjugated 1519:toxication 1497:and other 1357:metabolism 1275:Metabolism 1013:mesenchyme 970:, and the 866:bile ducts 754:phagocytic 614:peritoneum 507:peritoneum 346:emulsifies 342:bile acids 256:vertebrate 6978:accessory 6715:Bare area 5934:205786066 5861:CiteSeerX 5454:260317971 5087:1527-3350 4787:0022-1007 4546:: 40–46. 4252:0892-6638 4195:0036-8075 3559:0195-7910 3508:0195-7910 3411:eMedicine 3098:Porphyria 3055:Amphioxus 2764:foie gras 2716:vitamin B 2712:vitamin A 2469:haruspicy 2323:cirrhosis 2301:Cambridge 2297:Roy Calne 2081:infection 2063:Diagnosis 2052:hepatitis 2006:bilirubin 1912:cirrhosis 1870:cirrhosis 1847:bilirubin 1769:Hepatitis 1628:gestation 1598:vitamin E 1594:vitamin K 1587:vitamin B 1583:vitamin D 1579:vitamin A 1503:bilirubin 1489:Breakdown 1440:platelets 1424:protein S 1420:protein C 1151:Functions 1138:cirrhosis 1134:disorders 1046:liver bud 1032:from the 974:protein. 847:posterior 737:Histology 722:sinusoids 638:posterior 571:vena cava 499:bare area 418:with two 399:Structure 362:digestion 344:, which 295:diaphragm 279:digestion 263:functions 249:metabolic 78:Precursor 6932:Pancreas 6750:Quadrate 6552:21261162 6544:19657677 6505:22427833 6465:PLOS ONE 6442:25774519 6402:PLOS ONE 6379:24877655 6344:12649589 6282:(1935). 6268:: 49–60. 6232:(1998). 6202:Archived 6164:Archived 6019:Archived 5985:(1970). 5950:(2010). 5926:16494593 5891:27637081 5883:18794562 5845:20472318 5769:38944986 5761:16550043 5726:18515089 5666:19693947 5524:19543575 5470:Archived 5446:15085485 5377:23347352 5342:36353033 5334:18694401 5298:16903225 5257:Archived 5239:Archived 5221:27733282 5168:41847645 5160:26231459 5121:Archived 5105:36626630 5096:10026948 5045:Archived 5029:26937490 4988:10436627 4840:11474308 4805:13130789 4636:12592570 4598:14698220 4560:26592963 4525:10785270 4487:32144276 4397:20381814 4348:21337461 4289:Archived 4260:24648543 4203:25613900 4152:Archived 4123:Archived 4102:34879763 4094:12728331 4027:Archived 4006:11180890 3943:11729749 3673:Archived 3619:Archived 3575:25319215 3567:26108038 3524:32174574 3516:22182984 3466:Archived 3315:32308337 3220:20637938 3171:14943381 3109:in 1798) 3092:See also 3033:'s liver 2991:Certain 2930:W. James 2906:Mahdists 2860:Kordofan 2832:Kordofan 2804:stingray 2776:sausages 2774:. Liver 2639:Akkadian 2637:such as 2617:the self 2601:the rich 2547:isibindi 2267:Caucasus 2214:G1 phase 2210:G0 phase 2188:of lost 2108:rib cage 2041:Bruising 2035:minerals 2020:swelling 2002:Jaundice 1983:Symptoms 1973:palpated 1908:fibrosis 1843:jaundice 1823:blockage 1707:catalase 1499:hormones 1329:glycerol 1249:duodenum 1112:placenta 1075:glycogen 1002:endoderm 930:such as 904:Couinaud 876:and the 843:anterior 642:anterior 620:and the 600:Surfaces 594:visceral 584:and the 468:pancreas 450:and the 358:duodenum 334:alkaline 315:glycogen 307:hormones 299:rib cage 265:such as 6745:Caudate 6496:3299649 6473:Bibcode 6433:4361685 6410:Bibcode 6088:cachaza 6079:29 July 6069:"gibel" 6045:29 July 5849:and by 5811:7853302 5802:1294986 5657:3093159 5559:9843288 5515:2721812 5409:29 June 5212:5055577 5020:4771376 4980:2107630 4913:"Liver" 4796:2180344 4478:7060232 4457:Bibcode 4388:2904820 4339:4444432 4318:Dev Dyn 4268:5297255 4175:Science 3895:31 July 3211:4038911 3082:insulin 3061:homolog 3017:arrows. 3001:bullets 2936:at the 2882:giraffe 2880:of the 2856:Baggara 2746:sashimi 2704:ficatum 2689:Spanish 2670:Finnish 2553:hígados 2496:Persian 2467:called 2459:(or an 2457:vulture 2305:England 2291:in the 2247:of the 2212:to the 2139:hepatic 2097:CT scan 2089:imaging 1835:ascites 1825:of the 1727:Disease 1698:senses 1661:albumin 1527:ammonia 1495:insulin 1479:protein 1363:except 1325:lactate 1303:glucose 1121:T cells 999:foregut 944:SLC27A5 855:lateral 555:caudate 551:grossly 311:glucose 291:abdomen 289:of the 259:animals 184:D008099 83:Foregut 72:Details 53:abdomen 6969:Ducts 6939:Gross 6912:Cells 6594: 6575: 6550: 6542: 6503: 6493: 6440: 6430: 6377: 6342: 6305: 6240: 6194: 6156:"Foie" 6143:Kabadu 6118:myself 5995: 5958: 5932: 5924: 5889: 5881: 5863: 5843: 5809: 5799: 5767: 5759: 5724: 5664: 5654: 5613: 5588: 5557: 5522: 5512: 5452: 5444: 5400: 5375: 5340: 5332: 5296: 5286: 5219: 5209: 5191:Lancet 5166: 5158: 5140:Lancet 5103: 5093: 5085: 5027: 5017: 4986: 4978: 4899:961879 4897: 4860: 4838: 4803: 4793: 4785: 4744: 4711: 4684: 4657: 4634: 4596: 4558: 4523: 4485: 4475: 4426: 4395: 4385: 4346: 4336: 4266: 4258: 4250: 4211:802377 4209: 4201: 4193: 4100: 4092: 4004: 3964: 3941: 3931: 3872: 3847: 3802: 3769: 3737: 3705: 3651: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3522: 3514: 3506: 3438: 3336: 3313: 3303: 3274: 3218: 3208: 3169: 3080:, and 3044:snakes 2918:liquor 2914:sakran 2890:sakran 2800:netvet 2770:, and 2721:; and 2692:hígado 2682:French 2574:Kauved 2502:, and 2480:Talmud 2340:Liver 2190:tissue 2018:, and 1910:) and 1890:is an 1868:, and 1791:, and 1696:kidney 1630:, the 1620:, etc. 1614:cobalt 1606:copper 1563:, the 1116:thymus 1019:, the 1017:embryo 952:SLC2A2 948:ABCB11 872:, the 862:plates 851:medial 752:, and 720:, and 631:These 596:view. 557:, and 520:hepat- 503:serous 464:spleen 446:: the 366:tissue 352:. The 283:humans 102:Artery 90:System 7021:Liver 6707:Liver 6548:S2CID 6141:See 6114:honor 6094:calme 5930:S2CID 5887:S2CID 5765:S2CID 5681:"Two" 5450:S2CID 5338:S2CID 5164:S2CID 5013:(1). 4984:S2CID 4264:S2CID 4207:S2CID 4098:S2CID 3571:S2CID 3520:S2CID 3031:Sheep 2916:) on 2869:Shuwa 2864:Sudan 2700:jecur 2696:Latin 2627:Pe'er 2605:honor 2597:heavy 2592:الكبد 2559:gibel 2537:jigar 2526:Mecca 2521:jigar 2504:Hindi 2488:anger 2461:eagle 2447:. In 2260:Titan 1975:in a 1773:viral 1692:renin 1572:Other 1565:lymph 1529:into 1452:lipid 1327:, or 936:RDH16 678:fossa 622:right 531:Lobes 525:Greek 429:gland 420:lobes 416:organ 332:, an 252:organ 245:liver 231:[ 163:Greek 151:Latin 130:Nerve 40:Liver 6973:main 6958:Head 6953:Neck 6948:Body 6943:Tail 6592:ISBN 6573:ISBN 6540:PMID 6501:PMID 6438:PMID 6375:PMID 6340:PMID 6303:ISBN 6238:ISBN 6192:ISBN 6081:2021 6047:2021 5993:ISBN 5956:ISBN 5922:PMID 5879:PMID 5841:PMID 5807:PMID 5757:PMID 5722:PMID 5662:PMID 5611:ISBN 5586:ISBN 5555:PMID 5520:PMID 5442:PMID 5411:2010 5398:ISBN 5373:PMID 5330:PMID 5294:PMID 5284:ISBN 5217:PMID 5156:PMID 5101:PMID 5083:ISSN 5025:PMID 4976:PMID 4895:PMID 4858:ISBN 4836:PMID 4801:PMID 4783:ISSN 4742:ISBN 4709:ISBN 4682:ISBN 4655:ISBN 4632:PMID 4594:PMID 4556:PMID 4521:PMID 4483:PMID 4424:ISBN 4393:PMID 4344:PMID 4256:PMID 4248:ISSN 4199:PMID 4191:ISSN 4090:PMID 4002:PMID 3962:ISBN 3939:PMID 3929:ISBN 3897:2020 3870:ISBN 3845:ISBN 3827:2012 3800:ISBN 3767:ISBN 3735:ISBN 3703:ISBN 3649:ISBN 3601:2013 3563:PMID 3555:ISSN 3512:PMID 3504:ISSN 3436:ISBN 3334:ISBN 3311:OCLC 3301:ISBN 3272:ISBN 3216:PMID 3167:PMID 2979:and 2852:Humr 2850:The 2810:and 2782:and 2714:and 2708:figs 2685:foie 2668:, a 2649:Food 2515:जिगर 2500:Urdu 2445:soul 2344:for 2295:and 2054:and 2010:itch 1949:and 1837:and 1675:and 1610:zinc 1602:iron 1531:urea 1505:via 1474:, a 1468:bile 1434:, a 1426:and 1416:XIII 1396:VIII 1242:The 1140:and 962:and 950:and 942:and 940:BAAT 934:and 932:HAO1 853:and 845:and 833:and 624:and 564:The 466:and 340:and 330:bile 313:and 243:The 220:7197 208:3023 191:TA98 179:MeSH 137:and 121:and 114:Vein 6654:doi 6532:doi 6528:338 6522:". 6491:PMC 6481:doi 6428:PMC 6418:doi 6367:doi 6332:doi 6328:173 6262:SNR 5914:doi 5910:101 5871:doi 5857:149 5831:doi 5797:PMC 5749:doi 5712:doi 5708:135 5652:PMC 5644:doi 5578:doi 5547:doi 5543:171 5510:PMC 5500:doi 5434:doi 5365:doi 5322:doi 5276:doi 5207:PMC 5199:doi 5195:388 5148:doi 5144:386 5091:PMC 5075:doi 5015:PMC 4968:doi 4964:416 4887:doi 4883:231 4828:doi 4791:PMC 4775:doi 4734:doi 4624:doi 4620:206 4586:doi 4548:doi 4513:doi 4473:PMC 4465:doi 4420:243 4383:PMC 4375:doi 4371:164 4334:PMC 4326:doi 4322:240 4238:doi 4183:doi 4179:347 4082:doi 3994:doi 3921:doi 3792:doi 3547:doi 3496:doi 3432:878 3409:at 3206:PMC 3198:doi 3159:doi 2862:in 2842:by 2814:in 2748:in 2740:in 2736:or 2622:פאר 2586:KVD 2583:or 2580:KBD 2568:כבד 2518:or 2512:or 2509:جگر 2471:or 2299:in 2239:or 2218:p75 2095:or 1600:, 1412:XII 1392:VII 1136:of 561:). 215:FMA 203:TA2 7017:: 6652:. 6648:. 6632:. 6546:. 6538:. 6526:. 6499:. 6489:. 6479:. 6467:. 6463:. 6436:. 6426:. 6416:. 6406:10 6404:. 6400:. 6373:. 6363:48 6361:. 6338:. 6326:. 6266:39 6264:. 6252:^ 6217:^ 6200:. 6162:. 6158:. 6091:, 6083:. 6071:. 6049:. 5981:; 5964:. 5928:. 5920:. 5908:. 5885:. 5877:. 5869:. 5855:. 5839:. 5827:53 5825:. 5821:. 5805:. 5793:87 5791:. 5787:. 5763:. 5755:. 5745:22 5743:. 5720:. 5706:. 5702:. 5683:. 5660:. 5650:. 5640:50 5638:. 5634:. 5584:. 5553:. 5541:. 5518:. 5508:. 5496:23 5494:. 5490:. 5448:. 5440:. 5430:24 5428:. 5371:. 5359:. 5336:. 5328:. 5318:29 5316:. 5292:. 5282:. 5255:. 5237:. 5215:. 5205:. 5193:. 5189:. 5176:^ 5162:. 5154:. 5142:. 5099:. 5089:. 5081:. 5071:77 5069:. 5065:. 5023:. 5009:. 5005:. 4982:. 4974:. 4962:. 4915:. 4893:. 4881:. 4834:. 4824:13 4822:. 4799:. 4789:. 4781:. 4771:99 4769:. 4765:. 4740:. 4696:^ 4669:^ 4630:. 4618:. 4606:^ 4592:. 4582:28 4580:. 4568:^ 4554:. 4544:58 4542:. 4519:. 4509:24 4507:. 4495:^ 4481:. 4471:. 4463:. 4453:10 4451:. 4447:. 4422:. 4391:. 4381:. 4369:. 4365:. 4342:. 4332:. 4320:. 4316:. 4304:^ 4262:. 4254:. 4246:. 4234:28 4232:. 4228:. 4205:. 4197:. 4189:. 4177:. 4150:. 4146:. 4110:^ 4096:. 4088:. 4078:13 4076:. 4014:^ 4000:. 3988:. 3976:^ 3937:. 3927:. 3905:^ 3814:^ 3798:. 3761:. 3749:^ 3729:. 3717:^ 3697:. 3569:. 3561:. 3553:. 3543:36 3541:. 3518:. 3510:. 3502:. 3492:33 3490:. 3464:. 3458:. 3434:. 3397:^ 3381:. 3357:. 3309:. 3258:^ 3228:^ 3214:. 3204:. 3194:90 3192:. 3188:. 3165:. 3155:14 3153:. 3130:. 3088:. 3076:, 3072:, 3068:, 2956:. 2818:. 2766:, 2762:, 2729:. 2718:12 2687:, 2645:. 2613:16 2498:, 2352:. 2329:, 2303:, 2255:. 2033:, 1953:a 1945:, 1941:, 1937:, 1933:, 1918:. 1864:, 1787:, 1783:, 1779:, 1616:, 1612:, 1608:, 1604:, 1596:, 1589:12 1422:, 1414:, 1410:, 1408:XI 1406:, 1402:, 1400:IX 1398:, 1394:, 1390:, 1384:II 1323:, 1271:. 966:, 964:F9 960:F2 759:. 696:. 673:. 628:. 577:. 478:. 439:. 395:. 376:. 321:. 6964:) 6960:( 6690:e 6683:t 6676:v 6662:. 6656:: 6600:. 6581:. 6554:. 6534:: 6507:. 6483:: 6475:: 6469:7 6444:. 6420:: 6412:: 6398:" 6381:. 6369:: 6346:. 6334:: 6311:. 6246:. 6211:. 6173:. 5936:. 5916:: 5893:. 5873:: 5847:. 5833:: 5813:. 5771:. 5751:: 5728:. 5714:: 5668:. 5646:: 5619:. 5594:. 5580:: 5561:. 5549:: 5526:. 5502:: 5456:. 5436:: 5413:. 5379:. 5367:: 5361:8 5344:. 5324:: 5300:. 5278:: 5223:. 5201:: 5170:. 5150:: 5107:. 5077:: 5031:. 5011:1 4990:. 4970:: 4946:. 4926:. 4901:. 4889:: 4866:. 4842:. 4830:: 4807:. 4777:: 4750:. 4736:: 4717:. 4690:. 4663:. 4638:. 4626:: 4600:. 4588:: 4562:. 4550:: 4527:. 4515:: 4489:. 4467:: 4459:: 4432:. 4399:. 4377:: 4350:. 4328:: 4298:. 4270:. 4240:: 4213:. 4185:: 4161:. 4132:. 4104:. 4084:: 4061:. 4036:. 4008:. 3996:: 3990:7 3970:. 3945:. 3923:: 3899:. 3878:. 3853:. 3808:. 3794:: 3775:. 3743:. 3711:. 3682:. 3657:. 3628:. 3603:. 3577:. 3549:: 3526:. 3498:: 3475:. 3444:. 3391:. 3367:. 3342:. 3317:. 3280:. 3252:. 3222:. 3200:: 3173:. 3161:: 3084:/ 2967:. 2872:( 2846:. 2571:( 2058:. 2026:. 1793:E 1789:D 1785:C 1781:B 1702:. 1679:. 1656:. 1404:X 1388:V 1380:I 1346:. 1305:. 235:] 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index