Hugh Beadle - Knowledge

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recognised his belief that "because of the effect of the effluxion of time, he was entitled to take a different view", and concluded that the Chief Justice's argument was "sufficiently plausible to make it difficult to say that that position is manifestly improper or that, in adopting it, Sir Hugh Beadle is manifestly guilty of misconduct." Beadle explained in a 1972 interview: "We had been doing our best to try and uphold the law and when the thing was in the revolutionary stage we dug our toes in, we wouldn't budge. But then as the government became more and more entrenched we had to apply the principle of law, which says that if a revolution succeeds the law changes with it. Yet because we accepted the inevitable we're blamed by a lot of people for being responsible for the revolution, which is a very different thing."

1222:, concerning Daniel Madzimbamuto, a black nationalist detained without trial five days before UDI under emergency powers. When Lardner-Burke's ministry prolonged the state of emergency in February 1966, Madzimbamuto's wife appealed for his release, arguing that since the UK government had declared UDI illegal and outlawed the Rhodesian government, the state of emergency (and, by extension, her husband's imprisonment) had no legal basis. The High Court's General Division ruled on 9 September 1966 that the UK retained legal sovereignty, but that to "avoid chaos and a vacuum in the law" the Rhodesian government should be considered to be in control of law and order to the same extent as before UDI. Madzimbamuto appealed to Beadle's Appellate Division, which considered the case over the next year and a half. 1141:. After efforts to forge a compromise in London in early October 1965 failed, Wilson, desperate to avert UDI, travelled to Salisbury later that month to continue negotiations. Beadle's "irrepressible ingenuity led to an incredible succession of proposals for a settlement", Wilson recalled, but these talks also failed. The two sides agreed on an investigatory Royal Commission, possibly chaired by Beadle, to recommend a path towards independence, but could not settle on the terms. Beadle continued to seek a compromise, and on 8 November persuaded Smith to allow him to go to London to meet Wilson again. Beadle told Wilson that he thought Smith was personally disposed to continue talks but under pressure from some of his ministers to abandon negotiations. Wilson told the British 812: 1364:

Council "so far as possible", the judgement of 23 July had made it legally impossible for Rhodesian judges to continue under the 1961 constitution. He asserted that as he could not countenance a legal vacuum, the only alternative was the 1965 constitution. Referring to the Privy Council's decision that the UK might yet remove the post-UDI government, he said that "on the facts as they exist today, the only prediction which this court can make is that sanctions will not succeed in overthrowing the present government ... and that there are no other factors which might succeed in doing so". UDI, the associated 1965 constitution and the government were thereafter considered

477: 1332:-style viewpoint—by stressing the 1961 constitution and the rights held by Salisbury thereunder, he was repudiating not the royal prerogative itself, but rather the attempt to exercise it at the behest of British rather than Rhodesian ministers. Kenneth Young comments that the British government's involvement of the Queen inadvertently strengthened the post-UDI authorities' position; outraged, many in Rhodesia who had heretofore rejected UDI now threw their weight behind the RF. Beadle, deeply disillusioned, wrote to a friend that he was "thoroughly fed up with the way the Wilson government had behaved in this whole affair." 987:, which became Huggins's flagship project. Beadle argued that since the British government would never devolve indigenous African affairs to Federal responsibility, native policy in the three territories would never be co-ordinated, meaning "the thing was bound to crash". Nevertheless, Huggins sent him to London in 1949 to discuss the legal problems of the proposed Federation with the British government. Beadle later expressed regrets that he had not played a bigger role in drawing up the constitution for the Federation, which was inaugurated as an indissoluble entity in 1953, following a mostly white 1241:

he did the Cabinet would surely accept. Smith refused to make such a commitment, much to the disappointment of Beadle and Gibbs, and signed the final document only to acknowledge it as an accurate record. Wilson was furious with Beadle, feeling that he should have taken a far firmer line to persuade Smith to settle; after Beadle left the meeting, Wilson said that he "could not understand how any man could have a slipped disc whom Providence had failed to provide with a backbone". Beadle and Gibbs urged Smith to reconsider during the journey home, but made little headway.

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Governor—conditions that Smith saw as tantamount to surrender, particularly as the British proposed to draft and introduce the new constitution only after a fresh test of opinion under UK control. Indeed, Smith had warned Beadle before the summit that unless he "could assure his people that a reasonable constitution had been agreed", he would feel unable to settle. Smith said he could not agree without first consulting his ministers in Salisbury, infuriating Wilson, who declared that a central condition of the talks had been that he and Smith would have

1030:, a British member of the commission, Beadle began the process "as a radical advocate of white supremacy" but later expressed markedly different views. The commissioners "hardly agreed on anything", in Beadle's recollection. While not recommending dissolution, the Monckton report was strongly critical of the Federation. It advocated a wide range of reforms, rejected any further advance towards Federal independence until these were implemented, and called for the territories to be permitted to secede if opposition continued. Beadle was 466: 1414: 1127: 1325:

into this". At Government House, the Chief Justice berated Gibbs for "dragging the Queen into the political argument". To the Governor's astonishment, Beadle conceded that for some time he had no longer considered himself to be sitting under the 1961 constitution, but had not made this clear as he had not fully accepted the 1965 constitution as valid. Gibbs told him to leave Government House forthwith. They never met again.

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the death penalty. In March 1977 he refused to try Abel Mapane and Jotha Bango, two Botswana citizens facing arms charges, ruling that since Rhodesia and Botswana were not at war and the Rhodesian Army had crossed into Botswana to capture the accused, the court had no jurisdiction. "Were it not so it would mean this Court condoned the illegal abduction of Botswana nationals," he explained.

1450:, winning all 50 white seats out of a total of 66. Six days later, Dupont was sworn in as the first president of Rhodesia. British officials learned only from the Rhodesian radio that Dupont's oath of office was administered not by Beadle but by the "Acting Chief Justice", Hector Macdonald. Beadle's absence prompted speculation in British quarters, but this promptly dissipated after 956: 1393:

legislation, and thereafter having the right to appeal passed bills to the Privy Council in London. Smith's team accepted the principle of the blocking quarter but agreement could not be reached on the technicalities; the involvement of the Privy Council was rejected by Smith as a "ridiculous" provision that would prejudice Rhodesia's sovereignty. The talks ended without success.

1492:. Beadle, Goldin and Macdonald rejected the state prosecution and unanimously overturned the conviction, ruling that Niesewand's reports had embarrassed the government but did not damage the Rhodesian state. "Factual evidence as opposed to opinion was never given," Beadle commented. The government promptly expelled Niesewand from Rhodesia. 1174:

but moved in himself to provide advice and moral support. On Beadle's counsel, Gibbs instructed those responsible for law and order in Rhodesia to stay at their posts and carry on as normal. When the Governor showed no sign of stepping down, Smith's government effectively replaced him with Dupont, appointing the latter to the post of

1088: 1207:, was "scornful of the 1965 constitution". Some in Rhodesia criticised Beadle for going to London, or accused him of siding with Gibbs against Smith. The Chief Justice insisted that he was just trying to do his best for Rhodesia, a claim Smith accepted, saying Beadle "thought more of his country than of his position". The UK 1050:, and awarded him damages. Following continued black nationalist opposition to the Federation, particularly in Nyasaland, the British government announced in 1962 that Nyasaland would be allowed to secede. This was soon extended to Northern Rhodesia as well, and at the end of 1963 the Federation was dismantled. 1292:

James Dhlamini, Victor Mlambo and Duly Shadreck, three black Rhodesians sentenced to death before UDI for murder and terrorist offences, Beadle upheld Salisbury's power to execute the men. Whitehall reacted by announcing on 1 March 1968 that at the request of the UK government, the Queen had exercised the

1439:, recommended that Britain take preliminary steps towards removing Beadle from the Privy Council if the Chief Justice did not resign or dissociate himself from the republic "within a week or two" after the new constitution came into force. Given the gravity of such an action—only one Privy Counsellor, 1409:

as head of state, a multiracial senate, separate black and white electoral rolls (each with qualifications) and a mechanism whereby the number of black MPs would increase in line with the proportion of income tax revenues paid by black citizens. This process would stop once blacks had the same number

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on 20 June 1969 in which the mostly white electorate overwhelmingly voted in favour of both a new constitution and the declaration of a republic. Four days later the UK Foreign Office released Gibbs from his post, withdrew the British residual mission in Salisbury and closed the post-UDI government's

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Beadle agreed with Smith that a deal ending UDI without any prior agreement on the replacement constitution would meet with widespread opposition among white Rhodesians, but still felt that Salisbury should agree. He asked Smith to commend the terms to his colleagues in Salisbury, speculating that if

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Beadle told Wilson that he and the judiciary would stand by the law in the event of a UDI, but that he expected the armed forces and police to side with the post-UDI authorities. He thought UDI would be a political and economic mistake for Rhodesia, and attempted to dissuade Smith from this course of

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whose declared goal was independence for Southern Rhodesia without major constitutional changes and without commitment to any set timetable regarding black majority rule. RF proponents downplayed black nationalist grievances regarding land ownership and segregation, and argued that despite the racial

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Beadle's dormant commission was withdrawn on 15 March. He took with him most of the messages Wilson and Gibbs had exchanged during 1965 and 1966, and refused to return them. The British government briefly attempted to recover these but ultimately let Beadle keep them, deciding that their publication

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expressed outrage, accusing Beadle and the other judges of breaching "the fundamental laws of the land", while Gibbs stated that since his position as governor existed under the 1961 constitution he could only reject the ruling. An internal UK Foreign Office memorandum rejected Beadle's argument but

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of the High Court's General Division resigned in protest, writing to Gibbs that he no longer believed the High Court to be defending the rights of Rhodesian citizens. Beadle told reporters that "Her Majesty is quite powerless in this matter," and that "it is to be deplored that the Queen was brought

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visited Gibbs at Government House to inform him personally and ask him to resign. Gibbs made clear that he would not do so, but indicated that he would vacate Government House and return to his farm. When Beadle arrived later in the day, he not only persuaded Gibbs to stay at the official residence,

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Beadle later wrote to his fellow High Court judge Benjamin Goldin that he thought he had "saved the situation" by going to London, having persuaded Wilson to give some ground on the terms for the Royal Commission, but his trip alarmed the pro-UDI camp in the Rhodesian Cabinet, who feared that Beadle

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Britain granted independence to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, renamed Zambia and Malawi respectively, under black majority governments in 1964. As independence talks between the British and Southern Rhodesian governments continued with little progress, speculation began to mount that the colonial

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Julian Greenfield, a close friend and colleague of Beadle, considered him "one who put service to the country first and foremost and laboured unceasingly on what he believed to be its true interests." According to Palley, Beadle's own view was similar—that "he did his best for his country in a time

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Others, including Palley, Wood and Facchini, contend that Beadle was determined to avert UDI and afterwards sincere in his search for an accommodation until he came to believe this was not possible. "Beadle accepted the rebellion when he realised that he was identifying himself with 'the code of an

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After Olive's death in a motor accident in 1974, Beadle married Pleasance Johnson in 1976. He retired as Chief Justice in 1977; Macdonald succeeded him. For the rest of his life, Beadle served as an acting judge in special trials where suspected insurgents were tried for terrorist offences carrying

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recognition to the post-UDI government on 13 September 1968, while rejecting the appeals of 32 black nationalists who one month earlier had been convicted of terrorist offences and sentenced to death. Beadle declared that while he believed the Rhodesian judiciary should respect rulings of the Privy

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in 1968 outraged the Wilson government and drew accusations from the British Prime Minister and others that he had furtively supported UDI all along. His true motives remain the subject of speculation. After Smith declared a republic in 1970, Beadle continued as Chief Justice; he was almost removed

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government by virtue of its "effective control over the state's territory". Sir Robert Tredgold, the former Southern Rhodesian and Federal Chief Justice, told Gibbs that Beadle had thereby "sold the pass" and "should be asked to leave Government House". The following month, considering the fate of

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During the Rhodesian Cabinet meeting on the proposals, the judges were kept informed by the "expression on Sir Hugh's face and from comments of increasing despair", Goldin later wrote; the Chief Justice "spent the whole day in his chambers looking more anxious and despondent after each occasion on

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The UK government introduced extensive economic and political sanctions against Rhodesia and indicated that any dialogue had to take place through Gibbs. Beadle was told to liaise with Lardner-Burke regarding any proposals Smith's government might have. Beadle would later recount that the post-UDI

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in London and president of the new Appellate Division of the Southern Rhodesian High Court. In this latter role he blocked a Legislative Assembly act to extend periods of preventive restriction outside times of emergency, ruling it against the declaration of rights contained in Southern Rhodesia's

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in Britain. These efforts were largely unsuccessful, but did lead to a maternity grant for white mothers, nicknamed the "Beadle baby scheme". Beadle retired from politics in 1950 to accept a seat on the Southern Rhodesian High Court. This decision surprised many of his contemporaries; Beadle would

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Beadle ruled that while the City of Salisbury had provided "substantially equal swimming pools for different races", the effect was to arouse "feelings of humiliation, insult and of inferiority" among non-whites. The defence argument—that whites equally suffered by being excluded from facilities

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writes, "Beadle had a blunt manner, looking hard at all whom he encountered. His drive and enthusiasm were overwhelming, whether at work, in charitable activities, or as a courageous hunter and fisherman. He had a warm family life and many friends." According to J.R.T. Wood, Wilson "hated Beadle

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At the hearing for Dhlamini and Mlambo on 4 March 1968, Beadle dismissed the statement from London, saying it was a decision by the UK government and not the Queen herself, and that in any case the 1961 constitution had transferred the prerogative of mercy from Britain to the Rhodesian Executive

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off Gibraltar between 2 and 4 December. Beadle had to be hoisted aboard because of a back injury. Negotiations snagged primarily over the matter of the transition. Wilson insisted on the abandonment of the 1965 constitution, the dissolution of the post-UDI government and a period under a British

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After Leonie's death in 1953, Beadle married Olive Jackson, of Salisbury, in 1954. He later said that he was repeatedly asked to resign from the bench to become the Federal Minister of Law or stand for Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, but "didn't regard any of the issues as crucial enough to

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Beadle's acceptance of the post-UDI order effectively placed him on the side of the RF and removed any chance of his regaining an intermediary role with Wilson. The British Prime Minister minimised the political impact of the Chief Justice's decision by presenting it as evidence that Beadle had

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remained wary, speculating in a January 1966 report that while the British government hoped to reclaim Rhodesia "in such a way that policy and thinking is reoriented, racial attitudes changed, and the path to majority rule firmly laid," the Chief Justice "would be content to see a 1961-type

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in October 1968. Marked progress towards agreement was made but the Rhodesian delegation demurred on a new British proposal, the "double safeguard". This would involve elected black Rhodesians controlling a blocking quarter in the Rhodesian parliament, with the power to veto retrogressive

843:". The Southern Rhodesian electoral system allowed only those who met certain financial and educational qualifications to vote. The criteria were applied equally to all regardless of race, but since most black citizens did not meet the set standards, the electoral roll and the colonial 1066:

imbalance in domestic politics—whites made up 5% of the population, but over 90% of registered voters—the electoral system was not racist as the franchise was based on financial and educational qualifications rather than ethnicity. Beadle expressed an extremely low opinion of the RF.

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government and as such is the only power that can exercise the prerogative," he concluded. "It would be strange indeed if the United Kingdom government, exercising no internal power in Rhodesia, were given the right to exercise the prerogative of clemency." The Judge President

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leader. Davies defeated Beadle by 458 votes to 430, but the United Party won decisively elsewhere and formed a new government with 24 out of the 30 parliament seats. Huggins, who remained prime minister, held Beadle in high regard and made him a close associate. In the

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Wilson and other British figures saw him as two-faced for first supporting Gibbs, then declaring Smith's post-UDI government legal, and concluded that the judge must have always been a furtive UDI supporter, a theory that many have accepted. Wilson's private assistant

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action, but at the same time asserted that if UDI occurred it was "not the function of a court to attempt to end the revolution and restore legality". He warned his High Court colleagues that he would not direct "a judicial rebellion against the Rhodesian government".

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Beadle summarised the Rhodesian judiciary's position in light of UDI by saying simply that the judges would carry on with their duties "according to the law", but this non-committal stance was challenged by legal cases heard at the High Court. The first of these was

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on his way home. Smith later rejected the suggestion that Beadle could have had anything significant to tell them on his return, saying that "the only thing that Beadle could have done when he got back was to have talked us out of insisting on our questions".

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A British government memorandum speculated that Beadle may have hoped to become President himself, and may have felt too disappointed to attend Dupont's swearing-in ceremony. Facchini suggests that it may have been a last gesture of personal loyalty to the

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that "the purpose of governing and the purpose of destroying cannot subsist together". Ruling that Britain's sanctions campaign against Rhodesia constituted economic warfare, the court concluded that the UK could not concurrently be seen as governing the

1577:"The thing that I've regretted most is this UDI and also I've regretted more than anything the fact that later it wasn't settled," Beadle said in 1972; "I think it could have been settled at a much earlier stage if Wilson had been a bit more reasonable." 1471:

replaced Wilson as prime minister. Heath's government decided against removing Beadle from the Privy Council, surmising that this would only hinder progress towards an accommodation with Smith. Beadle remained a Privy Counsellor for the rest of his life.

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which he was smuggled into the Cabinet meeting to explain the meaning or effect of particular provisions". On 5 December 1966, when Beadle heard at Government House that Smith's ministers had rejected the terms, he stood "as though pole-axed", Gibbs's

1484:, a freelance reporter for the overseas press who had been convicted of espionage under the Official Secrets Act, prompting outcry abroad. Niesewand had written three articles in November 1972 claiming to describe the Rhodesian military's plans for 1347:

anyway. It ruled in his favour on 23 July 1968, deciding that orders for detention made by the Rhodesian government were invalid regardless of whether they were under the 1961 or 1965 constitution, and that Madzimbamuto was illegally detained.

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During the immediate post-UDI period Beadle, in his role as Chief Justice, occupied a unique position as he could speak directly with all the main players—Gibbs, Smith and Wilson. He became the main intermediary between them, and received a

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government briefly threatened him, telling him to "go now, otherwise you lose your job", but he was ultimately left alone. The Chief Justice noted in his diary that Smith's government was "not prepared to force showdown with the judges".

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as a "small time country solicitor". As independence talks between Britain and Southern Rhodesia gravitated towards stalemate, Beadle repeatedly attempted to arrange a compromise. He continued these efforts after UDI, and brought

1443:, was struck off the list during the 20th century—and the likelihood that accusations of vindictiveness would result, the British government was loath to do this, and hoped that Beadle would remove the need for it by resigning. 943:, whose subsequent rise to the premiership he correctly predicted. Having served for more than three years as a member of the Executive Council of Southern Rhodesia, he was granted the right in August 1950 to retain the title " 1263:

The United Nations instituted mandatory economic sanctions against Rhodesia in December 1966. Over the next year British diplomatic activity regarding Rhodesia was diminished; the UK government's stated policy shifted towards

1074:, the Justice Minister, was a "fascist" and a "small time country solicitor ... incapable of producing correct documents for an undefended divorce action". The same year Smith took over, Beadle became a member of the 621:

in 1940, he retained that role until 1946, when he became Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice; the Education and Health portfolios were added two years later. He retired from politics in 1950 to become a Judge of the

1352:, one of the Rhodesian judges, announced on 8 August that the Rhodesian courts would not consider this ruling binding as they no longer accepted the Privy Council as part of the Rhodesian judicial hierarchy. Justice 1107:, had few doubts about how Beadle would respond to such an act, writing that he was "quite certain that no personal considerations would deflect him for a moment from administering the law with absolute integrity." 1178:

created by the 1965 constitution attached to UDI. Lardner-Burke asked Beadle to administer the oath of allegiance to Dupont, but was rebuffed; Beadle said he would be committing a criminal offence if he did so.

1618:. British politicians rejected this idea, asserting that black Northern Rhodesians would never accept it, but agreed to consider a Federation on the condition that neighbouring Nyasaland was also included. 1385:

furtively supported UDI all along, and subsequently excluded him from the diplomatic dialogue. Wilson pursued a second initiative which led to a fresh round of talks with Smith off Gibraltar aboard

1931: 1268:". Beadle grappled with the Rhodesian problem privately and in correspondence, attempting to reconcile the Smith administration's control over the country with the unconstitutional nature of UDI. 871:

with the rank of temporary captain following the outbreak of the Second World War, but was released from military service at the request of the Southern Rhodesian government to serve as Huggins's

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Madzimbamuto petitioned for the right to appeal against his detention to the Privy Council in London; the Rhodesian Appellate Division ruled that he had no right to do so, but the Privy Council

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that Beadle had provided "wise advice" to both governments, and was "welcome this country not only for his sagacity, judgement, and humanity but as a man with the courage of a lion."

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had disseminated "subversive propaganda", encouraged racial hatred, intimidated people into joining and undermined the authority of tribal chiefs, government officials and police.

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On 6 May 1970, Stewart suggested to Wilson that they should formally advise the Queen to remove Beadle from the Privy Council. Wilson resolved to wait until after the British

875:, "with access to all ministers and top-ranking officials on the PM's business to speed up affairs". He held this post from 1940 to 1946, during which time he was also Deputy 1628:

reserved for other races—was rejected by Beadle as disingenuous, under the reasoning that such pools only existed because of white "prejudice against ... mixed bathing".

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Smith and Wilson made little progress towards a settlement during 1964 and 1965; each accused the other of being unreasonable. The RF won a decisive victory in the

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reported on 29 April that a High Court farewell to Sir Vincent Quenet, a retiring judge, would be presided over by the republic's Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle.

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in Southern Rhodesia. Huggins spent three years as Federal Prime Minister before retiring in 1956. Whitehead became Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia in 1958.

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Empire that had ceased to exist'," Facchini concludes. "Thus, he retained his Privy Counsellorship as a vestige of the Rhodesia he had known all his life."

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and opposition to the Federation, particularly in the two northern territories, Beadle chaired a three-man tribunal on the Southern Rhodesian government's

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resigned in protest at Davies's ruling on 12 August and four days later became Chief Justice of Botswana. Madzimbamuto would remain in prison until 1974.

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and rebel United Party MPs to challenge Huggins's premiership. Beadle had entered the Cabinet at a time when relations between the United Party and the

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Beadle arranged "talks about talks" between the British and Rhodesian governments during 1966, which led to Smith and Wilson meeting personally aboard

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with a large majority, he was assigned two more portfolios, those of Education and Health. Around this time he turned down an approach from a group of

548: 34: 3680: 835:. He was attracted to the United Party not so much by its policies but by his admiration for its leading figures—he considered the Prime Minister 3760: 3001: 3555: 215: 3487: 1112: 988: 720: 356: 3145:"Four Tall NCOs of the Life Guards: Lord Mountbatten, Harold Wilson, and the Immediate Aftermath of UDI: The Proposed Mountbatten Mission" 1016: 1544:, Beadle is characterised as "an irrepressible, bouncy extrovert, who does not always perceive the reaction which he causes in others." 3402:

A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969

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from the UK government to replace Gibbs as governor in case of necessity. He visited London in January 1966 and, according to Wilson's

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and the same year appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of Southern Rhodesia. A primary school in Bulawayo was named after him. In

867:, Beadle won a three-way contest in Bulawayo North with 461 votes out of 869, and became a United Party MP. Beadle was seconded to the 555: 38: 2909: 1446:

Smith officially declared a republic on 2 March 1970, and on 10 April the RF was decisively returned to power in the first republican

851:(about 5% of the population). The United Party broadly represented commercial interests, civil servants and the professional classes. 1574:

Palley asserts that but for UDI, "Beadle would have been remembered as a Commonwealth chief justice who upheld individual liberty".

1508: 1432: 1417: 1397: 1204: 1054: 915: 899: 864: 832: 3725: 3750: 3730: 3690: 3528: 3456: 907: 844: 816: 606: 313: 234: 3735: 1201: 1142: 1100: 3720: 778:, was transferred to Class C in 1931 and completed his service with the RAF on 16 July 1933. He graduated with a second-class 3409: 3390: 3371: 3331: 3312: 3293: 3274: 3255: 3229: 3210: 790:

in London chambers before commencing practice in Bulawayo in 1931. In 1934 he married Leonie Barry, a farmer's daughter from

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Ruling on Madzimbamuto's appeal in January 1968, Beadle and three other judges decided that Smith's post-UDI order was not

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of black nationalist leaders without trial during the disturbances. He upheld the government's actions, reporting that the

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communist-backed black nationalist guerrillas, and had been sentenced by a magistrate to two years' hard labour, one year

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soon after. Beadle retired in April 1977 and thereafter sat as an acting judge in special trials for terrorist offences.

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Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia

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In his analysis of Beadle's behaviour, Manuele Facchini suggests that the Chief Justice considered the matter from a

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as "a staunch constitutionalist" who would be disposed to "frustrate any illegal action by Mr Smith's government".

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recalled, and appeared close to collapse. The judge's wife and daughter helped him to slowly return to his room.

1208: 1138: 919: 618: 3740: 3562: 763: 762:. There he played rugby and tennis for the college, boxed for the university and qualified as a pilot with the 759: 634:; three years later he became president of the High Court's new Appellate Division and a member of the British 562: 442: 182: 42: 1503:, which replaced the Rhodesian republic in June 1979, and under the British interim authorities following the 3578: 1533: 1344: 1218: 931: 892: 731: 121: 574:

from November 1965 until April 1977. He came to international prominence against the backdrop of Rhodesia's

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would be awkward but little more. Beadle wrote to Gibbs that he would keep the papers safe in South Africa.

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explain later that he left politics as he did not feel he would work well under his United Party colleague

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and commuted the sentences to life imprisonment. Dhlamini and the others promptly applied for a permanent

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on 6 February 1905, the only son and eldest child of Arthur William Beadle and his wife Christiana Maria (

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Annual Report of the Under Secretary to the Federal Ministry of Works For the Year Ended 30th June, 1960

3675: 1293: 902:, Beadle defeated Labour's Cecil Maurice Baker in Bulawayo North by 666 votes to 196. He was appointed 3049: 3015: 1532:

perhaps because Beadle was clever but spoke his mind"; the British Prime Minister described Beadle to

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agreed, and the application was dismissed. Dhlamini, Mlambo and Shadreck were hanged two days later.

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Facchini, Manuele (2007). "The 'Evil Genius': Sir Hugh Beadle and the Rhodesian Crisis, 1965–1972".

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of seats as whites; the declared goal was not majority rule, but rather "parity between the races".

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describes him as "a learned, fair but also adventurous judge". He was appointed a Companion of the

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on 14 December 1980. Hugh Beadle Primary School in Bulawayo retains its name in the 21st century.

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identified Beadle as "the villain of the piece", while Bottomley dubbed him UDI's "evil genius".

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So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965

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To support this argument, Macdonald referred to the assertion by the 17th-century Dutch jurist

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the following month. This decision proved decisive for Beadle as, to the surprise of many, the

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made precedents in South African case law invalid, ruled that the plaintiff's dignity had been

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Fischer). He had two sisters. The family was politically conservative and favoured joining the

3439:. Salisbury: Ministry of Works, Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. 1961. 1452: 1406: 1071: 1070:, who replaced Field as prime minister in 1964, was in Beadle's eyes an unconvincing leader; 1035: 1004: 934:, and put considerable work into attempting to create a Southern Rhodesian system similar to 880: 859: 779: 724: 700: 661:. The summit failed; Wilson afterwards castigated Beadle for not persuading Smith to settle. 646: 594: 2183: 2035: 1991: 1822: 1802: 1762: 3670: 3665: 1782: 1349: 1104: 1012: 888: 824: 614: 578:(UDI) from Britain in November 1965, upon which he initially stood by the British Governor 437: 422: 25: 1971: 1552:

from 1956 to 1958, saw Beadle as "impulsive" and "always inclined to overstate his case".

8: 3630: 2954: 1536:

shortly after UDI as combining "the courage of a lion" with "the smartness of a fox". In

1023: 1008: 868: 102: 1511:

in February–March 1980, the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe under the leadership of

1169:

Before announcing UDI to the nation, Smith, Lardner-Burke and the Deputy Prime Minister

3521: 3244: 3006: 2989: 2963: 2942: 2188: 2144: 2040: 1996: 1976: 1827: 1807: 1787: 1767: 1615: 1489: 1485: 1386: 1197: 955: 935: 755: 267: 1103:(UDI) if no accommodation could be found. The British High Commissioner in Salisbury, 975:. Despite his close relationship with Huggins, Beadle had strong misgivings regarding 819:, 1948. Beadle is third from the right in the front row, Huggins fourth from the left. 3440: 3424: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3350: 3327: 3308: 3289: 3270: 3251: 3225: 3206: 3178: 2946: 1556: 1500: 1297: 1246: 980: 923: 911: 692: 3343:

Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962

1310: 582:

as an adviser; he then provoked acrimony in British government circles by declaring

3469: 3465: 3116: 2981: 2972:

Pratt, R Cranford (1960). "Partnership and Consent: The Monckton Report Examined".

2934: 1108: 876: 751: 739: 531: 344: 340: 3135: 1379: 1154: 3020: 1481: 1234: 1226: 1170: 1058: 1031: 940: 836: 771: 655: 642: 627: 610: 493: 147: 823:

After returning to Rhodesia, Beadle took an interest in politics; he joined the

645:, the governing party from 1962, in low regard, dismissing its Justice Minister 3144: 3120: 1321: 1269: 1150: 1047: 944: 828: 775: 579: 521: 517: 3105: 2938: 3659: 3444: 3354: 3100: 1607: 1545: 1528: 1512: 1130: 1116: 1062: 1027: 996: 927: 795: 767: 651: 598: 1499:

Beadle continued to serve under the short-lived, unrecognised government of

3182: 1648: 1603: 1516: 1468: 1440: 1249: 840: 497: 412: 408: 3428: 3364:

The Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

3239: 1353: 787: 2993: 2196: 1527:"A short, stocky man of ruddy complexion with a toothbrush moustache," 887:(OBE). For his service during the war, Beadle was also honoured by the 743: 675:

from the Imperial Privy Council, but kept his place following Wilson's

429: 3054: 2985: 1091: 1067: 1043: 984: 791: 783: 583: 52: 3288:(First ed.). Leiden and New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1255: 3477: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 1611: 1329: 735: 716: 671: 602: 571: 317: 1413: 1087: 2914: 854:

Beadle stood in Bulawayo South in the 1934 election, challenging

715:

movement were, in Beadle's recollection, "a pretty wild bunch of

687:

Thomas Hugh William Beadle (generally known as Hugh) was born in

666: 2736: 2428: 1559:, pointing to his 1959 preventive detention ruling as evidence. 831:

and the conservative faction of the Reform Party to contest the

1929: 1872: 1380:

Threatened removal from Privy Council; republican Chief Justice

1115:, took a similar line, describing Beadle to the Prime Minister 723:

of the mostly white electorate, and Southern Rhodesia became a

688: 590: 388: 2875: 2873: 2848: 2846: 2831: 2819: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2360: 2358: 2326: 1925: 1923: 3421:

Rhodesia and Independence: A Study in British Colonial Policy

2703: 2701: 2611: 1480:

In May 1973 Beadle chaired the High Court appeal hearing for

1212:

constitution, without independence, remain for a long time".

1932:"Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964" 1126: 2885: 2870: 2843: 2647: 2645: 2534: 2471: 2355: 2295: 2120: 1920: 754:

degree in 1928, then continued his studies in England as a

2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2698: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2503: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2264: 2262: 2225: 2223: 1862: 1860: 1858: 967:

Beadle filled the seat on the High Court bench vacated by

570:

from March 1961 to November 1965, and as Chief Justice of

3435: 2785: 2783: 2202: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1280:

while also claiming to act under the Queen's commission.

782:

degree in 1930, and soon after was called to the English

3746:

Members of the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia

3175:

The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith

2642: 2563: 2235: 2108: 2084: 2060: 2048: 1606:

envisioned the amalgamation of the two Rhodesias into a

2748: 2713: 2674: 2657: 2587: 2546: 2515: 2500: 2459: 2393: 2370: 2338: 2307: 2274: 2259: 2247: 2220: 2152: 1743: 766:. On 16 July 1928, Beadle received his commission as a 3269:(Third ed.). Harare: Legal Resources Foundation. 3072:"Hugh Beadle pupil swept away by flooded Mazayi River" 2780: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2164: 2016: 2004: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1835: 1675: 719:". Responsible government ultimately prevailed in the 3711:

Southern Rhodesian military personnel of World War II

3250:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2980:(1). Toronto: Canadian International Council: 37–49. 2807: 2686: 2208: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1061:(RF), an all-white, firmly conservative party led by 1053:

Whitehead's United Federal Party was defeated in the

774:. On 16 January 1930, he was promoted to the rank of 81:

9 March 1961 – 17 April 1977

3115:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2858: 2488: 2447: 2096: 2072: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1555:

The black nationalist movement regarded Beadle as a

1186: 3776:

Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George

3404:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. 3385:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. 2623: 2599: 2575: 914:. Two years later, after retaining his seat in the 3701:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 3243: 3222:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who 3104: 3070: 3036: 3002:"Sir Hugh Beadle's Wise Advice: Courage of a Lion" 3000: 2837: 2825: 2332: 1952: 589:Born and raised in the Southern Rhodesian capital 1694: 926:were warming. He formed a good relationship with 770:(Class AA) in the Reserve of Air Force Officers, 3657: 2795: 2416: 879:for the Southern Rhodesian armed forces. In the 801: 3283: 3106:"Beadle, Sir (Thomas) Hugh William (1905–1980)" 2742: 2441: 1878: 1424:, thought the UK should remove Beadle from the 3506:Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister 3246:Human Rights and the South African Legal Order 3191:Constitutional History of Rhodesia: An outline 1405:in London. The 1969 constitution introduced a 1304:Council. "The present government is the fully 1219:Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke N. O. and Others 286:Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister 3347:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 3219: 3038:"Rhodesian Judge does not condone abduction" 2617: 1522: 1149:might be carrying a message to the Governor 995:warrant my going back". Beadle's biographer 3771:Officers of the Order of the British Empire 3545:as Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs 3326:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1621: 1017:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 682: 3302: 2953: 2789: 2766: 2148:(Supplement). 28 December 1956. p. 4. 2054: 806: 670:recognition of the post-UDI government in 586:'s post-UDI administration legal in 1968. 51: 3048: 2813: 1655: 1161:on 11 November 1965, while Beadle was at 1026:on the Federation's future. According to 3324:Black and White Elites in Rural Rhodesia 3321: 3205:(First ed.). London: Eyre Methuen. 2922: 2907: 2891: 2879: 2852: 2770: 2754: 2730: 2668: 2557: 2540: 2509: 2482: 2410: 2387: 2364: 2349: 2320: 2301: 2289: 2268: 2182: 2138: 2126: 2034: 1990: 1970: 1890: 1866: 1821: 1801: 1781: 1688: 1412: 1259:decision; rejection of royal prerogative 1125: 1086: 1055:1962 Southern Rhodesian general election 954: 810: 730:After attending Salisbury Boys' School, 3457:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 3345:. Salisbury: Department of Government, 3340: 3267:A Guide to the Zimbabwean Law of Delict 3188: 3112:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2959:"Ousted Rhodesian Newsman Got Off Easy" 2707: 2022: 2010: 1914: 1902: 1761: 1641: 1584: 1507:of December that year. Following fresh 817:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 607:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 314:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 3761:Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa 3658: 3264: 3238: 3220:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (1977). 3172: 3099: 2692: 2229: 2214: 1737: 1631: 1101:unilateral declaration of independence 576:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 3681:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford 3418: 3197: 2971: 2864: 2651: 2569: 2494: 2453: 2241: 2170: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 1930:F. M. G. Willson and G. C. Passmore. 1749: 330:14 April 1939 – 20 July 1950 137:23 April 1948 – 20 July 1950 3399: 3380: 3361: 3187:also includes (on pp. 240–256) 3142: 3014: 2910:"The Press is the enemy to Rhodesia" 2801: 2774: 2680: 2636: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2528: 2465: 2422: 2253: 2158: 1958: 1266:no independence before majority rule 1176:Officer Administering the Government 961:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 654:and Smith together for talks aboard 2926:Journal of Southern African Studies 1964: 1596: 1515:in April. Beadle died, aged 75, in 1371:The British Commonwealth Secretary 1359:Beadle and his judges granted full 1335: 1022:In 1960 Beadle was a member of the 883:he was appointed an Officer of the 605:in 1931. He became a member of the 297:1 June 1940 – 8 March 1946 247:10 May 1946 – 20 July 1950 195:10 May 1946 – 20 July 1950 13: 3638:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 2176: 1795: 1287:but should be acknowledged as the 1157:parliament. Smith and his Cabinet 973:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 950: 898:In the first post-war election in 632:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 568:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 69:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 14: 3787: 2933:(3). London: Routledge: 673–689. 2000:. 19 December 1950. p. 6333. 1775: 1755: 1001:Order of St Michael and St George 839:"a man of the calibre I think of 3305:Testimony of a Rhodesian Federal 3016:"The Press: Bittersweet Victory" 1602:Huggins and Northern Rhodesia's 891:with the rank of Officer of the 707:, sharing a firm consensus that 475: 464: 3423:. London: J M Dent & Sons. 3307:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 3224:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 3010:. 10 November 1965. p. 11. 2908:Caminada, Jerome (3 May 1973). 2760: 2132: 2044:. 6 October 1950. p. 4968. 2028: 1984: 1980:. 28 December 1945. p. 55. 1831:. 29 August 1933. p. 5668. 1791:. 21 January 1930. p. 430. 1610:that would eventually become a 1368:by the Rhodesian legal system. 1274:United States Solicitor General 624:High Court of Southern Rhodesia 619:Parliamentary Private Secretary 16:Rhodesian lawyer and politician 3751:University of Cape Town alumni 3731:Interior ministers of Rhodesia 3691:British colonial army officers 3284:Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990). 2901:Journal and newspaper articles 2203:Federal Ministry of Works 1961 2192:. 21 March 1961. p. 2165. 1939:University of Zimbabwe Library 1815: 1771:. 24 June 1928. p. 33406. 1475: 1094:, the Rhodesian Prime Minister 1007:. In August 1959, amid rising 971:, who had just been appointed 910:. The same year he was made a 764:Oxford University Air Squadron 601:before commencing practice in 544:Sir Thomas Hugh William Beadle 1: 3736:Justice ministers of Rhodesia 3366:. Durban: Graham Publishing. 959:The three territories of the 847:were overwhelmingly from the 802:Political and judicial career 617:in 1939. Appointed Huggins's 3529:Minister of Internal Affairs 3341:Willson, F M G, ed. (1963). 3136:UK public library membership 1811:. 7 July 1931. p. 4442. 1550:Premier of Southern Rhodesia 1133:, the British Prime Minister 908:Minister of Internal Affairs 746:, Beadle studied law at the 235:Minister of Internal Affairs 57:Chief Justice Beadle in 1965 7: 3726:20th-century King's Counsel 3567:1946 – 1950 3533:1946 – 1950 3078:. Bulawayo. 17 January 2013 3044:. 23 March 1977. p. 2. 2967:. Toledo, Ohio. p. 23. 1099:government might attempt a 885:Order of the British Empire 760:The Queen's College, Oxford 703:during the latter years of 443:The Queen's College, Oxford 10: 3792: 3716:Zimbabwean Rhodes Scholars 3696:Chief justices of Rhodesia 3177:. Salisbury: M O Collins. 3173:Berlyn, Phillippa (1978). 1396:Smith's government held a 1294:royal prerogative of mercy 1040:Mehta v. City of Salisbury 827:, created from the former 798:; they had two daughters. 376:Thomas Hugh William Beadle 3721:Rhodesian Queen's Counsel 3644: 3635: 3627: 3622: 3605: 3588: 3576: 3571: 3560: 3552: 3535: 3526: 3518: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3476:Member of Parliament for 3474: 3462: 3455: 2939:10.1080/03057070701475799 1523:Personality and appraisal 1505:Lancaster House Agreement 1401:representative office at 1139:May 1965 general election 593:, Beadle read law in the 537: 527: 513: 503: 489: 456: 451: 428: 418: 398: 371: 366: 362: 350: 334: 323: 311: 301: 290: 285: 273: 261: 251: 240: 233: 221: 209: 199: 188: 181: 163: 153: 141: 130: 120: 108: 96: 74: 66: 62: 50: 23: 3686:Royal Air Force officers 3598:as Minister of Education 3419:Young, Kenneth (1969) . 3322:Weinrich, A K H (1973). 3303:Greenfield, J M (1978). 2618:Cary & Mitchell 1977 683:Early life and education 3592:George Arthur Davenport 3058:. London. 10 March 2011 3024:. New York. 14 May 1973 2918:. Melbourne. p. 9. 2838:Bulawayo Chronicle 2013 2826:The Glasgow Herald 1977 2333:The Glasgow Herald 1965 1581:of difficult choices". 1237:powers to make a deal. 873:Parliamentary Secretary 807:MP and Cabinet minister 748:University of Cape Town 3756:White Rhodesian people 3522:Sir Ernest Lucas Guest 3121:10.1093/ref:odnb/30799 1467:won the election, and 1429: 1187:Madzimbamuto case and 1134: 1113:Сommonwealth Secretary 1095: 1082: 964: 820: 713:responsible government 268:Sir Ernest Lucas Guest 3741:Rhodesian politicians 3615:as Minister of Health 3203:A History of Rhodesia 2974:International Journal 1416: 1159:declared independence 1129: 1090: 1072:Desmond Lardner-Burke 1036:1961 New Year Honours 1005:1957 New Year Honours 958: 881:1945 New Year Honours 833:1934 general election 814: 780:Bachelor of Civil Law 725:self-governing colony 701:Union of South Africa 677:1970 electoral defeat 647:Desmond Lardner-Burke 595:Union of South Africa 3648:Sir Hector Macdonald 3400:Wood, J R T (2008). 3381:Wood, J R T (2005). 3362:Wood, J R T (1983). 3143:Wood, J R T (1999). 2743:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 2442:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 1879:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 1585:Notes and references 1354:J R Dendy Young 1350:Harry Elinder Davies 1048:unlawfully affronted 1013:preventive detention 924:British Labour Party 893:Order of the Phoenix 889:King of the Hellenes 845:Legislative Assembly 727:the following year. 438:Cape Town University 115:Sir Hector Macdonald 26:The Right Honourable 3563:Minister of Justice 2955:Kilpatrick, James J 2894:, pp. 677–678. 2882:, pp. 688–689. 2855:, pp. 676–677. 2710:, pp. 255–256. 2683:, pp. 542–555. 2654:, pp. 538–541. 2596:, pp. 487–488. 2572:, pp. 536–537. 2543:, pp. 684–687. 2531:, pp. 423–424. 2485:, pp. 682–683. 2468:, pp. 229–231. 2367:, pp. 681–682. 2304:, pp. 680–681. 2256:, pp. 392–393. 2244:, pp. 345–351. 2161:, pp. 689–690. 2129:, pp. 679–680. 2117:, pp. 310–312. 2093:, pp. 265–269. 2069:, pp. 247–249. 1752:, pp. 186–191. 1542:History of Rhodesia 1453:The Rhodesia Herald 1345:considered his case 1079:1961 constitution. 1024:Monckton Commission 969:Sir Robert Tredgold 904:Minister of Justice 869:Gold Coast Regiment 750:. He completed his 709:Sir Charles Coghlan 307:Sir Godfrey Huggins 257:Sir Godfrey Huggins 205:Sir Godfrey Huggins 183:Minister of Justice 148:Sir Godfrey Huggins 3706:People from Harare 3579:Minister of Health 3495:Political offices 3265:Feltoe, G (2010). 3050:"Hector Macdonald" 3042:The Glasgow Herald 3007:The Glasgow Herald 2189:The London Gazette 2145:The London Gazette 2041:The London Gazette 1997:The London Gazette 1977:The London Gazette 1828:The London Gazette 1808:The London Gazette 1788:The London Gazette 1768:The London Gazette 1616:Commonwealth realm 1430: 1311:Sir Vincent Quenet 1198:dormant commission 1151:Sir Humphrey Gibbs 1135: 1096: 965: 936:National Insurance 932:Minister of Health 821: 732:Milton High School 626:. In 1961, he was 580:Sir Humphrey Gibbs 504:Service years 122:Minister of Health 3676:Rhodesian lawyers 3654: 3653: 3645:Succeeded by 3618: 3609:William Winterton 3606:Succeeded by 3601: 3589:Succeeded by 3548: 3539:Julius Greenfield 3536:Succeeded by 3513:Office abolished 3485:Succeeded by 3411:978-1-4251-4807-2 3392:978-1-4120-4952-8 3373:978-0-620-06410-1 3333:978-0-7190-0533-6 3314:978-0-86920-172-5 3295:978-0-7923-0811-9 3276:978-0-908312-69-6 3257:978-1-4008-6812-4 3231:978-0-86920-151-0 3212:978-0-413-28350-4 3189:Rowland, J Reid. 3134:(Subscription or 2745:, pp. 72–73. 2620:, pp. 96–99. 2444:, pp. 75–76. 2232:, pp. 57–58. 2173:, pp. 42–43. 1948:on 1 August 2020. 1881:, pp. 48–53. 1557:white supremacist 1501:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1437:Foreign Secretary 1422:Foreign Secretary 1298:stay of execution 1247:Private Secretary 1105:J B Johnston 1009:black nationalism 981:Northern Rhodesia 796:Cape of Good Hope 693:Southern Rhodesia 541: 540: 482:Southern Rhodesia 393:Southern Rhodesia 280:Julius Greenfield 228:Julius Greenfield 175:William Winterton 3783: 3766:Knights Bachelor 3628:Preceded by 3612: 3595: 3553:Preceded by 3542: 3519:Preceded by 3470:Allan Ross Welsh 3466:John Banks Brady 3463:Preceded by 3453: 3452: 3448: 3432: 3415: 3396: 3377: 3358: 3337: 3318: 3299: 3280: 3261: 3249: 3235: 3216: 3194: 3186: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3139: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3108: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3045: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3011: 2997: 2986:10.2307/40198516 2968: 2950: 2919: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2391: 2385: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2347: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1941:. Archived from 1936: 1927: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1833: 1832: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1692: 1686: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1604:Sir Roy Welensky 1600: 1565:Marcia Falkender 1461:general election 1315:Hector Macdonald 1250:Sir John Pestell 1202:Attorney General 1143:House of Commons 1109:Arthur Bottomley 877:Advocate General 752:Bachelor of Laws 740:Diocesan College 641:Beadle held the 565: 560: 553: 532:Second World War 481: 479: 478: 470: 468: 467: 452:Military service 405: 402:14 December 1980 385: 383: 367:Personal details 353: 345:Allan Ross Welsh 341:John Banks Brady 337: 328: 304: 295: 276: 264: 254: 245: 224: 212: 202: 193: 170:George Davenport 166: 156: 144: 135: 111: 99: 92: 90: 86: 79: 55: 45: 21: 20: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3641: 3633: 3631:Sir John Murray 3611: 3594: 3585: 3566: 3558: 3541: 3532: 3524: 3508: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3451: 3412: 3393: 3374: 3334: 3315: 3296: 3277: 3258: 3232: 3213: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3061: 3059: 3027: 3025: 2957:(16 May 1973). 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2790:Kilpatrick 1973 2788: 2781: 2767:Kilpatrick 1973 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2714: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2394: 2386: 2371: 2363: 2356: 2348: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2055:Greenfield 1978 2053: 2049: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1989: 1985: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1836: 1820: 1816: 1800: 1796: 1780: 1776: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1695: 1687: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1525: 1482:Peter Niesewand 1478: 1433:Michael Stewart 1418:Michael Stewart 1382: 1341: 1261: 1235:plenipotentiary 1193: 1171:Clifford Dupont 1153:telling him to 1085: 1059:Rhodesian Front 953: 951:Judicial career 941:Edgar Whitehead 837:Godfrey Huggins 809: 804: 772:Royal Air Force 721:1922 referendum 685: 643:Rhodesian Front 611:Godfrey Huggins 558: 551: 547: 520: 508: 496: 494:Royal Air Force 485: 476: 474: 465: 463: 447: 419:Political party 407: 403: 387: 386:6 February 1905 381: 379: 378: 377: 351: 343: 335: 329: 324: 302: 296: 291: 274: 262: 252: 246: 241: 222: 210: 200: 194: 189: 173: 164: 154: 142: 136: 131: 109: 103:Sir John Murray 97: 88: 84: 82: 80: 75: 58: 46: 33: 31: 30:Sir Hugh Beadle 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3789: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3623:Legal offices 3620: 3619: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3590: 3587: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3537: 3534: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3478:Bulawayo North 3473: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3433: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3359: 3338: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3300: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3262: 3256: 3236: 3230: 3217: 3211: 3195: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3140: 3101:Palley, Claire 3096: 3093:Online sources 3089: 3088: 3068: 3046: 3034: 3012: 2998: 2969: 2951: 2920: 2904: 2897: 2896: 2884: 2869: 2867:, p. 386. 2857: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2814:The Times 2011 2806: 2794: 2779: 2759: 2757:, p. 688. 2747: 2735: 2733:, p. 687. 2712: 2697: 2695:, p. 192. 2685: 2673: 2671:, p. 686. 2656: 2641: 2639:, p. 513. 2622: 2610: 2608:, p. 499. 2598: 2586: 2584:, p. 421. 2574: 2562: 2560:, p. 685. 2545: 2533: 2514: 2512:, p. 683. 2499: 2497:, p. 398. 2487: 2470: 2458: 2456:, p. 397. 2446: 2427: 2415: 2413:, p. 682. 2392: 2390:, p. 684. 2369: 2354: 2352:, p. 675. 2337: 2325: 2323:, p. 681. 2306: 2294: 2292:, p. 676. 2273: 2271:, p. 680. 2258: 2246: 2234: 2219: 2217:, p. 190. 2207: 2195: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2105:, p. 294. 2095: 2083: 2081:, p. 249. 2071: 2059: 2047: 2027: 2025:, p. 164. 2015: 2013:, p. 157. 2003: 1983: 1963: 1951: 1919: 1917:, p. 148. 1907: 1905:, p. 139. 1895: 1883: 1871: 1869:, p. 679. 1834: 1814: 1794: 1774: 1754: 1742: 1693: 1691:, p. 678. 1673: 1665: 1664: 1654: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1524: 1521: 1477: 1474: 1403:Rhodesia House 1381: 1378: 1373:George Thomson 1340: 1334: 1322:John Fieldsend 1270:Erwin Griswold 1260: 1254: 1209:Foreign Office 1192: 1185: 1163:Lusaka Airport 1111:, the British 1084: 1081: 952: 949: 945:The Honourable 912:King's Counsel 849:white minority 829:Rhodesia Party 808: 805: 803: 800: 776:Flying Officer 756:Rhodes Scholar 684: 681: 630:and appointed 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 525: 524: 518:Flying Officer 515: 511: 510: 505: 501: 500: 491: 487: 486: 484: 483: 472: 471:United Kingdom 460: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 446: 445: 440: 434: 432: 426: 425: 420: 416: 415: 406:(aged 75) 400: 396: 395: 375: 373: 369: 368: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 348: 347: 338: 332: 331: 321: 320: 318:Bulawayo North 312:Member of the 309: 308: 305: 303:Prime Minister 299: 298: 288: 287: 283: 282: 277: 271: 270: 265: 259: 258: 255: 253:Prime Minister 249: 248: 238: 237: 231: 230: 225: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 203: 201:Prime Minister 197: 196: 186: 185: 179: 178: 167: 161: 160: 157: 151: 150: 145: 143:Prime Minister 139: 138: 128: 127: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 72: 71: 64: 63: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 32: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3788: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3582:and Education 3580: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199:Blake, Robert 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3077: 3076:The Chronicle 3073: 3069: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2892:Facchini 2007 2888: 2881: 2880:Facchini 2007 2876: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2853:Facchini 2007 2849: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2771:Caminada 1973 2768: 2763: 2756: 2755:Facchini 2007 2751: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2731:Facchini 2007 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2669:Facchini 2007 2665: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2558:Facchini 2007 2554: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541:Facchini 2007 2537: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2510:Facchini 2007 2506: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2483:Facchini 2007 2479: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2411:Facchini 2007 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2388:Facchini 2007 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2365:Facchini 2007 2361: 2359: 2351: 2350:Facchini 2007 2346: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2321:Facchini 2007 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2302:Facchini 2007 2298: 2291: 2290:Facchini 2007 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2269:Facchini 2007 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2216: 2211: 2205:, p. 67. 2204: 2199: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2127:Facchini 2007 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2057:, p. 98. 2056: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1961:, p. 19. 1960: 1955: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1893:, p. 15. 1892: 1891:Weinrich 1973 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1867:Facchini 2007 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 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1221: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1131:Harold Wilson 1128: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1117:Harold Wilson 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1077: 1076:Privy Council 1073: 1069: 1064: 1063:Winston Field 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Aidan Crawley 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003:(CMG) in the 1002: 998: 997:Claire Palley 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 962: 957: 948: 946: 942: 937: 933: 929: 928:Aneurin Bevan 925: 921: 917: 916:1948 election 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865:1939 election 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 818: 813: 799: 797: 793: 789: 786:. He briefly 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:Pilot Officer 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 680: 678: 673: 669: 668: 662: 660: 659: 653: 652:Harold Wilson 648: 644: 639: 637: 636:Privy Council 633: 629: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Great Britain 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 557: 550: 545: 536: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 516: 512: 506: 502: 499: 495: 492: 488: 473: 462: 461: 459: 455: 450: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 433: 431: 427: 424: 421: 417: 414: 410: 401: 397: 394: 390: 374: 370: 365: 361: 358: 355: 349: 346: 342: 339: 333: 327: 322: 319: 315: 310: 306: 300: 294: 289: 284: 281: 278: 272: 269: 266: 260: 256: 250: 244: 239: 236: 232: 229: 226: 220: 217: 214: 208: 204: 198: 192: 187: 184: 180: 176: 171: 168: 162: 158: 152: 149: 146: 140: 134: 129: 126: 125:and Education 123: 119: 116: 113: 107: 104: 101: 95: 78: 73: 70: 65: 61: 54: 49: 44: 40: 36: 27: 22: 19: 3642:1961 – 1977 3636: 3614: 3613: 3597: 3596: 3586:1948 – 1950 3577: 3572: 3561: 3556:Harry Bertin 3544: 3543: 3527: 3512: 3509:1940 – 1946 3505: 3500: 3482:1939 – 1950 3475: 3436: 3420: 3401: 3382: 3363: 3342: 3323: 3304: 3285: 3266: 3245: 3240:Dugard, John 3221: 3202: 3190: 3174: 3166:Bibliography 3165: 3164: 3153:. Retrieved 3148: 3126:18 September 3124:. Retrieved 3110: 3092: 3091: 3082:21 September 3080:. Retrieved 3075: 3062:21 September 3060:. Retrieved 3053: 3041: 3028:21 September 3026:. Retrieved 3019: 3005: 2977: 2973: 2962: 2930: 2924: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2860: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2708:Rowland 1978 2688: 2676: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2536: 2490: 2461: 2449: 2418: 2328: 2297: 2249: 2237: 2210: 2198: 2187: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2143: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2039: 2030: 2023:Willson 1963 2018: 2011:Willson 1963 2006: 1995: 1986: 1975: 1966: 1954: 1943:the original 1938: 1915:Willson 1963 1910: 1903:Willson 1963 1898: 1886: 1874: 1826: 1817: 1806: 1797: 1786: 1777: 1766: 1757: 1745: 1669: 1668: 1657: 1649:Hugo Grotius 1643: 1633: 1623: 1598: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1554: 1541: 1526: 1517:Johannesburg 1498: 1494: 1479: 1469:Edward Heath 1458: 1451: 1445: 1441:Edgar Speyer 1431: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1342: 1336: 1327: 1319: 1313:and Justice 1305: 1302: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1262: 1256: 1243: 1239: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1194: 1188: 1181: 1168: 1147: 1136: 1121: 1097: 1052: 1039: 1021: 993: 966: 947:" for life. 897: 856:Harry Davies 853: 825:United Party 822: 815:The seventh 729: 705:Company rule 696: 686: 665: 663: 657: 640: 615:United Party 588: 543: 542: 498:British Army 423:United Party 413:South Africa 409:Johannesburg 404:(1980-12-14) 352:Succeeded by 325: 292: 275:Succeeded by 242: 223:Succeeded by 216:Harry Bertin 190: 165:Succeeded by 132: 110:Succeeded by 76: 18: 3671:1980 deaths 3666:1905 births 3488:Cyril Hatty 3149:jrtwood.com 2693:Berlyn 1978 2230:Dugard 1978 2215:Feltoe 2010 2184:"No. 42308" 2140:"No. 40960" 2036:"No. 39035" 1992:"No. 39095" 1972:"No. 37407" 1823:"No. 33973" 1803:"No. 33733" 1783:"No. 33572" 1738:Palley 2004 1534:Lord Alport 1476:Later years 1435:, Wilson's 1420:, Wilson's 1205:Elwyn Jones 357:Cyril Hatty 336:Preceded by 263:Preceded by 211:Preceded by 172:(Education) 155:Preceded by 98:Preceded by 3660:Categories 3138:required.) 2865:Blake 1977 2652:Young 1969 2570:Young 1969 2495:Blake 1977 2454:Blake 1977 2242:Blake 1977 2171:Pratt 1960 2115:Blake 1977 2103:Blake 1977 2091:Blake 1977 2079:Blake 1977 2067:Blake 1977 1763:"No. 4977" 1750:Blake 1977 1670:References 1538:Lord Blake 1398:referendum 989:referendum 977:Federation 744:Rondebosch 613:'s ruling 457:Allegiance 430:Alma mater 382:1905-02-06 159:New office 89:1977-04-17 85:1961-03-09 3573:New title 3501:New title 3445:124013842 3355:219295658 3055:The Times 2964:The Blade 2947:144731347 2802:Time 1973 2775:Time 1973 2681:Wood 2008 2637:Wood 2008 2606:Wood 2008 2594:Wood 2008 2582:Wood 2008 2529:Wood 2008 2466:Wood 2008 2423:Wood 1999 2254:Wood 2005 2159:Wood 1983 1959:Wood 2005 1590:Footnotes 1509:elections 1490:suspended 1486:combating 1407:President 1092:Ian Smith 1068:Ian Smith 1044:apartheid 985:Nyasaland 963:(1953–63) 930:, the UK 792:Barrydale 689:Salisbury 664:Beadle's 656:HMS 591:Salisbury 584:Ian Smith 509:1939–1940 507:1928–1933 389:Salisbury 326:In office 293:In office 243:In office 191:In office 133:In office 77:In office 3242:(1978). 3201:(1977). 3151:. Durban 3103:(2004). 2994:40198516 1652:country. 1612:dominion 1448:election 1389:Fearless 1339:decision 1330:dominion 1320:Justice 1306:de facto 1289:de facto 1278:de facto 1264:NIBMAR—" 1257:De facto 1155:prorogue 1032:knighted 736:Bulawayo 711:and his 672:Rhodesia 628:knighted 603:Bulawayo 572:Rhodesia 177:(Health) 87: – 67:7th 3183:4282978 3155:10 June 2915:The Age 1366:de jure 1361:de jure 1337:De jure 1285:de jure 1057:by the 1034:in the 920:Liberal 794:in the 717:jingoes 667:de jure 597:and in 522:Captain 83: ( 3443: 3429:955160 3427: 3408: 3389: 3370: 3353: 3330: 3311: 3292: 3273: 3254: 3228: 3209: 3181: 3132: 2992: 2945: 1662:Queen. 1272:, the 860:Labour 858:, the 841:Rhodes 490:Branch 480: 469: 2990:JSTOR 2943:S2CID 1946:(PDF) 1935:(PDF) 1229:Tiger 1191:talks 1189:Tiger 979:with 658:Tiger 561: 559:, 554: 552:, 41: 37: 3441:OCLC 3425:OCLC 3406:ISBN 3387:ISBN 3368:ISBN 3351:OCLC 3328:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3290:ISBN 3271:ISBN 3252:ISBN 3226:ISBN 3207:ISBN 3179:OCLC 3157:2013 3128:2014 3084:2014 3064:2014 3030:2014 3021:Time 1387:HMS 1227:HMS 983:and 906:and 900:1946 788:read 738:and 609:for 528:Wars 514:Rank 399:Died 372:Born 316:for 3117:doi 2982:doi 2935:doi 1614:or 1540:'s 1083:UDI 784:bar 758:at 734:in 697:née 556:OBE 549:CMG 39:OBE 35:CMG 3662:: 3349:. 3147:. 3109:. 3074:. 3052:. 3040:. 3018:. 3004:. 2988:. 2978:16 2976:. 2961:. 2941:. 2931:33 2929:. 2912:. 2872:^ 2845:^ 2782:^ 2773:; 2769:; 2715:^ 2700:^ 2659:^ 2644:^ 2625:^ 2548:^ 2517:^ 2502:^ 2473:^ 2430:^ 2395:^ 2372:^ 2357:^ 2340:^ 2309:^ 2276:^ 2261:^ 2222:^ 2186:. 2142:. 2038:. 1994:. 1974:. 1937:. 1922:^ 1837:^ 1825:. 1805:. 1785:. 1765:. 1696:^ 1677:^ 1548:, 1300:. 895:. 742:, 691:, 638:. 563:PC 546:, 411:, 391:, 43:PC 3447:. 3431:. 3414:. 3395:. 3376:. 3357:. 3336:. 3317:. 3298:. 3279:. 3260:. 3234:. 3215:. 3193:. 3185:. 3159:. 3130:. 3119:: 3086:. 3066:. 3032:. 2996:. 2984:: 2949:. 2937:: 2840:. 2828:. 2816:. 2804:. 2792:. 2777:. 2425:. 2335:. 1740:. 1428:. 384:) 380:( 91:)

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