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718:, he said that if the feudal lords use the Yi ritual, then they should be called Yi. If they use Chinese rituals, then they should be called Chinese." Han Yu went on to lament that the Chinese of his time might all become Yi because the Tang court wanted to put Yi laws above the teachings of the former kings, creating the possibility that although insiders could lose their culture, outsiders could similarly gain insider culture.
575:. Due to multiple attempts on his life, he soon became apprehensive of the non-Han tribes and ordered the Han people to slaughter the Jie people and other barbarians, identifying them by their high noses and full beards. Around 200,000 people were killed, with the Jie soon disappearing from history, but a large number of victims were also mistakenly-identified Han Chinese people. After Ran Min founded his state of
8171:
966:, whom Zeng accused of ten major crimes, took this event as an opportunity to educate the Qing's Chinese subjects. In a series of discussions with Zeng Jing, the emperor proclaimed that Chinese were not inherently superior to the barbarians. To justify his statements, he declared that King Wen, the sage king and the founder of the Zhou dynasty, was of Western Yi origin, but this did not hurt his greatness.
130:
703:), which is often cited as expressing the sentiments of the "non-xenophobic" Chinese position on the Hua–Yi distinction. In the essay, Chen wrote: "If one speaks in terms of geography, then there are Hua and Yi. But if one speaks in terms of education, then there can be no such difference. For the distinction between Hua and Yi rests in the heart and is determined by their different inclinations."
366:) he said, "If a gentleman-scholar dwells in their midst, what baseness can there be among them?" An alternate translation of the philosopher's Analect 9.14 is, "Someone said: 'They are vulgar. What can you do about them?' The Master said: 'A gentleman used to live there. How could they be vulgar?'" In both translations, the author is shown to believe in the superiority of the
3703:
982:), which the Yongzheng Emperor published and distributed throughout the empire in 1730, was "to undermine the credibility of the hua/yi distinction." However, due to the fact that this tract also helped to expose many unsavoury aspects of court life and political intrigues in the imperial government, Yongzheng's successor the
5933:
3641:
888:
Although the Ming referred to the preceding Yuan as the "wild Yuan" (胡元), they also accepted the Yuan before them as a legitimate dynasty. The Hongwu
Emperor indicated on another occasion that he was happy to be born in the Yuan period and that the Yuan did legitimately receive the Mandate of Heaven
320:
Although China had been trading goods to and from
Europeans for centuries, it was not until the arrival of the industrialised European trade and colonialism in the 19th and 20th centuries that exposed Chinese civilisation to technological developments that had long outdated China's. As such, Chinese
1005:
However, the Qing adopted
Confucian philosophy and Han Chinese institutions to show that the Manchu rulers had received the Mandate of Heaven, while at the same time trying to retain their own indigenous culture. Due to the Manchus' adoption of Han Chinese culture, most Han Chinese (though not all)
884:
and issued a long manifesto, in which he labeled the Yuan as barbarians who had usurped the
Chinese throne, and who had inflicted atrocities such as rape and murder. He lists incidents where the Mongols massacred men in entire villages and appropriated the women. Zhu's northern military expedition
1351:
This sentiment was in large part due to the fact that the
Jurchens were descended from the Mohe people, who were once subjects of Goguryeo and Balhae. In addition, the Jurchens were widely recognised as "barbarians", as Jurchen tribes have been raiding and pillaging the northern border regions of
197:
claimed that
Chinese texts tended to overstate the distinction between the Chinese and their northern neighbours, ignoring many intergroup similarities. Nicola di Cosmo doubted the existence of a strong demarcation between the "Zhou Universe" and "a discrete, 'barbarian', non-Zhou universe" and
1390:) of the last Ming emperor. In private they referred to the Manchu emperors of Qing China as the "barbarian ruler" and Qing ambassadors as "barbarian ambassadors". These feelings could not be expressed as the "barbarians" held great power over Korea following their successful invasion in the
776:(whom the Song largely succeeded and who largely continued the rule of the Tang) were not barbarian or "Yi" but Chinese or "Hua" and that the Song had only descended from ruling groups that were Hua. Secondly, the Song asserted that the Liao and Western Xia, and later the
5227:
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540:
dynasties, adopted the
Chinese ruling systems and customs, with the former initially claiming to be a continuation of the Han dynasty. On the other hand, some of the barbarian states also established separate governing bodies for the "Han" and "Hu".
1631:, Emperor Minh Mạng implemented an acculturation integration policy directed at these peoples. He declared, "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs."
107:. The Hua–Yi distinction was not unique to China, but was also applied by various Vietnamese, Japanese, and Koreans regimes, all of whom considered themselves at one point in history to be legitimate successors to the Chinese civilization and the "
796:. However, the Yuan dynasty adopted a different approach to quelling the conflict. The Yuan asserted that the Song, Liao and Jin were all legitimate; therefore all three dynasties were given their own history, as recognition of their legitimacy.
5273:
5261:
182:
period (770–256 BCE), when adherence to Zhou rituals became increasingly recognised as a "barometer of civilisation"; a meter for sophistication and cultural refinement. It is widely agreed by historians that the distinction between the
1638:
ordered traditional wrapped-skirt and cross-collar clothing which is very popular in
Sinosphere to be replaced by Qing and Ming-style clothing although isolated hamlets in northern Vietnam continued to wear skirts until the 1920s. The
519:
and other ethnic Han appealed to entrenched beliefs in the Hua–Yi distinction when calling for resistance to the Five
Barbarians and the Yi they represented. The Jin was eventually driven out of the north and relocated south of the
531:
Meanwhile, the "Five
Barbarians", who founded several of the Sixteen Kingdoms in northern China and Sichuan, often had to cooperate with the local Han people to consolidate their rules. The first two of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the
340:. Confucius argued that a state founded on the relatively cruel social codes of conquest and warlordism was barbaric in contrast to one founded on the principles of stately righteousness. In Analect 3.5, Confucius said, "The
321:
society was forced to undergo a modification of its traditional views of its relationships with "barbarians", and in particular could no longer regard everyone other than Chinese as objectively inferior uncultured barbarians.
5658:
1022:, "seed", "species", "race") started to dominate the intellectual scene" in the late 19th-century Qing dynasty and completed the "transition from cultural exclusiveness to racial exclusiveness in modern China" in the 1920s.
461:
apart, and there were a thousand years between them. Yet when they had their way in the Central Kingdoms, their actions matched like the two halves of a tally. The standards of the two sages, one earlier and one later, were
1089:, another title for the Chinese emperor (日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云; "The Son of Heaven of where the sun rises is writing to the Son of Heaven of where the sun sets"). It was taken as an insult by the Chinese emperor of the time,
5900:
973:
also borrowed from Han Yu, indicating that Yi can become Hua and vice versa. In addition, according to Yongzheng, both Hua and Yi were now a part of the same family under the Qing. One of the goals of the tract
6663:
1471:
629:
deposed the Xianbei ruler of Northern Zhou and restored Han rule over North China. This event marked the end of all power that the Xianbei and other non-Han groups had over China, and racial tension subsided.
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2079:
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was heavily influenced by Chinese culture, taking language, architecture, and court practices from China. It also paid annual tribute to first the Ming and later Qing courts from 1374 until 1874.
6819:
6459:
5928:
893:, generally supported the idea that while the Chinese and the non-Chinese are different, they are actually equal. Liu was therefore arguing against the idea that Hua was and is superior to Yi.
1125:
1025:
Following the overthrow of the Qing, Sun Yat-sen allegedly went to the grave of Zhu Yuanzhang and told him that the Huaxia had been restored and the barbarians overthrown. However, after the
613:
on his people. The Xianbei language was outlawed and Xianbei people began to adopt surnames of the Han ethnicity; for example, the ruling clan of the Northern Wei originally bore the surname
689:
and several similar incidences of what they believed as incorrect racial privileging. Such was the discourse that Tang intellectual Chen An wrote an essay defending the governor's decision;
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946:, refused to serve the new dynasty because he claimed that upholding the difference between Huaxia and the Yi was more important than respecting the righteous bond between minister (
725:(755–763), which propelled the Tang into decline. An intellectual movement "to return to the pure... sources of orthodox thought and morality", including many of the concepts of the
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935:
was viewed as a symbolic gesture of servitude by many ethnic Han, who thought that changing their dress to the same as Yi would be contrary to the spirit of the Hua-Yi distinction.
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began to take territories inhabited by large numbers of Chinese and asserted that they too were Chinese and successors to the Tang, and posed legitimacy issues for Song rule.
6049:
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Ran Min continues to be a controversial figure. He is considered by some to be a hero, whereas others believe he bore extreme prejudice arising from the Hua–Yi distinction.
7509:
5014:
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5355:
7691:
5210:
780:, were barbarian states despite their control of large areas of traditional Han territory because they had not inherited any mandate from a legitimate, "Hua" dynasty.
178:
was "more political than cultural or ethnic". Lothar von Falkenhausen argues that the perceived contrast between "Chinese" and "Barbarians" was accentuated during the
91:
is usually translated as "barbarian", other translations of this term in English include "foreigners", "ordinary others", "wild tribes" and "uncivilized tribes". The
7737:
7504:
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202:
popularised this concept, writing of the "chasm that had 'always' existed between China – the Hua-Hsia people – and the various alien groups inhabiting the north."
3631:
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5560:
5268:
5060:
1348:; "Little China"). As the Joseon supported the Ming, they were reported to have extended a friendliness to the Ming that they did not display to the Qing dynasty.
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1359:
7514:
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2459:
3595:[The 'Hua-Yi distinction' and scholar-officials' view of Hua and Yi in the late Tang and Five Dynasties: their recognition of the Shatuo regime].
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Haboush, JaHyun Kim (2005). "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Choson Korea". In Struve, Lynn A. (ed.).
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to rule. Areas outside Sinocentric influence and the divine rule of the Emperor were considered to consist of uncivilised lands inhabited by barbarians.
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1358:
As the Ming dynasty fell, Korea was worried about its own security. This was due to previous instances in which Ming China aided Korea such as in the
8005:
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1043:
The PRC did not abide by the concept of the Hua-Yi distinction and recognised the Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Qing as legitimate dynasties. Initially, the
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In response to rising concerns from citizenry and claims from Yi states such as the Western Xia, Song scholars stipulated that groups like the
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and other Asian countries. Although Han Chinese superiority had only been sporadically reinforced by displays of Chinese military power, their
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of Japan stated its perspective of being independent and equal to China in a diplomatic letter by referring to the Japanese ruler as the
475:
wars, the Jin allowed millions of "barbarian" people to reside in Jin territory. Many officials opposed this decision in the name of the
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as "barbarians", as he believed the workings of a civilised state should be founded on ethical conduct, which he said must stem from
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Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
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1679:
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3674:[The conflict between the Hua-Yi conception and the Divine-Land conception: on China-Japan relations in the early Ming].
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1362:. Long after the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the Joseon ruling elite and even the Joseon government continued to use the
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1802:, p. 286. Li explains that "Rong" meant something like "warlike foreigners" and "Yi" was close to "foreign conquerables".
1099:
was introduced into Japan about at the same time as Buddhism, but it was not encouraged to be spread as much as Buddhism was.
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Falkenhausen, Lothar von (1999). "The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770–481 B.C.". In
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Because Korea had been closely tied to Han Chinese, "barbarianism ruling China" became a major issue for discussion there.
571:. In 349 CE, after his promise to be made Crown Prince was reneged, Shi Min seized control of the emperor and the capital,
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Korean Goryeo and Joseon kingdoms for centuries. This sentiment did not disappear even after Qing completed sinicisation.
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311:(551–479 BCE) was prompted to formulate principles for relationships with the barbarians, briefly recorded in two of his
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3232:(2005). "Beasts or humans: Pre-Imperial origins of Sino-Barbarian Dichotomy". In Amitai, Reuven; Biran, Michal (eds.).
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Towards the end of the Ming dynasty, Ming loyalists invoked the Hua-Yi distinction to urge the Chinese to resist the
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During the Qing, the Qing destroyed writings that criticised the Liao, Jin and Yuan using the Hua–Yi distinction.
993:) recalled the tracts and had them burned for the fear that it would undermine the legitimacy of the Qing empire.
749:, for three short-lived dynasties while the south was ruled by ethnic Han. Their legitimacy was recognised by the
745:
The "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" was a period in which the north of China was ruled by a non-Han people, the
681:
This cosmopolitan policy caused controversy among the literati, many of whom questioned the recommendation of the
579:
in 350, he attempted to win back the support of the tribes, but in 352, his regime was toppled by the Xianbei-led
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1182:
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39:
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Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China
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Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
1401:
Over time the Qing government exerted more power over Joseon Korea. This would eventually turn Korea into a
443:
believed that Confucian practices were universal and timeless, and thus, followed by both Hua and Yi people.
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7372:
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428:, leading to the creation of the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou would later contribute as much as the Shang to the
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5846:
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3590:"'Hua-Yi zhi bian' yu Tangmo Wudai shiren de Hua-Yi guan – shiren qunti dui Shatuo zhengquan de rentong"
2568:
1620:
777:
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1222:
812:("assorted categories"): a term for non-Chinese and non-Mongol foreigners who occupied the second slate;
8054:
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was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying. Their native places were over a
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5959:
5890:
5780:
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had been a success; Beijing was captured in the same year and China was again governed by ethnic Han.
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5168:
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Arguments that excoriated the Tang's lax attitude towards foreigners were strengthened by the Yi-led
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and other major Tang cities for business or study. These people brought their religions and customs:
516:
6078:
1541:
Vietnamese dynasties competed for primacy, adopting the same descriptive term, "Central State" (中國;
563:
ethnicity, who had a practice of heavily adopting people into their family. One of these people was
329:
Confucius lived during a time of war between Chinese states. He regarded people who did not respect
77:, which they contrasted with the surrounding regions home to outsiders, conventionally known as the
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2005:
quote "孟子曰：「舜生於諸馮，遷於負夏，卒於鳴條，東夷之人也。文王生於岐周，卒於畢郢，西夷之人也。地之相去也，千有餘里；世之相後也，千有餘歲。得志行乎中國，若合符節。先聖後聖，其揆一也。」"
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Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA
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revolution, Sun also advocated that all ethnic groups in China were part of the Chinese family.
799:
Despite this, the Yuan racially segregated their people; dividing society into four categories:
567:(later named Ran Min), a Han Chinese who was the adoptive grandson of Later Zhao's third ruler,
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Dikötter, Frank (1990). "Group Definition and the Idea of 'Race' in Modern China (1793-1949)".
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and were viewed as barbaric by the dominant Han population, although they did not last long in
358:, notes that when Confucius was threatening to take residence among the nine barbarian states (
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Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response
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was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao.
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206:
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barbarian tribes with rulers are not as viable as the various Chinese states without them."
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729:, also targeted "foreign" religions, as exemplified by Han Yu's diatribe against Buddhism.
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2515:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries"
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Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
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slaves, Chinese soldiers took Hmong women as wives and colonised the southern provinces.
818:(漢人): a term for the Han Chinese, Jurchens, and Khitan under the rule of the Jin dynasty;
788:
Concerns over legitimacy were not limited to the Song alone: states rose up again in the
761:
The Song dynasty saw both an economic boom and invasion by alien states. States like the
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931:'s order that all subjects shave their forehead and braid the rest of their hair into a
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Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC
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1647:, which were close fitting and compact, were added to this Chinese style in the 1920s.
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2707:
2680:
2641:
2614:
2539:
2323:
2266:
2127:
1752:, pp. 10–11 Liu believes the Chinese in early China did not originally think of
1363:
970:
963:
932:
734:
330:
277:
229:(221 BCE–206 CE) further contributed to the divide with its creation of a persistent
2947:
2633:
2402:
1131:
1082:
1015:
825:
In addition, the Yuan also divided society into 10 castes, based on "desirability":
8114:
7821:
7644:
7620:
7581:
7161:
6318:
5708:
5567:
5555:
4847:
4807:
4802:
4627:
4514:
4449:
4276:
4271:
4253:
4111:
3912:
3865:
3737:
3360:
3239:
3207:
2935:
2881:
1367:
1107:
983:
496:
451:
436:
307:. It was in an attempt of how best to deal with this problem that the philosopher,
261:
5436:
3572:
3364:
3356:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
3211:
2987:. Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 115–41.
2939:
1135:
942:(1629–1683), who lived through the transition between the Ming and the Manchu-led
99:
distinction asserted Chinese superiority, but implied that outsiders could become
7539:
7146:
6720:
6396:
5760:
5582:
5367:
5131:
4957:
4602:
3917:
3536:
3480:
3459:
3325:
3304:
3283:
3262:
3233:
3199:
3181:
3125:
3104:
3064:
3040:
3019:
3006:
2963:
2906:
2885:
2861:
2795:
2774:
2760:
2701:
2674:
2317:
1938:
1694:
1371:
1329:
1070:
In ancient times Japan seems to have had a vassal relationship with China. In 57
421:
141:
124:
78:
5640:
3306:
The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands
1050:
507:
398:
395:
361:
299:
tribes from the north, west and even south. These people were being labelled as
283:
271:
7920:
7611:
7030:
6658:
6654:
6305:
5923:
5862:
5702:
5173:
5007:
4795:
4783:
4469:
4354:
4030:
4015:
4005:
3907:
3809:
3563:[The evolution of Tan Sitong's thinking on the 'Hua-Yi distinction'].
3500:
3145:
3021:
The Analects of Confucius: A Literal Translation with an Introduction and Notes
1454:
1402:
1134:, who first stated Japanese independence and equal status to China. Drawing by
1038:
1002:
also used the Hua–Yi distinction to justify the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.
962:, influenced by Lü's works, called for the overthrow of the Manchu regime. The
655:
472:
303:
by the Chinese who believed themselves to be more refined and who had begun to
7860:
3669:"Hua-Yi sixiang he Shenguo sixiang de chongtu: lun Zhong-Ri guanxi de fazhan"
3243:
2908:
Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
2634:
Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006).
1103:
939:
8190:
8000:
7952:
7394:
7020:
5183:
4507:
4488:
4432:
4386:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4218:
4213:
4090:
4083:
3721:
3615:
3604:
Bulletin of the Yantai Normal Academy (Philosophy and Social Science edition)
3346:
3127:
Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921-1945
2828:
2770:
1674:
1650:
Up to 1812, the 1644 Ming Datong calendar was used by the Nguyễn in Vietnam.
1644:
1628:
1569:
1086:
916:
877:
642:, various ethnic groups including Koreans, Indians and Tibetans journeyed to
425:
416:
379:
265:
3010:
3002:
71:. They defined themselves as part of cultural and political region known as
6118:
5765:
5587:
5430:
5286:
4735:
4693:
4622:
4359:
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4198:
4186:
4129:
4095:
3754:
2857:
1766:
1624:
1608:
1442:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1096:
943:
928:
901:
881:
865:
821:
Southerner (南人): a term for Han Chinese under the rule of the Song dynasty.
789:
762:
750:
639:
610:
598:
447:
304:
257:
179:
160:
152:
133:
120:
104:
20:
3741:
2676:
Searching for Vietnam: Selected Writings on Vietnamese Culture and Society
8119:
6401:
6043:
6019:
5389:
5377:
5299:
4875:
4688:
4492:
4228:
4176:
4151:
4134:
4073:
3441:
2840:
2762:
The dao of Muhammad: a cultural history of Muslims in late imperial China
1774:
1573:
999:
905:
815:
793:
766:
663:
643:
512:
230:
226:
210:
7291:
1426:
1074:
sent an imperial seal which mentions "King of Japan" (漢委奴國王) and in 239
295:
Throughout history, Chinese frontiers had been periodically attacked by
7957:
6964:
6607:
6177:
4839:
4427:
4181:
4139:
4125:
3993:
3978:
3229:
2985:
Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition: East Asia from Ming to Qing
2817:"The Rise of East Asia and the Withering Away of the Interstate System"
1700:
1689:
1056:
580:
572:
560:
556:
528:, who were all Han Chinese, portrayed the non-Han rulers as barbaric.
479:
distinction, claiming that if the barbarians did not identify with the
3725:
3385:
Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics
2441:. ido.3mt.com.cn. 2009-01-24. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18
424:"led the lords of the western barbarians" on a journey to conquer the
389:
53:
50:
47:
44:
6884:
6008:
5885:
5715:
5198:
4529:
4208:
4203:
4166:
4161:
4025:
3968:
3953:
3822:
3437:
3204:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
3151:
2836:
2002:
1659:
890:
544:
537:
455:
308:
199:
24:
1156:
685:
governor for the participation of Arab-born Li Yan-sheng in the 847
7559:
6302:
4223:
4171:
3235:
Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World
3162:
Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu
2224:[On Liu Ji's Mentality as a Dweller of Subjugated Empire].
1612:
1593:
1554:
1546:
647:
533:
355:
313:
253:
402:) and does not attempt to marginalise them. This implies that the
4010:
3988:
3938:
3842:
3778:
2730:
London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549-1689
1075:
861:
803:
682:
602:
576:
564:
550:
521:
440:
249:
217:, leading to the first of the distinctions between the 'refined'
170:), the contrast between the 'Chinese' Zhou and the 'non-Chinese'
733:
passed decrees in line with these views, especially restricting
4443:
4020:
3933:
2322:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 146–149.
1640:
1321:
909:
773:
746:
707:
568:
480:
439:
that needed to be overcome to 'purify' China. Zhou philosopher
341:
175:
171:
137:
83:
73:
58:
5078:
4975:
4836:
3958:
3264:
Crimson Rain: Seven Centuries of Violence in a Chinese County
2094:
2092:
1381:
1339:
1274:
1051:
Conceptualisation of the Hua–Yi distinction in the Sinosphere
737:
and Buddhism, but this policy was relaxed by his successors.
651:
614:
601:(a state that controlled the north of China), who was of the
345:
296:
245:
241:
129:
2478:
2282:
471:
In order to alleviate the shortages of labour caused by the
3963:
3764:
Guoji zhengzhi xin yinsu yu Mingchao houqi Hua-Yi zhi bian'
2887:
The Origins of Statecraft in China: The Western Chou Empire
1616:
809:
209:
brought the first unified Chinese state—established by the
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2089:
2062:
2035:
2023:
1805:
1731:
889:
to rule over China. In addition, one of his key advisors,
3654:[The Hua-Yi distinction and cultural centrism].
2417:
2220:
Zhou Songfang (周松芳) (2005). "Lun Liu Ji de Yimin Xintai"
2141:
2052:
2050:
1973:
1971:
1865:
1602:
the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders
1078:
sent a seal for "pro-Wei King of Japan" (親魏倭王) to Japan.
6426:
1913:
1817:
1545:), while the Chinese were "outsiders". For example, the
1093:, since Heaven is only supposed to have one eldest Son.
305:
build cities and live an urban life based on agriculture
7720:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
2863:
The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics
2654:
2336:
2303:, p. 84. Lü's original sentence was 「華夷之分，大於君臣之義。」
1841:
1102:
Some Japanese philosophers, like the neo-Confucianists
3597:
Yantai shifan xueyuan xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban)
2776:
The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation
2047:
2011:
1968:
1604:") when differentiating between Khmer and Vietnamese.
8012:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
2535:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History
2104:
1853:
1829:
1300:
Joseon official dress inherited from the Ming dynasty
6860:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2965:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
1634:
Clothing was also affected by Nguyễn policies. Lord
215:
forcibly standardized the traditional Chinese script
151:
was composed of a group of states that arose in the
3183:
A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts
2797:
Global Communication Without Universal Civilization
1956:
1877:
515:that occurred at the start of the 4th century, the
213:in 221 BCE—who established the imperial system and
6820:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
6678:
4460:
3504:
2512:
2262:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
1941:City University of New York. Retrieved 11 Jan 2009
1901:
900:, Ming forces engaged in massive slaughter of the
740:
435:Not all Zhou regarded the Hua–Yi distinction as a
7478:
3666:
3647:
3571:]. Vol. 2005, no. 8. Archived from
3558:"Tan Sitong 'Hua-Yi zhi bian' sixiang de yanjin"
1944:
8188:
3411:] (in Vietnamese). Nhã Nam Publishing House.
3359:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 450–544.
3196:"The Ch'eng-hua and Hung-chih reigns, 1465–1505"
2703:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads
2458:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1889:
1719:
806:: the ruling group and hence, the most important
8044:
4287:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
3587:
2312:
1932:"The Disposition of Error (c. 5th Century BCE)"
1781:
1584:(漢人), while they referred to ethnic Chinese as
1572:claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's
1006:accepted the Manchus as the legitimate rulers.
3555:
3402:
2672:
2531:
2484:
1111:
7868:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
7738:Western European colonialism and colonization
6287:
3794:
3678:. Beijing Tushuguan Chubanshe. Archived from
2958:
2606:
1871:
1576:for Vietnam. Vietnamese called themselves as
1047:condemned all Chinese dynasties as "feudal."
1032:
483:, they would conspire to destroy the empire.
359:
281:
269:
6198:
3344:
3088:. Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp.
2769:
2733:. University of Chicago Press. p. 188.
2699:
2538:. University of Hawai`i Press. p. 115.
1919:
1811:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1333:
1110:claimed that Japan was the "Central State" (
6301:
3713:" 夷夏之辨與佛教 . Retrieved on January 16, 2009.
3206:. Cambridge University Press. p. 380.
2835:
2354:
1185:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6294:
6280:
3801:
3787:
3662:(2). Central University of Hong Kong: 23–.
260:treated these countries as vassals of the
6923:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3144:
3102:
2726:
2666:
2300:
2265:. Columbia University Press. p. 43.
1992:
1561:(高蛮), the country of "upper barbarians".
1249:Learn how and when to remove this message
67:), referred to by some historians as the
8142:Historical geographic information system
4908:
3457:
3179:
2946:
2925:
2904:
2660:
2496:
2342:
1859:
1847:
1737:
1680:List of recipients of tribute from China
908:; after castrating Hmong boys to use as
545:Ran Min's order to kill the "barbarians"
128:
3323:
3281:
3123:
3083:
3042:Okinawa:The History of an Island People
2982:
2846:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
2814:
2423:
2392:
2288:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2098:
2083:
2068:
2056:
2041:
2029:
2017:
1977:
1883:
1835:
1823:
1749:
1288:Korean court dress resembles Ming hanfu
617:but it was abandoned in favor of Yuan.
589:
8189:
7782:English historical school of economics
5834:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
3888:
3726:"Talk about 'Barbarians' in Antiquity"
3534:
3499:
3381:
2793:
2758:
2706:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 285.
2679:. Kyoto University Press. p. 64.
2258:
2248:
2147:
2110:
1907:
1670:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
406:distinction was not universally held.
383:character dictionary (121 CE) defines
8098:
8043:
7978:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
7817:Historical reliability of the Gospels
7675:
7202:
6275:
6264:
4907:
4650:
4414:
4053:
3887:
3782:
3709:Liu Lifu 刘立夫 and Heng Yu 恆毓 (2000). "
3628:Jindai sixiangshi shang de minzuzhuyi
3388:. Duke University Press. p. 61.
3228:
3017:
2952:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
2880:
1962:
1950:
1725:
1360:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
114:
8170:
6265:
5795:More Irish than the Irish themselves
3640:(6). Retrieved on January 16, 2009.
3541:. Sinica Leidensia, vol. 34. Brill.
3478:
3415:
3302:
3260:
3190:
3158:
3038:
2856:
2590:
2574:
2558:
2472:
2252:
2244:
1895:
1787:
1183:adding citations to reliable sources
1150:
1009:
6865:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
4054:
1665:Foreign relations of imperial China
1619:kingdoms and various tribes on the
1273:Korean ritual dress resembles Ming
486:
13:
7878:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
5822:Fourth Italian War of Independence
3808:
3527:
3436:
3059:
2370:
1799:
1018:says the Chinese "idea of 'race' (
904:and other native ethnic groups in
393:) or "people of eastern regions" (
354:, a fifth-century tract defending
221:and the increasingly marginalised
105:adopting their culture and customs
14:
8253:
8202:Historical controversies in China
3507:A History of Chinese Civilization
3154:. Middlesex: Penguin Books. 1970.
2821:Journal of World-Systems Research
2765:. Harvard University Asia Center.
2513:Danny Wong Tze Ken (March 2004).
2219:
1685:List of tributary states of China
420:record that the founder of Zhou,
8227:History of China–Korea relations
8169:
8160:
8159:
7676:
7176:
7175:
7017:Palestinian expulsion and flight
5529:5000-year civilization assertion
5105:Nadir of American race relations
2124:""孔子之作春秋也，诸侯用夷礼，则夷之；进于中国，则中国之.""
1522:
1506:
1501:) wearing Vietnamese court dress
1486:
1470:
1434:
1418:
1293:
1281:
1266:
1155:
1124:
276:), who was in possession of the
155:valley. According to historian
8006:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
6880:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
6815:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
6622:Causes of the Armenian genocide
4931:Pyramid construction techniques
4498:Comparative historical research
4415:
4116:Library and information science
3419:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
3165:. University of Hawai`i Press.
2890:. University of Chicago Press.
2720:
2693:
2627:
2613:. Berghahn Books. p. 209.
2600:
2525:
2506:
2429:
2386:
2364:
2348:
2306:
2294:
2235:
2231:. No. 4. pp. 112–117.
2213:
2116:
1983:
1925:
1553:as a name for Vietnam in 1805.
1477:Le period northern Vietnamese (
988:
922:
871:
783:
756:
741:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
633:
503:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
493:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
409:
198:claimed that Chinese historian
8018:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7968:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
7777:Historical school of economics
7714:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
7152:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7026:Zionism as settler colonialism
6031:Limpieza de sangre controversy
4998:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
3592:"华夷之辨"与唐末五代士人的华夷观–士人群体对沙陀政权的认同
3511:. Cambridge University Press.
3416:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
3309:. Cambridge University Press.
3069:. Cambridge University Press.
2911:. Cambridge University Press.
1793:
1759:
1743:
1386:
1376:
1344:
1334:
699:
694:
620:
605:people attempted to eliminate
466:
63:
43:
1:
7827:Opposition to Papal supremacy
7203:
5015:Indigenous population history
3365:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.009
3267:. Stanford University Press.
3212:10.1017/CHOL9780521243322.008
3186:. East India Company's Press.
3130:. Stanford University Press.
3086:5000 years of Chinese history
2940:10.1080/01419870.1990.9993681
2727:Batchelor, Robert K. (2014).
2399:Korea in the Eye of the Tiger
2259:Bowman, John Stewart (2000).
1707:
1324:began to refer to itself as "
1116:; Chūgoku) instead of China.
236:The Han Chinese civilisation
164:
7743:Desacralization of knowledge
6014:Carlism in the Francoist era
5982:Holodomor in modern politics
4651:
3696:Ditu shang de 'Tianxia guan'
3464:. Harvard Univ Asia Center.
3458:Woodside, Alexander (1971).
3109:. Harvard University Press.
2954:. Stanford University Press.
2759:Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor (2005).
2700:Anthony Reid (2 June 2015).
2395:"Ch 12 – Japanese Invasions"
1712:
1405:to limit foreign influence.
1392:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
860:The Yuan rulers were ethnic
714:, "When Confucius wrote the
706:A prominent Tang Confucian,
678:), all of which flourished.
559:was founded the Shi clan of
191:emerged during that period.
7:
8135:Historiographic metafiction
8099:
8045:Organizations, publications
7834:Proto-orthodox Christianity
6784:German resistance to Nazism
6640:Persian famine of 1917–1919
6050:Islamic revolution of Spain
5977:Holodomor genocide question
5853:Revisionism of Risorgimento
5847:Rerum italicarum scriptores
5828:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
5595:Self-Strengthening Movement
4745:decolonization of knowledge
3694:Huang Shijian 黄时鉴 (2008). "
3024:. Oxford University Press.
2852:. Taipei: Dingwen Printing.
1653:
1609:Vietnam conquered territory
1592:(唐人). For example, Emperor
1445:wearing Chinese court dress
1429:wearing Chinese court dress
609:from his state by imposing
10:
8258:
7932:Wissenschaft des Judentums
7909:Criticism of Protestantism
6789:Nazi foreign policy debate
6220:Second colonial occupation
5967:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
5605:Tibetan sovereignty debate
5149:Progressive-era historians
4584:Nationalization of history
4535:Historical-critical method
3762:Pang Naiming 庞乃明 (2008). "
3667:He Yingying (何英莺) (2003).
3648:Guan Jiayue (關嘉耀) (2003).
3569:Culture and History Vision
3535:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
3422:. SUNY Press. p. 16.
3238:. Brill. pp. 59–102.
2827:(15): 1–35. Archived from
2815:Arrighi, Giovanni (1996).
2773:; Rosemont, Henry (1999).
2751:
2640:. Routledge. p. 474.
1481:) clothing in 17th century
1460:
1054:
1036:
1033:People's Republic of China
548:
490:
231:Han ethnocultural identity
118:
16:Historical Chinese concept
8154:
8105:
8094:
8050:
8039:
7988:
7792:
7751:
7682:
7671:
7527:
7213:
7209:
7198:
7170:
7139:
7103:
6997:
6951:
6937:Second Sino-Japanese War
6915:
6845:
6797:
6759:
6719:
6595:
6417:
6336:
6312:
6271:
6260:
6236:
6134:
6101:
5992:
5916:
5873:
5814:
5779:
5751:
5742:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
5686:
5613:
5519:
5447:
5161:
5090:
5023:
4985:
4918:
4914:
4903:
4728:
4661:
4657:
4646:
4423:
4410:
4237:
4104:
4066:
4062:
4049:
3926:
3900:
3896:
3883:
3816:
3711:Yi-Xia zhi bian yu Fojiao
3626:Geng Yunzhi 耿云志 (2006). "
3479:Wook, Choi Byung (2004).
3261:Rowe, William T. (2007).
3244:10.1163/9789047406334_009
3198:. In Mote, Frederick W.;
3180:Morrison, Robert (1823).
3084:Li Bo; Zheng Yin (2001).
2962:; Walthall, Anne (2013).
2928:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2905:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2002).
2316:; Goldman, Merle (1998).
1872:Ebrey & Walthall 2013
1767:"Shangshu, Tribute of Yu"
1408:
1112:
979:
951:
947:
792:, as its rulers were non-
506:
394:
388:
370:culture over that of the
360:
331:the traditional value of
282:
270:
111:" in imitation of China.
23:, the inhabitants of the
7692:Crisis of historiography
6855:Auschwitz bombing debate
6541:Indian Rebellion of 1857
6392:Late Bronze Age collapse
6326:List of military museums
5929:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
5901:Polish People's Republic
5736:Sybel-Ficker controversy
5100:African-American history
5073:Colonial Spanish America
4862:Second Thirty Years' War
3730:Philosophy East and West
3675:
3671:华夷思想和神国思想的冲突一一论明初中日关系的发展
3670:
3655:
3650:
3599:
3591:
3588:Fan Wenli (樊文礼) (2004).
3564:
3559:
3445:
3282:Shelach, Gideon (1999).
3159:Mair, Victor H. (1998).
3018:Huang, Chichung (1997).
2848:
2437:
2228:
2221:
1920:Ames & Rosemont 1999
1146:
1065:
727:Classical Prose Movement
625:In 581, the Sui emperor
524:. The historians of the
352:The Disposition of Error
324:
69:Sino–barbarian dichotomy
8237:China–Vietnam relations
6805:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
6664:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
6215:Porter–MacKenzie debate
5972:Causes of the Holodomor
5509:Problem of two emperors
5457:Catilinarian conspiracy
4684:Historical significance
4545:Indiscipline of history
4520:Historical anthropology
3758:(subscription required)
3556:Luo Xiang (罗骧) (2005).
3409:A Thousand Years Ao Hat
3403:Trần Quang Đức (2013).
3382:Schein, Louisa (2000).
2960:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
2882:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
2673:A. Terry Rambo (2005).
2532:Norman G. Owen (2005).
1396:Qing invasion of Joseon
1076:Emperor Ming of Cao Wei
1061:Little China (ideology)
731:Emperor Wenzong of Tang
7899:Protestant Reformation
7873:Second Vatican Council
7851:Succession to Muhammad
7846:Criticism of the Quran
7597:Religious perspectives
7331:Klemens von Metternich
6928:"Battle for Australia"
6810:Soviet offensive plans
6779:Broad vs. narrow front
6618:Late Ottoman genocides
5551:Century of humiliation
5332:Goguryeo controversies
5310:2,500-year celebration
4968:Double genocide theory
4755:Historical negationism
4579:Ancestral civilisation
4567:Historical materialism
4525:Historical determinism
4475:History of mentalities
3753: – via
3453:]. Zhonghua Shuju.
3351:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
3327:The New Chinese Empire
3324:Terrill, Ross (2003).
3103:Liu, Lydia He (2004).
2866:. Simon and Schuster.
2607:A. Dirk Moses (2008).
2438:朝鲜皇室的"反清复明"计划：为报援朝抗日之恩
2393:Caraway, Bill (1996).
1072:Emperor Guangwu of Han
853:Confucian scholars (儒)
691:The Heart of Being Hua
464:
387:as "level; peaceful" (
205:The conclusion of the
145:
8232:China–Japan relations
8023:Torsion mangonel myth
7926:Modern Jewish history
7921:Jesuit historiography
7914:Protestant work ethic
7894:Hesychast controversy
7759:Industrial Revolution
7709:Library of Alexandria
7627:The Lord of the Rings
7277:Constantine the Great
7157:Torsion mangonel myth
7089:Sri Lankan Civil War
6168:Storm over the gentry
6069:Colonies or Provinces
5600:Sprouts of capitalism
4674:Historic preservation
4669:Change and continuity
3766:" 国际政治新因素与明朝后期华夷之辨 .
3742:10.1353/pew.2012.0063
3485:. SEAP Publications.
3303:Shin, Leo K. (2006).
3124:Liu Xiaoyuan (2004).
3045:. Tuttle Publishing.
3039:Kerr, George (2000).
2291:, pp. 1018–1032.
1756:as a derogatory term.
1557:was regularly called
1495:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm
868:(from 1271 to 1368).
710:, wrote in his essay
687:imperial examinations
445:
207:Warring States period
132:
8110:Commemorative plaque
7326:Juan Manuel de Rosas
6774:"Blitzkrieg" concept
6645:Powder keg of Europe
6520:Franco-Prussian War
6190:Winter of Discontent
6173:Suffragette Campaign
5840:Italiani brava gente
5806:Revolutionary period
5628:Frankish Interregnum
5561:"Chineseness" debate
5494:Byzantine succession
5479:Fall of Western Rome
5420:Executed Renaissance
4909:By country or region
4853:Age of Enlightenment
4827:Vaticinium ex eventu
4774:Modernisation theory
4608:Quantitative history
3984:Historical documents
3106:The Clash of Empires
2968:. Cengage Learning.
2794:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
2779:. Ballantine Books.
2319:China: A New History
1517:wearing casual dress
1320:in 1644, the Korean
1198:"Hua–Yi distinction"
1179:improve this section
956:Imperial examination
590:Northern Wei dynasty
240:neighbouring states
29:distinction between
7939:Schools of thought
7904:Proto-Protestantism
7773:School of Thoughts
7655:William Shakespeare
7640:Robert Falcon Scott
7545:Friedrich Nietzsche
7383:Cult of personality
7368:Neville Chamberlain
7228:Alexander the Great
7110:Russo-Georgian War
7083:Sovereignty dispute
7062:Iranian Revolution
6892:"Polish death camp"
6869:In relation to the
6578:Myth of English aid
6569:War of the Pacific
6346:Albigensian Crusade
5771:Indigenous Aryanism
5467:Constantinian shift
5003:Residential schools
4760:Historian's fallacy
4679:Historic recurrence
4177:Numismatics (Money)
3949:Archaeological site
3873:theories of history
3698:" 地图上的"天下观" . From
2860:(6 November 2007).
2485:Trần Quang Đức 2013
2314:Fairbank, John King
2289:Li & Zheng 2001
2210:, pp. 920–924.
2208:Li & Zheng 2001
2198:, pp. 920–927.
2196:Li & Zheng 2001
2186:, pp. 920–921.
2184:Li & Zheng 2001
2174:, pp. 823–826.
2172:Li & Zheng 2001
2162:, pp. 778–788.
2160:Li & Zheng 2001
2150:, pp. 294–295.
2101:, pp. 679–687.
2099:Li & Zheng 2001
2084:Li & Zheng 2001
2071:, pp. 456–458.
2069:Li & Zheng 2001
2057:Li & Zheng 2001
2044:, pp. 393–401.
2042:Li & Zheng 2001
2032:, pp. 387–389.
2030:Li & Zheng 2001
2018:Li & Zheng 2001
1978:Li & Zheng 2001
1740:, pp. 586–587.
1091:Emperor Yang of Sui
954:). In 1728, failed
832:Minor officials (吏)
723:An Lushan Rebellion
672:Syriac Christianity
168: 1041–771 BCE
8217:Culture of Vietnam
8130:Historical realism
8125:Historical fiction
8070:History institutes
8060:Historical society
8055:Heritage registers
7943:Biblical criticism
7856:Islamic golden age
7807:Early Christianity
7687:Bears in antiquity
7575:Medieval Christian
7373:Pedro II of Brazil
7321:José de San Martín
7125:Syrian revolution
7037:Malayan Emergency
7012:1948 Palestine war
6745:Spanish Civil War
6695:War guilt question
6504:American Civil War
6484:Invasion of Russia
6460:New Russian School
6244:Colonial Australia
5960:October Revolution
5723:Strukturgeschichte
5659:Location of Alésia
5578:Hua–Yi distinction
5499:Moscow, third Rome
5115:Reconstruction era
4936:Black Egypt Thesis
4858:European Civil War
4814:Translatio imperii
4769:Invented tradition
3890:Historical sources
3715:Google translation
3704:Google translation
3642:Google translation
3600:烟台师范学院学报 (哲学社会科学版)
3192:Mote, Frederick W.
2426:, pp. 131–32.
1937:2011-04-21 at the
1826:, pp. 222–23.
838:Taoist priests (道)
835:Buddhist monks (僧)
829:High officials (官)
581:Former Yan dynasty
557:Later Zhao dynasty
526:Southern dynasties
511:) and ravaging of
258:Sinocentric system
146:
115:Historical context
81:(literally, "four
8184:
8183:
8150:
8149:
8090:
8089:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8030:
7948:Catholic theology
7802:Avestan geography
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7650:Søren Kierkegaard
7523:
7522:
7434:Warren G. Harding
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
6993:
6992:
6871:Armenian genocide
6734:Polish–Soviet War
6729:Burning of Smyrna
6715:
6714:
6705:Reichstag inquiry
6628:Patriotic consent
6499:
6498:
6474:War in the Vendée
6438:French Revolution
6420:century conflicts
6409:Peloponnesian War
6370:Eighty Years' War
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6161:Westminster Stone
5858:Southern question
5697:Alltagsgeschichte
5647:Legendary Saracen
5349:Early settlements
5157:
5156:
5137:Political history
5122:Consensus history
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4881:Continuity thesis
4820:Translatio studii
4706:Theory of history
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4596:Subaltern Studies
4481:Nouvelle histoire
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4318:Medieval churches
4305:Geistesgeschichte
4249:Paleoanthropology
4157:Encyclopaedistics
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
3913:Secondary sources
3518:978-0-521-49781-7
3492:978-0-87727-138-3
3471:978-0-674-93721-5
3429:978-0-7914-2687-6
3374:978-0-521-47030-8
3337:978-0-86840-758-6
3316:978-0-521-85354-5
3295:978-0-306-46090-6
3274:978-0-8047-5496-5
3253:978-90-04-14096-7
3221:978-0-521-24332-2
3172:978-0-8248-2038-1
3137:978-0-8047-4960-2
3116:978-0-674-01307-0
3076:978-1-139-45688-3
3052:978-1-4629-0184-5
3031:978-0-19-506157-4
2994:978-0-8248-2827-1
2975:978-1-133-60647-5
2918:978-1-139-43165-1
2897:978-0-226-12044-7
2873:978-1-4165-5263-5
2807:978-2-88155-004-1
2786:978-0-345-43407-4
2713:978-0-631-17961-0
2686:978-1-920901-05-9
2647:978-1-134-23881-1
2620:978-1-84545-452-4
2545:978-0-8248-2890-5
2329:978-0-674-11673-3
2272:978-0-231-11004-4
1812:Falkenhausen 1999
1643:was created when
1636:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát
1621:Central Highlands
1570:Minh Mạng Emperor
1513:Tây Sơn Mandarin
1364:Chongzhen Emperor
1259:
1258:
1251:
1233:
1027:Republic of China
1010:Republic of China
971:Yongzheng Emperor
964:Yongzheng Emperor
950:) and sovereign (
735:Iranian religions
278:Mandate of Heaven
8249:
8222:Confucian ethics
8212:Culture of Korea
8207:Culture of Japan
8173:
8172:
8163:
8162:
8115:Documentary film
8096:
8095:
8075:History journals
8041:
8040:
8014:
7886:
7822:Primacy of Peter
7769:Great Depression
7749:
7748:
7722:
7700:
7673:
7672:
7621:J. R. R. Tolkien
7476:
7475:
7471:
7459:
7447:
7429:Ulysses S. Grant
7424:Thomas Jefferson
7415:
7391:
7354:
7317:
7305:
7273:
7261:
7253:Chiang Ching-kuo
7243:Cato the Younger
7233:Amin al-Husseini
7211:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7179:
7178:
7162:War and genocide
6986:
6972:Résistancialisme
6959:Battle of France
6941:Nanjing Massacre
6795:
6794:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6636:
6586:
6468:
6451:
6424:
6423:
6351:Catharism debate
6337:pre-18th century
6319:Military history
6296:
6289:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6266:By war, conflict
6262:
6261:
6210:Cambridge School
6196:
6195:
6094:
6082:
6058:
6039:
5949:
5937:
5909:
5731:
5709:Historikerstreit
5679:
5667:
5655:
5636:
5622:Cordon sanitaire
5568:New Qing History
5556:Conquest dynasty
5547:
5462:Christianization
5445:
5444:
5364:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5231:
5219:
5211:Byzantine Empire
5066:Iquicha Royalism
5055:
5021:
5020:
4944:
4916:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4848:Age of Discovery
4837:Periodization of
4834:
4833:
4808:Transhistoricity
4803:Thirty-year rule
4714:
4702:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4628:Great Man theory
4591:People's history
4553:
4458:
4457:
4450:Three-age system
4412:
4411:
4112:Archival science
4064:
4063:
4051:
4050:
3918:Tertiary sources
3898:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3834:by area of study
3803:
3796:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3759:
3752:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3663:
3630:" 近代思想史上的民族主义 .
3623:
3620:(2004)03-0028-05
3584:
3582:
3580:
3552:
3522:
3510:
3496:
3475:
3454:
3433:
3412:
3399:
3378:
3341:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3257:
3225:
3200:Twitchett, Denis
3187:
3176:
3155:
3150:. Translated by
3141:
3120:
3099:
3080:
3056:
3035:
3014:
2979:
2955:
2943:
2922:
2901:
2877:
2853:
2832:
2811:
2790:
2766:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2517:. Archived from
2510:
2504:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:on April 3, 2009
2401:. Archived from
2390:
2384:
2368:
2362:
2355:Chen and Pei 429
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2126:. Archived from
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1773:. Translated by
1763:
1757:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1547:Gia Long Emperor
1526:
1510:
1499:Tùng Thiện Vương
1490:
1474:
1438:
1422:
1394:in 1627 and the
1389:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1297:
1285:
1270:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1191:
1159:
1151:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1108:Aizawa Seishisai
1081:However, in 607
992:
991: 1736–1796
990:
984:Qianlong Emperor
981:
953:
949:
701:
696:
510:
497:Sixteen Kingdoms
487:Sixteen Kingdoms
437:cultural barrier
401:
392:
365:
364:
287:
286:
275:
274:
262:emperor of China
169:
166:
65:
56:
27:began to make a
19:During the late
8257:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8197:Chinese culture
8187:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8179:
8146:
8101:
8086:
8046:
8027:
8010:
7993:
7984:
7880:
7788:
7764:Great Recession
7747:
7718:
7694:
7678:
7659:
7550:H. P. Lovecraft
7519:
7481:
7474:
7465:
7453:
7441:
7409:
7385:
7358:Muammar Gaddafi
7348:
7336:Leonid Brezhnev
7311:
7299:
7282:Gregory Palamas
7267:
7265:Chiang Kai Shek
7255:
7215:
7205:
7186:
7185:
7166:
7147:Conflict thesis
7135:
7099:
6989:
6980:
6947:
6911:
6841:
6793:
6755:
6721:Interwar period
6711:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6650:Schlieffen Plan
6630:
6591:
6580:
6495:
6462:
6445:
6430:
6419:
6413:
6397:Dorian invasion
6382:Fall of Babylon
6338:
6332:
6331:
6308:
6300:
6267:
6248:
6224:
6201:
6194:
6156:Kingdom of Alba
6137:
6130:
6097:
6088:
6076:
6074:Spanish decline
6052:
6033:
5988:
5943:
5931:
5912:
5903:
5869:
5810:
5775:
5761:Greater Magadha
5747:
5725:
5682:
5673:
5661:
5649:
5630:
5609:
5583:Four Barbarians
5541:
5515:
5443:
5400:Götaland theory
5368:Lusotropicalism
5358:
5339:North Macedonia
5271:
5259:
5247:
5225:
5213:
5153:
5132:Frontier thesis
5127:Cyclical theory
5110:Neoabolitionism
5086:
5049:
5019:
4981:
4958:Greater Morocco
4938:
4910:
4887:
4838:
4832:
4724:
4708:
4696:
4653:
4634:
4547:
4462:
4456:
4438:Historical eras
4419:
4398:
4233:
4130:Writing systems
4100:
4058:
4056:Fields of study
4037:
4031:Service records
4016:Religious texts
3922:
3908:Primary sources
3892:
3879:
3878:
3812:
3807:
3777:
3757:
3720:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3657:
3652:
3601:
3593:
3578:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3549:
3530:
3528:Further reading
3525:
3519:
3501:Gernet, Jacques
3493:
3472:
3447:
3430:
3396:
3375:
3338:
3317:
3296:
3288:. Springer US.
3275:
3254:
3222:
3173:
3138:
3117:
3096:
3077:
3053:
3032:
2995:
2976:
2948:Dikötter, Frank
2919:
2898:
2874:
2850:
2808:
2787:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2530:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2387:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:, pp. 1–3.
2109:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1939:Wayback Machine
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1695:Tributary state
1656:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:in casual dress
1527:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1411:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1192:
1190:
1176:
1160:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1129:
1068:
1063:
1055:Main articles:
1053:
1045:Communist Party
1041:
1035:
1012:
987:
925:
898:Miao Rebellions
880:proclaimed the
874:
786:
759:
743:
636:
623:
595:Emperor Xiaowen
592:
553:
547:
499:
491:Main articles:
489:
469:
422:King Wu of Zhou
412:
327:
167:
142:Four Barbarians
136:cosmography of
127:
125:Four Barbarians
117:
79:Four Barbarians
17:
12:
11:
5:
8255:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8092:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8008:
8003:
7997:
7995:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7923:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7896:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7819:
7814:
7804:
7798:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7728:
7723:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7594:
7589:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7540:Charles Darwin
7537:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7510:United Kingdom
7507:
7502:
7500:Modern Germany
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7473:
7472:
7460:
7448:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7419:Thomas Aquinas
7416:
7404:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7289:
7287:Horatio Nelson
7284:
7279:
7274:
7262:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7219:
7217:
7207:
7206:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7119:Responsibility
7116:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7031:New Historians
7028:
7023:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Responsibility
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6673:
6661:
6655:Spirit of 1914
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6625:
6615:
6612:Fischer thesis
6601:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6575:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6553:Paraguayan War
6550:
6549:
6548:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6479:Napoleonic era
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6457:
6452:
6443:Pre-revolution
6434:
6432:
6428:Coalition Wars
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6342:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:historiography
6299:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6269:
6268:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6124:Decline thesis
6121:
6114:Ottoman Empire
6111:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6083:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6040:
6028:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5941:Skeptic School
5926:
5924:Anti-Normanism
5920:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:Golden Liberty
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5863:Neo-Bourbonism
5855:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5703:Borussian myth
5700:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5637:
5625:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5548:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:Dealbanisation
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5044:
5038:May Revolution
5029:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5008:Staples thesis
5005:
5000:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4924:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4840:modern history
4831:
4830:
4823:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4786:
4784:Paradigm shift
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4470:Annales school
4466:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4333:Constitutional
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Postage stamps
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4123:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Oral tradition
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:Historiography
3806:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3760:
3736:(4): 580–601,
3722:Nylan, Michael
3718:
3707:
3700:Zhongguo cehui
3692:
3664:
3645:
3624:
3585:
3560:谭嗣同"华夷之辨"思想的演进
3553:
3547:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3497:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3455:
3434:
3428:
3413:
3405:Ngàn Năm Aó Mũ
3400:
3394:
3379:
3373:
3347:Loewe, Michael
3342:
3336:
3330:. UNSW Press.
3321:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3279:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3226:
3220:
3188:
3177:
3171:
3156:
3142:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3081:
3075:
3057:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3015:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2956:
2944:
2934:(3): 420–432.
2923:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2878:
2872:
2854:
2833:
2831:on 2009-02-17.
2812:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2771:Ames, Roger T.
2767:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2740:978-0226080796
2739:
2719:
2712:
2692:
2685:
2665:
2663:, p. 134.
2653:
2646:
2626:
2619:
2599:
2583:
2567:
2551:
2544:
2524:
2521:on 2004-06-17.
2505:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2428:
2416:
2385:
2363:
2347:
2345:, p. 420.
2335:
2328:
2305:
2301:Liu, L.H. 2004
2293:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2256:
2251:, p. 61;
2247:, p. 16;
2241:
2234:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2115:
2103:
2088:
2073:
2061:
2059:, p. 401.
2046:
2034:
2022:
2020:, p. 381.
2010:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1993:Lau tran. 1970
1989:
1982:
1980:, p. 116.
1967:
1955:
1943:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1850:, p. 103.
1840:
1838:, p. 222.
1828:
1816:
1814:, p. 544.
1804:
1792:
1780:
1758:
1742:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1598:Hán di hữu hạn
1564:In the 1800s,
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:Ryukyu Kingdom
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:hermit kingdom
1322:Joseon dynasty
1312:succeeded the
1303:
1302:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1132:Prince Shōtoku
1130:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1083:Prince Shōtoku
1067:
1064:
1052:
1049:
1039:Han chauvinism
1034:
1031:
1016:Frank Dikötter
1011:
1008:
924:
921:
873:
870:
858:
857:
854:
851:
850:Courtesans (妓)
848:
845:
842:
841:Physicians (医)
839:
836:
833:
830:
823:
822:
819:
813:
807:
785:
782:
758:
755:
742:
739:
697:; pinyin:
693:(Chinese:
656:Zoroastrianism
635:
632:
622:
619:
591:
588:
549:Main article:
546:
543:
488:
485:
473:Three Kingdoms
468:
465:
411:
408:
377:The prominent
326:
323:
195:Gideon Shelach
116:
113:
25:Central Plains
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8254:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8176:
8168:
8166:
8158:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8097:
8093:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8042:
8038:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
8001:Merton thesis
7999:
7998:
7996:
7991:
7987:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7953:Panbabylonism
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7884:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7674:
7670:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7516:
7515:United States
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7469:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7395:Bolivarianism
7393:
7389:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7378:Simon Bolivar
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7309:Joseph Stalin
7307:
7303:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7212:
7208:
7201:
7197:
7182:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:Post-Cold War
7102:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7078:Falklands War
7076:
7074:
7073:Iran–Iraq War
7071:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7021:Ongoing Nakba
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6984:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:Western Front
6950:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6933:Bengal famine
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6847:The Holocaust
6844:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6798:Eastern Front
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6670:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6584:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6529:Paris Commune
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6514:Turning point
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6466:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6418:18th and 19th
6416:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6363:Islamic views
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6335:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6259:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6087:
6086:Ser de España
6084:
6080:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6056:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Ottoman claim
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5484:Prosopography
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5438:
5437:Trưng sisters
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5184:Habsburg myth
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5092:United States
5089:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5025:Latin America
5022:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4902:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Transnational
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4508:Decoloniality
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:Historiometry
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:Periodization
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:Sigillography
4217:
4215:
4214:Prosopography
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Local history
4089:
4085:
4084:Human history
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:World history
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3768:Qiushi xuekan
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3682:on 2005-03-21
3681:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3651:「華夷之辨」與文化中心主義
3646:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:Shixue yuekan
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3575:on 2021-03-12
3574:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3548:90-04-10391-0
3544:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3395:0-8223-2444-X
3391:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3095:7-204-04420-7
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3072:
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3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
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3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:Chin, Annping
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:. INU PRESS.
2799:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2662:
2661:Woodside 1971
2657:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2497:Woodside 1971
2493:
2487:, p. 25.
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2343:Dikötter 1994
2339:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:, p. 380
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2226:Xueshu Yanjiu
2216:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2130:on 2018-07-12
2129:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:, p. 128
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1965:, p. 59.
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1860:Di Cosmo 2002
1856:
1849:
1848:Di Cosmo 2002
1844:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1738:Morrison 1823
1734:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Greater China
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
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1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Nguyễn rulers
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1531:Trần Anh Tông
1525:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200: –
1199:
1195:
1194:Find sources:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:This section
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1137:
1136:Kikuchi Yōsai
1133:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:Son of Heaven
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
985:
977:
976:Dayi juemi lu
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
920:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
886:
883:
879:
878:Zhu Yuanzhang
869:
867:
863:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
826:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
754:
752:
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
631:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
542:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:Yangtze River
518:
514:
509:
504:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
463:
460:
459:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
433:
432:distinction.
431:
427:
426:Shang dynasty
423:
419:
418:
417:Bamboo Annals
407:
405:
400:
397:
391:
386:
382:
381:
380:Shuowen Jiezi
375:
373:
369:
363:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
322:
318:
316:
315:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
266:Son of Heaven
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
196:
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
162:
159:, during the
158:
154:
150:
149:Ancient China
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
112:
110:
109:Central State
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:"). Although
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
64:huáyí zhībiàn
60:
55:
52:
49:
46:
41:
37:
36:
32:
26:
22:
7930:
7732:The Simpsons
7730:
7677:Other topics
7625:
7602:Christianity
7592:Resurrection
7223:Adolf Hitler
7052:Six-Day War
7048:Algerian War
7019: /
6978:Vichy France
6970:
6963:
6873: /
6761:World War II
6657: /
6324:
6317:
6119:Ghaza thesis
6042:
6018:
6004:White legend
6002: /
6000:Black legend
5955:Soviet Union
5845:
5838:
5826:
5789:Great Famine
5766:Indocentrism
5740:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5695:
5641:Grand Siècle
5639:
5620:
5588:Sinocentrism
5577:
5449:Ancient Rome
5429:
5287:Aryan Kartli
5285:
5077:
5040: /
4974:
4871:19th century
4869: /
4860: /
4825:
4818:
4817: /
4812:
4788:
4762: /
4736:Black legend
4694:Historiology
4491: /
4479:
4442:
4380:Quantitative
4303:
4299:Intellectual
4265: /
4261: /
4247: /
4245:Anthropology
4199:Phaleristics
4192:preservation
4187:Oral history
4128: /
4114: /
4096:Microhistory
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3832: /
3828:
3821:
3771:
3767:
3755:Project MUSE
3733:
3729:
3699:
3684:. Retrieved
3680:the original
3659:
3637:
3632:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3577:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3568:
3537:
3506:
3481:
3460:
3450:
3442:
3418:
3408:
3404:
3384:
3355:
3326:
3305:
3284:
3263:
3234:
3203:
3182:
3161:
3146:
3126:
3105:
3085:
3065:
3041:
3020:
2984:
2964:
2951:
2931:
2927:
2907:
2886:
2862:
2845:
2829:the original
2824:
2820:
2796:
2775:
2761:
2729:
2722:
2702:
2695:
2675:
2668:
2656:
2636:
2629:
2609:
2602:
2586:
2570:
2554:
2534:
2527:
2519:the original
2508:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2443:. Retrieved
2431:
2424:Haboush 2005
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2398:
2388:
2371:
2366:
2350:
2338:
2318:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2261:
2237:
2225:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2118:
2106:
2064:
2037:
2025:
2013:
1998:
1985:
1958:
1946:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1884:Arrighi 1996
1879:
1867:
1862:, p. 2.
1855:
1843:
1836:Shelach 1999
1831:
1824:Shelach 1999
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1775:Legge, James
1770:
1761:
1753:
1750:Liu, X. 2004
1745:
1733:
1721:
1699:
1649:
1633:
1623:such as the
1606:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1568:such as the
1563:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1498:
1452:
1400:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1325:
1318:China proper
1314:Ming dynasty
1310:Qing dynasty
1307:
1245:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1193:
1177:Please help
1165:
1138:(1781–1878).
1101:
1097:Confucianism
1095:
1080:
1069:
1042:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1004:
998:
995:
975:
968:
944:Qing dynasty
937:
929:Qing dynasty
926:
923:Qing dynasty
914:
895:
887:
882:Ming dynasty
875:
872:Ming dynasty
866:China proper
859:
844:Peasants (農)
824:
798:
790:Yuan dynasty
787:
784:Yuan dynasty
771:
763:Liao dynasty
760:
757:Song dynasty
751:Song dynasty
744:
720:
715:
711:
705:
698:
690:
680:
675:
667:
659:
640:Tang dynasty
637:
634:Tang dynasty
624:
611:Sinicisation
606:
599:Northern Wei
593:
585:
554:
530:
500:
476:
470:
457:
446:
434:
429:
415:
413:
410:Zhou dynasty
403:
384:
378:
376:
371:
367:
351:
350:
337:
332:
328:
319:
312:
300:
294:
290:divine right
235:
222:
218:
204:
193:
188:
184:
180:Eastern Zhou
161:Zhou dynasty
153:Yellow River
147:
134:Zhou dynasty
121:Sinocentrism
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
72:
68:
62:
34:
30:
28:
21:Zhou dynasty
18:
8120:Hagiography
7881: [
7841:Early Islam
7695: [
7587:Historicity
7565:Historicity
7555:Jane Austen
7535:The Beatles
7505:Netherlands
7466: [
7463:Zhuge Liang
7454: [
7442: [
7439:Yuan Shikai
7410: [
7407:Sun Yat Tse
7386: [
7349: [
7312: [
7300: [
7297:Jiang Zemin
7268: [
7256: [
7248:Che Guevara
6981: [
6916:Pacific War
6700:Article 231
6690:Reparations
6667: [
6631: [
6608:Color books
6597:World War I
6581: [
6558:War of 1812
6463: [
6446: [
6431:(1792–1815)
6402:Sea Peoples
6387:Gallic Wars
6089: [
6077: [
6064:Revisionist
6053: [
6044:Reconquista
6034: [
6026:Inquisition
6020:Convivencia
5944: [
5932: [
5904: [
5801:Revisionism
5726: [
5674: [
5662: [
5650: [
5631: [
5573:Golden ages
5542: [
5539:Wunu School
5534:Archaeology
5407:Switzerland
5390:Kosovo Myth
5378:Great Union
5359: [
5344:Philippines
5327:Nationalist
5300:Ages of Man
5272: [
5260: [
5248: [
5226: [
5214: [
5050: [
5047:Revisionist
4939: [
4876:Renaissance
4741:Coloniality
4709: [
4697: [
4689:Historicity
4613:Revisionist
4603:Pop history
4574:Nationalist
4548: [
4493:Cliometrics
4461:Approaches,
4417:Methodology
4313:Linguistics
4263:Environment
4229:Vexillology
4152:Diplomatics
4135:Chorography
4074:Big History
4026:War diaries
3999:Illuminated
3994:Manuscripts
3979:Hieroglyphs
3859:historicity
3686:February 9,
3579:January 16,
3451:Book of Sui
3230:Pines, Yuri
2841:Pei Songzhi
2409:January 12,
2249:Schein 2000
2148:Gernet 1996
2111:Benite 2005
2003:"Li Lou II"
1908:Ankerl 2000
1574:Han dynasty
1384::
1374::
1342::
1332::
1104:Yamaga Sokō
1000:Sun Yat-sen
940:Lü Liuliang
906:South China
896:During the
856:Beggars (丐)
847:Hunters (獵)
767:Western Xia
664:Manichaeism
638:During the
621:Sui dynasty
517:Jin dynasty
513:North China
501:During the
467:Jin dynasty
227:Han dynasty
211:Qin dynasty
8242:Barbarians
8191:Categories
8175:Multimedia
7994:Technology
7958:Urreligion
7861:Kharijites
7812:Background
7480:Historical
7451:Zhou Enlai
7346:Mao Zedong
7341:Louis Riel
7114:Background
6965:Guilty Men
6907:Uniqueness
6830:Background
6825:Winter War
6749:Background
6682:Versailles
6536:Great Game
6183:Ricardians
6178:Tudor myth
5896:Partitions
5489:Succession
4779:Narratives
4764:Presentism
4720:Philosophy
4540:Humanistic
4428:Case study
4360:Indigenous
4338:Diplomatic
4282:Capitalism
4182:Onomastics
4140:Chronology
3969:Facsimiles
3954:Chronicles
3852:historians
3823:Historians
2593:, p.
2577:, p.
2561:, p.
2499:, p.
2445:2009-01-25
2134:2013-03-14
1963:Creel 1983
1951:Huang 1997
1726:Pines 2005
1708:References
1701:Pax Sinica
1690:Suzerainty
1590:Đường nhân
1586:Thanh nhân
1551:Trung Quốc
1543:Trung Quốc
1515:Ngô Văn Sở
1479:Đàng Ngoài
1308:After the
1209:newspapers
1057:Sinosphere
1037:See also:
1014:Historian
958:candidate
919:invaders.
462:identical.
301:barbarians
238:influenced
119:See also:
7963:Perennial
7752:Economics
7704:Feudalism
7490:Australia
7238:Aurangzeb
7214:Political
7204:By person
6885:Pius Wars
6680:Treaty of
6339:conflicts
6146:Poor Laws
6009:Hispanism
5886:Sarmatism
5716:Sonderweg
5474:Expansion
5199:Litvinism
5033:Argentina
4867:Long 18th
4750:Dark Ages
4530:Historism
4328:Political
4267:Geography
4204:Philology
4167:Genealogy
4162:Epigraphy
4105:By source
3944:Artifacts
3750:170489808
3616:1003-5117
3440:(1934) .
3438:Wei Zheng
3011:11450447M
2839:(1977) .
2837:Chen Shou
2591:Wook 2004
2575:Wook 2004
2559:Wook 2004
2473:Kerr 2000
2454:cite news
2253:Mote 1988
2245:Tsai 1996
1896:Chin 2007
1788:Mair 1998
1771:ctext.org
1713:Citations
1660:Barbarian
1611:from the
1580:(漢民) and
1398:of 1637.
1326:Sojunghwa
1239:July 2024
1166:does not
960:Zeng Jing
876:In 1368,
627:Yang Jian
538:Cheng-Han
456:thousand
309:Confucius
200:Sima Qian
8165:Category
8080:template
7794:Religion
7645:Socrates
7560:Muhammed
7482:rankings
7363:Napoleon
7181:Category
6999:Cold War
6902:Slovakia
6489:Waterloo
6358:Crusades
6303:Military
6151:Scotland
6109:Kemalist
5431:Nam tiến
5426:Vietnam
5416:Ukraine
5374:Romania
5356:Portugal
5282:Georgia
5257:Medieval
5206:Bulgaria
5195:Belarus
5180:Austria
4986:Americas
4954:Morocco
4950:Ethiopia
4729:Specific
4652:Concepts
4557:Leninist
4515:Feminist
4503:Critical
4350:Feminism
4323:Military
4277:Business
4272:Economic
4254:Cultural
4238:By topic
4224:Toponymy
4172:Heraldry
4120:template
4067:By scale
3989:Logbooks
3974:Features
3939:Archives
3724:(2012),
3676:日本思想研究論叢
3503:(1996).
3353:(eds.).
3202:(eds.).
3194:(1988).
3152:Lau, D.C
3063:(2006).
3003:56108664
2950:(1994).
2884:(1983).
2381:alt link
2222:論劉基的遺民心態
1935:Archived
1654:See also
1627:and the
1600:(漢夷有限, "
1594:Gia Long
1588:(清人) or
1582:Hán nhân
1555:Cambodia
1529:Emperor
1427:Shō Shin
1368:era name
938:Scholar
712:Yuan Dao
676:Jingjiao
668:Monijiao
660:Xianjiao
648:Buddhism
644:Chang'an
534:Han-Zhao
452:King Wen
356:Buddhism
314:Analects
254:Thailand
187:and the
140:and the
8100:Related
7990:Science
7635:Madonna
7607:Judaism
7570:Judaism
7402:Saladin
7292:Hypatia
7216:leaders
7140:Related
7093:Origins
7056:Origins
7007:Origins
6563:Origins
6509:Origins
6375:Origins
6237:Oceania
6200:British
6138:Kingdom
5781:Ireland
5688:Germany
5396:Sweden
5269:New Age
5245:Ancient
5241:Europe
5237:Croatia
5169:Albania
5162:Eurasia
4964:Rwanda
4662:General
4562:Marxist
4463:schools
4292:Thought
4259:Ecology
4021:Scrolls
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3927:Sources
3866:history
3843:History
3606:].
3147:Mencius
3061:Li Feng
2843:(ed.).
2752:Sources
2377:vol. 81
2359:vol. 30
1999:Mencius
1800:Li 2006
1578:Hán dân
1559:Cao Man
1493:Prince
1461:Vietnam
1443:Shō Kyō
1441:Prince
1223:scholar
1187:removed
1172:sources
862:Mongols
804:Mongols
716:Chunqiu
700:Huá xīn
683:Kaifeng
603:Xianbei
577:Ran Wei
565:Shi Min
551:Ran Min
441:Mencius
297:nomadic
288:), the
264:, "the
250:Vietnam
157:Li Feng
40:Chinese
7726:Salons
7528:Others
7495:Canada
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7066:Causes
7041:Causes
6835:Spirit
6769:Causes
6739:Causes
6604:Causes
6573:Causes
6546:Causes
6524:Causes
6455:Causes
6202:Empire
6136:United
6102:Turkey
5917:Russia
5891:Deluge
5874:Poland
5614:France
5412:Taiwan
5385:Serbia
5191:Balhae
5042:Causes
4993:Canada
4927:Egypt
4920:Africa
4444:Tarikh
4365:Labour
4355:Gender
4345:Social
4145:dating
4011:Papyri
3934:Annals
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3688:2009
3656:新亞生活
3638:2006
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