794:
480:
185:
3112:
587:
30:
335:
853:
938:
Because the main sources on Cnut's housecarls were written at least one century after Cnut's reign, there are several theories about the exact nature and role of these housecarls. Cnut is said to have retained 3,000 to 4,000 men with him in
England, to serve as his bodyguard. One theory is that these
447:
Ketill and Bjôrn, they raised this stone in memory of Þorsteinn, their father; Ônundr in memory of his brother and the housecarls in memory of the just(?) (and) Ketiley in memory of her husbandman. These brothers were the best of men in the land and abroad in the retinue , held their housecarls well.
1262:
Central
Committee, British Archaeological Association; Central Committee, Archaeological Institute of Great Britain Ireland; Council, Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain Ireland; Ireland, Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and; Britain), Royal Archaeological Institute (Great
908:
records only thirty-three landholding housecarls in the kingdom; furthermore, these estates were small. Thus, it does not seem that the
English landholders were deprived of their properties to provide for land grants to the king's housecarls. On the other hand, some of Cnut's housecarls seem to have
939:
men were Cnut's housecarls, and that they served as a well-equipped, disciplined, professional, and quite numerous (for the time) standing army at the service of the king. However, another theory is that there was nothing like an important, standing, royal army in 11th century Anglo-Saxon
England.
827:
defined an etiquette: housecarles were to be seated at the kings' tables according to a number of factors, among which skill in war and nobility. They could be disgraced by being moved to a lower place; this was punishment for minor offences, such as not giving proper care to the horse of a fellow
977:
Yet another theory is that the role of a standing army was not assumed, or was not mostly assumed, by the royal housecarls; but that the housecarls were a smaller body of household troops, partly stationed at the king's court. During the reign of Edward the
Confessor, a number of sailors and
985:
One reason to doubt the existence of a standing army made of housecarls is that, when there was a revolt in 1051, under the reign of Edward the
Confessor, no such standing army was used to crush it, whereas its existence would have allowed for a swift, decisive action against the rebels.
722:) may reflect, in fact, those governing Danish housecarls in the 12th century. But, by the end of the 12th century, housecarls had probably disappeared in Denmark; they had transformed into a new kind of nobility, whose members no longer resided at the king's court.
758:, who were soldiers that were equally adept in land and maritime warfare. Also, there were bands of foreign warriors under the control of foreign commanders, who sometimes served as the retinues of important Anglo-Saxon lords. For example, one version of the
998:, the housecarls had a crucial role as the backbone of Harold's army at Hastings. Although they were numerically the smaller part of Harold's army, their possibly superior equipment and training meant they could have been used to strengthen the militia, or
925:
The royal housecarls had some administrative duties in peacetime as the King's representatives. Florence of
Worcester recounts how, in 1041, there was a revolt against a very heavy levy in Worcester, and two of king
901:
On one hand, the number of housecarls receiving land grants and estates from the king seems to have been rather limited, from the beginning of Cnut's reign up to the Norman conquest in 1066. At that last date, the
828:
housecarl. After three such offences, the offender could be seated at the lowest place, and no-one was to talk to him, but everyone could throw bones at him at will. The murder of another housecarl was punished by
693:
Under Svein
Forkbeard and Cnut the Great, when the Danish kings came to rule England, a body of royal housecarls was developed there, with institutions that were partly of Norse inspiration, and partly inspired by
734:
England; the housecarls of Cnut were highly disciplined bodyguards. It is unclear, however, whether Cnut's housecarls were all
Scandinavians; some were Slavs according to Domesday Book records and according to
1002:, which made up most of Harold's troops. The housecarls were positioned in the centre, around their leader's standard, but also probably in the first ranks of both flanks, with the fyrdmen behind them. In the
966:(1902). However, more recently, historian Nicholas Hooper criticised Larson and stated that "it is time to debunk the housecarl"; according to Hooper, housecarls were not in effect distinguishable from Saxon
778:
seems to have been a synonym for a mercenary or retainer rather than just royal bodyguards. It also would have been used to differentiate between that of the paid warrior and the unpaid militia known as the
1105:, but seems to mean 'warrior' in the Norse literature. However they were undoubtedly some form of standing force; possibly the Nordic sources referred to the Anglo-Saxon seamen they faced in this manner.
575:): free men in the service of a king or lord, who gave them gifts as payment of said service. It is known from Icelandic sources that in the 1060s, the royal housecarls were paid with Norwegian coins.
712:, Aggesen's grandfather, a member of the retinue, was tried for the murder of a fellow housecarl. Svend Aggesen's account of the law governing Cnut the Great's housecarls in 11th century England (the
468:. Thus, the housecarls mentioned here would be royal bodyguards; in any case, it can be seen here that the word "housecarl" now applied to a person who fought in the service of a different person.
704:). But even after the Danish kings had lost England, housecarls continued to exist in Denmark. Such a group of royal retainers was still in place at the beginning of the 12th century, under
251:
in the 11th century. They were well-trained, and paid as full-time soldiers. In
England, the royal housecarls had a number of roles, both military and administrative, and they fought under
894:("paid men"). Furthermore, the housecarles were not bound to indefinite service; but there was only one day in the year during which they could leave the king's service. That was
1157:
970:, and were mainly retainers who received lands or pay (or both), but without being really a standing army. Hooper asserts that while the Housecarles might well have had superior
844:
as we know it through Svend Aggesen was redacted more than one century after the time of Cnut; thus, we cannot be sure that it presents an accurate picture of Cnut's housecarls.
982:, were paid wages and possibly based in London; those lithsmen were, according to some, the main standing armed force, while the housecarls were only acting as a secondary one.
956:. This view, still widely held today, mainly stems from Svend Aggesen's 12th-century description of Cnut's housecarls as a group characterized by a strict code (
1569:. American Slavic and East European Review. Vol. 13. Cambridge, MA: The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. pp. 299–318.
750:. From the annals, it is not clear whether other paid men were types of housecarl or a different subdivision of retainers. There were groups known as
832:
and exile, whereas treason was punished by death and confiscation of all property. Quarrels between housecarles were decided by a specific tribunal (
248:
942:
This debate has direct consequences on the assessment of the housecarls' specificities, and whether or not they were an elite troop. For instance,
626:), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e. one who is given a house by another). The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between
1666:
Gillingham, John (1990). "Chronicles and Coins as Evidence for Levels of Tribute and Taxation in Late Tenth- and Early Eleventh-Century England".
994:
By the end of the 11th century in England, there may have been as many as 3,000 Englishmen who were royal housecarls. As the household troops of
1280:
529:
is underlined as an advantage of entering the king's service. Conversely, retainers were expected to avenge their leader if he was killed.
171:
2022:
1161:
974:
and more uniform training and equipment than the average Thegn, they would not necessarily have been a clearly defined military elite.
840:, in the presence of the king; depending on the nature of the quarrel, a varying number of testimonies would be required. However, the
555:-money is the name of the wages or gift which chieftains give". Thus, Sigvat probably referred to an institution similar to the Danish
815:
defines is mainly derived from canon law, directly or through Anglo-Saxon laws. Other possible inspirations include the rules of the
3069:
689:
King Sveinn placed the stone in memory of Skarði, his retainer , Skarde, who has sailed in the west , but who then died at Hedeby.
3087:
657:
and Cnut the Great may have "safeguarded the country by a network of forts manned by the royal housecarls, the mercenaries, the
1969:
1934:
1902:
1875:
1802:
1777:
1748:
1721:
1549:
1484:
1191:
1141:
491:, Sweden, mentions Assurr/Ôzurr, the housecarl of the owner of the Snottsta estate in whose memory the stone was raised.
2168:
1765:
1408:
1361:
1131:
2130:
484:
164:
3092:
2300:
801:
According to 12th century Danish historian Svend Aggesen, Cnut's housecarls were governed by a specific law, the
3082:
2350:
2155:
2015:
739:, it is likely that some of them were English, with many Englishmen becoming housecarls early in Cnut's reign.
20:
1081:
is a term that has been translated to mean 'sailor' and 'warrior' but is very likely a combination of the two.
505:
in Norway can be traced back to the ninth century. The texts dealing with royal power in medieval Norway, the
1034:
1351:
3141:
3136:
2231:
803:
714:
615:
611:
673:
Thurlf, Sven's retainer erected this stone after Erik his fellow, who died when the warriors sat around
3097:
2110:
1006:, these Housecarls fought after Harold's death, holding their oath to him until the last man was killed.
681:"Sven" is probably king Svein Forkbeard, as elsewhere on the Hedeby stones. Another runestone there, the
157:
1519:. The Journal of British Studies. Vol. 24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 395–414.
2263:
2258:
747:
607:
395:("men not tied"). Both terms emphasise that they were voluntarily in service of another, as opposed to
225:
1604:(4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, The North American Conference on British Studies: 375–387.
3115:
2295:
2202:
2195:
2173:
2008:
1979:
Hooper, Nicholas (1994). "Military Developments in the Reign of Cnut". In Alexander R. Rumble (ed.).
1211:
913:
was founded either by one of them under the reign of Cnut himself, or by his wife under the reign of
730:
The term entered the English language when Svein Forkbeard and Cnut the Great conquered and occupied
517:("King's Mirror"), make explicit the link between a king or leader and his retainers (housecarls and
1962:
Anglo-Norman Warfare: Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Military Organization and Warfare
1770:
Anglo-Norman warfare: studies in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman military organization and warfare
532:
2335:
2320:
2135:
2120:
634:
are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service.
3146:
2450:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2145:
2125:
2082:
811:. Their organisation in a band or guild was Scandinavian in character, but the legal process the
425:(all meaning "bodyguard", "troop of retainers"). In Denmark, this was also the sense of the word
1215:
2852:
2285:
2280:
2207:
2102:
1983:. Studies in the Early History of Britain. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 89–100.
1476:
898:, a day on which it was customary for Scandinavian kings to reward their retainers with gifts.
1539:
1398:
1264:
29:
2150:
2040:
1892:
1865:
1738:
887:
879:
339:
302:
1400:
Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse
1356:. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. Vol. 100. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
635:
2241:
2212:
2115:
914:
682:
465:
288:
217:
1424:
Andrén, Anders (1989). "State and Towns in the Middle Ages: The Scandinavian Experience".
8:
3077:
2290:
1713:
1054:
440:
244:
1821:
Sayers, William (2003). "Ships and Sailors in Geiffrei Gaimar's "Estoire des Engleis"".
864:, the pay was monthly. Due to these wages, the housecarls are seen by some as a type of
525:
513:
2460:
2312:
2251:
2140:
2072:
2048:
1846:
1838:
1683:
1648:
1613:
1596:
Mack, Katharin (1984). "Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy".
1578:
1520:
1469:
1449:
1441:
1274:
1003:
272:
256:
209:
193:
860:
A special tax was levied to provide pay in coin to the royal housecarls. According to
2236:
2087:
2062:
1965:
1930:
1898:
1871:
1850:
1798:
1773:
1744:
1717:
1545:
1480:
1453:
1404:
1357:
1137:
895:
536:
461:
37:
870:
411:) came to acquire a specific sense of "retainers", in the service of a lord, in his
2659:
2031:
1830:
1675:
1640:
1605:
1570:
1433:
995:
989:
910:
861:
856:
A coin from the reign of Cnut, such as may have been used to pay Cnut's housecarls.
763:
705:
548:
368:
252:
1795:
Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age
1679:
1631:
Darlington, R. R. (1936). "Ecclesiastical Reform in the Late Old English Period".
2268:
2246:
2190:
2160:
2044:
1957:
1922:
1706:
1207:
1010:
952:
654:
540:
457:
229:
189:
134:
100:
1261:
950:(1885), states that the main advantage of the housecarls at Hastings were their
774:. As Tostig was fighting against the king at the time, then the use of the term
2942:
2726:
2390:
2077:
1644:
1499:
793:
736:
566:
449:
1944:
Hooper, Nicholas (1985). "The Housecarls in England in the Eleventh Century".
1544:. Anglo-Norman studies. Vol. VII. Bury St Edmonds: St Edmundsbury Press.
543:(and also to two kings of Denmark), called the retainers of Olaf II of Norway
3130:
2701:
2664:
2624:
2490:
2219:
2178:
1014:
904:
709:
666:
662:
603:
591:
383:("inside-men") in Denmark. Housecarls were free men, not to be confused with
2803:
2395:
2385:
2368:
2185:
1995:
1018:
943:
731:
561:
507:
495:
In Norway, housecarls were members of the king's or another powerful man's
435:
375:, the "master of the house". In that sense, the word had several synonyms:
61:
1471:
Norse Warfare: the Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings
2877:
2835:
2758:
2671:
2539:
2529:
2440:
2224:
1102:
865:
816:
240:
184:
3054:
2842:
2825:
2773:
2763:
2748:
2716:
2706:
2584:
2534:
2410:
2405:
2373:
2092:
1842:
1617:
1582:
1437:
927:
650:
535:(also known as Sigvat the Skald), a court poet to two kings of Norway,
479:
65:
1687:
1652:
1524:
1445:
586:
523:). There was a special fine for the killing of a king's man, which in
387:(slaves or serfs); to this effect, the Icelandic laws also calls them
3049:
3044:
3034:
2967:
2872:
2768:
2731:
2721:
2681:
2634:
2629:
2579:
2519:
2445:
2435:
2415:
2378:
2363:
695:
649:
Johannes Brøndsted suggested that the garrison of the Danish fort of
599:
356:
47:
1834:
1609:
1574:
578:
3022:
3007:
2987:
2972:
2952:
2927:
2912:
2907:
2887:
2857:
2847:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2614:
2599:
2574:
2554:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2400:
2358:
2067:
2000:
1927:
Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages
1193:
Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest
1059:
1039:
1022:
958:
852:
829:
236:
197:
104:
82:
1994:
The Housecarls according to a reenactment group: Regia Anglorum's
669:(DR 1) is dedicated by a royal retainer to one of his companions:
3039:
3027:
3017:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2957:
2947:
2922:
2862:
2820:
2793:
2711:
2644:
2639:
2619:
2609:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2485:
2470:
2420:
1502:
1324:
1049:
788:
488:
396:
384:
343:
334:
284:
124:
91:
1712:. Wellingborough (UK), Osceola (WI): Osprey Publishing. p.
990:
The housecarls of Harold Godwinson: Stamford Bridge and Hastings
519:
497:
413:
3059:
3012:
2997:
2962:
2937:
2902:
2897:
2830:
2815:
2753:
2691:
2676:
2654:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2502:
2497:
2455:
2425:
1923:"Household Men, Mercenaries and Vikings in Anglo-Saxon England"
930:'s housecarls, who were acting as tax collectors, were killed.
674:
268:
144:
1829:(2). London: Modern Humanities Research Association: 299–310.
962:); Aggesen having been used as a main source by L.M. Larson's
2932:
2917:
2892:
2882:
2867:
2810:
2778:
2743:
2738:
2696:
2686:
2569:
2430:
2273:
967:
292:
114:
72:
594:, "placed by king Sveinn in memory of Skarði, his retainer "
3002:
2649:
1044:
781:
52:
1598:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
1353:
The King's Household in England Before the Norman Conquest
1101:
is an ambiguous term which is thought to mean 'sailor' in
964:
The King's Household in England Before the Norman Conquest
1432:(5). New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht: Springer: 585–609.
371:) had a general sense of "manservant", as opposed to the
1244:
Foote, Peter; Wilson, David M. (1970). "3, "The Free"".
685:(DR 3), was apparently personally raised by king Svein:
1379:
Society and Politics in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla
653:
may have consisted of royal housecarls, and that kings
310:
as a term for all paid warriors and thus is applied to
1981:
The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway
547:, meaning "gift- (or pay-)receivers". More precisely,
471:
1537:
1243:
452:, commander of the retinue , the best of landholders.
1517:
What Do We Mean by "Anglo-Saxon" and "Anglo-Saxons"?
847:
1964:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–16.
1958:"The Housecarls in England in the Eleventh Century"
1867:
The Battle of Hastings: sources and interpretations
742:Housecarls were only one group of paid soldiers or
571:
460:, this Þorsteinn may have commanded the retinue of
1797:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. p. 155.
1705:
1468:
439:). This meaning can be seen, for instance, on the
1674:(417). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 939–950.
1639:(203). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 385–428.
642:as nothing more than a local (Danish) variant of
3128:
1206:
1766:"The Housecarls in England in the 11th Century"
797:1904 representation of Cnut with his courtiers.
677:, but he was a commander, a very brave warrior.
300:, meaning a man, or a non-servile peasant. The
789:Organisation as royal bodyguards and courtiers
322:. It is not clear whether these were types of
228:manservant or household bodyguard in medieval
2016:
1220:. lexicon.ff.cuni.cz: Clarendon Press, Oxford
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
165:
1897:. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers.
2047:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1381:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
346:commemorates the housecarl of a local lord.
2023:
2009:
1699:
1697:
1665:
1659:
1630:
1624:
1541:Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1984
1279:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1217:Cleasby-Vigfusson Old Icelandic Dictionary
1196:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 16–18.
1176:
1013:depicts the housecarls as footmen clad in
172:
158:
1816:
1814:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1308:
1189:
402:
1708:Hastings 1066: the fall of Saxon England
1567:The English Danegeld and the Russian Dan
1514:
1500:Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk
1392:
1390:
1388:
1287:
1089:
1087:
851:
792:
585:
579:The housecarls of the Danish kings: the
478:
333:
183:
3088:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1863:
1857:
1792:
1703:
1694:
1493:
1475:. New York: Hippocrene Books. pp.
1466:
1257:
1255:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1200:
235:The institution originated amongst the
3129:
1978:
1955:
1943:
1890:
1884:
1820:
1811:
1786:
1763:
1531:
1423:
1417:
1349:
1330:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1021:, and fighting with great, two-handed
920:
708:, when, according to Danish historian
350:
16:Medieval Northern European social rank
2004:
1920:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1084:
590:The Skarthi Stone (DR 3), one of the
367:) (spelled huskarl, pl. huskarlar in
279:, which literally means "house man".
2030:
1772:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
1736:
1730:
1595:
1589:
1564:
1252:
1232:
1129:
1072:
379:("home-men") in Norway and Iceland,
1538:Brown, Reginald Allen, ed. (1985).
1350:Larson, Laurence Marcellus (1902).
1118:
770:whereas another version calls them
13:
1929:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 143–66.
1914:
746:who fought for England before the
407:With time, the term "housecarls" (
14:
3158:
1988:
1870:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
1768:. In Strickland, Matthews (ed.).
1740:The Art of War in the Middle Ages
1403:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
948:The Art of War in the Middle Ages
848:Pay, land grants, and social role
630:and housecarls: like housecarls,
448:He fell in battle in the east in
329:
3111:
3110:
1160:. web.ff.cuni.cz. Archived from
933:
28:
3093:Christianization of Scandinavia
1960:. In Matthew Strickland (ed.).
1757:
1558:
1508:
1460:
1248:. London: Book Club Associates.
878:("men receiving wages"), while
819:and the rules of the Norwegian
700:
3083:Christianization of the Franks
2156:Continental Germanic mythology
1317:
1150:
1:
1704:Gravett, Christopher (1992).
1668:The English Historical Review
1633:The English Historical Review
1565:Ward, Grace Faulkner (1954).
1190:Hollister, C. Warren (1962).
1112:
725:
485:Snottsta and Vreta Runestones
196:housecarl (left), wielding a
1743:. Cornell University Press.
1309:Brøndsted, Johannes (1960).
483:Runestone U 330, one of the
262:
7:
3098:Christianization of Iceland
1680:10.1093/ehr/CV.CCCCXVII.939
1028:
909:been quite prosperous; the
10:
3163:
1921:Abels, Richard P. (2008).
1894:Medieval England 1042-1228
1823:The Modern Language Review
1158:"Germanic Lexicon Project"
565:) or to the housecarls of
472:In Norwegian service: the
3106:
3068:
2349:
2311:
2101:
2055:
2038:
1956:Hooper, Nicholas (1992).
1864:Morillo, Stephen (1996).
1764:Hooper, Nicholas (1992).
1467:Sprague, Martina (2007).
1313:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1266:The Archeological Journal
501:. The institution of the
326:or different altogether.
2336:North Germanic languages
2321:Germanic parent language
1645:10.1093/ehr/LI.CCIII.385
1515:Reynolds, Susan (1985).
1133:Saxon, Viking and Norman
1065:
314:, but it also refers to
2341:West Germanic languages
2331:East Germanic languages
2326:Proto-Germanic language
2146:Proto-Germanic folklore
2083:Romano-Germanic culture
1269:. Vol. 23. London.
221:
213:
1925:. In J. France (ed.).
1793:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
1737:Oman, Charles (1885).
1397:Jesch, Judith (2001).
1377:Bagge, Sverre (1991).
1246:The Viking Achievement
1130:Wise, Terence (1979).
857:
798:
691:
679:
595:
492:
454:
403:As combatant retainers
347:
201:
2151:Anglo-Saxon mythology
2041:Ethnolinguistic group
1891:Purser, Toby (2004).
1212:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur
888:William of Malmesbury
880:Florence of Worcester
855:
796:
760:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
687:
671:
589:
482:
445:
391:("lone-runners") and
337:
303:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
243:, and was brought to
187:
1996:Anglo-Saxon Huscarls
1946:Anglo-Norman Studies
915:Edward the Confessor
466:Grand Prince of Kiev
118:(churl, free tenant)
3142:Anglo-Saxon society
3137:Anglo-Norse England
3078:Gothic Christianity
1055:Yeomen of the Guard
921:Administrative role
351:As free manservants
245:Anglo-Saxon England
24:
2461:Germani cisrhenani
2169:Funerary practices
2073:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2049:Germanic languages
1438:10.1007/BF00149493
1426:Theory and Society
1004:Battle of Hastings
886:("salarymen") and
858:
799:
636:Johannes Brøndsted
610:, DR 154, DR 155,
596:
493:
348:
257:Battle of Hastings
202:
21:Anglo-Saxon status
19:
3124:
3123:
2296:Gothic and Vandal
2088:Germanic Iron Age
2063:Nordic Bronze Age
2045:Northern European
1971:978-0-85115-328-5
1936:978-90-04-16447-5
1904:978-0-435-32760-6
1877:978-0-85115-619-4
1804:978-1-84383-569-1
1779:978-0-85115-328-5
1750:978-0-8014-9062-0
1723:978-1-84176-133-6
1551:978-0-85115-416-9
1486:978-0-7818-1176-7
1143:978-0-85045-301-0
539:(saint Olaf) and
537:Olaf II of Norway
533:Sigvatr Þórðarson
462:Yaroslav the Wise
182:
181:
149:
139:
129:
119:
109:
95:
77:
56:
42:
3154:
3114:
3113:
3070:Christianization
2660:Ripuarian Franks
2032:Germanic peoples
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1984:
1975:
1953:
1940:
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1328:
1327:2.0 for Windows.
1323:Entry Sö 338 in
1321:
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1314:
1306:
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1208:Cleasby, Richard
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
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1173:
1171:
1169:
1164:on 15 March 2016
1154:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1106:
1091:
1082:
1076:
996:Harold Godwinson
911:Abbotsbury Abbey
862:Saxo Grammaticus
706:Niels of Denmark
551:explained that "
549:Snorri Sturluson
526:Konungs skuggsjá
514:Konungs skuggsjá
355:Originally, the
271:of the original
253:Harold Godwinson
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2307:
2269:Gothic alphabet
2161:Norse mythology
2097:
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1991:
1972:
1937:
1917:
1915:Further reading
1912:
1905:
1889:
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1878:
1862:
1858:
1835:10.2307/3737812
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1031:
1017:, with conical
1011:Bayeux Tapestry
992:
972:esprit de corps
953:esprit de corps
936:
923:
850:
838:Huskarlesteffne
791:
748:Norman Conquest
728:
655:Svein Forkbeard
618:, use the term
584:
541:Magnus the Good
477:
458:Omeljan Pritsak
450:Garðar (Russia)
429:, a variant of
405:
353:
340:runestone U 335
332:
267:Housecarl is a
265:
249:Danish conquest
230:Northern Europe
200:with two hands.
190:Bayeux tapestry
178:
148:(thrall, slave)
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3147:Viking warfare
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3139:
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3118:
3107:
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2078:Roman Iron Age
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1989:External links
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1954:Reprinted as:
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978:soldiers, the
946:, in his book
935:
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919:
896:New Year's Eve
882:uses the term
871:Knýtlinga saga
849:
846:
809:Lex Castrensis
790:
787:
737:Susan Reynolds
727:
724:
720:Lex Castrensis
583:
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567:Cnut the Great
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2702:Crimean Goths
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667:Stone of Eric
664:
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441:Turinge stone
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389:einhleypingar
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55:after c.1000)
54:
49:
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39:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
23:
2396:Anglo-Saxons
2386:Adrabaecampi
2369:Bucinobantes
2111:Architecture
1980:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1926:
1893:
1886:
1866:
1859:
1826:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1769:
1759:
1739:
1732:
1707:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1636:
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1601:
1597:
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1566:
1560:
1540:
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1516:
1510:
1495:
1470:
1462:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1399:
1378:
1372:
1352:
1319:
1310:
1265:
1245:
1222:. Retrieved
1216:
1202:
1192:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1152:
1132:
1098:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1008:
999:
993:
984:
979:
976:
971:
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957:
951:
947:
944:Charles Oman
941:
937:
924:
903:
900:
891:
883:
875:
869:
859:
841:
837:
833:
824:
820:
812:
808:
802:
800:
780:
775:
771:
767:
759:
755:
751:
743:
741:
729:
719:
713:
699:
692:
688:
680:
672:
658:
648:
643:
639:
638:interpreted
631:
627:
623:
619:
602:in Denmark,
597:
580:
570:
560:
556:
552:
544:
531:
524:
518:
512:
508:Heimskringla
506:
502:
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364:
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323:
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311:
307:
301:
297:
291:
280:
276:
266:
234:
224:) was a non-
205:
203:
86:
2836:Nahanarvali
2759:Hilleviones
2672:Frisiavones
2540:Cananefates
2530:Burgundians
2441:Banochaemae
2291:Anglo-Saxon
2242:Anglo-Saxon
2208:Anglo-Saxon
2191:Anglo-Saxon
2174:Anglo-Saxon
1311:The Vikings
1103:Anglo-Saxon
892:stipendarii
874:calls them
825:Whitherlogh
817:Jomsvikings
732:Anglo-Saxon
289:Old English
241:Scandinavia
218:Old English
192:depicts an
3131:Categories
3055:Vinoviloth
2843:Marcomanni
2826:Helveconae
2804:Heaðobards
2774:Istvaeones
2764:Ingaevones
2749:Hermunduri
2717:Ostrogoths
2707:Greuthungi
2585:Chattuarii
2411:Angrivarii
2406:Ampsivarii
2374:Lentienses
2203:Literature
2093:Viking Age
1136:. Osprey.
1113:References
928:Harthacnut
842:Witherlogh
813:Witherlogh
804:Witherlogh
772:hus karlas
762:refers to
756:butsecarls
726:In England
715:Witherlogh
651:Trelleborg
600:runestones
316:butsecarls
138:(cottager)
66:High-reeve
3050:Vidivarii
3045:Victohali
3035:Vangiones
2968:Thuringii
2873:Nuithones
2769:Irminones
2732:Visigoths
2722:Thervingi
2682:Gambrivii
2635:Dulgubnii
2630:Dauciones
2580:Chasuarii
2520:Brondings
2446:Bastarnae
2436:Baiuvarii
2416:Armalausi
2379:Raetovari
2313:Languages
2281:Symbology
2141:Folklore
2136:Festivals
1952:: 161–76.
1851:163993274
1454:147025753
1275:cite book
1093:The name
1079:Butsecarl
1035:Comitatus
1023:long axes
959:see above
884:solidarii
866:mercenary
776:housecarl
768:hiredmenn
744:hiredmenn
701:see below
696:canon law
632:heimþegar
628:heimþegar
624:heimþegar
581:heimþegar
572:see below
562:see below
557:heimþegar
545:heiðþegar
474:heiðþegar
436:see below
409:húskarlar
393:lausamenn
365:húskarlar
363:(plural:
357:Old Norse
324:housecarl
312:housecarl
308:hiredmenn
273:Old Norse
263:Etymology
210:Old Norse
206:housecarl
108:(bailiff)
87:housecarl
48:Ealdorman
3116:Category
3023:Hasdingi
3008:Usipetes
2988:Tubantes
2973:Toxandri
2953:Tencteri
2928:Suarines
2913:Sicambri
2908:Semnones
2888:Reudigni
2858:Mattiaci
2848:Marsacii
2799:Lombards
2789:Lacringi
2784:Juthungi
2615:Corconti
2600:Cherusci
2575:Charudes
2555:Chaedini
2525:Bructeri
2510:Bateinoi
2481:Eburones
2476:Condrusi
2471:Caeroesi
2466:Atuatuci
2401:Ambrones
2364:Brisgavi
2359:Alemanni
2237:Paganism
2126:Clothing
2121:Calendar
2068:Germania
1263:(1866).
1224:16 March
1214:(1874).
1168:16 March
1095:lithsmen
1060:Thingmen
1040:Druzhina
1029:See also
980:lithsmen
890:that of
876:málamenn
830:outlawry
752:lithsmen
640:heimþegi
620:heimþegi
520:hirðmenn
511:and the
427:himthige
381:innæsmæn
377:griðmenn
373:húsbóndi
320:lithsmen
237:Norsemen
198:Dane axe
105:Verderer
92:retainer
83:Thingmen
3040:Varisci
3028:Silingi
3018:Vandals
2993:Tulingi
2983:Triboci
2978:Treveri
2958:Teutons
2948:Taifals
2923:Sitones
2863:Nemetes
2821:Helisii
2794:Lemovii
2712:Gutones
2645:Firaesi
2640:Favonae
2620:Cugerni
2610:Cobandi
2565:Chamavi
2560:Chaemae
2550:Casuari
2545:Caritni
2515:Betasii
2486:Paemani
2421:Auiones
2286:Warfare
2264:Scripts
2232:Numbers
2056:History
1843:3737812
1618:4049386
1583:2491815
1503:Rundata
1325:Rundata
1050:Leidang
836:), the
644:húskarl
489:Uppland
431:húskarl
397:thralls
385:thralls
369:Swedish
361:húskarl
344:Orkesta
287:to the
285:cognate
277:húskarl
255:at the
247:by the
226:servile
222:huscarl
214:húskarl
194:English
125:Villein
76:(thane)
3060:Warini
3013:Vagoth
2998:Tungri
2963:Thelir
2943:Swedes
2938:Sunici
2903:Saxons
2898:Rugini
2831:Manimi
2816:Diduni
2754:Heruli
2692:Gepids
2677:Frisii
2655:Franks
2605:Cimbri
2595:Chauci
2590:Chatti
2503:Nervii
2498:Morini
2456:Belgae
2451:Batavi
2426:Avarpi
2391:Angles
2351:Groups
2301:Viking
2247:Gothic
2225:Gothic
2131:Family
1968:
1933:
1901:
1874:
1849:
1841:
1801:
1776:
1747:
1720:
1688:574620
1686:
1653:553127
1651:
1616:
1581:
1548:
1525:175473
1523:
1483:
1452:
1446:657612
1444:
1407:
1360:
1140:
968:thegns
868:; the
823:. The
675:Hedeby
665:, the
616:DR 297
614:, and
612:DR 296
464:, the
275:term,
269:calque
135:Cottar
128:(serf)
41:(king)
38:Cyning
2933:Suebi
2918:Sciri
2893:Rugii
2883:Quadi
2868:Njars
2853:Marsi
2811:Lugii
2779:Jutes
2744:Harii
2739:Gutes
2697:Goths
2687:Geats
2625:Danes
2570:Chali
2491:Segni
2431:Baemi
2274:Runes
2259:Rings
2252:Norse
2220:Names
2213:Norse
2196:Norse
2179:Norse
1847:S2CID
1839:JSTOR
1684:JSTOR
1649:JSTOR
1614:JSTOR
1579:JSTOR
1521:JSTOR
1450:S2CID
1442:JSTOR
1066:Notes
834:gemot
622:(pl.
423:drótt
359:word
306:uses
298:ceorl
296:, or
293:churl
115:Ceorl
101:Reeve
73:Thegn
3003:Ubii
2650:Fosi
2535:Buri
1966:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1281:link
1226:2010
1170:2010
1138:ISBN
1045:Hird
1015:mail
1009:The
1000:fyrd
821:hirð
782:fyrd
754:and
659:hird
608:DR 3
604:DR 1
598:Six
553:heið
503:hirð
498:hirð
414:hirð
338:The
318:and
281:Karl
188:The
145:Þēow
62:Hold
53:Earl
2878:Osi
2186:Law
2116:Art
2043:of
1831:doi
1676:doi
1672:105
1641:doi
1606:doi
1571:doi
1434:doi
1099:lið
1097:or
807:or
718:or
487:in
421:or
419:lid
342:at
283:is
239:of
3133::
1948:.
1845:.
1837:.
1827:98
1825:.
1813:^
1716:.
1714:27
1696:^
1682:.
1670:.
1647:.
1637:51
1635:.
1612:.
1602:16
1600:.
1577:.
1479:.
1477:54
1448:.
1440:.
1430:18
1428:.
1387:^
1332:^
1289:^
1277:}}
1273:{{
1254:^
1234:^
1210:;
1178:^
1120:^
1086:^
1025:.
917:.
785:.
646:.
606:,
443::
417:,
399:.
259:.
232:.
220::
216:;
212::
204:A
103:/
85:/
64:/
2163:)
2024:e
2017:t
2010:v
1974:.
1950:7
1939:.
1907:.
1880:.
1853:.
1833::
1807:.
1782:.
1753:.
1726:.
1690:.
1678::
1655:.
1643::
1620:.
1608::
1585:.
1573::
1554:.
1527:.
1505:.
1489:.
1456:.
1436::
1413:.
1366:.
1283:)
1228:.
1172:.
1146:.
698:(
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