Hot air balloon - Knowledge

1330: 711:-style" vent. This too is a disk of fabric at the top of the balloon. However, rather than having a set of "vent lines" that can repeatedly open and close the vent, the vent is secured by "hook and loop" fasteners (such as Velcro) and is only opened at the end of the flight. Balloons equipped with a Velcro-style vent typically have a second "maneuvering vent" built into the side (as opposed to the top) of the balloon. Another common type of top design is the "smart vent", which, rather than lowering a fabric disc into the envelope as in the "parachute" type, gathers the fabric together in the center of the opening. This system can theoretically be used for in-flight maneuvering, but is more commonly used only as a rapid-deflation device for use after landing, of particular value in high winds. Other designs, such as the "pop top" and "MultiVent" systems, have also attempted to address the need for rapid deflation on landing, but the parachute top remains popular as an all-around maneuvering and deflation system. 1284: 1628:. This makes such fabrics very much unsuitable to wear near high temperatures, since non-flame-retardant thermoplastics will melt onto the wearer, and most hydrocarbons, whether fibrous or not, are suitable to use as fuels. Natural fiber will singe rather than melt or burn readily, and flame-retardant fiber generally has a very high melting point and is intrinsically non-flammable. Many pilots also advise their passengers to wear similar protective clothing that covers their arms and legs, as well as strong shoes or boots that offer good ankle support. Finally, some balloon systems, especially those that hang the burner from the envelope instead of supporting it rigidly from the basket, require the use of helmets by the pilot and passengers. 1759:

pilot is undertaking work for a sponsor or being paid by an external agent to operate a balloon. The pilot can fly a sponsored balloon with everything paid for with a PPL unless asked to attend any event. Then a CPL(B) Restricted is required. The CPL(B) is required if the pilot is flying passengers for money. The balloon then needs a transport category C of A (certificate of air worthiness). If the pilot is only flying sponsor's guests and not charging money for flying other passengers, then the pilot is exempted from holding an AOC (air operator's certificate) though a copy of it is required. For passenger flying the balloon also requires a maintenance log.

1893: 1712: 1654: 1391: 745: 55: 704:—thus the name.) These "vent lines" are themselves connected to a control line that runs to the basket. A parachute vent is opened by pulling on the control line. Once the control line is released, the pressure of the remaining hot air pushes the vent fabric back into place. A parachute vent can be opened briefly while in flight to initiate a rapid descent. (Slower descents are initiated by allowing the air in the balloon to cool naturally.) The vent is pulled open completely to collapse the balloon after landing. 753: 638: 433: 564: 1367: 63: 884: 1304: 71: 681: 1253: 672:" or "Cloudhoppers") have as little as 600 m (21,000 cu ft) of envelope volume; for a perfect sphere the radius would be around 5 m (16 ft). At the other end of the scale, balloons used by commercial sightseeing operations may be able to carry well over two dozen people, with envelope volumes of up to 17,000 m (600,000 cu ft). The most-used size is about 2,800 m (99,000 cu ft), allowing to carry 3 to 5 people. 775:. These materials have proven to be sufficiently light, strong, and durable for balloon flight. Such baskets are usually rectangular or triangular in shape. They vary in size from just big enough for two people to large enough to carry thirty. Larger baskets often have internal partitions for structural bracing and to compartmentalize the passengers. Small holes may be woven into the side of the basket to act as foot holds for passengers climbing in or out. 315: 799: 1236:

temperature mentioned above, but the external temperature, altitude above sea level, and humidity of the air surrounding. On a warm day, a balloon cannot lift as much as on a cool day, because the temperature required for launch will exceed the maximum sustainable for nylon envelope fabric. Also, in the lower atmosphere, the lift provided by a hot air balloon decreases about 3% per 1,000 m (1% per 1,000 ft) of altitude gained.

410: 1646: 398: 188: 1497: 1149:—about 230 °C (450 °F)—but higher temperatures cause the strength of the nylon fabric to degrade more quickly over time. With a maximal operating temperature of 120 °C (250 °F), balloon envelopes can generally be flown for between 400 and 500 hours before the fabric needs to be replaced. Many balloon pilots operate their envelopes at temperatures significantly less than the maximum to extend envelope-fabric life. 782:, especially a collapsible aluminium frame with a fabric skin, to reduce weight or increase portability. These may be used by pilots without a ground crew or who are attempting to set altitude, duration, or distance records. Other specialty baskets include the fully enclosed gondolas used for around-the-world attempts and baskets that consist of little more than a seat for the pilot and perhaps one passenger. 791: 422: 337:, France, and demonstrated it publicly on September 19, 1783, making an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first balloon flight with humans aboard, a tethered flight, performed on or around October 15, 1783, by Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier, who made at least one tethered flight from the yard of the Reveillon workshop in the 508:'s grandson) and Briton Brian Jones, flying in the Breitling Orbiter 3. It was the first nonstop trip around the world by balloon. The balloon left Château-d'Oex, Switzerland, on March 1, 1999, and landed at 1:02 a.m. on March 21 in the Egyptian desert 500 km (300 mi) south of Cairo. The two men exceeded distance, endurance, and time records, traveling 19 days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes. 2216:"Reproduction fac-similé d'un dessin à la plume de sa description et de la pétition adressée au Jean V. (de Portugal) en langue latine et en écriture contemporaine (1709) retrouvés récemment dans les archives du Vatican du célèbre aéronef de Bartholomeu Lourenco de Gusmão "l'homme volant" portugais, né au Brésil (1685–1724) précurseur des navigateurs aériens et premier inventeur des aérostats. 1917" 1220: 1232:(not including the heated air trapped in the envelope, of course) stated in the previous section. Liftoff would require a slightly greater temperature, depending on the desired rate of climb. In reality, the air contained in the envelope is not all at the same temperature, as the accompanying thermal image shows, and so these calculations are based on averages. 656:, to make it impermeable to air. It is often the degradation of this coating and the corresponding loss of impermeability that ends the effective life of an envelope, not weakening of the fabric itself. Heat, moisture, and mechanical wear-and-tear during set-up and pack-up are the primary causes of degradation. Once an envelope becomes too 1750:

the Australian Civil Aviation and Safety Authority (CASA) with a nominated Chief Pilot. Pilots must have different degrees of experience before they are allowed to progress to larger balloons. Hot air balloons must be registered aircraft with CASA and are subject to regular airworthiness checks by authorised personnel.

1600:) gloves, so that they may shut off a gas valve in the case of a leak, even if there is a flame present; quick action in this regard can turn a potential catastrophe into a mere inconvenience. The pilot should additionally wear flame-resistant clothing covering their arms and legs; either natural fiber, such as 1920:(since acquired by Cameron) have been innovators and developers of special shaped balloons. These hot-air balloons use the same principle of lift as conventional inverted teardrop-shaped balloons, but often sections of the special balloon envelope shape do not contribute to the balloon's ability to stay aloft. 1142:) provided by a hot air balloon depends primarily upon the difference between the temperature of the air inside the envelope and the temperature of the air outside the envelope. For most envelopes made of nylon fabric, the maximal internal temperature is limited to approximately 120 °C (250 °F). 1758:

In the UK, the person in command must hold a valid Private Pilot's Licence issued by the Civil Aviation Authority specifically for ballooning; this is known as the PPL(B). There are two types of commercial balloon licences: CPL(B) Restricted and CPL(B) (Full). The CPL(B) Restricted is required if the

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As with aircraft, hot air balloons require regular maintenance to remain airworthy. As aircraft made of fabric and that lack direct horizontal control, hot air balloons may occasionally require repairs to rips or snags. While some operations, such as cleaning and drying, may be performed by the owner

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Due to the overall design of hot air balloons, controlled and precise steering of hot air balloons is not possible; it is possible for pilots to try to achieve basic directional control by changing altitude and catching different wind streams. Wind in the northern hemisphere tends to turn east due to

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captured by an envelope. These envelopes are more specialized than for other hot air balloons, trying to maximize the amount of solar energy they collect. This can be accomplished by rotating the envelope during flight or by having the envelope colored black or another dark color. They were pioneered

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gas was used in the very early stages of development but was quickly abandoned due to the danger of introducing an open flame near the gas, for example when Rozier attempted to cross the English Channel with his prototype, the fire used to heat the air ignited the Hydrogen and killed both him and his

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and mildew from forming on the fabric and abrasion from occurring during packing, transport, and unpacking due to contact with foreign particles. In the event of a landing in a wet (because of precipitation or early morning or late evening dew) or muddy location (farmer's field), the envelope should

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The ground crew should wear gloves whenever there is a possibility of handling ropes or lines. The mass and exposed surface to air movement of a medium-sized balloon is sufficient to cause rope friction burns to the hands of anyone trying to stop or prevent movement. The ground crew should also wear

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A hot air balloon for manned flight uses a single-layered, fabric gas bag (lifting "envelope"), with an opening at the bottom called the mouth or throat. Attached to the envelope is a basket, or gondola, for carrying the passengers. Mounted above the basket and centered in the mouth is the "burner",

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To relight the burner if the pilot light goes out and the optional piezo ignition fails, the pilot should have ready access to a means of backup ignition, such as a flint spark lighter. Many systems, especially those that carry passengers, have completely duplicate fuel and burner systems: two fuel

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In Australia, private balloon pilots are managed by the Australian Ballooning Federation and typically become members of regional hot air ballooning clubs. Commercial operations carrying fare paying passengers or charging for promotional flights must operate under an Air Operators Certificate from

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A handling or drop line is mandatory safety equipment in many countries. This is a rope or webbing of 20–30 meters in length attached to the balloon basket with a quick-release connection at one end. In very calm winds the balloon pilot can throw the handling line from the balloon so that the

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at 20 °C (68 °F) is about 1.2 kg/m (0.075 lb/cu ft). The total lift for a balloon of 2,800 m (100,000 cu ft) heated to 99 °C (210 °F) would be 723.5 kg (1,595 lb). This is just enough to generate neutral buoyancy for the total system mass

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Balloons in most parts of the world are maintained in accordance with a fixed manufacturer's maintenance schedule that includes regular (100 flight hours or 12 month) inspections, in addition to maintenance work to correct any damage. In Australia, balloons used for carrying commercial passengers

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For typical atmospheric conditions (20 °C or 68 °F), a hot air balloon heated to 99 °C (210 °F) requires about 3.91 m of envelope volume to lift 1 kilogram (equivalently, 62.5 cu ft/lb). The precise amount of lift provided depends not only upon the internal

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In the case of a snag, burn, or rip in the envelope fabric, a patch may be applied or the affected panel completely replaced. Patches may be held in place with glue, tape, stitching, or a combination of these techniques. Replacing an entire panel requires the stitching around the old panel to be

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Where more than one burner is present, the pilot can use one or more at a time, depending on the desired heat output. Each burner has a metal coil of propane tubing the flame shoots through to preheat the incoming liquid propane. The burner unit may be suspended from the mouth of the envelope or

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The burner and fuel system must also be kept clean to ensure safe operation on demand. Damaged fuel hoses need to be replaced. Stuck or leaky valves must be repaired or replaced. The wicker basket may require occasional refinishing or repair. The skids on its bottom may require occasional

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company, based in Spain, which produces from 80 to 120 balloons per year. Ultramagic can produce very large balloons, such as the N-500 that accommodates as many as 27 persons in the basket, and has also produced many balloons with special shapes, as well as cold-air inflatables.

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in a balloon, possibly the earliest hot air balloon flights in human history. To support this theory, in 1975 he designed and piloted the Nazca Prehistoric Balloon, claiming to have used only methods and materials available to the Pre-Inca Peruvians 1,000 years ago.

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For commercial passenger balloons, a pilot restraint harness is mandatory in some countries. This consists of a hip belt and a webbing line that together allow for some movement while preventing the pilot from being ejected from the basket during a hard landing.

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Increasing the air temperature inside the envelope makes it less dense than the surrounding (ambient) air. The balloon floats because of the buoyant force exerted on it. This force is the same force that acts on objects when they are in water and is described by

1794:. While most balloon pilots fly for the pure joy of floating through the air, many are able to make a living as a professional balloon pilot. Some professional pilots fly commercial passenger sightseeing flights, while others fly corporate advertising balloons. 273:, two members of the Portuguese Royal Academy of History, one Portuguese diplomat and one chronicler serving as witnesses. This event would bring some European attention to this event and this project. A later article dated on October 20, 1786, by the London 341:. Later that same day, Pilatre de Rozier became the second human to ascend into the air, reaching an altitude of 26 m (85 ft), the length of the tether. The first free flight with human passengers was made a few weeks later, on November 21, 1783. 489:

of the UK flew 7,671.91 km (4,767.10 mi) from Japan to Northern Canada. With a volume of 74,000 cubic meters (2.6 million cubic feet), the balloon envelope was the largest ever built for a hot air craft. Designed to fly in the trans-oceanic

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The most effective way of landing a hot air balloon is to reduce the energy in the envelope, either by turning down the flame in Montgolfier and Hybrid balloons, or more directly by opening a flap in the envelope that will release the air/gas inside.

1775:(FAA), carrying the rating of "Lighter-than-air free balloon", and unless the pilot is also qualified to fly gas balloons, will also carry this limitation: "Limited to hot-air balloons with airborne heater". A pilot does not need a license to fly an 1294:

Instead of using regular air it is also possible to use lighter than air gasses such as Helium or Hydrogen to lift the balloon, though this means it is technically not a hot air balloon, though they did influence the design of hybrid balloons.

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on the fabric, with different degrees of success depending on whether they take fabric weight and varying air density into account. This shape may be referred to as "natural". Finally, some specialized balloons are designed to minimize

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was North America's largest balloon manufacturer and a close second in world manufacturing before ceasing to build balloons in January 2007. The oldest U.S. certified manufacturer is now Adams Balloons out of Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Envelopes often have a crown ring at their very top. This is a hoop of smooth metal, usually aluminium, and approximately 30 cm (1 ft) in diameter. Vertical load tapes from the envelope are attached to the crown ring.

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the company ships its products worldwide. Produces from 100 to 115 balloons per year. Kubicek company also focus on special shape balloons, FAA/EASA type certified and are delivered with a Standard Airworthiness Certificate.

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and is used for flight over livestock to lessen the chance of spooking them. It also generates a more yellow flame and is used for night glows because it lights up the inside of the envelope better than the primary valve.

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to enable the pilot to aim the flame and avoid overheating the envelope fabric. A burner may have a secondary propane valve that releases propane more slowly and thereby generates a different sound. This is called a

3510: 129:. Modern balloons have been made in many shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape is used for most non-commercial and many commercial applications. 810:, mixes it with air, ignites the mixture, and directs the flame and exhaust into the mouth of the envelope. Burners vary in power output; each will generally produce 2 to 3 MW of heat (7 to 10 million 688:

The top of the balloon usually has a vent of some sort, enabling the pilot to release hot air to slow an ascent, start a descent, or increase the rate of descent, usually for landing. Some hot air balloons have

693:, which are side vents that, when opened, cause the balloon to rotate. Such vents are particularly useful for balloons with rectangular baskets, to facilitate aligning the wider side of the basket for landing. 1418:, became a reality in the 1960s. Thermal airships were the first steerable air buoyant vehicles. They utilized tail fins and a rudder and contained strictly hot air rather than a mix with hydrogen or helium. 1948: 1566:

tanks, connected to two separate hoses, which feed two distinct burners. This enables a safe landing in the case of a blockage somewhere in one system or if a system must be disabled because of a fuel leak.

121:. The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from 1731:

certificate, and pass annual inspections. Balloons below a certain size (empty weight of less than 155 pounds or 70 kg including envelope, basket, burners and empty fuel tanks) can be used as an

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Propane tanks used in hot air balloons are mainly constructed of either aluminum or stainless steel. Most aluminum tanks are vertical 10-gallon cylinders (DOT 4E240), built primarily for forklift trucks.

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to fly, it may be retired and discarded or perhaps used as a "rag bag": cold-inflated and opened for children to run through. Products for recoating the fabric are becoming available commercially.

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seam. The two pieces of fabric are folded over on each other at their common edge, possibly with a load tape as well, and sewn together with two rows of parallel stitching. Other methods include a

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and Jim Winker, beginning during the 1950s; their work resulted in his a first successful flight on October 22, 1960. The first modern hot air balloon to be made in the United Kingdom (UK) was the

3193: 3702: 1819: 3485: 880:. Common tank sizes are 38, 57 and 76 litres (10, 15 and 20 US gallons). They may be intended for upright or horizontal use and may be mounted inside or outside the basket. 1883:

On 14 January 2024, a hot air balloon crashed outside Eloy, Arizona, killing the three passengers and pilot. Eight skydivers had exited the balloon immediately prior to the incident.

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Besides special shapes, possibly for marketing purposes, there are several variations on the traditional "inverted tear drop" shape. The simplest, often used by home builders, is a

3822: 700:, invented by Tracy Barnes. The fabric is connected around its edge to a set of "vent lines" that converge in the center. (The arrangement of fabric and lines roughly resembles a 385:, which occurred on 7 January 1785. In 1808, Blanchard suffered a heart attack while ballooning above The Hague, fell from his balloon, and experienced fatal injuries. His wife 2113: 814:

per hour), with double, triple, or quadruple burner configurations installed where more power is needed. The pilot actuates a burner by opening a propane valve, known as a

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to produce sufficient vapor pressure for cold-weather flying. Warmed tanks are usually also wrapped in an insulating blanket to preserve heat during the setup and flight.

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Taken from the basket, the reflection of the balloon can be seen in the lake below. Obstacles in the landscape can inhibit smooth retrieval of the balloon upon landing.

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Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 a Paris. Concours Internationaux D'Exercices Physiques et de Sports. Rapports Publies Sous La Direction de M. D. Merillon

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became the first person to fly a hot air balloon in various countries, including the United States, the Netherlands, and Germany. His most notable flight crossed the

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At the bottom of the envelope the vertical load tapes are sewn into loops that are connected to cables (one cable per load tape). These cables, often referred to as

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that carry the weight of the gondola or basket. The individual sections, which extend from the throat to the crown (top) of the envelope, are known as

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continued his profession, but also died a decade later on a balloon, due to a firework festival causing the hydrogen in the balloon to be set on fire.

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flew solo round the world on his first attempt in a hybrid hot air/helium balloon from 11 to 23 July 2016 for a round-the world time of 268 h 20 min.

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and had its first public demonstration on 4 June 1783 with an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes, followed later that year with manned flights.

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or pilot, other operations, such as sewing, must be performed by a qualified repair technician and recorded in the balloon's maintenance log book.

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Depending on the size of the balloon, location, and intended use, hot air balloons and their pilots need to comply with a variety of regulations.

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recorded the fastest ground speed for a manned balloon at 394 km/h (245 mph). The longest duration record was set by Swiss psychiatrist

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decided to fund Bartolomeu de Gusmão's project following a petition made by the Jesuit priest, and an unmanned demonstration was performed at

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and rely solely on the buoyancy of hot air provided by the burner and contained by the envelope. This style of balloon was developed by the

3868: 1843: 3075: 2377: 3457: 466:, India, and landed 240 km (150 mi) south in Panchale. The previous record of 19,811 m (64,997 ft) had been set by 512:, flying solo, exceeded the record for briefest time traveling around the world on 3 July 2002 on his sixth attempt, in 320 h 33 min. 1152:

The lift generated by 2,800 m (100,000 cu ft) of dry air heated to various temperatures may be calculated as follows:

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set the world altitude record for highest hot air balloon flight, reaching 21,027 m (68,986 ft). He took off from downtown

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during this time were all made using multicolored-silk, wicker baskets, and were vertically oriented and tear shaped. Hydrogen, or

818:. The valve may be spring-loaded, so that it closes automatically, or it may stay open until closed by the pilot. The burner has a 2933: 2757:

The double lap seam features two rows of parallel stitching along the folded over fabric seam. A few manufactures use a flat seam.

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would state that the inventor was able to raise himself by the use of his prototype. Also in 1709, the Portuguese Jesuit wrote

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sturdy shoes and at least long pants in case of the need to access a landing or landed balloon in rough or overgrown terrain.

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receiver can be useful to indicate ground speed (traditional aircraft air-speed indicators would be useless) and direction.

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during the Mongol invasion of Poland in the 13th century. This is the first time ballooning was known in the western world.

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Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. "Cartas Consultas e Mais Obras de Alexandre de Gusmão" (páginas do manuscrito 201–209).

1833: 436: 141: 2667: 3880: 1863: 1733: 1441:. His design utilized gas from municipal lines to inflate the balloon as he did not have access to a portable generator. 1345:, named after its creator, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier. It has a separate cell for a lighter-than-air gas (typically 3168: 2867: 2436: 2311: 2171: 2964: 3420: 3284: 2357: 2161: 1813: 1544: 2229: 1526: 350: 145: 3924: 3886: 3874: 1853: 1557:

To help ensure the safety of pilot and passengers, a hot air balloon may carry several pieces of safety equipment.

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to ignite the propane and air mixture. The pilot light may be lit by the pilot with an external device, such as a

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fabric, and the inlet of the balloon (closest to the burner flame) is made from a fire-resistant material such as

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There are several different types of hot air balloons, all with different means of taking and sustaining flight.

609: 17: 1856:: On 26 February 2013, a hot air balloon carrying foreign tourists ignited and crashed near the ancient city of 3939: 2086: 2035: 1803: 1522: 1382:

in the 1970s in Europe by Tracy Barnes, Dominic Michaelis, and in the US by Frederick Espoo and Paul Woessher.

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was intended to serve as air vessel in order to facilitate communication and as a strategical device. In 1709

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

1822:: On 1 January 2011, a hot air balloon attempting a high-altitude flight crashed at Pratten's Bowls Club in 625:

seam, in which the two pieces of fabric are held together simply with two rows of parallel stitching, and a

3903: 3782: 1846:: On 23 August 2012, a storm blew a hot air balloon to the ground, causing it to catch fire on impact near 575:

During the manufacturing process, the material is cut into panels and sewn together, along with structural

39: 2842: 3934: 3147: 2453: 1969: 3251: 1876:: On 26 June 2021, a hot air balloon carrying five people made contact with a power line and crashed in 3944: 3772: 3034: 1892: 1658: 1438: 553: 230:

era (220–280 CE), used these airborne lanterns for military signaling. The Mongolian army studied

3296: 3194:"Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Type certificate data sheet no. A33CE" 1349:), as well as a cone below for hot air (as is used in a hot air balloon) to heat the helium at night. 3807: 3336: 3100: 1960: 926: 917:

A balloon may be outfitted with a variety of instruments to aid the pilot. These commonly include an

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aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a

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removed, and a new panel to be sewn in with the appropriate technique, thread, and stitch pattern.

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The fabric (or at least part of it, the top 1/3, for example) may be coated with a sealer, such as

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which injects a flame into the envelope, heating the air within. The heater or burner is fueled by

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Hot Air Ballooning – How balloons fly, list of balloon clubs, free classified ads for balloonists

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To ensure long life and safe operation, the envelope should be kept clean and dry. This prevents

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Further safety equipment may include a first-aid kit, a fire blanket and a strong rescue knife.

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and used as reconnaissance towers. The first military funded balloon in America was designed by

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of 0.9486 kg/m (0.05922 lb/cu ft) for dry air heated to 99 °C (210 °F).

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A range of envelope sizes is available. The smallest, one-person, basket-less balloons (called "

242: 2431:]. Translated by Natalia, Lucky; Dimitria, Ernest; Putra, Eddy. Amber Books. pp. 8–9. 1312: 1257: 897:

The pressure necessary to force the fuel through the line to the burner may be supplied by the

338: 3079: 2381: 1836:: On 7 January 2012, a hot air balloon collided with a power line, caught fire and crashed at 1354:

copilot thirty minutes after takeoff. As such, all modern hybrid balloons now use helium as a

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A hot air balloon is inflated partially with cold air from a gasoline-powered fan, before the

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technology. The first untethered manned hot air balloon flight in the world was performed in

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at the end of the 19th Century, deploying to Sudan in 1885 and to South Africa during the

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Short Manifesto for those who are unaware that is possible to sail through the element air

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suitable for extinguishing propane fires is useful. Most balloons carry a 1 or 2 kg

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Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960

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aircraft, but training is highly advised, and some hot-air balloons meet the criteria.

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of the propane itself, if warm enough, or by the introduction of an inert gas such as

3428: 3280: 2432: 2307: 2167: 2090: 2020: 1866:: On 30 July 2016, a hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near 1791: 1570: 1449:

became the most used inflation fuel by the 20th Century, as it was lighter than air.

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being prepared for take-off during the "Warsteiner Internationale Montgolfiade" at

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Hot air balloons are able to fly to extremely high altitudes. On November 26, 2005

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The parachute vent at the top of an envelope, as seen from below through the mouth

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or gore sections. Envelopes can have as few as 4 gores or as many as 24 or more.

505: 486: 432: 374: 165: 2913: 2643: 450:, built in 1967. Presently, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation. 2671: 1977: 1940: 1827: 1581:

ground crew can guide the balloon safely away from obstructions on the ground.

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At a minimum, the pilot should wear leather or flame-retardant fiber (such as

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Ministere du Commerce de L'Industrie des Postes et des Telegraphes (1902).

2892: 1625: 1574: 736:(in the vertical direction) to improve flight performance in competitions. 707:

An older, and presently less commonly used, style of top vent is called a "

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with a valve at one end to feed the burner and to refuel. They may have a

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The most common type of top vent is a disk-shaped flap of fabric called a

280:

Manifesto summário para os que ignoram poderse navegar pelo elemento do ar

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This article is about hot air balloons themselves. For the activity, see

2717: 442:

Modern hot air balloons, with an onboard heat source, were developed by

152:. The first hot air balloon flown in the Americas was launched from the 3312: 3224: 2968: 2542: 1968:, formerly The Balloon Works, is a manufacturer of hot air balloons in 1924: 1723:

As with other aircraft in the US, balloons must be registered (have an

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supported rigidly over the basket. The burner unit may be mounted on a

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Mohyeldin, Ayman; Gubash, Charlene; Newland, John (26 February 2013).

2114:"U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission: Early Balloon Flight in Europe" 1145:

The melting point of nylon is significantly greater than this maximal

798: 334: 314: 1847: 1261: 937:

The combined mass of an average system can be calculated as follows:

918: 890: 861: 779: 727:. More sophisticated designs attempt to minimize the circumferential 701: 595: 557: 2770: 1790:. Commercial hot air balloon pilots may also act as hot air balloon 1645: 1496: 409: 397: 187: 3797: 3225:"How to Calculate the Weight of Air and Model Hot Air Balloon Lift" 1913: 1446: 1399: 1350: 1139: 902: 869: 657: 649: 606:

The most common technique for sewing panels together is called the

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had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first

298: 114: 2230:"Innovative Projects; The Extraordinary Nazca Prehistoric Balloon" 2746:"How Things Are Made: Hot Air Balloon, The Manufacturing Process" 2255:"Scientist and Aviator Julian Nott Dies After a Bizarre Accident" 1905: 1816:, Australia, causing one to fall, killing all 13 people on board. 1403: 827: 807: 576: 526: 443: 346: 330: 223: 106: 102: 2820:"Mid-Atlantic Balloon Repair: Balloon Envelope Fabric Recoating" 1223:

Thermal image showing temperature variation in a hot air balloon

629:, where parallel zigzag stitching holds a double lap of fabric. 481:

balloon completed the longest flight in a hot air balloon, when

3123: 2510:"Experience: I flew solo around the world in a hot-air balloon" 1767:

In the United States, a pilot of a hot air balloon must have a

1601: 1346: 925:, envelope (air) temperature, and ambient (air) temperature. A 839: 790: 772: 768: 757: 720: 708: 463: 421: 133: 98: 2846: 548:

Modern hot air balloons are usually made of materials such as

2142:(Report). US Naval School of Aviation Medicine. ONR TR ACR-64 2010: 1857: 1617: 1605: 1597: 1415: 1013:

3 76 L (20 US gal) fuel tanks full of propane

823: 137: 126: 122: 3031:"Virgin Global Challenger: An Interview with Per Lindstrand" 2631:

Cylinders in liquid service are commonly found on forklifts.

1880:. All five people on board died as a result of the accident. 1219: 2378:"National Air and Space Museum: Pioneers of Flight gallery" 1936: 1716: 1613: 1609: 161: 156:

in Philadelphia on January 9, 1793, by the French aeronaut

132:

The hot air balloon is the first successful human-carrying

2478:"Dr. Vijaypat Singhania enters the Guinness World Records" 1657:

A commercial balloon ride approaching its landing site at

66:

Novelty hot air balloons resembling anthropomorphized bees

3631: 3279:, p. 177, Rodney P. Carlisle, John Wiley and Sons, 2004, 2715: 1951:

One of the last Aerostar International, Inc. RX8 balloons

241:

In the 18th century the colonial Brazilian Jesuit priest

3245:"NASA: Montgolfiere balloon missions for Mars and Titan" 2555:

Steve Fossett and Fedor Konyukhov, both sub-class AM-15.

2541:. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from 2454:"Ed Yost, 87, Father of Modern Hot-Air Ballooning, Dies" 2108: 2106: 1686:

must be inspected and maintained by approved workshops.

921:, a rate-of-climb (vertical-speed) indicator known as a 251:, which was the predecessor of the hot air balloon. The 3564:"How Do Hot Air Balloons Not Catch On Fire? Read Here!" 2182:, Vol III. Porto: Livraria Figueirinhas, 1981, 184–185. 1923:

The second largest manufacturer of hot air balloons is

301:' creation two millennia ago could have been guided by 3700: 2914:"Airship and Blimp Resources: Balloon Envelope Design" 2403:"Fleurus (Municipality, Province of Hainaut, Belgium)" 1995:

of the Czech Republic, and LLopis Balloons of France.

1812:: On 13 August 1989, two hot air balloons collided at 1370:

A four-meter-high solar balloon floating over a meadow

1069:

2,800 m (100,000 cu ft) of heated air*

325:

The French brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne

113:

than the colder air outside the envelope. As with all

3539:"How Do You Steer A Hot Air Balloon? (With Examples)" 3301:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. pp. 178, 250–275. 2215: 2103: 1782:

To carry paying passengers for hire (and attend some

533:

stored in pressure vessels, similar to high-pressure

2533: 2531: 318:

A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the

3703:"Foreign tourists killed in Egyptian balloon crash" 3669: 2704:

2 Needle Double Lap Seaming Also called Felled Seam

1931:One of the three largest companies in the world is 2299: 182: 148:on November 21, 1783, in a balloon created by the 3337:"History Of Ballooning | National Balloon Museum" 3169:"Flytec 3040 Digital Wireless Instrument Package" 3118: 3116: 2528: 357:of a hot air balloon happened in 1794 during the 287:); he also left designs for a manned air vessel. 45:"Balloon Ride" redirects here. For the song, see 3916: 1900:The largest manufacturer of hot air balloons is 1290:ballooning event at Le Parc d'aerostation, Paris 959:2,800 m (100,000 cu ft) envelope 278: 252: 246: 3533: 3531: 2868:"Avian Balloon Corporation: The Avian Envelope" 2837: 2835: 2525:Article by Konyukhov describing the experience. 2507: 3398:"Brief history of Solar Ballooning – Aerocene" 3276:Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries 3113: 2138:Beischer, D. E.; Fregly, A. R (January 1962). 2137: 1840:, New Zealand, killing all 11 people on board. 1804:History of ballooning § Notable accidents 1205:0.8978 kg/m (0.05605 lb/cu ft) 1191:0.9486 kg/m (0.05922 lb/cu ft) 1177:1.2041 kg/m (0.07517 lb/cu ft) 265:in the presence of John V and the queen, 105:. The heated air inside the envelope makes it 3823: 3652:"Hot Air FAQ: What regulations are in Place?" 3124:"Lindstrand Fuel System: Burners & Tanks" 2080: 764:Hot air balloon baskets are commonly made of 485:(born in Sweden, but resident in the UK) and 353:, petitioned successfully for the honor. The 3838: 3528: 3011:"Experimental Buildings: Collapsible Basket" 2832: 2768: 2743: 2358:"Lighter than air: The Montgolfier Brothers" 1844:2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash 1239: 794:A burner directing a flame into the envelope 362: 3791: 3486:"Observation Balloons On The Western Front" 3136: 3008: 2812: 2729:all of the seams are the "French fell" type 2274:"Ballonist Has High Hopes But No Illusions" 2131: 1525:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 856:Propane fuel tanks are usually cylindrical 198:A precursor of the hot air balloon was the 3830: 3816: 3161: 2843:"Lindstrand Hot Air Balloons: Cloudhopper" 2794: 2792: 2790: 2739: 2737: 2422: 1896:New 2017 Cameron hot air balloon in flight 1797: 3694: 3093: 2337:"Start-Flying: History of Balloon Flying" 2166:. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. 1640: 1545:Learn how and when to remove this message 905:. Tanks may be preheated with electrical 117:, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the 3421:"The Difference Engine: Not all hot air" 3349: 2782:perfect French Fell hot air balloon seam 2636: 2566:"Fédération Aéronautique Internationale" 1946: 1891: 1830:, England, killing both people on board. 1810:1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash 1710: 1678:be cleaned and laid out or hung to dry. 1652: 1644: 1389: 1365: 1328: 1302: 1282: 1251: 1218: 882: 797: 789: 751: 743: 679: 636: 562: 431: 420: 408: 396: 313: 186: 69: 61: 53: 3068: 2934:"What's the Skinny on Racing Balloons?" 2787: 2734: 2326:Tom D. Crouch (2009). Lighter Than Air. 2297: 2272:Browne, Malcolm W. (18 November 1986). 1762: 1267:Standard hot air balloons are known as 74:Novelty hot air balloon resembling the 14: 3917: 3290: 2570:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 2451: 2271: 1983:The major manufacturers in Canada are 1874:2021 Albuquerque hot air balloon crash 1421: 1123: 309: 3811: 3561: 3480: 3478: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3415: 3413: 3370: 2893:"The early years of sport ballooning" 2508:Fedor Konyukhov (17 September 2016). 2213: 663: 245:envisioned an aerial apparatus named 3458:"Balloons in the American Civil War" 3355: 3033:. Balloon Life. 1997. Archived from 2716:Daniel Nachbar; Paul Stumpf (2008). 2660: 2159: 1834:2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash 1523:adding citations to reliable sources 1490: 1453:usage skyrocketed in Britain by the 1315:achieved the first non-stop balloon 437:Bristol International Balloon Fiesta 3733:"Balloon accident in Eloy, Arozona" 1864:2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash 1820:2011 Somerset hot air balloon crash 1486: 1377:are hot air balloons that use just 401:A hot air balloon over the city of 361:, when the French used the balloon 24: 3632:"Australian Ballooning Federation" 3475: 3445: 3410: 3076:"Hot Air Dirigible Specifications" 2306:. Guinness World Records Limited. 2180:Dicionário de História de Portugal 1620:, which is also safe to wear) are 1385: 1128: 912: 392: 25: 3956: 3752: 1814:Alice Springs, Northern Territory 1715:Top of balloon during inflation. 1333:Early depiction of hybrid balloon 594:, are connected to the basket by 3101:"Example Balloon Configurations" 1887: 1854:2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash 1495: 1208:2,542.4 kg (5,605 lb) 1194:2,686.2 kg (5,922 lb) 1180:3,409.7 kg (7,517 lb) 932: 806:The burner unit gasifies liquid 760:capable of holding 16 passengers 748:Hot air balloon basket in flight 234:from China and used them in the 47:My First Album (Peppa Pig album) 36:Hot air balloon (disambiguation) 3725: 3644: 3624: 3604: 3580: 3555: 3503: 3390: 3329: 3305: 3268: 3237: 3217: 3186: 3048: 3023: 3002: 2982: 2957: 2926: 2906: 2885: 2860: 2771:"How To Sew A Hot Air Balloon!" 2762: 2709: 2685: 2612: 2594:. Pilot Outlook. Archived from 2584: 2558: 2501: 2470: 2445: 2416: 2395: 2370: 2350: 2329: 2320: 2291: 2265: 2195:; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 1773:Federal Aviation Administration 1744: 519: 329:developed a hot-air balloon in 183:Premodern and unmanned balloons 142:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier 2247: 2222: 2207: 2198: 2185: 2153: 2087:Johns Hopkins University Press 2074: 2036:History of military ballooning 1668: 1631: 1429:were deployed as early as the 1247: 1211:867.3 kg (1,912 lb) 1197:723.5 kg (1,595 lb) 215: 207: 13: 1: 3677:"Professional Balloon Pilots" 2800:"Cameron Balloons Fuel Tanks" 2452:Hevesi, Dennis (2007-06-04). 2067: 851: 571:are used for final inflation. 3904:List of ballooning accidents 3783:Resources in other libraries 3513:. 2013-05-19. Archived from 3488:. 2010-12-02. Archived from 3460:. 2015-01-09. Archived from 3009:Deramecourt, Arnaud (2002). 2429:Sebuah Kronologi Penerbangan 1957:Aerostar International, Inc. 1788:commercial pilot certificate 1753: 1698: 1591: 778:Baskets may also be made of 349:, but de Rozier, along with 269:, with the Italian cardinal 40:Air balloon (disambiguation) 7: 3588:"Droplines | Crew Training" 3511:"Early military ballooning" 2965:"Ballongflyg Upp & Ner" 2695:. Arch Sewing Company. 2003 2302:Guinness world records 2014 1998: 1970:Statesville, North Carolina 1908:, England, which also owns 1719:is securing parachute vent. 1706: 1560: 1474:as the altitude increases. 1464: 1437:on August 2, 1861, for the 1325:, a Rozière/Hybrid balloon. 1094: 1091: 1074: 1071: 1056: 1053: 1036: 1033: 1018: 1015: 1000: 997: 982: 979: 964: 961: 632: 543: 351:Marquis François d'Arlandes 146:François Laurent d'Arlandes 10: 3961: 3748:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 2163:Ancient Chinese Inventions 1972:. Another manufacturer is 1870:. There were no survivors. 1801: 1659:Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania 1477: 1202:120 °C (248 °F) 641:Hot air balloon safari in 453: 175: 171: 44: 34:. For other meanings, see 29: 3896: 3849: 3803:Hot Air Balloon Web Links 3778:Resources in your library 3707:World News on NBCNews.com 3144:"Nitrogen vs. Heat Tapes" 1961:Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1739: 1689: 1298: 1240:Types of Hot Air Balloons 1188:99 °C (210 °F) 1138:. The amount of lift (or 785: 739: 477:On January 15, 1991, the 290:In the 1970s, balloonist 58:Hot air balloon in flight 27:Lighter-than-air aircraft 3857:Alice Springs, Australia 3792:General ballooning sites 2425:A Chronology of Aviation 2423:Winchester, Jim (2007). 2178:, cited in Joel Serrão, 2041:Hot air balloon festival 1577:type fire extinguisher. 1361: 1174:20 °C (68 °F) 714: 675: 601: 275:Daily Universal Register 3925:18th-century inventions 3839:Accidents and incidents 3744:Needham, Joseph (1986). 2592:"Balloon Propane Tanks" 2539:"Balloon World Records" 2298:Glenday, Craig (2013). 2214:De Gusmão, Bartolomeu. 2191:Joseph Needham (1965). 1878:Albuquerque, New Mexico 1838:Carterton, North Island 1798:Accidents and incidents 1786:), a pilot must have a 3930:Balloons (aeronautics) 3863:Carterton, New Zealand 2339:. www.start-flying.com 2081:Tom D. Crouch (2008). 1989:Fantasy Sky Promotions 1952: 1935:. From its factory in 1897: 1720: 1661: 1650: 1641:Maintenance and repair 1407: 1371: 1341:, is the main type of 1334: 1326: 1291: 1278: 1264: 1258:Virgin hot air balloon 1224: 1092:(3.76 tons) 7517 894: 803: 795: 761: 749: 723:on top of a truncated 685: 645: 572: 439: 429: 418: 406: 363: 339:Faubourg Saint-Antoine 322: 294:hypothesized that the 279: 253: 247: 195: 82: 67: 59: 3940:Symbols of New Mexico 2769:Jon Radowski (2010). 2718:"Construction basics" 2693:"Machine Style 56500" 2031:High-altitude balloon 1950: 1895: 1802:Further information: 1714: 1656: 1648: 1393: 1369: 1332: 1306: 1286: 1255: 1222: 1183:0 lb, 0 kg 1147:operating temperature 1136:Archimedes' principle 886: 830:, or with a built-in 801: 793: 755: 747: 683: 640: 566: 435: 424: 412: 400: 371:Jean-Pierre Blanchard 320:London Science Museum 317: 267:Maria Anna of Austria 190: 178:History of ballooning 158:Jean-Pierre Blanchard 73: 65: 57: 3562:Annie (2021-05-21). 2160:Deng, Yinke (2005). 1763:In the United States 1519:improve this section 1443:Observation balloons 1427:Observation balloons 1273:Montgolfier brothers 1269:Montgolfier balloons 479:Virgin Pacific Flyer 470:on June 6, 1988, in 243:Bartolomeu de Gusmão 226:kingdom, during the 150:Montgolfier brothers 3881:Lockhart, Texas, US 3869:Ljubljana, Slovenia 3612:"Ballooning Basics" 3358:"Balloon Incidents" 2620:"Propane Cylinders" 2545:on 8 September 2016 2259:LTA-Flight Magazine 2051:Observation balloon 1974:Head Balloons, Inc. 1910:Lindstrand Balloons 1824:Westfield, Somerset 1734:ultralight aircraft 1461:from 1899 to 1902. 1451:Observation balloon 1422:Observation Balloon 1322:Breitling Orbiter 3 1124:Theory of operation 977:5-passenger basket 343:King Louis XVI 310:First manned flight 212:traditional Chinese 78: – 76:Abbey of Saint Gall 3935:Airship technology 2744:Annette Petrusso. 2458:The New York Times 2278:The New York Times 2046:Hot air ballooning 2016:Cluster ballooning 1953: 1898: 1792:flight instructors 1721: 1662: 1651: 1431:American Civil War 1408: 1372: 1335: 1327: 1292: 1265: 1225: 895: 804: 796: 762: 750: 686: 664:Sizes and capacity 646: 573: 460:Vijaypat Singhania 440: 430: 419: 413:Hot air balloons, 407: 355:first military use 323: 271:Michelangelo Conti 259:John V of Portugal 204:simplified Chinese 196: 154:Walnut Street Jail 83: 68: 60: 32:Hot air ballooning 3945:French inventions 3912: 3911: 3759:Library resources 3356:Amsbaugh, Allen. 3317:balloonfiesta.com 2895:. David M. Wesner 2096:978-0-8018-9127-4 2021:Espionage balloon 1985:Sundance Balloons 1784:balloon festivals 1769:pilot certificate 1571:fire extinguisher 1555: 1554: 1547: 1215: 1214: 1106: 1105: 405:in September 2009 367:for observation. 359:battle of Fleurus 236:Battle of Legnica 232:Kongming lanterns 109:, since it has a 16:(Redirected from 3952: 3843:hot-air balloons 3832: 3825: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3764:hot air balloons 3737: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3709:. Archived from 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3679:. Archived from 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3654:. 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Archived from 2110: 2101: 2100: 2083:Lighter Than Air 2078: 2056:Research balloon 1993:Kubicek Balloons 1966:Firefly Balloons 1933:Kubicek Balloons 1918:Thunder and Colt 1902:Cameron Balloons 1624:; many are also 1550: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1499: 1491: 1487:Safety equipment 1447:illumination gas 1319:of the globe in 1317:circumnavigation 1309:Bertrand Piccard 1160:Air temperature 1157: 1156: 942: 941: 858:pressure vessels 734:aerodynamic drag 502:Bertrand Piccard 387:Sophie Blanchard 366: 282: 256: 250: 217: 209: 166:thermal airships 91:lighter-than-air 80:Kubicek Balloons 21: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3892: 3845: 3836: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3741: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3713:on 1 March 2013 3699: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3568:hotairflyer.com 3560: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3295: 3291: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2788: 2776: 2774: 2773:. Apex Balloons 2767: 2763: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2723: 2721: 2714: 2710: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2668:"Head Balloons" 2666: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2405:. CRW Flags Inc 2401: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2270: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2174: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2061:Skyhook balloon 2006:Barrage balloon 2001: 1890: 1868:Lockhart, Texas 1806: 1800: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1742: 1709: 1701: 1692: 1671: 1643: 1634: 1594: 1563: 1551: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1516: 1500: 1489: 1480: 1472:coriolis effect 1467: 1459:Second Boer War 1455:Royal Engineers 1424: 1412:Thermal airship 1396:Thermal airship 1388: 1386:Thermal Airship 1364: 1339:Rozière balloon 1301: 1281: 1250: 1242: 1169:Lift generated 1131: 1129:Generating lift 1126: 1102: 1101: 1082: 1081: 1064: 1063: 1044: 1043: 1026: 1025: 1008: 1007: 990: 989: 972: 971: 935: 915: 913:Instrumentation 888:Stainless steel 866:stainless steel 854: 788: 742: 717: 678: 666: 635: 604: 569:propane burners 546: 522: 514:Fedor Konyukhov 506:Auguste Piccard 487:Richard Branson 456: 427:Hopper balloons 395: 393:Modern balloons 381:accompanied by 377:heading to the 375:English Channel 312: 185: 180: 174: 87:hot air balloon 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 18:Hot-air balloon 15: 12: 11: 5: 3958: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753:External links 3751: 3750: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3724: 3693: 3668: 3643: 3623: 3603: 3579: 3554: 3543:Hot Air Flight 3527: 3502: 3474: 3444: 3409: 3389: 3369: 3348: 3328: 3304: 3289: 3267: 3236: 3216: 3185: 3160: 3135: 3112: 3092: 3067: 3047: 3022: 3001: 2981: 2956: 2925: 2905: 2884: 2859: 2831: 2811: 2786: 2761: 2733: 2708: 2684: 2659: 2644:"The Envelope" 2635: 2611: 2583: 2572:. 20 June 2019 2557: 2527: 2500: 2469: 2444: 2438:978-6230011368 2437: 2415: 2394: 2369: 2349: 2328: 2319: 2313:978-1908843159 2312: 2290: 2264: 2246: 2221: 2206: 2197: 2184: 2173:978-7508508375 2172: 2152: 2130: 2102: 2095: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1978:Helen, Georgia 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1871: 1861: 1851: 1841: 1831: 1817: 1799: 1796: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1670: 1667: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1593: 1590: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1423: 1420: 1387: 1384: 1375:Solar balloons 1363: 1360: 1343:hybrid balloon 1300: 1297: 1280: 1277: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1229:density of air 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034:5 × 150 = 750 1032: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016:3 × 135 = 405 1014: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 995:Double burner 992: 991: 987: 986: 984: 981: 978: 974: 973: 969: 968: 966: 963: 960: 956: 955: 954:Mass fraction 952: 949: 946: 934: 931: 914: 911: 899:vapor pressure 878:pressure gauge 853: 850: 845:whisper burner 787: 784: 741: 738: 716: 713: 698:parachute vent 677: 674: 665: 662: 634: 631: 603: 600: 545: 542: 521: 518: 483:Per Lindstrand 468:Per Lindstrand 455: 452: 394: 391: 364:l'Entreprenant 311: 308: 228:Three Kingdoms 184: 181: 176:Main article: 173: 170: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3957: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897:Related lists 3895: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 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Propane 101 2621: 2615: 2608: 2598:on 2011-06-10 2597: 2593: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2490:on 2008-06-24 2486: 2479: 2473: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2404: 2398: 2384:on 2008-04-06 2383: 2379: 2373: 2359: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2323: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2236:on 2011-07-14 2235: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2210: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2141: 2134: 2120:on 2008-06-02 2119: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1888:Manufacturers 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1751: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1729:airworthiness 1726: 1718: 1713: 1704: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1682:replacement. 1679: 1676: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1622:thermoplastic 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1504:This section 1502: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Thaddeus Lowe 1432: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1307:During 1999, 1305: 1296: 1289: 1288:1900 Olympics 1285: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1221: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1031:5 passengers 1030: 1029: 1021: 1012: 1011: 1003: 994: 993: 985: 976: 975: 967: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 938: 933:Combined mass 930: 928: 924: 920: 910: 908: 904: 900: 892: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 849: 846: 841: 835: 833: 832:piezoelectric 829: 826:striker or a 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 800: 792: 783: 781: 776: 774: 770: 767: 759: 758:wicker basket 754: 746: 737: 735: 730: 726: 722: 712: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 692: 691:turning vents 682: 673: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 644: 639: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611: 599: 597: 593: 588: 584: 582: 578: 570: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 550:ripstop nylon 541: 539: 536: 532: 531:liquefied gas 528: 517: 515: 511: 510:Steve Fossett 507: 503: 499: 498: 497:Pacific Flyer 493: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 451: 449: 448:Bristol Belle 445: 438: 434: 428: 423: 416: 411: 404: 399: 390: 388: 384: 383:John Jeffries 380: 376: 372: 368: 365: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 321: 316: 307: 304: 303:Nazca leaders 300: 297: 293: 288: 286: 281: 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:Casa da Índia 260: 255: 249: 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 213: 205: 201: 194: 189: 179: 169: 167: 164:are known as 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140:, France, by 139: 135: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:lower density 108: 104: 100: 99:wicker basket 96: 92: 88: 81: 77: 72: 64: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3887:Luxor, Egypt 3875:Luxor, Egypt 3842: 3773:Online books 3763: 3745: 3727: 3715:. 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