137:
Rich patrons sponsored feasts as a way for them to promote and secure a political hierarchy built on the unequal mobilization of labor and resources, by displaying their generosity towards the rest of the community. Rivals competed publicly through the size and complexity of their feasts, and
219:' or father in Bulgarian) is shared among Uralic, Turkic and Iranic languages, with the p- > b- transformation likely indicating a transition through a Turkic language of an originally Indo-European word. Another view is that it is a baby-talk modification of
441:("host", "owner", "presenter") usually used to describe a peasant/farmer (formal name for a peasant/farmer is "rolnik," and common is "chłop" which also means "guy"), and the
898:. Handbücher zur sprach- und kommunikationswissenschaft = Handbooks of linguistics and communication science. Berlin ; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
306:" is usually applied to the master/owner of a house/household or other property and also the head of a family or clan. In some languages the
790:
626:
in Slavic writings from the 14th century to 1866; the
English equivalent of this title is Lord (with the meaning of autonomous ruler).
129:
The etymology of the word can be traced back to the connotation of the Indo-European patron-client and guest-host relationship.
138:
alliances were confirmed by gift-giving and promises made during those public gatherings. The host of the feast was called the *
1002:
903:
878:
853:
598:
has also been the subject of ironic derision. A good example is the song "Gospodar" from the early 1980s by the
Slovene
142:, the 'lord of the guests', who honored the immortal gods and his mortal guests with gifts of food, drink, and poetry.
245:
1102:
934:
958:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1097:
1092:
806:
151:
846:
The Horse, the wheel and language: how bronze-age riders from the eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
215:(attested in Bulgarian and Ukrainian and meaning bigger brother and later additionally transforming into '
575:
545:
166:
The connotation of an obligatory reciprocity between both guests and hosts has persisted in descendant
517:
571:
284:
281:
45:
1112:
513:
73:
196:
compound is rare as a Slavic lexeme. It might have arisen as an additional calque of the Greek '
1107:
1026:
730:
288:
661:
579:
449:
240:
211:“master of the house”, might indicate an older and universal usage of the compound. The word
1062:
822:
8:
653:) was used. At the end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the
375:) means a "master", "lord", or "sovereign lord". Other derivatives of the word include "
356:
179:
65:
49:
1066:
784:
694:
364:
352:
277:
87:
57:
500:
referring to a person, that manages some property (e.g. steward, major-domo, bailiff,
998:
899:
874:
849:
826:
735:
676:
637:
583:
920:
818:
710:
396:
37:
1028:Цар Константин II Асен (1397-1422) - последният владетел на средновековна България
250:
is also notable in its relation to the word and is a later loanword in
Hungarian.
992:
657:
649:
556:
552:
457:
435:
273:
871:
The Oxford introduction to Proto Indo
European and the Proto Indo European world
158:-, whose original meaning must have been "table companion", could either mean a
702:
654:
489:
461:
442:
360:
1050:
472:, in a stricter sense an owner or manager of a farm or similar establishment (
424:
1086:
830:
779:
807:"The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives"
504:
or bursar), especially in agriculture (e.g. husbandman, farmer, landowner).
750:
660:, its retention was considered inconsistent with the independence of the
477:
794:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 801.
567:
615:
599:
541:
388:
332:". There is also an alternative form for the head of the household, "
468:(capitalized) is an older and rare address of God. Related to it is
416:
223:(“brother”), since it morphologically resembles kin terms ending in
641:
619:
501:
586:
was an official language in the eastern parts of the Grand Duchy.
894:
Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (2017).
740:
714:
706:
701:= "potentate", "rich landowner" is borrowed from the language of
669:
665:
632:
603:
529:
345:
344:" as a household and/or property. "Gazda" form is also common in
167:
896:
Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics
783:
718:
533:
392:
379:", which means ownership, household and property, and economy,
320:
679:
language after many centuries, but under a different meaning
645:
578:; in that sense it is also used in official documents (e.g.
745:
521:
41:
496:(capitalized) is another address to God. Related to it is
488:
is translated as "to manage", esp. money and property. In
484:. In a broader sense, a manager of any resource. The verb
537:
384:
118:
687:) means a good manager of a household or a property (
563:
regardless of their hereditary title, even monarchs.
559:
all male persons of noble status were referred to as
448:(archaic term for "master"). All forms stem from the
81:
512:The title was used briefly towards the end of the
848:. Princeton (N. J.): Princeton University Press.
314:", however, in other, such as in South Slavic, "(
1084:
921:"Introduction - The Center for Hellenic Studies"
893:
540:". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to
272:" in some Slavic languages, which retains the
868:
805:Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Don (2015-01-01).
804:
411:" refers to God and is identical to Russian
918:
869:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006).
507:
280:, where the first letter is pronounced as
276:, could be due to the influence of either
544:or the yielding of the imperial title to
298:In the Slavic language family, compound "
990:
778:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
399:, Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian), and "
174:("foreigner, guest; host"), Old English
1048:
843:
253:
1085:
1024:
823:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812
594:As a term denoting authority the word
873:. New York: Oxford University Press.
763:
589:
532:, and in foreign sources was styled
403:" (in Serbo-Croatian). Meanwhile, "
109:, or when spelled with a capital G (
994:Oxford Essential Russian Dictionary
609:
103:
13:
997:. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 42.
935:"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/batь"
630:was used in addition to the title
14:
1139:
636:(that is, Duke). When writing in
383:(господин), which translates as "
324:" as just a plural derived from "
204:in Iranic languages e.g Avestani
310:s house or household is called "
107: (L)ord / gentleman or Sir
36:for short version, is a term of
1042:
1018:
984:
963:Wiktionary, the free dictionary
939:Wiktionary, the free dictionary
675:The term made its way into the
293:
975:
951:
927:
912:
887:
862:
837:
798:
1:
1025:Павлов, Пламен (2006-07-18).
668:only in 1878 — replacing the
536:or merely called an "infidel
524:(as traditionally), but as a
520:referred to himself not as a
434:("Mister", "gentleman"), the
287:, where it is pronounced as
811:Annual Review of Linguistics
124:
117:) it translates as Lord for
7:
724:
480:is composed of "field" and
16:Slavic title meaning "Lord"
10:
1144:
919:Benveniste, Émile (1973).
844:Anthony, David W. (2007).
709:before the arrival of the
518:Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria
91:
82:
69:
61:
53:
1103:Slavic words and phrases
1031:(in Bulgarian). LiterNet
991:Thompson, Della (2010).
756:
572:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
268:" of a word written as "
178:("stranger, guest"), or
791:Encyclopædia Britannica
576:Grand Duke of Lithuania
574:used the term to style
514:Second Bulgarian Empire
508:Medieval usage examples
705:who inhabited today's
340:" as a feminine, and "
77:
1128:Croatian noble titles
662:United Principalities
580:Statutes of Lithuania
94:) is a derivative of
1123:Bosnian noble titles
1118:Serbian noble titles
1098:History of Wallachia
200:yet the presence of
1093:History of Moldavia
1067:2003Spika..11..300G
664:' (formalized from
264:The pronunciation "
248:(“watchman, guard”)
235:(“father-in-law”),
198:despótēs' (-πότης),
180:Old Church Slavonic
152:Proto-Indo-European
590:In popular culture
570:population of the
1004:978-0-19-957643-2
981:used only for God
905:978-3-11-018614-7
880:978-0-19-929668-2
855:978-0-691-05887-0
736:Slavic honorifics
584:Chancery Slavonic
474:poľnohospodárstvo
395:" (in Bulgarian,
318:" translates as "
283:, or that of the
48:". The compound (
40:origin, meaning "
1135:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1057:(in Slovenian).
1049:Pankrti (2003).
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
988:
982:
979:
973:
972:
971:
970:
955:
949:
948:
947:
946:
931:
925:
924:
916:
910:
909:
891:
885:
884:
866:
860:
859:
841:
835:
834:
802:
796:
795:
787:
785:"Hospodar"
776:
610:Non-Slavic usage
239:(“nephew”). The
231:(“son-in-law”),
170:, such as Latin
108:
105:
93:
85:
84:
71:
63:
55:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1005:
989:
985:
980:
976:
968:
966:
957:
956:
952:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
917:
913:
906:
892:
888:
881:
867:
863:
856:
842:
838:
803:
799:
777:
764:
759:
727:
612:
592:
510:
456:(господъ). In
296:
285:Church Slavonic
274:Cyrillic script
262:
127:
106:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Heads of state
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1079:
1078:
1041:
1017:
1003:
983:
974:
950:
926:
911:
904:
886:
879:
861:
854:
836:
817:(1): 199–219.
797:
782:, ed. (1911).
780:Chisholm, Hugh
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
726:
723:
703:Southern Slavs
614:The rulers of
611:
608:
591:
588:
582:), given that
546:Ivan Sratsimir
516:. In 1394–95,
509:
506:
361:Serbo-Croatian
295:
292:
261:
252:
185:("guest") and
126:
123:
74:Serbo-Croatian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Slavic titles
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
978:
964:
960:
954:
940:
936:
930:
922:
915:
907:
901:
897:
890:
882:
876:
872:
865:
857:
851:
847:
840:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
793:
792:
786:
781:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
762:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Slavic titles
729:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:
652:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
291:
289:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
256:
251:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
147:
143:
141:
135:
134:
133:Patron-client
130:
122:
120:
116:
112:
101:
97:
89:
79:
75:
67:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
28:
23:
22:
1070:. Retrieved
1058:
1054:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1027:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
993:
986:
977:
967:, retrieved
965:, 2023-09-10
962:
953:
943:, retrieved
941:, 2024-03-02
938:
929:
914:
895:
889:
870:
864:
845:
839:
814:
810:
800:
789:
698:
693:
688:
684:
680:
674:
648:
631:
627:
623:
622:were styled
613:
595:
593:
565:
560:
550:
525:
511:
497:
493:
485:
481:
473:
469:
465:
453:
450:Proto-Slavic
445:
438:
431:
429:
420:
412:
408:
404:
400:
380:
377:gospodarstvo
376:
372:
368:
350:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
297:
294:Slavic usage
269:
265:
263:
258:
254:
244:
241:Proto-Slavic
236:
232:
228:
227:, including
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
189:("master").
186:
182:
175:
171:
163:
159:
155:
154:, the term *
149:
145:
144:
140:ghosti-potis
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
114:
110:
99:
95:
32:
31:
26:
25:
20:
19:
18:
751:Phanariotes
640:, the term
492:, the word
478:agriculture
464:, the word
430:In Slovene
415:(господь, "
1087:Categories
1072:2011-04-17
1051:"Gospodar"
1035:2007-02-10
969:2024-07-08
945:2024-07-08
711:Hungarians
689:gospodărie
644:(from the
486:hospodáriť
401:gospodstvo
391:" and/or "
357:Macedonian
342:gazdinstvo
328:" and/or "
146:Guest-host
66:Macedonian
50:Belarusian
831:2333-9683
695:Hungarian
685:gospodină
683:(female:
672:status).
670:tributary
624:hospodars
616:Wallachia
600:punk rock
568:Ruthenian
542:Bayezid I
439:gospodarz
425:sovereign
389:gentleman
365:Bulgarian
338:gazdarica
278:Ukrainian
237:*netь(jь)
125:Etymology
88:Ukrainian
58:Bulgarian
1010:25 April
959:"пандур"
725:See also
681:gospodar
677:Romanian
638:Romanian
628:Hospodar
620:Moldavia
596:gospodar
561:gospodin
526:gospodin
502:manciple
498:hospodář
494:Hospodin
482:hospodár
470:hospodár
466:Hospodin
446:hospodář
421:gosudar'
417:the Lord
409:Gospodin
381:gospodin
373:господар
369:gospodar
330:gospodar
326:gospodin
316:g)ospoda
308:hospodar
304:hospodar
300:gospodar
270:господар
266:hospodar
259:hospodar
255:Gospodar
168:cognates
115:Gospodin
100:gospodin
92:господар
83:господар
78:gospodar
70:господар
62:господар
54:гаспадар
33:gospodin
27:hospodar
21:Gospodar
1063:Bibcode
1061:: 300.
715:Magyars
707:Hungary
666:Romania
655:Ottoman
650:dominus
604:Pankrti
530:Tarnovo
454:gospodü
419:") and
413:gospod`
407:" and "
397:Russian
353:Slovene
346:Hungary
312:hospóda
246:*pǫdurъ
221:*bratrъ
187:gospodĭ
156:ghós-ti
104:transl.
30:, also
1001:
902:
877:
852:
829:
741:Voivod
719:Europe
713:, aka
658:Sultan
633:voivod
557:Serbia
553:Bosnia
534:herzog
458:Slovak
436:Polish
432:gospod
405:Gospod
393:Mister
321:gentry
233:*tьstь
217:bashta
209:paitiš
202:*potis
194:*potis
172:hospēs
164:guest.
111:Gospod
96:gospod
46:master
44:" or "
38:Slavic
1055:Spika
757:Notes
717:, to
699:gazda
697:word
646:Latin
602:band
490:Czech
476:) or
462:Czech
452:word
443:Czech
334:gazda
302:" / "
243:word
229:*zętь
213:*batь
183:gostĭ
176:ġiest
162:or a
1012:2022
999:ISBN
900:ISBN
875:ISBN
850:ISBN
827:ISSN
746:Domn
642:Domn
618:and
566:The
555:and
522:Tsar
460:and
427:").
387:", "
363:and
336:", "
225:*-tь
206:dəng
192:The
160:host
42:lord
819:doi
691:).
551:In
538:bey
528:of
385:Sir
371:" (
367:, "
351:In
257:v.
150:In
119:God
24:or
1089::
1059:11
1053:.
961:,
937:,
825:.
813:.
809:.
788:.
765:^
721:.
606:.
548:.
423:("
359:,
355:,
348:.
290:.
121:.
113:/
102:,
98:/
90::
86:,
80:,
76::
72:,
68::
64:,
60::
56:,
52::
1075:.
1065::
1038:.
1014:.
923:.
908:.
883:.
858:.
833:.
821::
815:1
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