168:. King was born into slavery on a South Carolina plantation in 1807. A slave trader sold him to a man who saw something special in Horace King. His owner, John Godwin, taught King to read and write as well as how to build at a time when it was illegal to teach slaves. King worked hard and despite bondage, racial prejudice and a multitude of obstacles, King focused his life on working hard and being a genuinely good man. King built bridges, warehouses, homes, and churches. Horace King became a highly accomplished Master Builder and he emerged from the Civil War as a legislator in the State of Alabama. Affectionately known as Horace “The Bridge Builder” King and the "Prince of Bridge Builders," he also served his community in many important civic capacities."
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372:. Instead of collecting a fee for his work, King took stock instead, gaining a one-third interest in the bridge. King moved his wife and children to the area near the bridge about 1858, although he continued to commute between it and their other home in Alabama. Frances King and their children collected the bridge tolls and farmed at Moore's Bridge. The earnings from Moore's Bridge generated a steady income for King and his family. He also continued to design and construct major bridge projects through the remainder of the 1850s, including a major bridge in
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231:). Initially living in Columbus, he moved to Girard in 1833, taking King with him. The pair began many other construction projects, including house building. They built Godwin's house first, then King's. This was followed by many speculative houses, and the two men completed nearly every early house in Girard. The Columbus City Bridge was the first known to be built by King, who likely planned the construction of the bridge and managed the slave laborers who built the span.
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545:. While in LaGrange, King continued building bridges, but also expanded to include other construction projects, specifically businesses and schools. By the mid-1870s, King had begun to pass on his bridge construction activities to his five children, who formed the King Brothers Bridge Company. King's health began failing in the 1880s, and he died on May 28, 1885, in LaGrange.
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representing
Russell County. Busy in his construction business in Columbus, King did not take his seat for more than a year, in November 1869. King remained a reluctant legislator, voting 78% of the time and proposing only three bills—none of which became law. King was reelected in 1870, proposing no
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The postwar period resulted in new opportunities for King. Within six months after the war's end, King and a partner had constructed a 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m) cotton warehouse in
Columbus, and King had—for the third time—rebuilt the original Columbus City Bridge. Over the next three years,
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burned, and King was hired to construct the framework of the new capitol building, as well as design and build the twin spiral entry staircases. King used his knowledge of bridge-building to cantilever the stairs' support beams so that the staircases appeared to "float," without any central support.
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Despite his enslavement, King was allowed to keep a significant income from his work. In 1846, he used some of his earnings to purchase his freedom from the Godwin family and Wright. But, under
Alabama law of the time, a freed slave was allowed to remain in the state only for a year after
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When King's master died around 1830, King was sold to John Godwin, a contractor who also worked on the Pee Dee bridge. King may have been related to the family of Godwin's wife, Ann Wright. In 1832, Godwin received a contract to construct a 560-foot (170 m) bridge across the
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By 1840, King was being publicly acknowledged as being a "co-builder" along with Godwin, an uncommon honor for a slave. King's prominence had eclipsed that of his master by the early 1840s. He worked independently as architect and superintendent of major bridge projects in
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approached in 1860, King, like many blacks in the South, opposed secession of the
Southern states and was a confirmed Unionist. After the outbreak of hostilities, King attempted to continue his business as an architect and builder, constructing a factory and a mill in
349:, arranged for the state legislature to pass a special law giving King his freedom and exempting him from the manumission law. In 1852, King used his freedom to purchase land near his former master. When Godwin died in 1859, King had a monument erected over his grave.
196:. Late 19th century biographer F. L. Cherry described his complexion as showing more "Indian blood than any other." Taught to read and write at an early age, he had become a proficient carpenter and mechanic by his teenage years.
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By this time, Columbus had become a major shipbuilding city for the
Confederacy. King and his men were assigned to assist construction of naval vessels at the Columbus Iron Works and Navy Yard. In 1863–64, King constructed a
286:, in April 1839. It was extremely uncommon for slave owners to allow such marriages, since Frances' free status meant that their children would all be born free. Slave states had incorporated the principle of
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King received laudatory obituaries in each of
Georgia's major newspapers, a rarity for African Americans in the 1880s South. He was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Engineers Hall of Fame at the
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assaulted
Columbus in April 1865, burning all of King's bridges in that city, including the one he had finished less than two years earlier. King remarried in June 1865 to Sarah Jane Jones McManus.
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427:, 200 miles (320 km) south of Columbus to prevent a naval attack on that city. After completing the obstructions on the Apalachicola, King was tasked to construct defenses on the
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King's third rebuilding of the
Columbus City Bridge in 1865, six months after his previous bridge at this location was burned by Union troops. View of entrance on the Alabama side.
152:) (September 8, 1807 – May 28, 1885) was an African-American architect, engineer, and bridge builder. King is considered the most respected bridge builder of the 19th century
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As the war approached its end in 1864, many of King's bridges were destroyed by Union troops. This included Moore's Bridge, which King owned. Moore's Bridge was destroyed by
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Between the completion of the
Columbus City Bridge in 1833 and the early 1840s, King and Godwin partnered on no fewer than eight major construction projects throughout the
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Okosse (F.J. Cherry) (1883). "V. Horace King—John Godwin—Joe
Marshall—Bridge Building—Horace King Emancipated—His Political Life—Honors Old Masters Grave—Crockettsville".
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1176:
Schweninger, Loren (November 1987). "Review: Beating against the Barriers: Biographical Essays in Nineteenth-Century Afro-American History. by R. J. M. Blackett".
316:, including the 420-foot (130 m) Columbus, Mississippi bridge. Jemison would remain King's friend and associate for the rest of his life. King bridged the
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267:(1840). They built a replacement for their Columbus City Bridge between Columbus and Girard in 1841, as the original had been destroyed during an 1838 flood.
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552:. The award was accepted on his behalf by his great-grandson, Horace H. King, Jr. He was remembered both for his engineering skill and for his character.
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Records indicate King spent his first 23 years near his birthplace, with his first introduction to bridge construction in 1824. In 1824, bridge architect
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Dave Gillarm (Executive Director of the Black History Museum of Columbus), quoted by Alva James-Johnson, "Local lynchings discussed at Columbus Tech,"
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and a bridge in Columbus, Georgia. While working on the Columbus bridge, King was conscripted by Confederate authorities to build obstructions in the
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Horace King used bridge-building techniques to design the spiral staircase in the Alabama State Capitol so that a central support was not required.
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warships. King's crews also provided lumber and timbers for the Navy Yard. They were at least peripherally involved with the construction of the
388:. When King attempted to subdue Martin by flogging him, he was disappointed by the man's resistance. He quickly sold Martin to a slave trader.
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282:. This may have been done to protect King from being taken and sold by Godwin's creditors. King was allowed to marry Frances Gould Thomas, a
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Around 1855, King formed a partnership with two other men to construct a bridge, known as Moore's Bridge, over the Chattahoochee between
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During a time of financial difficulty, in 1837 Godwin transferred ownership of King to his wife and her uncle, William Carney Wright of
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in July 1864. Frances King died on October 1, 1864, at Girard, leaving King a widower with five surviving children to care for.
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207:. While it is unknown whether King assisted in the construction of this bridge or its replacement span built in 1828, Town's
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into law since the colonial period, which said that children took the social status of their mothers, whether slave or free.
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bills in the 1870-71 session and only five in the 1871-72 session, one of which—a prohibition on the sale of alcohol in
614:. listed on the National Register of Historic places and is the last remaining covered bridge designed by King. (1840s)
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453:. He asked what would be likely to happen if he stopped his work for the Confederacy. Jemison's response is unknown.
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687:, listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is now being used as the Albany Welcome Center. (1858)
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In the 1850s in Columbus, King purchased a slave who eventually became known as celebrated abolitionist
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In particular pages 193-197 (chapter V). Page numbers in references are from the 1953 reprinting.
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449:. During 1864 King wrote to Jemison, who had also opposed secession but was then serving in the
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King would construct three more bridges across the Chattahoochee: in Columbus, and two at
8:
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Cherry, F. J. (1953). "The History of Opelika and Her Agricultural Tributary Territory".
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Bridge completed in 1839 by King over the Chattahoochee River at Eufaula, Alabama.
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design, used in both Pee Dee bridges, became a hallmark of King's future work.
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in 1845. Later that same year he built three small bridges for Jemison near
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J. David Dameron, Horace King: From Slave to Master Builder and Legislator
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Bridge over the Black Warrior River (destroyed by tornado in 1880). (1872)
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in Georgia. While that plan was unsuccessful, King was elected to the
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Horace King was born into slavery in 1807 in the Cheraw District of
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King was conscripted to assist in the construction of Confederate
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came to Cheraw to assist in the construction of a bridge over the
312:, who soon began using King on a number of different projects in
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Republican Party members of the Alabama House of Representatives
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were implemented in 1867, King became a registrar for voters in
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for the Iron Works, which manufactured cladding for Confederate
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The History of Opelika and Her Agricultural Tributary Territory
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754:
Bridging deep south rivers: the life and legend of Horace King
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Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia ,
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in 1834. The two men designed and built the courthouses of
243:. The partners constructed some forty cotton warehouses in
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and a second Chattahoochee crossing at Columbus, Georgia.
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African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era
735:
Horace King: From Slave, to Master Builder and Legislator
504:. Later that year, he attempted to establish a colony of
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1045:
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Horace King (1807-1888) Georgia's Master Bridge Builder
965:. National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
304:(1844). While working on the Eufaula bridge, King met
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953:
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Freedom and Slavery in the United States of America
521:—became law. King did not seek reelection in 1872.
956:"Horace King: From Slave to Master Bridge Builder"
737:. Southeast Research Publishing (self-published).
1341:
756:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
647:Interior framework and spiral staircases of the
564:Bridge (Destroyed by a flood in 1841). (1832–33)
1420:People from Chesterfield County, South Carolina
1385:African-American state legislators in Alabama
751:
1175:
886:, Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, 2017.
752:Lupold, John S.; French, Thomas L. (2004).
773:(Documentary), Produced by Tom C. Lenard.
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38:
1303:"HORACE: The Bridge Builder King" Part VI
694:Bridge (Demolished 20th century). (1865)
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345:manumission. Jemison, who served in the
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328:, where the latter owned several mills.
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19:For other people named Horace King, see
733:Dameron, J. David (February 23, 2017).
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44:Horace King during the mid-19th century
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583:Bridge (Demolished in 1924). (1838–39)
431:before returning to Columbus in 1863.
954:Richard G. Weingardt (October 2007).
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612:Red Oak Creek Covered Bridge, Georgia
541:in 1872 and moved with his family to
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1405:Architects from Georgia (U.S. state)
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657:National Register of Historic Places
489:, plus two large factories, and the
156:, constructing dozens of bridges in
95:Chesterfield County, South Carolina
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1160:Noel, Baptist Wriothesley (1863).
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255:from 1839 to 1841, and bridges in
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1430:19th-century American legislators
1164:. London: J. Nisbet. p. 162.
670:(Burned during Civil War). (1855)
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1435:19th-century Alabama politicians
1410:Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
1360:19th-century American architects
721:The Alabama Historical Quarterly
510:Alabama House of Representatives
184:. King's ancestry was a mix of
56:Alabama House of Representatives
1365:19th-century American engineers
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771:HORACE: The Bridge Builder King
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874:", retrieved November 3, 2007.
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681:Bridge House (Albany, Georgia)
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16:American architect (1807–1885)
1:
1425:People from Columbus, Georgia
1333:, retrieved November 4, 2007.
1214:, February 23, 2016 (page 4).
858:, retrieved November 3, 2007.
848:Horace King Historical Marker
832:
1395:19th-century American slaves
1052:The New Georgia Encyclopedia
868:The New Georgia Encyclopedia
391:
21:Horace King (disambiguation)
7:
1370:African-American architects
920:The Encyclopedia of Alabama
853:September 16, 2008, at the
704:
567:Forty cotton warehouses in
404:, including this ship, the
314:Lowndes County, Mississippi
10:
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1375:African-American engineers
1329:February 24, 2008, at the
1069:Bridging Deep South Rivers
1037:Bridging Deep South Rivers
1024:Bridging Deep South Rivers
661:National Historic Landmark
600:Muscogee County Courthouse
331:
308:attorney and entrepreneur
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1056:"Horace King (1807-1885)"
606:Russell County Courthouse
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1390:American civil engineers
1212:Columbus Ledger-Enquirer
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533:King in his later years.
249:Muscogee County, Georgia
1400:Architects from Alabama
872:Horace King (1807-1885)
502:Russell County, Alabama
472:King and Reconstruction
289:partus sequitur ventrem
253:Russell County, Alabama
674:Milledgeville, Georgia
621:Bridge (Burned during
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421:Coweta County, Georgia
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374:Milledgeville, Georgia
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692:Columbus, Mississippi
649:Alabama State Capitol
640:3 minor bridges near
619:Columbus, Mississippi
569:Apalachicola, Florida
550:University of Alabama
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354:Alabama State Capitol
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298:Columbus, Mississippi
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245:Apalachicola, Florida
132:Architect, engineer,
666:Moore's Bridge near
464:under Union general
347:Alabama State Senate
1318:Lupold and French,
1288:Lupold and French,
1275:Lupold and French,
1262:Lupold and French,
1249:Lupold and French,
1236:Lupold and French,
1223:Lupold and French,
1145:Lupold and French,
1132:Lupold and French,
1119:Lupold and French,
1106:Lupold and French,
1093:Lupold and French,
1067:Lupold and French,
1035:Lupold and French,
1022:Lupold and French,
996:Lupold and French,
983:Lupold and French,
922:. Auburn University
698:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
668:Whitesburg, Georgia
653:Montgomery, Alabama
642:Steens, Mississippi
575:West Point, Georgia
539:Alabama Legislature
498:Reconstruction Acts
491:Lee County, Alabama
487:West Point, Georgia
366:Carrollton, Georgia
326:Steens, Mississippi
310:Robert Jemison, Jr.
284:free woman of color
280:Montgomery, Alabama
257:West Point, Georgia
217:Chattahoochee River
182:Chesterfield County
1251:Deep South Rivers,
1238:Deep South Rivers,
1082:History of Opelika
1011:History of Opelika
963:Structure Magazine
942:History of Opelika
635:Tallassee, Alabama
623:American Civil War
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519:Hurtsboro, Alabama
482:
451:Confederate Senate
425:Apalachicola River
416:American Civil War
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322:Tallassee, Alabama
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235:Rise to prominence
1320:Deep South Rivers
1290:Deep South Rivers
1277:Deep South Rivers
1264:Deep South Rivers
1253:174-175, 178-181.
1225:Deep South Rivers
1147:Deep South Rivers
1134:Deep South Rivers
1121:Deep South Rivers
1108:Deep South Rivers
1095:Deep South Rivers
998:Deep South Rivers
985:Deep South Rivers
763:978-0-8203-2626-9
744:978-1-5206-6302-9
629:Wetumpka, Alabama
594:Columbus, Georgia
587:Florence, Georgia
562:Columbus, Georgia
543:LaGrange, Georgia
302:Wetumpka, Alabama
265:Florence, Georgia
221:Columbus, Georgia
180:, in present-day
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112:Lagrange, Georgia
92:September 8, 1807
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727:(2): 176–339.
726:
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717:Reprinted in
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512:in 1868 as a
511:
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469:
467:
463:
459:
458:Union cavalry
454:
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429:Alabama River
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363:
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352:In 1849, the
350:
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209:lattice truss
206:
205:Pee Dee River
202:
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150:Horace Godwin
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962:
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919:
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867:
863:
846:
841:
770:
753:
734:
724:
720:
712:
592:Replacement
547:
536:
495:
493:courthouse.
483:
455:
446:CSS Muscogee
444:
437:rolling mill
433:
413:
407:CSS Muscogee
405:
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277:
238:
213:
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175:
172:Early career
149:
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107:(1885-05-28)
105:May 28, 1885
63:
25:
1355:1885 deaths
1350:1807 births
1322:, 239-240;
1110:, 100, 121.
663:. (1850–51)
608:. (1839–41)
602:. (1839–41)
525:Final years
300:(1843) and
263:(1838–39),
229:Phenix City
201:Ithiel Town
166:Mississippi
148:(sometimes
146:Horace King
32:Horace King
1344:Categories
1292:, 223-239.
1279:, 211-221.
1227:, 163-167.
1149:, 143-150.
1136:, 134-135.
1123:, 123-130.
833:References
514:Republican
370:Whitesburg
306:Tuscaloosa
154:Deep South
134:contractor
129:Occupation
123:Republican
88:1807-09-08
987:, 14, 20.
969:March 28,
944:193, 197.
659:and as a
625:). (1843)
496:When the
402:ironclads
392:War times
68:1868–1872
64:In office
1327:Archived
1240:167-169.
1080:Cherry,
1071:, 83-84.
1009:Cherry,
851:Archived
794:Part III
705:See also
644:. (1845)
571:. (1834)
506:freedmen
441:ironclad
259:(1838),
190:European
1308:YouTube
1198:2208789
940:Cherry
926:July 9,
826:YouTube
821:Part VI
817:YouTube
808:YouTube
803:Part IV
799:YouTube
790:YouTube
785:Part II
781:YouTube
617:Second
462:Raiders
414:As the
368:, near
332:Freedom
227:(today
194:Catawba
186:African
162:Georgia
158:Alabama
1196:
1084:, 194.
1013:, 197.
812:Part V
776:Part I
760:
741:
690:Third
362:Newnan
192:, and
164:, and
114:, U.S.
97:, U.S.
1194:JSTOR
1097:, 83.
1039:, 51.
1026:, 20.
959:(PDF)
556:Works
241:South
219:from
1000:, 20
971:2024
928:2012
758:ISBN
739:ISBN
679:The
364:and
251:and
102:Died
82:Born
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1186:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
