Hoodoo (spirituality)

3649:. In West Africa, the Yoruba people leave offerings for Eshu-Elegba at the crossroads. In Hoodoo, the crossroads has spiritual power, and rituals are performed at the crossroads, where there is a spirit that resides to receive offerings. However, the spirit that resides at the crossroads in Hoodoo is not named Eshu-Elegba. Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett recorded a number of crossroads rituals in Hoodoo practiced among African Americans in the South and explained their meaning. Puckett wrote, "Possibly this custom of sacrificing at the crossroads is due to the idea that spirits, like men, travel the highways and would be more likely to hit upon the offering at the crossroads than elsewhere." In addition to leaving offerings and performing rituals at the crossroads, sometimes spiritual work or "spells" are left there to remove unwanted energies. The belief in an entity that lords over the crossroads is present not only in African Diasporic traditions but also in Indigenous traditions around the world. However, Black Hoodoo practitioners in the Chesapeake region have pushed back on the misinterpretation of that finding, knowing the crossroads artifact to invoke what would later be known as The Man at the Crossroads. As entities shifted, reformed, and were reborn, they married with North American land to emerge as new deities. 4260:. By identifying as Christian, African American conjurers were able to hide their Hoodoo practices in the Christian religion. The beginnings of the African American church have its roots in African traditions. When Africans were enslaved in America, they brought their religious worldviews with them that synchronized with Christianity. These African worldviews in Black churches include ancestral spirits that can be petitioned through prayer for assistance in life, spirit possession, laying on of hands to heal, ecstatic forms of worship using drums with singing and clapping, and respecting and living in harmony with nature and the spirits of nature. For example, in Hoodoo, the divine can be commanded to act through the use of mojo bags, prayers, spiritual works or "spells" and laying tricks. One does not have to wait on God but can command the divine to act at will through the use of Hoodoo rituals. This is what makes African American Christianity in Hoodoo different from other forms of Christianity. By seeing God in this way, Hoodoo practices are preserved in and outside the 4952:

Black cemeteries and at grave sites in the Kongo region. The T-shaped headstone peculiar to Black cemeteries in North Florida during the 1920s through the 1950s corresponds to the lower half of the Kongo cosmogram that symbolizes the realm of the ancestors and spiritual power. In Bantu-Kongo spirituality, the spirit realm is in the color white. African Americans decorated the graves of their family members with white items such as white conch seashells, representing the watery divide located on the horizontal line of the Kongo cosmogram that is a boundary between the realm of the living and the realm of the dead. By placing seashells on graves, African Americans were creating a boundary (barrier) between the recently deceased and them, keeping the spirit in the realm of the dead below the Kongo cosmogram. Another reason was to guide the recently deceased into the ancestral realm or return their spirit back to Africa.

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deceased. Former slave Reverend Irving E. Lowrey recorded this practice in his slave narrative when he attended the funeral of Mary, an enslaved woman who died of poisoning. Her infant child was passed over her coffin so that her spirit would not return to visit the baby, scaring it. Lowrey wrote in his narrative: "Mary's baby was taken to the graveyard by its grandmother, and before the corpse was deposited in the earth, the baby was passed from one person to another across the coffin. The slaves believed that if this was not done, it would be impossible to raise the infant. The mother's spirit would come back for her baby and take it to herself. This belief is held by many of the descendants of these slaves, who practice the same thing at the present day." The practice of passing babies and small children over coffins continues in Gullah Geechee communities in the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia.

4054: 3826: 2383:, a former slave, abolitionist, and author, wrote in his autobiography that he sought spiritual assistance from an enslaved conjurer named Sandy Jenkins. Sandy told Douglass to follow him into the woods where they found a root that Sandy told Douglass to carry in his right pocket to prevent any white man from whipping him. Douglass carried the root on his right side as instructed by Sandy and hoped the root would work when he returned to the plantation. The cruel slave-breaker Mr. Covey told Douglass to do some work, but as Mr. Covey approached Douglass, Douglass had the strength and courage to resist Mr. Covey and defeated him after they fought. Covey never bothered Douglass again. In his autobiography, Douglass believed the root given to him by Sandy prevented him from being whipped by Mr. Covey. 3997:

while some simply did not care. Laws passed preventing enslaved African Americans from providing medical care for themselves further exacerbated this problem. Slaveholders passed preventative medical laws on their slaves because they feared slaves would poison them with their herbal knowledge. In 1748, Virginia passed a law to prevent African Americans from administering medicines, because white Americans feared Black folk practitioners would poison them. However, some white Americans in Virginia continued to rely on African American herbal doctors because their cures were better than the white doctors'. In addition, in 1749 in South Carolina the General Assembly passed a law prohibiting slaves from practicing medicine or dispensing medication, punishable by death. Slaveholders feared a possible

5579:, provided jobs for unemployed writers to write and collect the experiences of former slaves. Writers, both Black and white, documented the experiences of the last generation of African Americans born into slavery. Former African American slaves told writers about their slave experience, providing readers a glimpse into the lives of the enslaved. Slave narratives revealed the culture of African Americans during slavery. African American former slaves talked about conjure, rootwork, Hoodoo, healing with herbs, removing curses, talking to spirits, using graveyard dirt to curse people, divination with cards and a walking boy, Hoodoo in Black churches, hiding conjure practices from their enslavers, cursing their enslavers, animal sacrifice, and other conjure practices. "Hoodoo, as used in the 4693:(conjure bags) to carry a spirit or spirits with you. Dirt from graveyards provides a means to have connections to spirits of the dead. To calm the spirits of ancestors, African Americans leave the last objects they used in life on top of their graves, believing them to contain the last essence of the person before they died, as a way of acknowledging them. The cemetery is seen as a final resting place for the dead and as a doorway to the realm of the spirits. In Hoodoo, the spirits of the dead can be petitioned or conjured to carry out certain tasks for the conjurer, either positive or negative. This practice of ancestral reverence, using graveyard dirt, working with spirits of the dead, and decorating graves of family members and giving food offerings to dead relatives so they will not 4985: 2361:

prevented whites from catching runaway slaves. In other narratives, slaves made a jack ball to know if a slave would be whipped or not. Slaves chewed and spit the juices of roots near their enslavers secretly to calm the emotions of the slaveholders, which prevented whippings. Slaves relied on conjurers to prevent whippings and being sold further South. A story from a former slave, Mary Middleton, a Gullah woman from the South Carolina Sea Islands, tells of an incident where a slaveholder was physically weakened from conjure. A slaveholder beat one of his slaves badly. The slave he beat went to a conjurer, and the conjurer made the slaveholder weak by sunset. Middleton said, "As soon as the sun was down, he was down too, he down yet. De witch done dat."

5845:, Bible conjure, and conjuring in the African American tradition. By the twentieth century, white drugstore owners and mail-order companies owned by white Americans changed the culture of hoodoo. The hoodoo that is practiced outside the African American community is not the hoodoo created by African Americans. It is called "marketeered" hoodoo. Other words for marketeered hoodoo are commercialized or tourist hoodoo. Hoodoo was modified by white merchants and replaced with fabricated practices and tools while some of the hoodoo practices by African Americans in the twentieth century into the present day went underground. Marketeered hoodoo spread further outside the African American community into other communities when hoodoo was marketed on the 4513: 3289: 4504:

European American Christianity as enslaved African Americans reinterpreted Christianity to fit their situation in America as slaves. For example, God was seen as powerful and his power could help free slaves. This created an "invisible institution" on slave plantations as enslaved Africans practiced the ring shout, spirit possession, and healing rituals to receive messages from spirit about freedom. These practices were done in secret away from slaveholders. This was done in the Hoodoo church among the enslaved. Nat Turner had visions and omens which he interpreted as coming from spirit, and that spirit told him to start a rebellion to free slaves through armed resistance. Turner combined African spirituality with Christianity.

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oneself from evil spirits, broken lines and fragmented shapes are sewn into fabrics and quilts. Some of the meanings of the African symbols sewn into quilts were kept secret. Scholars suggest some of the African American women who made quilts might have been in a secret society that retained the true spiritual meanings of the symbols seen in their quilts. Only initiates trained in quilt making received the spiritual meanings of the African symbols. Some of the symbols mention the crossroads, the Kongo cosmogram, and the ancestors. Certain colors are used in quilts to protect from evil and invoke ancestral spirits. Scholars interviewed an African American quilt maker in Oregon and have found

17811: 2144: 3668:, associated with lightning and thunder. This fear and respect toward thunder and lightning survived in African American communities. Folklorist Puckett wrote, "and thunder denotes an angry creator." Puckett recorded several beliefs surrounding the fear and respect for thunder and lightning in the African American community. In Hoodoo, objects struck by lightning hold great power. However, the name Shango and other African deity names were lost during slavery. Therefore, the name Shango does not exist in Hoodoo, but simply the name "the thunder god." Enslaved and free Black people in New York were known among whites in the area to take an oath to thunder and lightning. During the 3889: 5902: 5438:, which tells the story of African Americans after the Civil War and how they used conjure to fix their everyday problems. Additionally, Chesnutt does not portray the African American characters in the book as racially inferior to whites. The African Americans in the book use their wit and intelligence, combining Hoodoo practices to solve their problems. The style of writing is phonetic, with Chesnutt using dialogue with language as spoken by African Americans in the South during his time. This provides readers with an example of African American Vernacular and culture. The book also discusses the North's economic opportunist exploitation of the South during the 4492: 4898:, a spirit that owns the sea. Shells are associated with water and help the soul transition in the afterlife because seashells help the soul move from the realm of the living into the realm of the dead (ancestors), which is associated with water. Other artifacts found at the African Burial Ground were shiny objects and reflective materials. These were used by Africans to communicate with spirits because shiny and reflective materials were thought to be able to capture the "flash of the spirit". Between 1626 and the 1660s, the majority of Africans imported to colonial New York were from the Kongo-Angolan region, because New York had been colonized by the 4587:

because "it was haunted by the spirits of Black people who were beaten to death." This location was so feared by the Black people in the area that they placed a fence around it. Wearing a silver dime around the ankle or neck can protect someone from evil spirits and conjure. Another method to protect from evil spirits was to carry a small bag filled with salt and charcoal. In Indiana, African Americans sprinkled chamber lye on the front and back steps to prevent evil spirits from entering the home. Curses can come from malevolent spirits not conjured by a conjurer, and evil spirits are more active at night. Another spirit feared in Gullah culture is the

2239: 4647:, a wealthy slaveholder from Virginia who traveled to South Carolina "to keep the slave economic system viable through agricultural reform". In Ruffin's records, he spelled Simbi as "Cymbee", because he did not know the original spelling of the word. In Ruffin's records, he recorded a few conversations he had with some of the slaves. One enslaved boy said he saw a Cymbee spirit running around a fountain one night when he was trying to get a drink of water. An enslaved man said he saw a Cymbee sitting on a plank when he was a boy before it glided into the water. The Simbi (Cymbee) spirits can bring healing, fertility, and prosperity. 5849:. There are a plethora of videos on the internet of people fabricating spells calling them hoodoo and others claiming to be experts on hoodoo and offering paid classes and writing books. As a result, people outside of the African American community think marketeered hoodoo is authentic Hoodoo. Scholars are concerned about the number of people who are not from the African American community writing books on Hoodoo, because they have reduced Hoodoo to just spells and tricks. That Hoodoo is all about how to hex people and cast candle spells for love and money. This portrays hoodoo negatively, and turned it materialistic. For example, 4243: 3185: 4160: 3960:; however, the spiritual use of herbs and the practice of Hoodoo (conjuring) remained African in origin as enslaved African Americans incorporated African religious rituals in the preparation of North American herbs and roots. Spiritual ritual preparations of herbs and roots were important to slaves as they believed combining ceremonies and prayers with medicinal preparations would imbue the medicines with spiritual power and invoke healing spirits that would make the herbal remedies more effective in healing. Enslaved African Americans also used their knowledge of herbs to poison their enslavers. 3745: 5547:

Hoodoo in a way that is fully expressed by Black practitioners. It is often described as "...terms that respect the syncretism of Voudon-based religious systems". It can be seen as a way of doing things that provides "the Black Artist with a vehicle to merge art with politics without compromising either". Neo-Hoodoo is a behavior that gives "'...non-Western voices which express life and creativity' intrude on or break the 'controlling patterns' of the 'dominant culture'". This is a radical form of Black writing that inspires resistance to suppression in the literary world.

2270:), churches, and other places. Slaves created methods to decrease their noise when they practiced their spirituality. In a slave narrative from Arkansas, slaves prayed under pots to prevent nearby white people from hearing them at such times. A former slave in Arkansas named John Hunter said the slaves went to a secret house only they knew and turned the iron pots face up so their slaveholder could not hear them. They would place sticks under wash pots about a foot from the ground, because "f they'd put it flat on the ground the ground would carry the sound." 3765:. In West-Central Africa and in African American communities, only initiates trained in the secrets of the serpent and spirits were allowed to have a conjure stick. These sticks conjured illness and healing, and the spirit of a conjure stick can warn the conjurer of impending danger. Cowrie shells were found on the site and were used by enslaved African Americans to connect with the spiritual element of water "to ensure spiritual guidance over bodies of water." In West Africa, cowrie shells were used for money and corresponded to African water spirits. 3240:. Other charms found in several slave cabins included silver coins, beads, polished stones, and bones, which were made into necklaces or carried in pockets for protection. These artifacts provide examples of African rituals at Ashland Plantation. Slaveholders tried to stop African practices among their slaves, but enslaved African Americans disguised their rituals by using American materials, applying African interpretations to them, and hiding the charms in their pockets or making them into necklaces to conceal these practices from their slaveholders. 4096:. Gullah people gather roots from their backyards and gardens and make medicines to heal diseases and treat illnesses. In northeast Missouri, historians and anthropologists interviewed African Americans and found continued West African herbal traditions of using roots and herbs to treat illnesses. The knowledge of how to find herbs in nature and make them into teas and tonics continued in African American communities. The remedy most commonly used in Black communities in northeast Missouri to ward off a cold was carrying a small bag of 4484:

Christian faith among enslaved and free African Americans. After Nat Turner's Rebellion, laws were passed in Virginia to end the education of free and enslaved Black people and only allow white ministers to be present at all church services for slaves. White ministers preached obedience to slavery, while enslaved and free Black ministers preached resistance to slavery using the stories of the Hebrews and Moses in the Old Testament of the Bible. There was a blend of African spiritual practices in both slave revolts of Vesey and Turner.

3761:. Stagville Plantation was owned by a wealthy slaveholding family called the Bennehan family; they enslaved 900 African American people. Stagville was one of many large slave plantations in the American South. Inside the Bennehan house, a walking stick was found placed between the walls to curse the Bennehan family. An enslaved person secretly placed the walking stick to put evil spirits on their enslavers, cursing the family for enslaving them. The walking stick was carved into an image of a West African snake spirit (deity) called 2492: 105: 5220: 4312: 2488:

to support their families, and for their protection against the law. As Black people traveled to northern areas, Hoodoo rituals were modified because there were not a lot of rural country areas to perform rituals in woods or near rivers. Therefore, African Americans improvised their rituals inside their homes or secluded areas in the city. Herbs and roots needed were not gathered in nature but bought in spiritual shops. These spiritual shops near Black neighborhoods sold botanicals and books used in modern Hoodoo.

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come the war took place? They think they knows, but they don't. John de Conqueror had done put it into the white folks to give us our freedom." Anne Sutton said High John de Conqueror taught Black people about freedom and to prepare for their freedom in an upcoming war. The High John the Conqueror root was used to prevent whippings from slaveholders and to win freedom from chattel slavery. The root was given to Frederick Douglass to prevent him from being whipped and beaten by a slave-breaker. Former slave

4564: 4264:. Also, ghosts and haunts can be controlled in Hoodoo because they emanate from God. Rootworkers control spirits through the use of Hoodoo rituals by capturing spirits using the spiritual tools used in Hoodoo. The difference between Afro-Christianity and European American Christianity is that spirits can be controlled by using the herbal ingredients in nature, because the herbs and nature have a spirit, and if the spirits of nature and the divine can be influenced, so can other spirits such as ghosts. 3385: 19889: 1842: 4757: 4328:, in which she calls Moses, "the finest Hoodoo man in the world". Obvious parallels between Moses and intentional paranormal influence (such as magic) occur in the biblical accounts of his confrontation with Pharaoh. Moses conjures, or performs magic "miracles" such as turning his staff into a snake. However, his greatest feat of conjure was using his powers to help free the Hebrews from slavery. This emphasis on Moses-as-conjurer led to the introduction of the pseudonymous work the 4812:. During the ring shout, African Americans shuffle their feet on the floor or ground without lifting their feet, in the belief that thus creating static electricity from the earth connects them with its spiritual energy. Shuffling like this with singing and clapping is also done to connect with ancestral spirits. The spiritual energy intensifies until someone is pulled into the center of the ring shout by the spirit. This is done to allow the spirit to enter and govern the ring. 20635: 2586: 5656:. Mobile, Alabama became the home for these diverse Africans, where their religious and spiritual practices blended with Christianity. After the Civil War, a group of 32 Africans founded their own community, calling it Africatown. In their community, they practiced African burial practices for their dead. African names were given to their children so they would know what region in Africa their ancestry was from. Zora Neale Hurston wrote a book about Africatown called, 5373: 5291: 3069: 3061:, however, is not a unitary symbol like a Christian cross or a national flag. The physical world resides at the top of the cosmogram and the spiritual (ancestral) world resides at the bottom of the cosmogram. At the horizontal line is a watery divide that separates the two worlds from the physical and spiritual, and thus the "element" of water has a role in African American spirituality. The Kongo cosmogram cross symbol has a physical form in Hoodoo called the 4302:

counter-clockwise sacred circle dancing, blood sacrifice, divination, supernatural source of malady, water immersion, and spirit possession. These traits allowed culturally diverse Africans to find common culturo-spiritual ground. According to the author, Hoodoo developed under the influence of that complex, with African divinities moving back into their natural forces, unlike in the Caribbean and Latin America, where the divinities moved into Catholic saints.

3814: 21473: 20938: 20553: 17858: 2944: 20199: 4890:; over 500 artifacts were excavated, showing continued African traditions in New York City's Black community. Of 146 beads recovered, nine of them had come from West Africa. The other beads were manufactured in Europe; these had also been used by enslaved and free people for their burial practices, incorporating an African spiritual interpretation of European beads. For example, many of the Africans buried, including women, men, and children, had beads, 4626: 5882:. African American folk magic changed in urban northern areas as African Americans did not have access to fresh herbs and roots from their backyards or neighborhoods as some bought their supplies from stores that profited from African American folk practices. White merchants profited from African American folk magic and placed stereotypical images of Indians onto hoodoo product labels to sell merchandise that appeared mystical, exotic, and powerful. 2300:(W. E. B. Du Bois) studied African American churches in the early twentieth century. Du Bois asserts the early years of the Black church during slavery on plantations were influenced by Voodooism. Black church records from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth century in the South recorded that a number of church members practiced conjure and combined Christian and African spiritual concepts to harm or heal members in their community. 21684: 3147: 4705: 4445: 4673:

bad deeds. Ancestors are important spirits in Hoodoo that intercede in people's lives, providing guidance and protection, and are revered. The practice in Hoodoo of ancestral veneration through prayers and offerings had its origins in Africa. In Hoodoo, ancestors can appear in people's dreams to provide information and guidance. However, they are offended when they are not venerated and may cause trouble in the lives of a family's members.

3736:. In 1800, Gabriel Prosser planned a slave revolt in Virginia. Historians assert that Prosser became the leader of the planned rebellion because he was a blacksmith, and slaves respected and feared blacksmiths because of their ability to forge weapons and their connection to the spirit of iron. Prosser and other enslaved blacksmiths made weapons for the rebellion, but the revolt never happened because two slaves informed the authorities. 4229:"Een hoodoo, anyting dat oona da do is de plan ob God ondastan?, God hab sompin fa do wid ebryting oona da do weda ee good ar bad, E got sompin fa do wid um ... jes wa fa oona, oona gwine git um." A translation of this is, "In hoodoo, anything that you do is the plan of God, understand? God has something to do with everything that you do whether it's good or bad, he's got something to do with it... what is for you, will come to you." 5015:

are mixed graveyard dirt from a murdered victim's grave. The cursed items are buried under a person's porch steps to cause misfortune. To prevent being "fixed" (cursed), it is considered a good idea to burn loose hairs, combed or fallen from the head, so a conjurer cannot make a cursing powder from a person's hair. Placing personal concerns in containers and burying them to cause harm was practiced in West African countries such as

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Throughout the American South in African American neighborhoods, some houses have bottle trees and baskets placed at entrances to doorways for spiritual protection. Additionally, nkisi culture influenced jar container magic. An African American man in North Carolina buried a jar under the steps with water and string in it for protection. If someone conjured him, the string would turn into a snake. The man interviewed called it

4390: 5560: 2288:. Brown recorded a secret Voudoo ceremony at midnight in the city of St. Louis. Slaves circled around a cauldron, and a Voudoo queen had a magic wand. Snakes, lizards, frogs, and other animal parts were thrown into the cauldron. During the ceremony, spirit possession took place. Brown also recorded other conjure (Hoodoo) practices among the enslaved population. Enslaved Africans in America held on to their African culture. 3357:. Another Bantu-Kongo practice in Hoodoo is making a cross mark (Kongo cosmogram) and standing on it to take an oath. This practice is done in Central Africa and in the United States in African American communities. The Kongo cosmogram is also used as a powerful charm of protection when drawn on the ground. The solar emblems or circles at the ends and the arrows are not drawn, just the cross marks, which look like an X. 3532: 2480:. Benjamin Rucker was born in Virginia in 1892. Rucker learned stage magic and conjure from an African American named Prince Herman (Alonzo Moore). After Prince Herman's death, Rucker changed his name in honor of his teacher to Black Herman. Black Herman traveled between the North and South and provided conjure services in Black communities, such as card readings, crafting health tonics, and other services. However, 4875: 20205: 3130:

protection. Sacrificed animals and other charms were found where the crossroads symbols were drawn by enslaved African Americans and four holes drilled into charms to symbolize the Bakongo cosmogram. Other West-Central African traditions found on plantations by historians include the use of six-pointed stars as spiritual symbols. A six-pointed star is a symbol in West Africa and in African American spirituality.

5066: 5684: 2304: 2266:. It regulated the lives of enslaved and free people and prohibited and made it illegal for enslaved Africans to practice their traditional religions. Article III in the Code Noir states: "We forbid any public exercise of any religion other than Catholic." The Code Noir and other slave laws resulted in enslaved and free African Americans conducting their spiritual practices in secluded areas such as woods ( 5053:

oils containing herbs such as cinnamon, wintergreen, lavender, and so forth. Colors are also important in Hoodoo to conjure different results the person is looking for. For example, "Red, for victory. Pink, for love (some say for drawing success). Green, to drive off (some say for success), Blue, for success and protection (for causing death also), Yellow for money, Brown for drawing money and people."

3964: 4026:. Enslaved African Americans only trusted their own doctors and not white doctors because enslaved doctors' cures were sometimes considered better than those of white doctors. Enslaved African Americans and freemen learned the local flora and knew what plants to use for treating illnesses. Enslaved herb doctors were the primary doctors on slave plantations, and some of them also practiced conjure. 3252:

Americans put eyelets on shoes and boots to trap spirits. Archaeologists also found small carved wooden faces. The wooden carvings had two faces carved into them on both sides, which were interpreted to represent an African American conjurer who was a two-headed doctor. In Hoodoo, a two-headed doctor is a conjurer who can see into the future and has knowledge about spirits and things unknown.

41: 4894:, and wristlets. In some African societies, beads are believed to bring protection, wealth, fertility, and health to the wearer, while in West Africa, African women wear beads around their waist as markers of beauty. Also found were beads still wrapped around the waist of the remains of enslaved women, and about 200 shells. Beads, shells, and iron bars are associated with the Yoruba deity 3381:, that he sought the help of several conjurers during his enslavement. Bibb went to these conjurers (Hoodoo doctors) in hopes that the charms they provided would prevent slaveholders from whipping and beating him. The conjurers gave Bibb conjure powders to sprinkle around the bed of the slaveholder, put in the slaveholder's shoes, and carry a bitter root and other charms for protection. 3561:, and the men wore traditional wide-leg pants. Some enslaved West African Muslims practiced Hoodoo. Instead of using Christian prayers in the creation of charms, Islamic prayers were used. Enslaved Black Muslim conjure doctors' Islamic attire was different from that of other slaves, making them easy to identify and ask for conjure services regarding protection from slaveholders. The 3001:" For example, Kail recorded at former slave plantations in the American South: "The beliefs and practices of African traditional religions survived the Middle Passage (the Transatlantic slave trade) and were preserved among the many rootworkers and healers throughout the South. Many of them served as healers, counselors, and pharmacists to slaves enduring the hardships of slavery." 3343:. The nkisi (singular) and minkisi (plural) are objects created by hand and inhabited by a spirit or spirits. These objects can be bags (mojo bags or conjure bags), gourds, shells, or other containers. Various items are placed inside a bag to give it a particular spirit or job to do. Mojo bags and minkisi are filled with graveyard dirt, herbs, roots, and other materials by the 5247:

healed a church member by sacrificing a live chicken, slitting its throat, and tying it to a person's leg for two days. This is a continued African tradition of using chickens to heal and conjure protection. Hurston noted that Mother Seals incorporated other African Diaspora practices into her Spiritual church, and observed her reverence for a Haitian Vodou snake loa spirit,

3956:, and cultivated for white American slaveholders for their economic gain. African Americans mixed their knowledge of herbs from Africa with European and regional Native American herbal knowledge. In Hoodoo, African Americans used herbs in different ways. For example, when it came to the medicinal use of herbs, African Americans learned some medicinal knowledge of herbs from 4713:

whereas sinners are buried the opposite way avoid their being harmed by the light. Another tale is that ghosts cannot cross water. If a hoodoo doctor wants to conjure a ghost across water, a mirror ceremony is held. Spirits who have died from sickness in bed can walk among the living any night other than Friday night, which is reserved for those who have died in the dark.

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on another plantation whom Epsey was romantically interested in. According to Lowery's written account, it was rumored that Epsey received a poison from an enslaved conjurer and secretly administered it to Mary, who died six months later. Lowery wrote that many of the conjure practices of enslaved Black people in Sumter County were influenced by Vodun from West Africa.

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stereotypical representation without collapsing completely into stereotype". The postcolonial theory of Hoodoo and the fact that Hoodoo is neo-African still leads to assumptions that it is uncivilized. Reed's Hoodoo aesthetic celebrates syncretism as a religious cultural practice, countering Western Civilization's desire to universalize itself through Christianity.

3773:, a country in West Africa. Some African Americans in South Carolina and Georgia continue to give their children African names for spiritual and cultural reasons. The spiritual reason is for their ancestors to provide their children with spiritual power and protection. The cultural reason is so their children will know which region in Africa their ancestry is from. 5259:, which African Americans attended to practice Hoodoo secretly inside the church. New Orleans and Memphis have several Spiritual churches where Hoodoo and Voudoo are practiced. Rituals of healing, communing with ancestral spirits, worship services, shouting, eclectic belief systems, Hoodoo, and elaborate Voodoo rituals were performed inside the churches. 2516:

liberate Black people from oppression. African Americans in various African diaspora religions spiritually heal their communities by establishing healing centers that provide emotional and spiritual healing from police brutality. In addition, altars with white candles and offerings are placed in areas where an African American was murdered by police, and

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herbalists, or divine healers to distinguish themselves from members in their community who practiced conjure to harm people. This tradition of faith healing has its roots in the slave community. When enslaved people needed healing, they searched for members in the slave community who had knowledge of herbalism and knew how to perform spiritual healing.

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Hoodoo to the West African practice of creating gris-gris charms and the Central African practice of creating minkisi containers. As white spiritual merchants exploited Hoodoo and turned it into just tricks and spells, African Americans moved more of the traditional Hoodoo practices—such as animal sacrifice, incorporating animal parts in spiritual work,

5272:. African American Hoodoo religious and spiritual leaders in Spiritual churches did not refer to themselves as rootworkers or hoodoo doctors, but as "spiritual advisors" to avoid negative attention from their community and the local authorities. Hiding Hoodoo practices inside Black churches was necessary for African Americans because some people were 5886:

appropriate Black culture and claim it as their own for profit. With the advent of the internet, African American music and culture has become consumed more rapidly around the world on a daily basis. The internet resulted in the mass consumption and appropriation and sometimes mocking of Black culture by whites and non-Black people in social media.

3800:. A person's foot track is used to send someone away by mixing their foot track with herbs, roots, and insects, specific ingredients used in Hoodoo to send someone away, and grinding into a powder and placing the powder in a container and throwing it into a flowing river that leaves town, and in a few days the person will leave town. Among the 4866:

There are other ways people become a Hoodoo doctor, such as being born into a family of practitioners or through a mentor under an apprenticeship. Initiations are not required to become a Hoodoo doctor or rootworker. Other Hoodoo initiations include ritual isolations, learning about charms, herbs, roots, and dream lore from a community elder.

2390:. African American conjurers were seen as a threat by white Americans because slaves went to free and enslaved conjurers to receive charms for protection and revenge against their slaveholders. Enslaved Black people used Hoodoo to bring about justice on American plantations by poisoning slaveholders and conjuring death onto their oppressors. 3220:

harm to slaveholders. "In their physical manifestations, minkisi (nkisi) are sacred objects that embody spiritual beings and generally take the form of a container such as a gourd, pot, bag, or snail shell. Medicines that provide the minkisi with power, such as chalk, nuts, plants, soil, stones, and charcoal, are placed in the container."

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and carry crab claws for their protection. The plan was to free those enslaved through armed resistance and the use of conjure. Denmark Vesey and Gullah Jack were not successful because their plan was revealed and stopped. From other historical research and records, Gullah Jack performed a ceremony and made the enslaved eat a half-cooked

5583:, is used to describe attempts to control the actions and health of other people (or prevent others from controlling you) through the use of potions, charms, and incantations." Some of the African American former slaves told writers what region of Africa their family was from. These regions were the Kongo or regions in West Africa. The 3656:, archaeologists uncovered evidence of West African and Central African practices. A Hoodoo spiritual bundle containing nails, a stone axe, and other items was found embedded four feet below the streets near the capital. The axe inside the Hoodoo bundle showed what archaeologists believe is a cultural link to the Yoruba people's deity 2332:

minkisi conjuring bags to activate it with ancestral spirits, and during the slave trade, Bakongo people were brought to colonial New York. The New York slave revolt of 1712 and others in the United States showed a blending of West and Central African spiritual practices among enslaved and free Black people. Conjure bags, also called

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ancestors and the Holy Spirit resided. The ring shout tradition continues in Georgia with the McIntosh County Shouters. At Cathead Creek in Georgia, archeologists found artifacts made by enslaved African Americans that linked to spiritual practices in West-Central Africa. Enslaved African Americans and their descendants, after the

17675: 4075:(wetlands). Whether a Hoodoo practitioner is a swamper or not, collecting certain roots and herbs in nature requires a prayer before taking the root or herb, an offering to the spirit of the plants, and a ceremony. If there are snakes that guard herbs and roots, the snakes should not be killed by the Hoodoo practitioner. 4476:. One of the slaves said that he could not talk about the conspiracy as Jack bound his speech with conjure. According to records, Jack "charmed" enslaved men to join the revolt. Gullah Jack used the spiritual knowledge he had from Angola and made protective charms for other slaves for their spiritual protection. 2461: 5084:

changes in their life from an elder or a skilled diviner. Conjure doctors diagnose illnesses and determine treatments using divination. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade and was later influenced by other systems of divination. There are several forms of

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According to some scholars, the research and understanding of African American Hoodoo should be examined from the Black American experience, and not from the interpretation of marketeers and exploiters found in books and online published by people who are not African American. White Americans want to

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identified as Christian, attended Spiritual churches, and healed church members by laying on of hands, using herbal medicines, and sometimes combining conjure to remove curses and heal physical ailments. Some were also astrologers. Black Americans who practiced Hoodoo called themselves faith healers,

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practices. Zora Neale Hurston documented Spiritual churches that incorporated Hoodoo practices. A Spiritual church in New Orleans called The Eternal Life Christian Spiritualist Church, was led by an African American woman, Mother Catherine Seals, who performed Hoodoo to heal her clients. Mother Seals

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In the Kongo region, Bakongo people placed broken objects on top of graves so the recently deceased could travel to the land of the dead. The broken items symbolized that the person's connection to the living was broken by death and that they needed to return to the realm of the dead. The practice of

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look similar to African spirit possession. In Hoodoo, African Americans perform the ring shout to become touched or possessed by the Holy Spirit and to communicate with the spirits of dead ancestors. African Americans replaced African spirits with the Christian God (Holy Spirit) during possession. In

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In a process known as "seeking", a hoodoo practitioner will ask for the salvation of a person's soul in order for a Gullah church to accept them. A spiritual leader will assist in the process and after believing the follower is ready, they will announce it to the church. A ceremony will commence with

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from South Carolina mentioned a pastor who spoke to spirits to help him find some hidden money. This record from a slave narrative revealed how Hoodoo and the Black church were intertwined. Another slave narrative from Indiana mentioned a location that the African American population refused to enter

4531:, before High John the Conqueror returned to Africa, he told the newly freed slaves that if they ever needed his spirit for freedom his spirit would reside in a root they could use. According to some scholars, the origin of High John the Conqueror may have originated from African male deities such as 3996:

Enslaved African Americans most often treated their own medical problems themselves using the herbal knowledge they brought with them from Africa, as well as some herbal knowledge learned from regional Native Americans. Many slaveholders lacked the knowledge to treat their slaves' medical conditions,

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During slavery, some enslaved African Americans served as community doctors for Black people and whites, despite many white Americans being cautious of Black doctors because some enslaved Africans poisoned their masters. Enslaved Africans found herbal cures for animal poisons and diseases that helped

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honoring in West Africa's Vodun tradition. It was documented by a former slave in Missouri that conjurers took dried snakes and frogs and ground them into powders to "Hoodoo people." A conjurer made a powder from a dried snake and a frog, put it in a jar, and buried it under the steps of the target's

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among Gullah people, a male conjurer is called Nganga. Some Kikongo words have an "N" or "M" at the beginning of the word. However, when Bantu-Kongo people were enslaved in South Carolina, the letters N and M were dropped from some of the title names. For example, in Central Africa, the word to refer

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was enslaved in his youth, Kongo-related artifacts were found. Enslaved African Americans created items to ward off evil spirits by creating a Hoodoo bundle near the entrances to chimneys, believed to be where spirits enter. The Hoodoo bundle contained pieces of iron and a horseshoe. Enslaved African

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bundles were found on other plantations in Virginia and Maryland. For example, nkisi bundles were found for the purpose of healing or misfortune. Archeologists found objects believed by the enslaved African American population in Virginia and Maryland to have spiritual power, such as coins, crystals,

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in Hoodoo has its origins in the Kongo region from the Kongo cosmogram (Yowa Cross). Ring shouters dance in a counterclockwise direction that follows the pattern of the rising of the sun in the east and the setting of the sun in the west. The ring shout follows the cyclical nature of life represented

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For some African Americans that practiced rootwork, providing conjure services in the Black community for African Americans to obtain love, money, employment, and protection from the police was a way to help Black people during the Jim Crow era in the United States so Black people can gain employment

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people from Ghana. Historians suggest the powder made by Peter the Doctor probably included some cemetery dirt to conjure the ancestors to provide spiritual militaristic support from ancestral spirits as help during the slave revolt. The Bakongo people in Central Africa incorporate cemetery dirt into

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According to Yvonne Chireau, "Hoodoo is an African American-based tradition that makes use of natural and supernatural elements in order to create and effect change in the human experience." Hoodoo was created by African Americans, who were among over 12 million enslaved Africans from various Central

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and a writer. She documented African American folklore and spiritual practices in Black communities in the United States and the Caribbean. Hurston traveled to Eatonville, Florida, and New Orleans, Louisiana, writing about the spiritual practices of Black people, and publishing her findings in books

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about the spiritual beliefs and conjure practices of the Black congregation in Sanctified Churches. African Americans talked about nailing a horseshoe over the door to ward off evil and making conjure balls to remove diseases. British historians traced the origins of the creation of conjure balls in

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bundles for removing curses from people using Hoodoo. Doc Harris built his church in a secluded area in the Black community so he and his family could practice their traditions in private. African Americans in Spiritual churches blended African spiritual traditions with Christian practices, creating

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In Hoodoo, personal concerns such as hair, nail clippings, bones, blood, and other bodily fluids are mixed with ingredients for either a positive or a negative effect. The items are placed inside conjure bags or jars and mixed with roots, herbs, animal parts, sometimes ground into a powder, or they

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Researchers found burial practices by African Americans in Florida that were similar to those of Bantu-Kongo peoples. Researchers noticed the similarities between the grave sites of African Americans in Florida and those of the Bakongo people in Central Africa. Headstones with a T shape were seen in

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was discovered with the remains of an African American woman. Also excavated at the site were conjure bags (mojo bags)—these conjuring bundles had crystals, roots, beads, feathers, animal parts, and other items for protection from malign forces and to communicate with spirits. Other artifacts found

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interviewed African Americans and recorded the ring shout tradition practiced by the Gullah Geechee in Georgia. The songs sung during the ring shout and in shouting originated among their ancestors who were transported from Africa into slavery in America, where they replaced African songs and chants

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Those people on the west coast of Africa, the Ewe-speaking natives, make offerings such as food or drinks, usually pouring palm wine and banana beer, over an ancestor's grave. Church members are commonly known to be buried with their feet facing east so they can rise on the last day towards the sun,

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These practices among the enslaved population created a Hoodoo Christian Church or "Hoodoonized" version of Christianity on slave plantations, where enslaved Africans covertly went into the woods at night to practice their religion, a blend of African spirituality with Christianity. Hoodoo countered

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was tied around the head and ears. To treat measles, mullein leaves were boiled into a tea. To treat the common cold, pine straw was made into a tea. Salt was used to prevent a troublesome person from returning to your home by throwing salt behind the person as they walked out of the house, ensuring

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Among slaves, there was a spiritual belief to refuse to plow a field in a straight path. Some slaves believed in the West African Mande concept that evil spirits travel in a straight path, and to protect from evil spirits, enslaved African Americans refused to plow fields in a straight path to break

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Bakongo spiritual protections influenced African American yard decorations. In Central Africa, Bantu-Kongo people decorated their yards and entrances to doorways with baskets and broken shiny items to protect against evil spirits and thieves. This practice is the origin of the bottle tree in Hoodoo.

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to resist a cruel overseer on a plantation in St. Louis. Unlike other enslaved people, Dinkie never worked in the same way. He was feared and respected by both Black and white people. Dinkie was known to carry a dried snakeskin, frog, and lizard, and sprinkled goofer dust on himself, speaking to the

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A man named William Webb helped enslaved people on a plantation in Kentucky resist their oppressors using mojo bags. Webb told the enslaved people to gather some roots and put them in bags, then "march around the cabins several times and point the bags toward the master's house every morning." After

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culture in the United States brought over by enslaved Africans. For example, archeologists found artifacts used by enslaved African Americans to control spirits by housing spirits inside caches or nkisi bundles. These spirits inside objects were placed in secret locations to protect an area or bring

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In an African American church on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Kongo cosmograms were designed into the window frames of the church. The church was built facing an axis of an east–west direction so the sun rises directly over the church steeple in the east. The burial grounds of the church also show

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in the early twentieth century, a Hoodoo practitioner Buzzard, placed a curse on a developing company that continued to build properties in Gullah cemeteries where Buzzard's ancestors are buried. According to locals, because of the curse the company and others following have never been able to build

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and racism in the Black community. Black American keynote speakers that are practitioners of Hoodoo spoke at an event at The Department of Arts and Humanities at California State University about the importance of Hoodoo and other African spiritual traditions practiced in social justice movements to

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Another slave story talks about an enslaved woman named Old Julie who was a conjure woman known among the slaves on the plantation for conjuring death. Old Julie conjured so much death that her slaveholder sold her away to stop her from killing people on the plantation with conjure. Her enslaver put

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Some scholars assert that Christianity did not have much influence on some of the enslaved Africans as they continued to practice their traditional spiritual practices. Hoodoo was a form of resistance against slavery whereby enslaved Africans hid their traditions using the Christian religion against

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Scholars estimate that about 250,000 enslaved Africans were brought to the United States illegally between 1808 and 1859. This resulted in the further Africanization of African American spirituality in the coastal regions of the Southeast, because many of the slave ships landed in the coastal areas

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said her father came from Africa on the slave ship the Wanderer. She thinks her father was Igbo, and he talked about his life in Africa and the culture there and how it survived in her family. Other African Americans interviewed talked about the origins of their conjure practices that came from the

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from Africa. However, this act did not stop the illegal smuggling of enslaved Africans to the United States. The illegal slave trade continued into the 1860s, and sometimes resulted in a re-Africanization of African American culture with the importation of new Africans to the United States. Some of

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stereotypical images of African Americans were drawn in comics to vilify Black people and their folk religions. Black American comic book creators portrayed Hoodoo and Voodoo in their comics as tools against white supremacy. Black creators had story scenes in their comics of Black superheroes using

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Enslaved African Americans held diviners in high respect, believing that they had knowledge about unknown events, and that using divination, conjurers could tell if a slave would be whipped, sold, or escape to freedom. Autobiographies of former slaves tell about slaves seeking counsel from enslaved

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in Hoodoo originated from African practices. In West-Central Africa, divination was (and is) used to determine what an individual or a community should know that is important for survival and spiritual balance. In Africa and in American Hoodoo, people turn to divination seeking guidance about major

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decorated trees with bottles, plates, pieces of broken pots, and other items to drive away evil. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade. The purpose of bottle trees is to protect a home or a location from evil spirits by trapping them inside the bottles.

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in New York City. The African Burial Ground reserved a location called the Ancestral Libation Chamber for people to perform spiritual ceremonies to pay their respects to the enslaved and free Africans buried at the monument. African Americans and other African-descended people continue to travel to

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In the Kongo culture, people "become" Simbi spirits after death. Therefore, ancestors in the Kongo culture are called by that name. It is believed one's soul returns to God after death, however, the spirit may remain on Earth. Spirits can interact with the world by providing good fortune or causing

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are performed by rivers to invoke the blessings of the Simbi spirits to bring healing, fertility, and prosperity to people. West Africans and African Americans wear white clothing to invoke the water spirits during such water ceremonies. Simbi spirits reside in forests, mountains, and the water and

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The Bible was used in slave religion as a magical formula that provided information on how to use herbs in conjure and how to use the Bible to conjure specific results and spirits to bring about change in the lives of people, which is a continued practice today. Rootworkers remove curses by reading

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in September 1850, recalled an incident where an enslaved woman named Mary on the Frierson plantation was believed to have died from conjure. A rumor circulated that an enslaved woman named Epsey from another plantation poisoned Mary because she was jealous of the attention Mary received from a man

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and other African American ministers founded the Church of God in Christ, which has a predominantly African American membership. Bishop Mason was known among his congregation to heal members using roots, herbs, and anointing oil. Bishop Mason and other Pentecostal pastors were rootworkers and used

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Conjure can be made using many things or nothing at all. There are certain items commonly used in Hoodoo if needed. "Fast Luck" and "Red Fast Luck" are herbal scrubs used to bring luck into stores or a person's life. "Essence of Van Van" and "Fast Scrubbing Essence" are mixtures of one to thirteen

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and interviewed African Americans in the Gullah Geechee Nation and recorded some of their spiritual traditions and cultural practices. Their recordings showed African cultural and spiritual practices that have survived in the Gullah Nation of South Carolina. The video showed a ring shout, singing,

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Researchers noticed the African American ring shout looks similar to counterclockwise circle dances in West Africa. In West Africa, a counterclockwise circle dance is performed during a funeral to send the soul to the ancestral realm (land of the dead), because energy and souls travel in a circle.

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Nat Turner's mother came on a slave ship from Africa. Research has not determined what part of Africa she was from. She had a profound spiritual influence on his life, and taught him about African spirituality, a fact evident in his life as he used visions and celestial interpretation of planetary

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with him at all times for his spiritual protection. For the slaves' spiritual protection, Gullah Jack gave them rootwork instructions for a possible slave revolt planned by his co-conspirator Denmark Vesey. Gullah Jack instructed the enslaved to eat a peanut butter-like mash, eat parched cornmeal,

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The origins of Afro-Christianity began with Bantu-Kongo people in Central Africa. Prior to the Bakongo people coming to the United States and being enslaved on plantations, the Bakongo (Bantu-Kongo) people were introduced to Christianity by European missionaries and some converted to the Christian

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placed around a baby's neck to relieve pain. The inside of the beech tree bark was boiled in water to treat cold and pneumonia. Bay leaf was used by African Americans to attract money by placing a bay leaf next to a dollar bill inside a wallet or a purse, and the person would always attract money.

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to colonial Boston" which helped reduce the spread of smallpox in the colony. Onesimus told Mather that when he was in Africa, Africans performed inoculations to reduce the spread of diseases in their societies. An enslaved man was given his freedom when he discovered a cure for a snake bite using

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that linked to the Yoruba people's spiritual belief and practice in the reverence of Ogun. This is why African Americans incorporate horseshoes and metal tools in Hoodoo: because there is a spirit that corresponds to metal that can be invoked for protection from physical and spiritual harm. Yoruba

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engravings drawn as crossroads (an X) inside the house. This was done to ward a place from a harsh slaveholder. Also, the Kongo cosmogram is evident in Hoodoo practice among Black Americans. Archeologists unearthed on a former slave plantation in South Carolina clay bowls made by enslaved Africans

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in Brooklyn, New York, at the Lott Farmstead, Kongo-related artifacts were found on the site. The Kongo-related artifacts included a Kongo cosmogram engraved onto ceramics and nkisi bundles that had cemetery dirt and iron nails left by enslaved African Americans. Researchers suggest the iron nails

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and other African-derived traditions are opening and owning spiritual stores online and in Black neighborhoods to provide spiritual services to their community and educate African-descended people about Black spirituality and how to heal themselves physically and spiritually. The culture of Hoodoo

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and mysticism may be seen in the colored wax candles in glass jars that are often labeled for specific purposes such as "Fast Luck" or "Love Drawing." Some African Americans sold hoodoo products in the Black community. An African American woman, Mattie Sampson, worked as a salesperson in an active

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The culture of Hoodoo was created by African Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African Americans traveled the tradition of Hoodoo changes according to African Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes reverence to ancestral spirits, African American quilt making, animal

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and African American spirituality. The series documents Hurston's life and her experience in collecting information on Hoodoo in Black communities in the South, showing photos and interviews with Hurston and her thoughts about African American folk magic, her Hoodoo initiation experience, and her

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Washington "Doc" Harris, an African American from Memphis, Tennessee, founded the Saint Paul Spiritual Holy Temple. The Spiritual church was nicknamed by the Black people in the area as "Voodoo Village." Although no actual Voodoo took place inside his Spiritual church, Hoodoo was practiced in the

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The practice of Augury is deciphering phenomena (omens) that are believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. Before his rebellion, Nat Turner had visions and omens from spirits to free the enslaved through armed resistance. In African American communities, a child born

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The spirits are said to be attracted to the sunlight that flickers inside the bottle. As the sunlight passes through it, the spirit is trapped in the bottle and banished with the sunlight. Sometimes items such as stones or graveyard dirt are placed inside the bottle to further attract the spirit.

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around her body, and lying on a couch (sofa) for three days nude so she could have a vision and acceptance from the spirits. In addition to lying on a couch nude wrapped in snakeskins for her initiation, Hurston had to drink the blood of the Hoodoo doctors who initiated her from a wine glass cup.

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Those who have died because of their capturers can get justice in the afterlife by using Hoodoo. For example, "If a murder victim is buried in a sitting position, the murderer will be speedily brought to justice." The victim who is sitting in front of the heavenly throne can request justice to be

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and the Civil War did not bring freedom for Black people. According to one woman interviewed by Hurston, Aunt Shady Anne Sutton, "These young Negroes reads they books and talk about the war freeing the Negroes, by Aye Lord! A heap sees, but a few knows. 'Course, the war was a lot of help, but how

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was known among the slaves to have dreams and visions that came true. In the Hoodoo tradition, dreams and visions come from spirits, such as the ancestors or the Holy Spirit in the Christian faith. Relying on dreams and visions for inspiration and knowledge is an African practice blended with the

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Enslaved and free Black people also used the Bible as a tool against slavery. Free and enslaved people who could read found the stories of the Hebrews in the Bible in Egypt similar to their situation in the United States as slaves. The Hebrews in the Old Testament were freed from slavery in Egypt

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was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade and developed into Afro-Christianity among African Americans that is seen in Hoodoo and in some Black churches. As a result, African American Hoodoo and Afro-Christianity developed differently and was not influenced by European

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Not only is Yahweh's providence a factor in Hoodoo practice, but Hoodoo thought understands the deity as the archetypal Hoodoo doctor. From this perspective, biblical figures are often recast as Hoodoo doctors and the Bible becomes a source of spells and is, itself, used as a protective talisman.

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Zora Neale Hurston conducted research in African American communities and documented the herbal practices of Black people. African American rootworkers sometimes served two roles, as herbal doctors or conjure doctors. African American herbal doctors used their knowledge of herbs to treat diseases

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sacred circle dances in Hoodoo are performed to communicate with ancestral spirits using the sign of the Yowa cross. Communication with the ancestors is a traditional practice in Hoodoo that was brought to the United States during the slave trade originating among Bantu-Kongo people. In Savannah,

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used Hoodoo to make money, and changed the tradition as a form of selfish magic that is all about spells for love, money, and hexes in order to sale candles, oils, and trinkets. This kind of Hoodoo presented by charlatans not from the Black community is the hoodoo most people know. The Spiritual

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The ideas expressed in "A Portrait of the Artist as a Shadow of His Former Self" by Kerry James Marshall are compared to Ishmael Reed's Neo-Hoodoo concept of balancing invisibility as visual. The painter describes his work ethic for the painting as being to "...bring that figure close to being a

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published in 1977, tells the story of the character Milkman, an African American in search of his African ancestors. Milkman lived in the North but returned to the South in search of his ancestry. By the end of the book, Milkman learns he comes from a family of African medicine people, gains his

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into Hoodoo. African Americans in the Sea Islands (Gullah Geechee people) performed initiations of community members by combining West African initiation practices with Christian practices called "Seeking Jesus." Young people spent time in nature "seeking Jesus," and received guidance from Black

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dirt is sometimes used. Dirt from the grave of an ancestor provides protection, while dirt taken from the grave of a person who is not an ancestor is used to harm an enemy, or also for protection. Before taking graveyard dirt, one must pay for it with three pennies or some other form of payment.

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dates to the mid-19th century. White Americans marketed hoodoo to African Americans for their own personal profit, which was not planned to maintain the African traditions in hoodoo. The incorporation of European grimoires ("books of spells") into hoodoo began in the twentieth century during the

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Many African American midwives practiced Hoodoo. Hoodoo and midwifery practices were combined in African American communities. During childbirth, midwives spiritually protected the house because it was believed that evil spirits might harm a newborn's spirit being born into the world. Protective

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22.198 Cane / This cane is from the Arts of Africa collection. Bantu-Kongo people in Central Africa and African Americans in the United States crafted similar canes. Historians noted similar meanings and religious uses of canes between African and African American people, who carved animals and

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is a simple cross (+) with one line. The Kongo cosmogram symbolizes the rising of the sun in the east and the setting of the sun in the west and represents cosmic energies. The horizontal line in the Kongo cosmogram represents the boundary between the physical world (realm of the living) and the

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Bishop Jamison, born enslaved in Georgia in 1848, wrote an autobiographical account of his life. On a plantation in Georgia, there was an enslaved Hoodoo man named Uncle Charles Hall who prescribed herbs and charms for slaves to protect themselves from white people. Hall instructed the slaves to

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Recent scholarly publications spell the word with a capital letter. The word has different meanings depending on how it is spelled. Some authors spell Hoodoo with a capital letter to distinguish it from commercialized hoodoo, which is spelled with a lowercase letter. Other authors have different

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in African American folk stories is a Black man from Africa enslaved in the United States whose spirit resides in a root conjured in Hoodoo. White American drugstore owners replaced conjure doctors in African American communities, and began putting an image of a white man on their High John the

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in 1970, the term "Neo-Hoodoo" celebrates the practices of rituals, folklore, and spirituality in the Americas beyond Christianity and traditional religion. "Neo-Hoodoo believes that every man is an artist and a priest. You can bring your own creative ideas to Neo-Hoodoo." Neo-Hoodoo celebrates

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The walking boy was a traditional form of divination practiced by African Americans on slave plantations, and the practice continued after chattel slavery. A conjurer would take a bottle, tie a string to it, and place a bug inside the bottle. The conjurer pulled the bottle as the bug moved. The

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Parents who died suddenly or by accidental death are believed to return in spirit and visit their children. The spirit of a dead parent might haunt their children, causing spiritual harm to them. To prevent this, small children and babies of the deceased parent are passed over the coffin of the

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the ARC or African Religion Complex, which was a collection of eight traits that all the enslaved Africans had in common and were somewhat familiar to all held in the agricultural slave labor camps known as plantation communities. These traits included naturopathic medicine, ancestor reverence,

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adaptation for the religion. By blending the ideas laid out by the Christian Bible, the faith is made more acceptable. This combines the teachings of Christianity that Africans brought to America were given and the traditional beliefs they brought with them. This practice in Hoodoo of combining

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Other Bantu-Kongo practices present in Hoodoo include the use of conjure canes. In the United States, these canes are decorated with specific objects to conjure spirits and achieve specific results. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade from Central

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by the Holy Spirit or ancestral spirits. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the center. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm where the

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On another plantation in Maryland, archeologists unearthed artifacts that showed a blend of Central African and Christian spiritual practices among slaves. This was Ezekiel's Wheel in the Bible that blended with the Central African Kongo cosmogram. This may explain the connection enslaved Black

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dogs from tracking their scent. Former slave Ruby Pickens Tartt from Alabama told of a man who could fool the dogs, saying he "done lef' dere and had dem dogs treein' a nekked tree. Dey calls hit hoodooin' de dogs". An enslaved conjurer could conjure confusion in the slave catchers' dogs, which

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has become a part of modern Hoodoo because African Americans connected with the story of Moses freeing the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt and his use of magical powers against the Egyptians. Also, African Americans practiced Hoodoo centuries before the introduction of European grimoires. Hoodoo

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and came to the United States in the 1860s. Her quilts incorporate West African features of "a red striped pattern, patchwork, and two broad asymmetrical panels." This pattern design is similar to the Mande people's religious concepts that evil spirits travel in a straight path, and to protect

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was a cross with four suns showing Bakongo influence, quilting the Kongo cosmogram onto her quilts. Other African symbols were seen in Powers' quilts. However, scholars suggest Harriet Powers' cross symbols may also be a West African cross, as West Africans also had crosses as symbols, but the

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in Louisiana. Historians call the locations where crossroad symbols were possibly found inside slave cabins and African American living quarters 'Crossroads Deposits.' Crossroads deposits were found underneath floorboards and in the northeast sections of cabins to conjure ancestral spirits for

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preached prosperity to his congregation. African American faith movements emphasize having faith in God's power through fasting, prayer, and sometimes using conjure. Some Black church members believed the power to heal, prophecy, conjure, and curse came from God. However, other church members

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in the Sea Islands. The region of Africa these ethnic groups were taken from was called the "Rice Coast," made up of what is now Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. These areas in Africa were suitable for rice cultivation because of their moist semitropical climate; the European slave traders

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As one scholar explained, "The cultural marketplace of items and ideas has handled the faith and practice of hoodoo roughly. Instead of being viewed as a legitimate religion, it is perceived as a system of magic rife with effeminate witchdoctors, pin cushioned voodoo dolls, and miscellaneous

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In the 1930s, a local chapter of the Federal Writers' Project in Savannah, Georgia called the Georgia Writers' Project interviewed former slaves and descendants of former slaves who either came directly from Africa on the slave ship the Wanderer or had a family member come from Africa on the

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are responsible for the life and growth of nature. These beings, considered the guardians of the lands and the people who live on them, are feared and respected. If someone disrespects a Simbi by destroying its natural habitat, the Simbi might drown them. To obtain the powers of the Bisimbi,

3101:. The holes in the floor provided breathable air for escaped slaves hiding in the basement of the church. The Kongo cosmogram sun cycle also influenced how African Americans in Georgia prayed. It was recorded that some African Americans in Georgia prayed at the rising and setting of the sun. 4535:

who is a trickster spirit in West Africa. By the twentieth century, white drugstore owners began selling High John the Conqueror products with the image of a white King on their labels, commercializing hoodoo. Zora Neale Hurston documented some history about High John the Conqueror from her

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that showed the culture of Hoodoo portrayed as an altar with a collection of bottled tinctures and a chalkboard with Hoodoo herbal knowledge. The artist grew up in the Hill District of Pittsburgh and saw practitioners of Hoodoo who were mostly Black women. Black women played a role in their

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to more urban areas in the North is characterized by the items used in Hoodoo. White pharmacists opened their shops in African American communities and began to offer items both asked for by their customers, as well as things they themselves felt would be of use. Examples of the adoption of

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Henry Clay Bruce, a Black abolitionist and writer, recorded his experience of enslaved people on a plantation in Virginia who hired a conjurer to prevent slaveholders from selling them to plantations in the Deep South. Louis Hughes, an enslaved man who lived on plantations in Tennessee and

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by Gloria Naylor, Mama Day is a conjure woman with an encyclopedic knowledge of plants and the ability to contact her ancestors. The book focuses on the benevolent aspects of Hoodoo as a means for elders to help the community and carry on tradition, with her saving Bernice's fertility.

4527:" and myth as well as the "nature sack." In African American folk stories, High John the Conqueror was an African prince who was kidnapped from Africa and enslaved in the United States. He was a trickster, and used his wit and charm to deceive and outsmart his slaveholders. After the 4733:. A skilled conjurer can alter a person's destiny through divinities or evil forces. This means a conjurer can shorten someone's life by conjuring death onto them. A conjurer can protect a person's destiny from another conjurer who is trying to change it. To know a person's destiny, 4488:

bodies to understand messages from spirit. Turner believed the eclipse of the sun was a message from God to start a slave rebellion. Academic research from Virginia records on the Nat Turner slave revolt suggests that an occult religious ritual was performed to anoint Turner's raid.

3866:

and other African symbols are sewn into fabrics for spiritual purposes. Quilt makers in the African American community also sewed mojo bags and placed roots, bones, and other items inside bags for protection. Another example was Louiza Francis Combs. Louiza Francis Combs was born in

3279:

which enslaved African Americans created using materials from white porcelain to create a doll figure. In the western section of the cabin, they found iron kettles and iron chain fragments, suggesting that the western section of the cabin was an altar to the Kongo spirit Zarabanda.

3134:

Americans had with the Christian cross as it resembled their African symbol. The cosmogram represents the universe and how human souls travel in the spiritual realm after death, entering into the ancestral realm and reincarnating back into the family. The artifacts uncovered at the

2296:." Invisible churches were secret churches where enslaved African Americans combined Hoodoo with Christianity. Enslaved and free Black ministers preached resistance to slavery and the power of God through praise and worship, and Hoodoo rituals would free slaves from bondage. 13088:

Three years ago, Aunt Katie was called away on her last journey, although she had always emmerced (sic) the back and front steps of her cottage with chamber lye daily to keep away evil spirits death crept in and demanded the price each of us must pay, and Katie answered the

4001:

and being poisoned by their slaves, so much so that white Americans refused to allow enslaved African Americans medical knowledge. Many of the medicines used by white Americans were chemical, while African Americans used the natural herbs and roots and made them into teas.

3225:

roots, fingernail clippings, crab claws, beads, iron, bones, and other items assembled together inside a bundle to conjure a specific result for either protection or healing. These items were hidden inside slaves' dwellings. These practices were concealed from slaveholders.

5328:

continue to incorporate Hoodoo. African American religious institutions are not just places of worship and spirituality but also places to discuss injustices in their communities and how to unite to bring about political and spiritual transformations for African Americans.

2520:

ceremonies and other spiritual practices are performed to heal the soul that died from racial violence. African Americans also use Hoodoo to protect their properties from gentrification in their neighborhoods and on sites that are considered sacred to their communities. On

5721:'s song "Red Mountain Blues" tells of a fortune teller who recommends that a woman get some snakeroot and a High John the Conqueror root, chew them, place them in her boot and pocket to make her man love her. Several other Bessie Smith songs also mention Hoodoo. The song " 2430:

In 1874, Randolph organized a spiritual organization called Brotherhood of Eulis in Tennessee. Through his travels, Randolph documented the continued African traditions in Hoodoo practiced by African Americans in the South. Randolph documented two African American men of

4785:

African American churches, this is called "catching the spirit." African Americans use music, clapping, and singing during the ring shout and in modern-day shouting in Black churches to bring down the spirit. The singing during the ring shout has Christian meaning using

3417:

at the University of Florida collaborated with other world museums to compare African American conjure canes with ritual staffs from Central Africa and found similarities between them and other aspects of African American culture that originated from Bantu-Kongo people.

5616:

The Georgia Writers' Project documented Hoodoo and conjure practices among African Americans in Georgia and traced the practices to West Africa and the Kongo region, as some African Americans knew what region in Africa a family member was from. One woman interviewed in

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they would never return. To cleanse the soul and spirit, salt baths are taken. To prevent evil spirits from entering the home, sulfur was sprinkled around the outside of the house. The bark from a red oak tree was boiled into a tea to reduce a fever or chills. The term

3691:

corresponds to iron, and Ogun is called the "god of iron." West African people enslaved in the United States maintained the respect for enslaved blacksmiths on the plantation, and recognition for iron. Horseshoes, made from metal, are used for protection in Hoodoo. In

4078:

It was documented in an Ohio slave narrative that enslaved African Americans combined conjure with herbal healing. Spiritual charms imbued with power through prayer were combined with herbal teas to treat chronic illness. In South Carolina, slaves treated worms using

3440:

made by enslaved African Americans that had the Kongo cosmogram engraved onto coins and beads. Blue beads were found among the artifacts; in African spirituality, blue beads attract protection to the wearer. In slave cabins in Kentucky and on other plantations in the

3047:

origins in Hoodoo practice are evident. According to academic research, about 40 percent of Africans shipped to the United States during the slave trade came from Central Africa's Kongo region. Emory University created an online database that shows the voyages of the

2212:

After their contact with European slave traders and missionaries, some Africans converted to Christianity willingly, while other enslaved Africans were forced to become Christian, which resulted in a syncretization of African spiritual practices and beliefs with the

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Hoodoo is linked to a popular tradition of bottle trees in the United States. According to gardener and glass bottle researcher Felder Rushing, the use of bottle trees came to the Old South from Africa with the slave trade. The use of blue bottles is linked to the

4423:

by praying "In the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost what you want," to the "witch," and after the prayer, placed the Bible in the corner of the slave cabin to protect from a boo hag, believing that by placing a Bible in the corner, the boo hag would not return.

2530:

believe the Hurricane of 1915 that wiped out the town was predicted by a Hoodoo lady named Julia Brown who sang a song on her front porch that she would take the town with her when she die because she was mistreated by the people in the area after she helped them.

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During slavery, enslaved Africans were forced to become Christian, which resulted in a blend of African and Christian spiritual practices that shaped Hoodoo. As a result, Hoodoo was and continues to be practiced in some Black churches in the United States. In the

5710:, Big Lucky Carter, and Al Williams. African American blues performers were influenced by the culture of Hoodoo and wrote songs about mojo bags, love workings, and spirits. Their songs brought awareness of Hoodoo practices to the American mainstream population. 5337:

Hoodoo functioned more as a tool of spiritual healing within Black Protestantism. African American pastors combined Pentecostalism and African-derived traditions of Hoodoo, Voodoo, conjure, and rootwork to heal church members of physical and spiritual ailments.

4816:

This practice continued in the Gullah Geechee Nation where African Americans perform a ring shout over a person's grave to send their soul to the ancestral realm. In addition, the ring shout is performed for other special occasions not associated with death.

4925:, and other ethnic groups. These diverse African ethnic groups brought their traditional cultures with them and adorned their dead with adornments made from American materials but with an African design and meaning. The excavations revealed an indication of 3627:

holds a snake in one hand. This reverence for snakes came to the United States during the slave trade, and in Hoodoo, snakeskins are used in the preparation of conjure powders. Puckett explained that the origin of snake reverence in Hoodoo originates from

3176:, housed spirits inside reflective materials and used reflective materials to transport the recently deceased to the spiritual realm. Broken glass on tombs reflects the other world. It is believed that reflective materials are portals to the spirit world. 14199: 4402:

in hoodoo culture. This book provides instruction for using psalms for things such as safe travel, headache, and marital relations. The Bible, however, is not just a source of spiritual works but is itself a conjuring talisman. It can be taken "to the

5242:. African Americans started independent Spiritual churches as a way for them to hide their African practices from whites by synchronizing African traditions with the Christian faith. Some Black Spiritual churches incorporated elements of Hoodoo and 2234:

prohibited large gatherings of enslaved and free Black people. Slaveholders experienced how slave religion ignited slave revolts among enslaved and free Black people, and some leaders of slave insurrections were Black ministers or conjure doctors.

5590:

In slave narratives, African Americans revealed that some of them were kidnapped directly from Africa and brought to America. These slave narratives coincide with the illegal slave trade. In 1807, the 9th United States Congress passed an act that

5165:

Cleromancy is the practice of casting small objects such as shells, bones, stalks, coins, nuts, stones, dice, and sticks for an answer from spirits. The use of such items is a form of divination used in Africa and in Hoodoo in the United States.

4233:

Several African spiritual traditions recognized a genderless supreme being who created the world, was neither good nor evil, and did not concern itself with the affairs of mankind. Lesser spirits were invoked to gain aid for humanity's problems.

4037:, books, and their study of plants. Europeans also brought their own plants from Europe to the United States for herbal cures in America, and African Americans incorporated these European herbs into their herbal practice. Agricultural scientist 4436:

in Virginia in 1831. Vesey and Turner were ministers and utilized the Christian faith to galvanize slaves to resist slavery through armed resistance. In Denmark Vesey's slave revolt, Vesey's co-conspirator was an enslaved Gullah conjurer named

5461:

has been considered as representing the relationship between the westernized African American narrative and the demands of the western literary canon, and the African tradition at the heart of Hoodoo that has defied assimilation. In his book

3097:, the Kongo cosmogram symbol was found in the basement of the church. African Americans punctured holes in the basement floor of the church to make a diamond-shaped Kongo cosmogram for prayer and meditation. The church was also a stop on the 10412: 4017:

Enslaved African American women used their knowledge of herbs to induce miscarriages during pregnancy to prevent slaveholders from owning their children and to prevent their children from being born into slavery. In the nineteenth century,

4091:

tea. Some illnesses were believed to be caused by sorcery (conjure) and the only remedy was to reverse the curse back onto the person who conjured it or clear it with conjure. Traditional herbal healing remains a continued practice in the

4195:

were burned or buried. Proper handling of the umbilical cord and placenta ensured the mother would have another child. If these items were not properly handled by the midwives, it was believed the woman would not have any more children.

3945:. Captains of slaving vessels used native roots to treat fevers that decimated their human cargo. The ships' hellish holds were lined with straw that held the seeds of African grasses and other plants that took root in New World soil." 2340:

woman in Jamaica. This account shows how Black Americans and Jamaicans shared their conjure culture and had similar practices. Free Blacks in northern states had white and Black clients regarding fortune-telling and conjure services.

12041: 4618:(fountains). Academic research on the Pooshee Plantation and Woodboo Plantation in South Carolina showed a continuing belief in water spirits among enslaved African Americans. Both plantations have been submerged under the waters of 4397:

In Hoodoo, "All hold that the Bible is the greatest conjure book in the world." It has many functions for the practitioner, not the least of which is a source of spells. This is particularly evident given the importance of the book

2457:, Hoodoo practitioners purchase their spiritual supplies of novena candles, incense, herbs, conjure oils, and other items from spiritual shops that service practitioners of Vodou, Santeria, and other African Traditional Religions. 5039:

empowers the spirits, and honors them by acknowledging their existence. These offerings of food, liquids, or poured libations are left at gravesites or at a tree. This custom is still practiced in the Central African country of

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Since the 19th century, there has been a Christian influence in Hoodoo thought. African American Christian conjurers believe their powers to heal, hex, trick, and divine come from God. This is particularly evident in relation to

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is known for his song about going "down to the crossroads" to sell his soul to the devil to become a better musician. Some authors suggest that the song invokes a Hoodoo belief in crossroads spirits, a belief that originated in

3701:

cultural influences survived in Hoodoo, but the names and symbols of Orisha spirits are not present because that information was lost during slavery; therefore, only the natural elements that correspond to each Orisha remain.

3518:, traced the origins of Hoodoo (conjure, rootwork) practices in the United States to West and Central Africa. These origins developed a slave culture in the United States that was social, spiritual, and religious. Professor 2225:

people of the coastal Southeast experienced an isolation and relative freedom that allowed the retention of various traditional West African cultural practices. Among the Gullah people and enslaved African Americans in the

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Coffee grounds were used to predict the future. To cause misfortune in a family's home, cayenne pepper was mixed with sulfur and crossing incense and sprinkled around the home of the target. To bring relief from corns and

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in the United States occurred between 1808 and 1860. Between 1619 and 1860 approximately 500,000 enslaved Africans were transported to the United States. From Central Africa, Hoodoo has Bakongo magical influence from the

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against her to establish dominance. Delia learns Voodoo and Hoodoo and manages to hex Sykes. Another book by Hurston features Hoodoo hexes and spells, as well as a Hoodoo doctor. Hurston's professional career was as an

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in Durham County, North Carolina, archaeologists found artifacts made by enslaved African Americans that linked to spiritual practices found in West Africa. The artifacts included a divining stick, a walking stick, and

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placing seashells on top of graves in African American cemeteries continued beyond the 1950s and was noted by researchers in Archer, Florida, and in other African American cemeteries in the state, as well as among the

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ancestral powers, and his soul flies back to Africa after he dies. Morrison's idea of Milkman flying back to Africa was inspired by a historical event in Georgia that has become a part of African American folklore of

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people in Ghana, spirit possession is not limited to people, but objects, inanimate and animate, can become possessed by spirits. This same belief among Black people in the South was documented by folklorist Puckett.

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was a means to remember one's ancestors and look to the future while not forgetting the past. West African spiritual beliefs were mixed with the Christian faith, and free and enslaved West Africans started their own

3552:

were enslaved in the United States. Prior to their arrival in the American South, West African Muslims blended Islamic beliefs with traditional West African spiritual practices. On plantations in the American South,

3057:

spiritual world (realm of the ancestors). The vertical line of the cosmogram is the path of spiritual power from God at the top traveling to the realm of the dead below where the ancestors reside. The cosmogram, or

4664:

bundles. Simbi spirits can appear as male or female. Some have long black hair and resemble mermaids, while others look like albinos. In West-Central Africa, there are folk stories of people meeting mermaids. In

3522:

at Princeton University defines Hoodoo as part of African American religious life with practices influenced from Africa that fused with Christianity, creating an African American religious culture for liberation.

5522:

with captive Africans from Nigeria, including a cargo of Igbo people. Some of the Igbo people chose suicide rather than a lifetime of slavery by walking into the swamp and drowning. This location became known as

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were the primary caregivers for pregnant Black women and nursing mothers during and after slavery. By the mid-twentieth century, licenses were required for all women to become midwives. Prior to certification,

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Other African cultural survivals among the Gullah people include giving their children African names. Linguists have noted identical or similar-sounding names in the Gullah Geechee Nation that can be traced to

4272:

was created in Central Africa. Bantu-Kongo people combined Kongo spiritual beliefs with the Christian faith that were nature spirits and spirits of dead ancestors. The concepts of Kongo Christianity among the

5453:. He explores the role of Hoodoo in forging a uniquely African American culture, and writes about the Neo-HooDoo aesthetic in aspects of African American culture such as dance, poetry, and quilting. His book 3373:

Mississippi, carried a mojo bag to prevent slaveholders from whipping him. The mojo bag Hughes carried was called a "voodoo bag" by the enslaved community in the area. Former enslaved person and abolitionist

4850:

religious leaders. The spiritual mothers of the African American community provided prophetic guidance to those "seeking." After their initiation, initiates were accepted into the religious Black community.

4246:

Spiritual Meeting at Father Treadwells Church NOLA. Hoodoo practitioners incorporate Christian imagery on their Hoodoo altars, and some practice Hoodoo in group church settings or are solitary practitioners.

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African Americans had their own herbal knowledge that was brought from West and Central Africa to the United States. European slave traders selected certain West African ethnic groups for their knowledge of

3167:

in the Kongo cosmogram of birth, life, death, and rebirth. Through counterclockwise circle dancing, ring shouters build up spiritual energy that results in communication with ancestral spirits and leads to

7153:"Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America, African Spirituality Had More of an Influence on the Slave Experience in America Than Christianity" 4066:

and used herbs to remove curses, and evil spirits, and bring good luck. Sometimes there were a few African American rootworkers who did both. Hurston documented a traditional Hoodoo herb gatherer called a

4049:

was the son of former slaves born in North Carolina and learned Hoodoo and conjuring from his family. He healed his clients using rootwork, operated a conjure Hoodoo store, and became a multi-millionaire.

3501:

was a professor at Yale University who conducted academic research in Africa and the United States and traced Hoodoo's (African American conjure) origins to Central Africa's Bantu-Kongo people in his book

12684:"Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America African Spirituality Had More of an Influence on the Slave Experience in America Than Christianity" 3124:

Archeologists also found the Kongo cosmogram on several plantations in the American South, including Richmond Hill Plantation in Georgia, Frogmore Plantation in South Carolina, a plantation in Texas, and

2405:

began studying the occult and traveled and learned spiritual practices in Africa and Europe. Randolph was a mixed-race free Black man who wrote several books on the occult. In addition, Randolph was an

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done. Leaving an egg in a murdered victim's hand can prevent whoever took their life from wandering too far from the scene. The egg representing the life of the murderer is being held by the victim.

2242:

During the slave trade, the majority of Central Africans imported to New Orleans, Louisiana, were Bakongo people. This image was painted in 1886 and shows African Americans in New Orleans performing

4886:. Along with historians involved in the project, they noted that about 15,000 Africans were buried in a section of Lower Manhattan called the "Negroes Burial Ground". Only 419 Africans buried were 3121:(runaway slaves). The Kongo cosmogram artifacts were used as a form of spiritual protection against slavery and for slaves' protection during their escape from slavery on the Underground Railroad. 3052:. This database shows many slave ships primarily leaving Central Africa. Ancient Kongolese spiritual beliefs and practices are present in Hoodoo, such as the Kongo cosmogram. The basic form of the 5186:

Oneiromancy is a form of divination based on dreams. Former slaves talked about receiving messages from ancestors and spirits concerning imminent danger or receiving advice on how to save money.

3716:, historians found in a slave cabin a wrought-iron figure made by an enslaved blacksmith in the eighteenth century, which looked similar to Ogun statues made by blacksmiths in West Africa by the 3491:

In the South Carolina Lowcountry in African American communities, the word for a spiritual mother is Mama Bondo. Additionally, during slavery, it was documented that there was a Kikongo-speaking

4156:

meant someone had the ability to detect spirits by scent; smelling cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger meant spirits were present. To ease frequent coughs and colds, liquid tar was added to hot water.

3065:, where Hoodoo rituals are performed to communicate with spirits and to leave ritual remains to remove a curse. The Kongo cosmogram is also spelled the "Bakongo" cosmogram and the "Yowa" cross. 19268: 5717:

sang about a Hoodoo work to keep a man faithful: "Take some of you hair, boil it in a pot, Take some of your clothes, tie them in a knot, Put them in a snuff can, bury them under the step...."

3475:. These title words indicate continued African traditions in Hoodoo and conjure. The title words are spiritual in meaning. In Central Africa, spiritual priests and spiritual healers are called 3339:, which means that natural ingredients have their own indwelling spirit that can be utilized in mojo bags to bring luck and protection. The mojo bag or conjure bag derived from the Bantu-Kongo 3236:, historians and archeologists unearthed Kongo and Central African practices inside slave cabins. Enslaved Africans in Louisiana conjured the spirits of Kongo ancestors and water spirits using 1649: 5870:

church, the Sanctified church, and praise houses in Black communities is where traditional Hoodoo continues to be practiced by African Americans. One scholar traced manufactured hoodoo to the

5282:

newspaper reported two people were lynched for practicing hoodooism. Despite these circumstances, African American Spiritual churches provided food and other services for the Black community.

4256:

African traditional beliefs with the Christian faith is defined as Afro-Christianity. During slavery, free and enslaved Black Hoodoo doctors identified as Christian, and some rootworkers were

2503:

into the present day with the Black Lives Matter movement, Hoodoo practices in the African American community also focus on spiritual protection from police brutality. Today, Hoodoo and other

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prevented Black women from entering hospitals that provided medical care for white people. Also, many African Americans did not trust white medical doctors because some were known to conduct

2966: 2120:, "Roots" is the Southern Negro's term for folk doctoring by herbs and prescriptions, and by extension, and because all hoodoo doctors cure by roots, it may be used as a synonym for hoodoo. 20582: 4776:(African American churches) originates from African styles of dance. Counterclockwise circle dancing is practiced in West and Central Africa to invoke the spirits of the ancestors and for 1581: 23131: 5351:

was preached by Black ministers to wage warfare against demons, which was also a part of Hoodoo culture—believing that praying to God and ancestral spirits could remove demonic curses.

2336:, were used as a form of resistance against slavery. In the 1830s, Black sailors from the United States utilized conjure for safe sea travel. A Black sailor received a talisman from an 1659: 5449:. Reed criticizes the erasure of African Americans from the American frontier narrative, as well as exposing the racist context of the American dream and the cultural evolution of the 19273: 1644: 13360: 8031: 8004: 7647: 5108:, Voodoo, and Hoodoo, to create a new spiritual divination practice and system of magic unique to African Americans. Rootworkers there trained under African American astrologers in 4997:" spirit specifically. Glass bottle trees have become a popular garden decoration throughout the South and Southwest. According to academic research, bottle trees originated in the 3724:, and Yoruba people. West African blacksmiths enslaved in the United States were highly respected and feared by enslaved Black people because they had the ability to forge weapons. 3633:

house to "Hoodoo the person." When the targeted individual walked over the jar, they had pain in their legs. Snakes in Hoodoo are used for healing, protection, and to curse people.

3088:

The crossroads is a spiritual supernatural crossroads that symbolizes communication between the worlds of the living and the world of the ancestors, divided at the horizontal line.

2327:

conjurer named Peter the Doctor, who made a magical powder for the slaves to be rubbed on the body and clothes for their protection and empowerment. The Africans that revolted were

5137:(Dahomey). After the baby is born, the caul is removed, preserved, and used to drive away or banish ghosts. It is believed that a child born at midnight will have second sight or 4057:

Edisto Island National Scenic Byway - Sweetgrass Baskets - A Gullah Tradition - NARA - 7718281 - Sweetgrass baskets designs and styles are similar to the ones made in West Africa.

6246: 5865:, and the tradition does have its own theology that is missing which was taken out by the spiritual merchants who wanted to profit from an African American spiritual tradition. 5756:

as a child, where she became known for soothsaying and divination with playing cards. She is mentioned by name in the Memphis Jug Band's "Aunt Caroline Dye Blues" (1930) and in

4902:, whose merchants carried on trade with the west-central coast of West Africa. Historians and archaeologists found Kongo-related artifacts at the African Burial Ground, such as 297: 18944: 5534:, about an African American youth named Moth whose grandmother is a Hoodoo practitioner. In the book, Moth searches for her cultural roots after several deaths in her family. 3993:

was emancipated because of her medical expertise during an 1825 fever epidemic in Virginia and eventually ran her own hospital, using her earnings to free at least 16 slaves.

3792:(rum). It is believed that conjure bags and luck balls have a spirit, and to keep its spirit alive, conjurers feed them whiskey once a week. The practice has its roots in the 943: 3941:. "West African slaves brought not only herbal knowledge with them across the Atlantic; they also imported the actual seeds. Some wore necklaces of wild liquorice seeds as a 3854:

influence and artistic style was seen in Powers' quilts as well. Harriet Powers was born enslaved in Georgia in 1837, and scholars suggest Powers may have been of Bakongo or

2230:, where the concentration of slaves was dense, Hoodoo was practiced under a large cover of secrecy. The reason for secrecy among enslaved and free African Americans was that 11129: 5207:

direction the bug moved inside the bottle revealed to the conjurer where a spell bottle was buried that caused misfortune or where the person who buried the bottle lived.

5031:

The West-Central African practice of leaving food offerings for deceased relatives and to feed and petition other spirits by giving them offerings of food, water, or rum (

3949: 2472:. As African Americans left the South during the Great Migration, they took the practice of Hoodoo to other Black communities in the North. Benjamin Rucker, also known as 356: 308: 14052: 9495: 9126: 5466:, the protagonist, the Loop Garoo Kid, acts as an American frontier traveler with the Hoodoo church and curses 'Drag Gibson', the monocultural white American landowner. 3603:

heading to the Americas, bringing the practice to the United States. Slaves went to enslaved Black Muslims for conjure services, requesting them to make gris-gris bags (

3080:, a spirit container. Locals call face jugs "voodoo pots" and "ugly jugs." African American face jugs are similar in appearance to face jugs made by Bantu people in the 1654: 1606: 4948:

the African Burial Ground from across the country and around the world and perform libation ceremonies to honor the 15,000-plus African people buried in New York City.

4697:

the family, originated in Central Africa's Kongo region. It was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade. The West African practice of pouring

4882:

Archaeologists discovered evidence of continued West-Central African burial practices in a section of Lower Manhattan, New York City, which is now the location of the

1616: 1611: 7799: 5890:

artifacts that can be bought and sold." The appropriation of hoodoo is based on ignorance about African American cultural history and hoodoo's ties to Black people.

5234:

in the United States began in the mid-nineteenth century. The African American community became a part of this movement in the early twentieth century, and numerous

2377:

after the Civil War, Old Julie used her conjure powers to turn the steamboat back to where it was docked, forcing her slaveholder who tried to sell her to keep her.

1882: 1626: 4411:

Whenevah ah'm afraid of someone doin' me harm ah read the 37 Psalms an' co'se ah leaves the Bible open with the head of it turned to the east as many as three days.

3207:

practices. Enslaved African Americans prayed to Simbi water spirits during their baptismal services. In 1998, in a historic house in Annapolis, Maryland called the

16767: 4183:

charms were placed inside and outside the house, and Black midwives prayed for spiritual protection for the mother and newborn baby. After the baby was born, the

2221:

after they arrived in the United States. The extent to which Hoodoo could be practiced varied by region and the temperament of the slaveholders. For example, the

8131: 2504: 1596: 4591:

The plat eye is a one-eyed ghost that can morph into various forms. It is conjured when a person buries the head of a murdered man inside a hole with treasure.

3565:

were the first Muslim ethnic group imported from Sierra Leone in West Africa to the Americas. Mandingo people were known for their powerful conjure bags called

3117:

for spiritual rituals by the enslaved African American population in Kings County. Historians suggest Lott Farmstead was a stop on the Underground Railroad for

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there is a story about a girl named Sukey meeting a mermaid named Mama Jo, who helps and protects Sukey and financially supports her by giving her gold coins.

499: 17167: 14668: 19601: 19473: 18058: 5658: 3449:

found blue beads used by enslaved people for spiritual protection. Enslaved African Americans combined Christian practices with traditional African beliefs.

1980:, an estimated 52% of all enslaved Africans transported to the Americas came from Central African countries that existed within the boundaries of modern day 1531: 1521: 340: 9829: 5626:. The West African practice of using graveyard dirt continues in the United States in Black communities today in the African American tradition of Hoodoo. 2312: 1601: 278: 11747: 10935: 4594:

Communication with spirits and the dead (ancestors) is a continued practice in Hoodoo that originated from West and Central Africa. Nature spirits called

3573:

people, an ethnic group of the Mandinka people, influenced the making of charm bags and amulets. Words in Hoodoo in reference to charm bags come from the

20643: 17320:"Rutgers-Camden Scholar Clears up Misconceptions about Hoodoo: In her new book, Katrina Hazzard-Donald says it's more than hex-breaking oils and candles" 15149: 12653: 9925: 5632:, north of Mobile, Alabama, is another legacy of the illegal slave trade and African culture in the United States. In 2012, Africatown was placed on the 4909:

After 1679, the majority of Africans imported to colonial New York were from West Africa because colonial rule of New York shifted from the Dutch to the

3510:

who found through his study of African Art the origins of African Americans' spiritual practices in certain regions in Africa. Former academic historian

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was taught to church members, as they believed God wants his children to be prosperous, and prosperity came to those who had faith in God. For example,

4131:

Placing an egg in the hand of a murder victim when they are in their coffin is believed to cause the murderer to surrender to the police in three days.

3776:

The practice of carving snakes onto "conjure sticks" to remove curses, evil spirits, and bring healing was found in African American communities in the

3712:, enslaved blacksmiths created spoons that historians suggest have West African symbols carved onto them that have a spiritual cosmological meaning. In 3645:

influences in Hoodoo. The crossroads spirit in Hoodoo, called the Man of the Crossroads, may have its origins in the Yoruba people's crossroads spirit,

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scriptures from the Bible. At the same time that root workers can remove a curse using the Bible, they can also place curses on people with the Bible.

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is snakeskins. Snakes (serpents) are revered in West African spiritual practices because they represent divinity. The West African Vodun water spirit

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human figures onto canes to conjure illness. The difference with African American canes is the North American animals and historical events, such as

3349:

spiritual healer. The spiritual priests in Central Africa became the rootworkers and Hoodoo doctors in African American communities. In the American

1621: 1501: 15464: 6715: 5311:

spiritual tools to remove demons and curses from church members. The removal of evil spirits in Black Pentecostal churches involves prayer, playing

4179:. African American midwives provided medical care for nursing and pregnant Black women in their communities by treating them with herbal medicines. 4120:

baking soda, castor oil, and lard were made into a paste and wrapped around the affected area using a cloth. To cure cuts, African Americans placed

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pushed Black Herman to Harlem, New York's Black community where he operated his own Hoodoo business and provided rootwork services to his clients.

2435:

origin that used Kongo conjure practices against each other. The two conjure men came from a slave ship that docked in Mobile Bay in 1860 or 1861.

2307:

Honey jars or sweetening jars are a tradition in Hoodoo to sweeten a person or a situation in a person's favor. Traditionally, sugar water is used.

12683: 7152: 5644:

in Alabama with 110 Africans. The Africans imported to Alabama illegally came from West Africa, and the ethnic groups coming from the region were

4407:", carried for protection, or even left open at specific pages while facing specific directions. This informant provides an example of both uses: 23192: 23187: 20589: 19799: 19039: 11424: 4737:

is used. Divination is also used to know what rituals should be performed and what charms should be worn to protect or alter a person's destiny.

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developed on slave plantations in the United States, and enslaved and free Black Americans used conjure as a form of resistance against slavery.

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Both Central and West African symbolism has been observed in African American quilt-making. African American women made quilts incorporating the

817: 17660: 3984:, a Puritan minister in the colony. Boston had been plagued by several smallpox outbreaks since the 1690s. Onesimus "introduced the practice of 23177: 19868: 19843: 5477:

also explores the deep connection between community empowerment and Hoodoo. In the story, Indigo has healing abilities and makes Hoodoo dolls.

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with iron wedges driven into the figure to activate its spirit in one of the cabins called the "curer's cabin." Researchers also found a Kongo

1856: 1757: 504: 376: 230: 8157: 5255:

on his altar. Snake reverence among African Americans in Voodoo and Hoodoo originates from West Africa. This Spiritual church had a branch in

22741: 22654: 19966: 19853: 19848: 18780: 18228: 11703: 10881: 4268:

faith. The Bantu-Kongo people's sacred symbol is a cross called the Kongo cosmogram (+) that looks similar to the Christian Cross. A form of

3880:

regalia patterns of the Yoruba people in West Africa, where she incorporated "striped-piecing techniques that pay tribute to her ancestors."

1875: 4910: 3599:

means a spiritual teacher. During the slave trade, some Mandingo people were able to carry their gris-gris bags with them when they boarded

19569: 19405: 19114: 19104: 18762: 18752: 16004: 13443: 11212: 6688: 4964:

of Georgia. The conjure practices of the Gullah Geechee were influenced by Bakongo and other West African ethnic groups when a slave ship,

1811: 1791: 1551: 1043: 1028: 515: 5104:

is also used in Hoodoo and combined with astrology for spiritual works. African Americans in Indiana have combined numerology, astrology,

4899: 19611: 19383: 13747: 10490: 5299: 1556: 1536: 15641: 4045:(practitioner of Hoodoo who can treat illnesses with plants) by Black people because of his knowledge of using plants to heal the body. 3825: 23167: 19831: 18775: 18770: 6910: 5133:

gifts to see spirits and see into the future. This belief in the caul bringing psychic gifts was found in West Africa, particularly in

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Conqueror product labels. As a result, some people do not know the African American folk hero High John the Conqueror is a Black man.

3953: 3492: 20143: 19490: 18994: 18103: 17467: 15587: 14057:

Lowcountry Digital History Initiative A Digital History Project hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston

9500:

Lowcountry Digital History Initiative A Digital History Project hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston

9328: 8184: 5399:, the protagonist Delia is a washwoman with a fear of snakes. Her cruel husband, Sykes, is a devotee of Li Grande Zombi and uses her 5251:. A snake design was painted on a wall at Mother Seals' church, while another African American Spiritual church leader had a plastic 4794: 3781: 1486: 1363: 397: 145: 7772: 7728: 21698: 19838: 19468: 18989: 18211: 18043: 15815: 12654:"African Spirituality's Influence on the Slave Experience in America Introduction: Nat Turner and the Fear of African Spirituality" 12549: 1868: 1806: 1571: 1526: 15194: 15007: 5861:

Hoodoo." Traditional hoodoo of African American people went into hiding by the twentieth century into the present day. There is a

3413:

healers in Central Africa became the conjure doctors and herbal healers in African American communities in the United States. The

23172: 22859: 22829: 19926: 19804: 19764: 19606: 19510: 19439: 19044: 17540: 11983: 11136: 4944: 4883: 3679:

blacksmiths are respected in Black communities because of their knowledge of the mysteries of metal and its spiritual properties.

1772: 1516: 1511: 1496: 10683: 8104: 5072:

wrote in his autobiography that he spoke with an enslaved fortune-teller named Frank to learn if his escape from slavery on the

3143:

that had the Kongo cosmogram engraved onto the clay bowls. These clay bowls were used by African Americans for ritual purposes.

23060: 19863: 19858: 19826: 19596: 19500: 19463: 19410: 19244: 3126: 2231: 1491: 1476: 1383: 17239: 13470: 8529: 7434:"The Gold Diggers of 1833: African American Dreams, Fortune-Telling, Treasure-Seeking, and Policy in Antebellum New York City" 5116:

took the sign of an eclipse of the sun as a sign from God to start his slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.

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Historians from Southern Illinois University in the Africana Studies Department documented that about 20 title words from the

23029: 22966: 21502: 19821: 19779: 19591: 18139: 18005: 18000: 17885: 16889: 15852: 15563: 13223: 12929: 12902: 12748: 12586: 12495: 12384: 12176: 11361: 10864: 10810: 10178: 10070: 9768: 9633: 9199: 9169: 8749: 8705: 8247: 7809: 7631: 7604: 7560: 7087: 6641: 5969: 5942: 5592: 4419:

Jacob Stroyer explained in his autobiographical slave narrative that slaves in South Carolina used a Bible to protect from a

3409:

ritual healers use ritual staffs, which are called conjure canes in Hoodoo. These canes conjure spirits and heal people. The

3203:

spiritual practices. When Africans were enslaved in the United States, they blended African spiritual beliefs with Christian

2512: 2181: 2151:

during and after slavery for African Americans to protect themselves. Scholars call the practice of Hoodoo in Black churches

1443: 520: 509: 371: 325: 320: 293: 11730: 4167: 3364:

Another enslaved African named Dinkie, known by the enslaved community as Dinkie King of Voudoos and the Goopher King, used

2997:. In Memphis, Kail interviewed Black rootworkers and wrote about African American Hoodoo practices and history in his book " 21957: 20338: 20316: 19769: 19754: 19618: 19527: 19522: 19456: 17917: 16959: 12056: 10033: 9800: 6033: 5633: 3957: 3271:

in Cuba, and researchers excavated Kongo-related artifacts at the site. For example, archeologists found the remains of an

2353: 1546: 1506: 1448: 1403: 263: 14034: 13018:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 3, Florida, Anderson-Wilson (with combined interviews of others)" 12257: 11886:

Long, Carolyn Morrow. "Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic and Commerce." University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville: 2001.

9107: 4225:, cursing someone to cause their death might not be considered a malignant act. One practitioner explained it as follows: 3013:

in America developed into a unique African American spiritual and religious practice that was the foundation for conjure,

3005:, a professor of American history who specialized in the study of American slavery and African American slave culture and 23202: 19744: 19581: 19551: 19333: 18912: 18124: 17319: 16221: 15517: 13497: 10969: 5906: 5810: 5734: 5157:

to receive messages from spirits. This form of divination was added later in Hoodoo. Some Hoodoo practitioners use both.

4798: 4516:

Zora Neale Hurston documented stories about High John the Conqueror from African Americans in the Southern United States.

1433: 1413: 1258: 827: 673: 17670: 17132: 5527:

in Georgia. According to African American folklore, the Igbos who committed suicide had their souls fly back to Africa.

4832:

of some of their communities. The ring shout continues today in Georgia with the McIntosh County Shouters. In 2017, the

4582:. Spirits are conjured to cure or kill people, and to predict the future. Spirits can also help people find things. One 4428:

under the leadership of Moses. Examples of enslaved and free Black people using the Bible as a tool for liberation were

4143:

and leave their body at will and attack people in their sleep) from draining their life force. To treat heart ailments,

3263:, near the Gulf Coast, researchers suggest that plantation owner Levi Jordan may have transported captive Africans from 23126: 22936: 22701: 22075: 19734: 19628: 19544: 19388: 19169: 18969: 18120: 18098: 16775: 16194: 16117:"Zora Neale Hurston: In a controversial letter, the versatile author expressed frustration with critics of segregation" 15734: 14172: 11680: 11470: 10087: 10060: 5871: 5841:

nature spirits, graveyard conjure, the crossroads spirit, making conjure canes, incorporating animal parts, pouring of

5324:, the ring shout, and other practices—underground and synchronized them with Christianity. Some Sanctified Churches in 4370: 4034: 3898: 2469: 2004: 1561: 1541: 1095: 960: 392: 17685: 13000: 11379:"Expelling frogs and binding babies: conception, gestation and birth in nineteenth-century African-American midwifery" 8766: 5622:

Ewe and Kongo people. For example, in West Africa graveyard dirt is placed inside conjure bags for protection against

2323:, with enslaved Africans revolting and setting fire to buildings in the downtown area. The leader of the revolt was a 22070: 20017: 19881: 18271: 17922: 17604: 17577: 17550: 17477: 17393: 17276: 17249: 17142: 17115: 17047: 17037: 16916: 16862: 16835: 16750: 16723: 16696: 16322: 16231: 16014: 15987: 15960: 15933: 15906: 15879: 15825: 15798: 15771: 15744: 15678: 15624: 15597: 15501: 15474: 15447: 15420: 15393: 15366: 15339: 15312: 15285: 15258: 15231: 15204: 15132: 15105: 15044: 15017: 14990: 14946: 14849: 14822: 14795: 14731: 14704: 14652: 14625: 14598: 14569: 14516: 14428: 14259: 14232: 14116: 14089: 13936: 13900: 13757: 13730: 13703: 13673: 13608: 13581: 13534: 13507: 13480: 13453: 13250: 13139: 13112: 12983: 12956: 12872: 12845: 12723: 12559: 12532: 12505: 12478: 12289: 12210: 12186: 12159: 12149: 12093: 12066: 11966: 11907: 11811: 11784: 11757: 11713: 11663: 11633: 11560: 11480: 11453: 11317: 11290: 11263: 11236: 11196: 11169: 11112: 11085: 11033: 11006: 10891: 10837: 10693: 10582: 10553: 10500: 10473: 10330: 10296: 10222: 10151: 10124: 10097: 10043: 10016: 9989: 9962: 9935: 9812: 9694: 9606: 9531: 9056: 9019: 9002: 8966: 8650: 8620: 8593: 8566: 8512: 8363: 8336: 8220: 7987: 7926: 7899: 7853: 7782: 7738: 7711: 7684: 7508: 7366: 7300: 7273: 6994: 6950: 6893: 6752: 6725: 6671: 6552: 6408: 6381: 6117: 6043: 4984: 4824: 3208: 3135: 441: 273: 10749: 10347: 10313: 10195: 10114: 8353: 8265:"The Sacred Arts of the Black Atlantic: Showcasing the art and ritual of the African and African-diaspora religions" 7135: 3972:

both Black and white Americans during slavery. For example, African traditional medicine proved beneficial during a

21495: 20122: 19809: 19774: 19759: 19517: 19119: 18363: 18333: 18149: 17878: 17840: 17727: 17665: 16059:"Writing Vodou into Literature: Exploring Diasporic Religious Symbols and Lore in Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat" and 13980: 9623: 9579: 9450: 9302: 7755: 6425: 5858: 5044:

and other parts of Africa and was brought to the United States during the period of the transatlantic slave trade.

4330: 1985: 1851: 1787: 1398: 1048: 461: 361: 14672: 14387: 12835: 12279: 10364: 9908: 8739: 4777: 22844: 22468: 21762: 21542: 21415: 21068: 20974: 20861: 20082: 20062: 19816: 19739: 19534: 19378: 19109: 18974: 18679: 18318: 17785: 15842: 10666: 10395: 9650: 8794:"The Archaeology of Spatial Patterning: A Test Case From the Magnolia Quarters in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana" 7384:"Conjure, Magic, and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave Resistance and Rebellion" 5450: 4769:. The word "shout" derived from the West African Muslim word saut, meaning "dancing or moving around the Kaaba". 4690: 4468: 3906:

selected people belonging to ethnic groups from these regions to be enslaved and transported to the Sea Islands.

3604: 3562: 3324: 2959: 2865: 2161: 2023:

appeared in 1870. Its origins are obscure, but some linguists believe it originated as an alteration of the word

1353: 1220: 1038: 965: 16906: 16473: 15896: 14768: 13774: 13571: 11523: 10908: 10619: 10517: 6967: 6604: 5776:. However, the devil figure in Johnson's song, a black man with a cane who haunts crossroads, closely resembles 5057:

is commonly used in Hoodoo to remove and protect from evil by placing red brick dust at the entrance of a home.

4725:

In West African religions, people are given a destiny from God. It is believed someone can alter parts of their

3788:. Another practice in Hoodoo that has its origins in West Africa is to moisten conjure bags and luck balls with 23162: 22824: 22685: 22050: 20575: 19586: 19480: 19395: 18999: 17810: 17010: 16713: 14936: 13166: 13051: 8853: 2263: 1762: 1438: 1388: 17567: 17442:"Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System A bold new reconsideration of Hoodoo belief and practice" 16983: 15034: 11102: 7594: 5113: 4828:

and other traditions. African Americans in South Carolina are fighting to keep their traditions alive despite

4656:

people in Central Africa and African Americans in the Georgia and South Carolina Lowcountry collect rocks and

4512: 3554: 2155:

because enslaved Black people concealed their culture and practices from whites within the Christian religion.

23197: 22910: 22087: 22018: 21608: 19623: 19556: 19539: 19485: 19434: 19373: 19278: 19239: 19179: 18979: 18368: 18348: 18155: 18134: 16143: 15491: 13837:"The Illusion of Isolation: The Gullah/Geechees and the Political Economy of African Culture in the Americas" 13072: 11077:

Closer to Freedom Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South: Easyread Large Bold Edition

10827: 5572: 5325: 5239: 5109: 4342: 4062:

such as heart disease, arthritis, cold, flu, and other illnesses. African American conjure doctors performed

4006: 3888: 3684: 2990: 2527: 2316: 1907: 1453: 1423: 1408: 1393: 1368: 1348: 970: 604: 471: 16960:"Bakongo Afterlife and Cosmological Direction: Translation of African Culture into North Florida Cemeteries" 16798: 15761: 15614: 13156: 12713: 12083: 10214:

Missouri Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves

9397: 8291:

Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions · Volume 1

7916: 7577: 7356: 5530:

An African American pre-med student at James Madison University wrote a teen novel published in 2021 titled

3687:

are respected because they are connected to the spirit of metal (iron). Among the Yoruba, the Orisha spirit

3288: 22725: 21827: 20778: 20768: 20401: 20396: 19446: 19422: 19417: 19400: 19368: 19311: 18424: 18373: 18206: 17441: 15923: 15122: 14476:"Bakongo Afterlife and Cosmological Direction:Translation of African Culture into North Florida Cemeteries" 13790: 11945:. In the appendix she lists the "paraphernalia of conjure," the last on the list being the Christian Bible. 9952: 8793: 5901: 4633: 3830: 3414: 2761: 2751: 1899: 1481: 1373: 1358: 1343: 1310: 609: 288: 16881:

Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America

16500: 14079: 10431: 8823: 8741:

Signs of Diaspora / Diaspora of Signs Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practice in African America

8468: 8388: 7977: 6107: 5294:

African American conjurers and rootworkers identified as Christian and incorporated the Bible into Hoodoo.

2052:, meaning "spirit work," which comes from the Ewe language spoken in the West African countries of Ghana, 22311: 22082: 20464: 20153: 19919: 19711: 19703: 19646: 19561: 19049: 18954: 18810: 18792: 18694: 18353: 18323: 18048: 17968: 17947: 17700: 17690: 17680: 16619:"Magic and Empowerment on the Plantation: An Archaeological Consideration of African-American World View" 15329: 15248: 13063: 11653: 11550: 8032:"Discussing the role of spirituality in the Black Lives Matter movement and the fight for racial justice" 8005:"Discussing the role of spirituality in the Black Lives Matter movement and the fight for racial justice" 7703:

Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician

6940: 6795: 5911: 5806: 5749: 5729:

throughout his career, addresses a woman who is able to resist the power of the singer's Hoodoo amulets.

5568: 5410: 5269: 4801:

are places where African Americans gather to have church and perform healing rituals and the ring shout.

4701:

continues in Hoodoo practice. Libations are given as an offering to honor and acknowledge the ancestors.

4373:

as African Americans left the South to live and work in Northern cities living near European immigrants.

4147:

was ground into a powder and mixed with water and drunk once a week. To bring the body temperature down,

4046: 3669: 2348:

slave narratives, it was documented that former slaves used graveyard dirt to escape from slavery on the

2218: 1911: 1704: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1428: 900: 691: 661: 599: 548: 476: 366: 16852: 14533: 13526:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

13213: 12524:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

11801: 8640: 8328:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

7498: 6661: 5961:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

5190:

believed her dreams were given to her by God to inform her how to rescue her family from slavery on the

4906:

bundles buried with African remains. These Nkisi and minkisi bundles became the conjure bags in Hoodoo.

4874: 4278:

American Christianity, as some African Americans continued to believe in the African concepts of nature

3405:

Africa. Several African American families still use conjure canes today. In Central Africa, Bantu-Kongo

3353:, conjure doctors create mojo bags similar to the Ngangas' minkisi bags, as both are fed offerings with 3076:

from the Edgefield District of South Carolina. Historians suggest face jugs may have functioned like an

22749: 21518: 21370: 19729: 19666: 19656: 19206: 18964: 18924: 18281: 17975: 17835: 17825: 15383: 14106: 13068: 12085:

Rituals of Resistance African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

12058:

Rituals of Resistance African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

10800: 10570: 8583: 7918:

Occult America: White House Seances, Ouija Circles, Masons, and the Secret Mystic History of Our Nation

6742: 5959: 5425: 5381: 5321: 4781: 4666: 4583: 4324: 3433: 3018: 2292:

their slaveholders. This branch of Christianity among the enslaved was concealed from slaveholders in "

2238: 1719: 1699: 1202: 1137: 910: 812: 779: 566: 451: 119: 75: 17105: 13524: 9979: 6631: 6542: 5648:, Ewe, Fon, and Yoruba. Each group brought their religions and languages. Some in the group practiced 4441:

who gave the slaves rootwork instructions for their spiritual protection for a possible slave revolt.

3544:

A major West African influence in Hoodoo is Islam. As a result of the transatlantic slave trade, some

3113:

were used to prevent whippings from slaveholders. Also, the Kongo cosmogram engravings were used as a

23085: 22781: 21922: 21082: 20295: 19638: 19451: 19283: 18844: 18343: 18181: 17988: 17094:

The Memphis Jug Band song was released with Dye's last name misspelled as "Aunt Caroline Dyer Blues."

17079: 16740: 16439: 16031: 15410: 14721: 12862: 5822: 5413:

created a series of documentaries about Zora Neale Hurston and her research on Black folklore in the

5235: 4541: 4433: 4242: 3913:

a variety of African plants were brought from Africa to the United States for cultivation, including

3483: 3173: 2098: 1950: 1674: 1418: 1378: 667: 17495:"The Hindu in Hoodoo: Fake Yogis, Pseudo-Swamis, and the Manufacture of African American Folk Magic" 17292: 15869: 15763:

The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion

15616:

The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion

15493:

The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion

14694: 14303: 13693: 13069:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, From Interviews with Former Slaves

11186: 9046: 8610: 8486: 8326: 7701: 6605:"In the shadows of the invisible institution: Southern Black folk religion and the Great Migrations" 5347:

believed the power to curse came from Satan and that only God's power could remove a demonic curse.

4404: 3361:

following Webb's instructions, according to their beliefs, the slaveholder would treat them better.

3114: 3062: 23111: 22889: 22879: 22789: 22661: 21950: 21633: 20624: 20367: 20348: 20311: 20257: 20179: 19328: 18892: 18805: 18449: 18238: 18053: 17993: 17983: 17909: 17383: 17266: 16582:

Tietchen, Todd F. (2002). ""Cowboy Tricksters and Devilish Wangols: Ishmael Reed's Hoodoo West."".

12522: 10996: 9073: 8932: 8556: 8264: 6134: 5757: 5198:

over fields which let her know where to go and where the safe places were to hide freedom seekers.

4038: 3850:

meaning and use of crosses in West Africa was different from the Bakongo people in Central Africa.

3006: 2612: 2402: 2356:

rubbed graveyard dirt on the bottom of their feet or put graveyard dirt in their tracks to prevent

2057: 1993: 1253: 1033: 880: 764: 538: 419: 247: 15555: 15437: 15302: 14980: 13720: 12576: 11829:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic" 10168: 7621: 6371: 5987:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic" 4878:

A Sankofa Symbol was etched onto the memorial wall at the African Burial Ground National Monument.

4549:

used the High John root to protect himself by chewing and spitting the root towards his enslaver.

2476:, provided Hoodoo services for African Americans in the North and the South when he traveled as a 2209:

from the Fon and Ewe people in Benin and Togo, following some elements from the Yoruba religion.

2143: 2067:

The origin of the word Hoodoo and other words associated with the practice could be traced to the

23182: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22905: 22717: 22669: 22456: 22338: 22130: 21072: 20384: 20277: 19661: 19211: 18865: 18834: 18614: 18554: 18419: 18162: 14812: 14785: 14330: 13598: 11159: 9580:"From the Old World to the New World: The Transformation of Kongo Minksi in African American Art" 7263: 6856: 5509: 5409:

and articles that provided readers with knowledge of African American spirituality. In 2023, the

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One observer at the time called The Sixth and Seventh Books "the hoodoo Bible". Yvonne Chireau.

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Yale Macmillan Center: Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

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these illegal slave trades were documented in American history. For example, the slave ship the

5002: 4128:

on wounds. Devil's shoestring placed in the pocket brings good luck and will trip up the devil.

22987: 22971: 22961: 22920: 22915: 22773: 22765: 21477: 20748: 20740: 20057: 19912: 19576: 19306: 18544: 18338: 18328: 18266: 18076: 18015: 15952:

Spiritual and Social Transformation in African American Spiritual Churches: More Than Conjurers

15950: 15788: 15174: 14748: 14475: 14222: 13663: 13551: 13431:. Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 85–86. 13293: 13268: 13129: 13102: 12973: 12946: 12468: 11956: 11339:. Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 81–85. 11023: 10646: 10624:

Yale Macmillan Center Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

10599: 10006: 9684: 7550: 7290: 6883: 6398: 5879: 5875: 5713:

Several blues songs describe love charms or other folk magic. In her "Louisiana Hoodoo Blues",

5601: 5307: 5112:. Blacks in the United states have historically looked to astrology for guidance. For example, 4108: 3973: 3709: 3498: 3442: 3350: 3184: 3109: 2731: 2724: 2365:

anoint roots three times daily and chew and spit roots towards their enslavers for protection.

2243: 1961:

between two or more cultural religions, in this case being African indigenous spirituality and

1903: 466: 456: 436: 51: 16686: 15977: 15668: 15356: 14615: 12919: 11443: 10286: 10212: 10141: 9758: 9189: 8693: 7674: 3744: 3299:

Liverpool - Minkisi cloth bundles were found on slave plantations in the United States in the

2453:

mail-order business selling hoodoo products to her neighbors in Georgia. Since the opening of

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was the last slave ship to transport Africans to the United States. The Clotilda entered the

5637: 5597: 5434: 4966: 4630: 4159: 4087:

was treated by massaging eelskin onto affected areas or ingesting a decoction of oak bark or

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continued African American burial practices of placing mirror-like objects on top of graves.

2986: 2643: 2419: 1090: 1080: 1012: 975: 759: 649: 330: 16249:"Charles W. Chesnutt and the Anti-Imperialist Matrix of African-American Writing, 1898-1905" 16168: 14276: 14249: 13809: 12110: 12002: 11752:. Greenwood Press. pp. 2–4, 11, 13–14, 17, 22, 24, 28, 36, 41–44, 47, 49, 50, 181–182. 11623: 11280: 11253: 11226: 10543: 10461: 9521: 9358: 7182: 6319: 23121: 23116: 22839: 22834: 22631: 21991: 21966: 21807: 21005: 20323: 20288: 20272: 19998: 19974: 19893: 19301: 19064: 18875: 18827: 18699: 18589: 18494: 18261: 18251: 18223: 18088: 17942: 16563:

Tietchen, Todd F. ""Cowboy Tricksters and Devilish Wangols: Ishmael Reed's Hoodoo West."".

13183: 8158:"How Black women entrepreneurs are finding their niche in spirituality-inspired businesses" 8074: 8054: 5348: 5191: 5073: 4607: 4088: 3977: 3910: 3748:

A Hoodoo stick was found between the walls of the Bennehan House to curse (hex) the family.

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Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

14750:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

14331:"The New York African Burial Ground: Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York" 13553:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

10648:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

10601:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

10432:"Frederick Douglass and Wye House: Archaeology & African American Culture in Maryland" 7525: 7105:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 2, Arkansas, Part 3, Gadson-Isom" 6217: 6193: 6084: 6060: 4786: 3014: 2468:

Hoodoo spread throughout the United States as African Americans left the delta during the

2116:) in the Caribbean. In the Bahamas, Hoodoo is referred to as "obeah." According to author 8: 23007: 22992: 22733: 22693: 22348: 22333: 22135: 22030: 22025: 22001: 21943: 21849: 21569: 20967: 20138: 20077: 19676: 19034: 18949: 18429: 18218: 18108: 18038: 17736: 17650: 17344:"MOJO WORKIN': The Old African American Hoodoo System by Katrina Hazzard-Donald (review)" 16440:"Obeah to Rastafari: Jamaica as a Colony of Ridicule, Oppression and Violence, 1865-1939" 15520:. Xavier University of Louisiana's Center for the Advancement of Teaching. Archived from 13083: 9851: 9669:

Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, Written by Himself

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Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom

7500:

Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom

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their Hoodoo conjure powers to save their people and defeat white supremacists. In 1973,

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Another spiritual institution where African Americans hid their Hoodoo practices was the

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Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, Written by Himself

2285: 2277: 1962: 1714: 1192: 1154: 571: 402: 137: 63: 21537: 19681: 17569:

Soul Thieves The Appropriation and Misrepresentation of African American Popular Culture

17510: 14446:"The Ancestral Libation Chamber Memorial on the African Burial Ground National Monument" 12401: 12222: 10365:"Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground: New York Blacks and the Diaspora" 8878:"The Kongo cosmogram in Historical Archaeology and the Moral Compass of Dave the Potter" 8413:"The Kongo Cosmogram in Historical Archaeology and the Moral Compass of Dave the Potter" 7870: 4606:

and in Hoodoo. This belief in water spirits was brought to the United States during the

4005:

In a 1911 autobiographical account, Reverend Irving E. Lowery, who was born enslaved in

3967:

African American root doctors developed a variety of herbal cures in the American South.

3464:

at the four corners of Congo Square at midnight during a dark moon for a Hoodoo ritual.

1197: 22884: 22816: 22060: 21869: 21663: 21451: 20372: 20358: 20353: 20107: 19749: 19686: 19429: 18887: 18654: 18634: 18539: 18464: 18291: 18196: 18186: 18174: 18065: 17962: 17937: 17830: 17514: 17422: 17364: 17220: 17212: 16630: 16599: 16382: 16378: 16374: 16354: 16328: 16285: 16281:

Failed Frontiersmen, White Men and Myth in the Post-Sixties American Historical Romance

16260: 16116: 16090: 16082: 15715: 14917: 14882: 14388:"Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground New York Blacks and the Diaspora" 14153: 13928:

Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia

13874: 13866: 13407: 13399: 13335: 13297: 13289: 12808: 12777: 12631: 12623: 12130: 12022: 11856: 11848: 11597: 11406: 11398: 10730: 10267: 10259: 9882: 9874: 9739: 9731: 9560: 9378: 9283: 9275: 9236: 8994:

Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia

8906: 8898: 8449: 8441: 8078: 8070: 8055:"The Spirit in Black Lives Matter: new spiritual community in black radical organizing" 7445: 7414: 7406: 7337: 7237: 7229: 7109:

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938 (603)

7058: 6585: 6523: 6454: 6221: 6213: 6088: 6080: 6014: 6006: 5862: 5850: 5649: 5645: 5507:

makes references to African American spirituality in her literature. Morrison's novel,

5439: 5392: 5312: 5303: 5256: 5105: 5085: 4851: 4540:

Some African Americans believed High John the Conqueror freed the slaves, and that the

4528: 4293:

A work published in 2013 on Hoodoo lays out a model of Hoodoo origins and development.

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The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America

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Yvonne Chireau from Swarthmore College studied the depictions of Hoodoo and Voodoo in

5315:, anointing oils, and other Hoodoo tools. Author Zora Neale Hurston wrote in her book 5263:

church. Doc Harris was known to make mojo bags that looked similar to the Kongo-based

3211:, archaeologists unearthed Hoodoo artifacts inside the house that linked to the Kongo 2890: 2830: 23106: 22513: 22343: 22147: 21996: 21881: 21653: 21552: 21399: 21292: 20536: 20509: 20419: 20328: 20184: 20163: 20024: 19982: 19196: 18917: 18579: 18549: 18144: 17901: 17600: 17573: 17546: 17518: 17473: 17389: 17368: 17272: 17245: 17224: 17138: 17111: 17043: 16984:"A map of illegal slave-trade routes to the United States used between 1808 and 1860" 16912: 16885: 16858: 16831: 16746: 16719: 16692: 16603: 16386: 16318: 16227: 16094: 16010: 15983: 15956: 15929: 15902: 15875: 15848: 15821: 15794: 15767: 15740: 15674: 15620: 15593: 15559: 15497: 15470: 15443: 15416: 15389: 15362: 15335: 15308: 15281: 15254: 15227: 15200: 15128: 15101: 15040: 15013: 14986: 14942: 14845: 14818: 14791: 14727: 14700: 14648: 14621: 14594: 14565: 14512: 14424: 14255: 14228: 14173:"Conjure/Doctors: An Exploration of a Black Discourse in America, Antebellum to 1940" 14112: 14085: 13932: 13878: 13753: 13726: 13699: 13669: 13604: 13577: 13530: 13503: 13476: 13449: 13411: 13301: 13246: 13219: 13162: 13135: 13108: 12979: 12952: 12925: 12898: 12868: 12841: 12816: 12744: 12719: 12635: 12582: 12555: 12528: 12501: 12474: 12470:

The River Flows On Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America

12380: 12285: 12206: 12182: 12155: 12134: 12089: 12062: 12026: 11962: 11903: 11897: 11860: 11807: 11780: 11753: 11709: 11659: 11629: 11556: 11476: 11449: 11410: 11357: 11313: 11286: 11259: 11232: 11192: 11165: 11108: 11081: 11029: 11002: 10887: 10860: 10833: 10806: 10689: 10578: 10549: 10496: 10469: 10292: 10271: 10218: 10174: 10147: 10120: 10093: 10066: 10039: 10012: 9985: 9958: 9931: 9808: 9764: 9690: 9629: 9527: 9382: 9195: 9165: 9052: 8998: 8910: 8824:"Frederick Douglass Wye House Archaeology & African American Culture in Maryland" 8745: 8701: 8646: 8616: 8589: 8562: 8453: 8433: 8359: 8332: 8243: 8216: 8082: 7983: 7922: 7895: 7849: 7805: 7778: 7734: 7707: 7680: 7627: 7600: 7556: 7504: 7418: 7362: 7296: 7269: 7241: 7083: 6990: 6946: 6911:"Enslaved African conjure and ritual deposits on the Hume Plantation, South Carolina" 6889: 6748: 6721: 6667: 6637: 6589: 6568:

Leone, Mark P. (1 October 2020). "The Problem: Religion within the World of Slaves".

6548: 6480: 6404: 6377: 6225: 6113: 6092: 6039: 6018: 5965: 5938: 5753: 5745: 5641: 5613: 5519: 5097: 4214: 4176: 4148: 4140: 3846: 3557:

kept some of their traditional Islamic culture. They practiced Islamic prayers, wore

3229: 3168: 2849: 2227: 2008: 890: 731: 238: 198: 176: 21591: 21574: 14963: 13285: 12042:"500 Years of African Presence in Florida and European Presence in the Kongo Region" 9886: 9743: 9287: 6972:. www.archive.org: Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press. p. 181. 6270: 6167: 6061:"Theorizing Africana Religions: A Journal of Africana Religions Inaugural Symposium" 5252: 4862: 4364:' ability to work wonders. Though its authorship is attributed to Moses, the oldest 4033:, African Americans adjusted to their environments and learned the local flora from 3845:

made quilts using Bakongo and other West African symbols. On one of Harriet Powers'

3785: 3629: 3158:, including musical instruments, headdresses, dance steps, and spiritual traditions. 2526:

properties in the area and the owner of the company had a heart attack. Locals from

2491: 1270: 23080: 22596: 22316: 22197: 22187: 22120: 22013: 21623: 20343: 20333: 20267: 20262: 20112: 19352: 19323: 19318: 19216: 19184: 19157: 18882: 18499: 18469: 18459: 18454: 18021: 17845: 17790: 17676:

Ginseng, Hoodoo, and the Magic of Upholding African American Earth-Based Traditions

17506: 17356: 17204: 17011:"Conjuring Moments and Other Such Hoodoo: African American Women & Spirit Work" 16657:"Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938" 16591: 16366: 16310: 16074: 15707: 15551: 14909: 14874: 14145: 13856: 13848: 13391: 13323: 13281: 12615: 12122: 12014: 11840: 11589: 11390: 10722: 10251: 9866: 9723: 9370: 9267: 9228: 8890: 8698:

Aesthetics Equals Politics: New Discourses across Art, Architecture, and Philosophy

8425: 8062: 7398: 7329: 7292:

The Souls of Womenfolk: The Religious Cultures of Enslaved Women in the Lower South

7221: 7050: 6577: 6515: 6205: 6072: 5998: 5781: 5576: 5445:

Another writer who focused on African American spirituality in their literature is

5414: 5388:, a book about the practice of Obeah in Jamaica and the practice of Vodou in Haiti. 5243: 5219: 4934:

at the site that linked to West Africa, researchers suggest, was the finding of an

4449: 4311: 4063: 3582: 3574: 3468: 3457: 3002: 2522: 2477: 2423: 2297: 2251: 2177: 2138: 2020: 1265: 1122: 950: 885: 865: 774: 184: 172: 17621: 16933: 16715:

Freebooters and Smugglers: The Foreign Slave Trade in the United States After 1808

14008:"The McIntosh County Shouters - Spirituals and Shout Songs from the Georgia Coast" 13426: 11844: 11497: 11334: 10767:"Reinterpretations of African Cultural Traditions in African American Fabric Arts" 10571:"Sacred Places and Holy Ground: West African Spiritualism at Stagville Plantation" 10462:"Sacred Places and Holy Ground: West African Spiritualism at Stagville Plantation" 7472:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 1, Alabama, Aarons-Young" 6002: 5636:

for its significance in African American history. On July 8, 1860, the slave ship

3721: 2426:

and Hoodoo in African American communities, documenting his findings in his book,

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

18860: 18815: 18669: 18659: 18639: 18624: 18524: 18399: 18389: 18028: 17861: 17780: 17770: 17713: 17594: 14586: 14418: 13926: 13131:

Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women

13025:

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

12892: 11732:

Low Country Gullah Culture, Special Resource Study Environmental Impact Statement

11394: 10854: 10654:. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service Southeast Regional Office. p. D44. 8722: 8237: 8210: 7889: 7826: 7476:

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

6443:"The Haiti-New Orleans Vodou Connection: Zora Neale Hurston as Initiate Observer" 5834: 5653: 5580: 5515: 5278: 5195: 4939: 4809: 4357: 4287: 4279: 3998: 3922: 3863: 3838: 3793: 3725: 3586: 3472: 3388: 3260: 3139: 3118: 3053: 3037: 2906: 2855: 2834: 2741: 2695: 2539: 2387: 2214: 2190: 2169: 2076: 1293: 1100: 850: 769: 22591: 21628: 21220: 15073: 14968:. Boston: Published at the Anti-Slavery Office, No. 25 Cornhill. pp. 91–93. 13395: 8066: 7955: 5432:

to reference the culture of Hoodoo in his writings. In 1899, Chesnutt published

3675: 3535:

A West African gris-gris bag, the origin of the mojo bag (conjure bag) in Hoodoo

22636: 22092: 21859: 21747: 21730: 21658: 21375: 21297: 21128: 21118: 21053: 21033: 20960: 20942: 20836: 20619: 20598: 20087: 19784: 19189: 19152: 19142: 18902: 18897: 18839: 18674: 18604: 18534: 18529: 18033: 17957: 17750: 16078: 12417: 11309:

Working the roots : over 400 years of traditional African American healing

9451:"UH Anthropologist Ken Brown Uncovers West African Customs at Texas Plantation" 7402: 7383: 6986:

The American Law of Slavery, 1810-1860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest

6209: 6076: 5826: 5798: 5769: 5764: 5707: 5668: 5498: 5405: 5187: 4970:, illegally imported 409 enslaved Africans to Jekyll Island, Georgia, in 1858. 4773: 4603: 4563: 4464: 4283: 4184: 3934: 3842: 3818: 3570: 3316: 3268: 3200: 2994: 2948: 2825: 2607: 2574: 2566: 2186: 2091: 2068: 1973: 1752: 1177: 1147: 905: 895: 726: 129: 20952: 17646:

Reviving history: The appropriation of Voodoo and Hoodoo in the French Quarter

16408: 16332: 16304: 16289: 16279: 15521: 14360: 13852: 13017: 9667: 7265:

W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the Black Church and Religion, 1897–1914

4729:

through rituals and conjure. The belief in destiny in Hoodoo has its roots in

4610:

and continues in the African American community in the practice of Hoodoo and

3384: 1898:

is a set of spiritual practices, traditions, and beliefs that were created by

23156: 23136: 22626: 22586: 22551: 22431: 22006: 21910: 21837: 21718: 21703: 21596: 21487: 21338: 21302: 20995: 20811: 20793: 20459: 20282: 18742: 18724: 18714: 18684: 18629: 18584: 18569: 18514: 18504: 18489: 18439: 18434: 18404: 18201: 18129: 17952: 17208: 15061: 11924: 8437: 7943: 7054: 5785: 5667:, one of the founders of Africatown and one of the few who survived the last 5587:

has 2,300 first-person accounts from former slaves in their digital archive.

5504: 5494: 5485: 5400: 5360: 5224: 4922: 4855: 4644: 4619: 4615: 4429: 4222: 4172: 3981: 3873: 3642: 3507: 3446: 3393: 2796: 2779: 2481: 2357: 1954: 1821: 1816: 133: 17640: 16370: 15871:

Feeling the Spirit: Faith and Hope in an Evangelical Black Storefront Church

15736:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers, & Spirituals

14938:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers, & Spirituals

14227:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 17–19, 24, 43, 130, 140–142, 167–171. 12497:

Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Environmental Histories of the Georgia Coast

11049: 9801:"Bighearted Power: Kongo Presence in the Landscape and Art of Black America" 5698:

singers and musicians composed songs about the culture of Hoodoo, including

4756: 3461: 2048:

Another possible etymological origin of the word Hoodoo comes from the word

104: 23101: 22757: 22709: 22493: 22446: 22441: 22401: 22162: 22045: 21742: 21547: 21441: 21143: 21076: 21062: 21047: 20921: 20753: 20529: 20524: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20484: 20474: 20454: 20449: 20389: 20231: 19054: 18822: 18747: 18719: 18704: 18689: 18644: 18619: 18599: 18509: 18479: 18474: 18444: 18394: 18246: 17932: 17775: 17655: 17469:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

17107:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

16314: 15589:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

12820: 11130:"Onesimus (fl. 1706 - 1717), slave and medical pioneer, was born in the..." 7801:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

7358:

The African Burial Ground in New York City: Memory, Spirituality, and Space

6796:"Nickels in the Nation Sack: Continuity in Africana Spiritual Technologies" 6294: 5814: 5773: 5726: 5718: 5703: 5687: 5664: 5543: 5524: 5446: 5343: 5154: 4998: 4805: 4653: 4599: 4274: 4261: 4135:

sprinkled around the bed before going to sleep will protect someone from a

4132: 3770: 3519: 3453: 3296: 3212: 3044: 3022: 2925: 2736: 2473: 2432: 2407: 2274: 2247: 2034: 2030: 1969: 1305: 1117: 845: 708: 21559: 20882: 20634: 17360: 16595: 16355:"Black Feminist Hoodoo: Ntozake Shange's Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo" 14420:

The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

14251:

The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

14224:

The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

9074:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout" 8933:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout" 6135:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout" 5036: 4887: 4845:

This seeking process in Hoodoo accompanied with the ring shout is also an

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Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations / Florida State University

15466:

African-American Holiness Pentecostal Movement: An Annotated Bibliography

15439:

Antebellum Slave Narratives: Cultural and Political Expressions of Africa

15385:

Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero

12864:

Trip of the Tongue Cross-Country Travels in Search of America's Languages

11958:

Down in the Valley: An Introduction to African American Religious History

9727: 9271: 8212:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers and Spirituals

6343: 5857:

The Hoodoo practiced by African Americans is defined by scholars as "Old

5699: 5605: 5372: 4961: 4914: 4891: 4686: 4496: 4456: 4438: 4019: 3985: 3777: 3672:

in New York, African American men took an oath to thunder and lightning.

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Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days OR A Story Based on Facts

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Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days OR A Story Based on Facts

11307: 9878: 9735: 9711: 9564: 9548: 9279: 9255: 8902: 8877: 8445: 8412: 7449: 7433: 7062: 7038: 6689:"Voyage of the Echo: The Trials of an Illegal Trans-Atlantic Slave Ship" 6458: 6442: 5290: 4929:

burial practice when a funerary clay pipe with a Ghanaian design called

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Digital Loa and Faith You Can Taste: Hoodoo in the American Imagination

15062:"A Look at Hoodoo in Three Urban Areas of Indiana: Folklore and Change" 13403: 13379: 13339: 12627: 12603: 11852: 11828: 11353:

Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists

10263: 10239: 9870: 9477: 9329:"Beyond the Great House Archaeology at Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation" 9240: 9216: 8894: 8530:"Georgia Museum of Art to show 19th-century African-American face jugs" 8429: 7944:"A LOOK AT HOODOO IN THREE URBAN AREAS OF INDIANA: FOLKLORE AND CHANGE" 7410: 7233: 7209: 6769: 6010: 5986: 5830: 5777: 5730: 5629: 5614:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes."

5481: 5442:

and how African Americans navigated this process in their communities.

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spirits in the United States was recorded in the nineteenth century by

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and West African crosses. For example, an African American woman named

3733: 3717: 3683:

Another Yoruba influence in Hoodoo is the use of iron. In West Africa,

3665: 3374: 3300: 3163: 2870: 2554:

communities as midwives, healers, and conjure women for their clients.

2444: 2370: 2324: 2075:. For example, in West Africa, the word gris-gris (a conjure bag) is a 2072: 576: 315: 161: 149: 18945:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

17596:

Are You Entertained? Black Popular Culture in the Twenty-First Century

17343: 15719: 15695: 14921: 14886: 14157: 14133: 13954:"McIntosh County Shouters African-American Spiritual/Shout Performers" 13861: 11601: 11577: 10856:

Creating Their Own Image The History of African-American Women Artists

10734: 10710: 7341: 7317: 6744:

Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora

6527: 6344:"voodoo | Origin and meaning of voodoo by Online Etymology Dictionary" 6320:"hoodoo | Origin and meaning of hoodoo by Online Etymology Dictionary" 5065: 5035:) continues in the practice of Hoodoo. Providing spirits offerings of 4704: 3504:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy.

3146: 2410:

and spoke out against the practice of slavery in the South. After the

2176:. The transatlantic slave trade to the United States occurred between 22541: 22323: 22301: 22251: 22246: 22224: 21900: 21844: 21643: 21184: 20688: 19223: 19069: 18574: 18358: 18296: 18191: 16854:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

16827:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

16525:

Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. ""Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Slave Narrative."".

14787:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

14696:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

14644:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

14508:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

13573:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

13215:

Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America

12551:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

10909:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection" 10802:

Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America

10620:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection" 9760:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

9523:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

8724:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

8642:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

8585:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

8239:

Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America

7828:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

6942:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

5866: 5714: 5604:

in 1858 with a cargo of 409 Africans. The Wanderer departed near the

5489: 4820: 4611: 4444: 4252: 3753: 3697: 3624: 3596: 3397: 3244: 3155: 3089: 2993:

in Memphis, Tennessee, and traced the origins of Hoodoo practices to

2669: 2303: 2259: 1945:. As a syncretic spiritual system, it also incorporates beliefs from 1801: 1142: 875: 654: 481: 115: 22097: 21532: 17870: 14328: 12619: 12306: 10685:

Drums and Shadows Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

10575:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

10466:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

10255: 9805:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

9232: 9127:"Cathead Creek Historic District and African American Burial Ground" 8861: 8355:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

7225: 7104: 7039:"The "Code Noir": North American Slavery in Comparative Perspective" 3796:. The practice of foot-track magic in Hoodoo has its origins in the 3267:

back to his plantation in Texas. These captive Africans practiced a

3033: 23132:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

23055: 22798:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

22616: 22498: 22416: 22256: 22219: 22035: 21586: 21158: 20911: 20719: 20606: 19696: 19691: 19201: 17705: 17494: 17271:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 8–12, 15–16, 93, 104–105. 16908:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America

16544:

Rushdy, Ashraf H.A. ""Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Slave Narrative"".

15711: 14965:

Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave. Written by Himself

14913: 14878: 14149: 13158:

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular

12126: 12018: 11899:

African Cosmology of the Bantu-Kongo: Principles of Life and Living

11593: 10883:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America

10726: 10318:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 320. 9981:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

9374: 9161:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

7471: 7333: 7079:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

6633:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

6581: 6519: 5934:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

5846: 5842: 5563:

Photo of an ex-slave William Watkins from the WPA slave narratives.

5273: 5248: 5175: 4698: 4681: 4657: 4495:

Enslaved and free people held secret Hoodoo and church meetings in

4353: 4349:

that was made popular by European immigrants. Purportedly based on

4346: 4023: 3938: 3762: 3693: 3591: 3516:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

3237: 3073: 2915: 2700: 2595: 2543:

has inspired the creations of art for some Black artists. In 2017,

2415: 2374: 2202: 2165: 2109: 1981: 1187: 1112: 1105: 22055: 18960:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

15979:

Blessed Bodies: Healing within the African American Faith Movement

15642:"Judge Lynch and His Victims," Richmond Planet (January 18, 1902)" 15223:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

12604:"African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts" 12203:

Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

11803:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

11749:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

11681:"Broken spell: Medicinal remedies still a part of Lowcountry life" 10545:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

9217:"The Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture" 8034:. The Runner. The Student News Site of California State University 7623:

Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

7527:

Autobiography and Work of Bishop M. F. Jamison, D.D. ("Uncle Joe")

7210:"African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts" 6663:

Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

6059:

Byron; Bryant; Chireau; Khabeer; Lovejoy; Lofton; Johnson (2014).

5559: 5214: 4988:

Bottle Tree in Central Holmes Cemetery (Yazoo County, Mississippi)

4389: 22601: 22531: 22421: 22182: 22157: 21820: 21757: 21752: 21713: 21668: 21436: 21410: 21287: 21199: 21108: 20856: 20567: 20424: 20148: 20067: 19958: 18313: 17755: 17388:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4–5, 16, 112, 118, 183. 16967: 16006:

African American Religion: Varieties of Protest and Accommodation

13502:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. pp. 57–60. 12894:

Lowcountry Voodoo: Beginner's Guide to Tales, Spells and Boo Hags

11472:

African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments

11228:

African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments

11161:

African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments

9954:

Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy

9689:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 20–28, 29–39, 40–42. 8694:"Cosmographic Design: A Cultural Model of the Aesthetic Response" 5802: 5429: 5130: 5016: 4935: 4726: 4648: 4579: 4558: 4448:

Enslaved and free conjurers were leaders of slave revolts in the

4420: 4350: 4211: 4136: 3918: 3877: 3855: 3558: 3531: 3354: 3204: 2860: 2345: 1275: 581: 188: 20204: 17545:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 109–118, 123, 183–185. 11647: 11645: 11255:

African American Slave Medicine Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments

10988: 22611: 22566: 22536: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22391: 22374: 22369: 22296: 21888: 21797: 21618: 21456: 21343: 21333: 21250: 21240: 21235: 21194: 21148: 21123: 21113: 21098: 21038: 20915: 20806: 20773: 20763: 20730: 19935: 19147: 16409:"Looking for Black Religions in 20th Century Comics, 1931–1993" 15790:

Bishop C. H. Mason and the Roots of the Church of God in Christ

14841:

Hidden History: African American Cemeteries in Central Virginia

13698:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press Books. pp. 145–175. 10829:

Crafted Lives: Stories and Studies of African American Quilters

5683: 5395:

often employs Hoodoo imagery and references in her writing. In

5032: 4957: 4895: 4861:

Hurston explained her initiation into Hoodoo included wrapping

4567: 4532: 4460: 4144: 4117: 4093: 3926: 3868: 3789: 3758: 3661: 3657: 3477: 3369:

spirit of the snake to wake up its power against the overseer.

3345: 3272: 3189: 2919: 2791: 2756: 2746: 2711: 2449: 2222: 1989: 1182: 21854: 13816:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies 8105:"Author Roger Pinckney is the high priest of Daufuskie Island" 7579:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

7189:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies 6365: 6363: 6247:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography" 5725:", written by Preston "Red" Foster in 1956 and popularized by 5690:

wrote and performed several blues songs that reference Hoodoo.

4730: 4384: 3963: 2386:

Conjure for African Americans is a form of resistance against

2029:– a word that has its origin in the Gbe languages such as the 23141: 22581: 22576: 22556: 22546: 22473: 22384: 22379: 22328: 22236: 22214: 22209: 22140: 21905: 21864: 21815: 21777: 21708: 21673: 21581: 21323: 21245: 21230: 21204: 21189: 21179: 21163: 21138: 21133: 21103: 20892: 20801: 20783: 20651: 20363: 18959: 17800: 17110:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. pp. 84–85. 12581:. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–45, 159–160, 190–191. 11642: 11028:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 67, 70, 141–142. 5838: 5818: 5695: 5484:

from 1931 to 1993. White comic book creators portrayed Black

5264: 5150: 5134: 5054: 5041: 5020: 4926: 4903: 4694: 4661: 4640: 4598:("Simbi" singular, and "Bisimbi" plural), believed in by the 4595: 4536:

discussions with African Americans in the South in her book,

4361: 4072: 3876:

inspirations in her quilts. Her quilts looked similar to the

3859: 3784:. Snake reverence in African American Hoodoo originated from 3549: 3340: 3327:

in Hoodoo has Bantu-Kongo origins. Mojo bags are also called

3292: 3276: 3221: 3216: 3196: 3077: 3025:, and the continued cultural practices of African Americans. 3017:, and liberation movements. Stuckey provides examples in the 2896: 2786: 2766: 2632: 2393: 2369:

her on a steamboat to take her to her new slaveholder in the

2337: 2198: 2194: 2113: 2042: 2038: 1997: 1946: 955: 16850: 16823: 16768:"Georgia Writers' Project, Savannah Unit Research Materials" 16765: 14783: 14640: 14617:

Blue Roots: African-American Folk Magic of the Gullah People

13901:"The Perfect Circle: Gullah/Geechee NAation's Divine Secret" 13472:

Blue Roots: African American Folk Magic of the Gullah People

13015: 12971: 12944: 11705:

Stories from the Heart: Missouri's African American Heritage

11621: 10681: 10400:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 315, 571. 10210: 9338:. Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission 8967:"The Perfect Circle: Gullah/Geechee NAation's Divine Secret" 8720: 7824: 7469: 7295:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 9, 184, 212. 7102: 6938: 5501:

who stands and fights for justice using his conjure powers.

3215:. These artifacts are the continued practice of the Kongo's 22571: 22503: 22271: 22229: 21917: 21787: 21767: 21058: 20907: 19004: 17411:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product" 17192:"Yorùbá Influences on Haitian Vodou and New Orleans Voodoo" 17157: 15544:"Rituals of Healing in African American Spiritual Churches" 13242:

African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry

12766:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product" 11133:

Hutchins Center for African & African American Research

10217:. North American Book Distributors, LLC. pp. 45, 251. 10143:

Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

10089:

Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

9927:

African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry

9549:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product" 6360: 5623: 5612:

Wanderer. They published their findings in a book called, "

5126: 4708:

In Hoodoo, the pouring of libations is an African practice.

4614:. The Bisimbi reside in gullies, streams, fresh water, and 4473: 4297:

by Katrina Hazzard-Donald discusses what the author calls:

4014:

lines for spiritual protection against malevolent spirits.

3942: 3914: 3821:

sewed biblical imagery and African symbols into her quilts.

3801: 3688: 3646: 3437: 3264: 2911: 2313:

era of slavery in the colonial history of the United States

2124:

reasons why they capitalize or lowercase the first letter.

2053: 985: 218: 180: 11833:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

10936:"Black influences have shaped American food for centuries" 8854:"THE JAMES BRICE HOUSE We had never seen anything like it" 8185:"Playing Hoodoo: Renee Stout and "The Rootworker's Table"" 5991:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

5518:. In 1803, a slave ship landed on the coast of Georgia in 5285: 4680:

To have a strong connection with the ancestors in Hoodoo,

3892:

James Hopkinsons plantation slaves planting sweet potatoes

21876: 14005: 12647: 12645: 11498:"George Washington Carver: Advocate for Southern Farmers" 11164:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. p. 43. 6194:"Sacred Healing and Wholeness in Africa and the Americas" 6058: 5332: 3948:

African plants brought from Africa to North America were

3808: 17681:

Haints Of Hoodoo: The Black Ghosts Of The Gullah Geechee

17651:

Hoodoo Heritage Month: Conjuring, Culture, And Community

17439: 12921:

When Roots Die: Endangered Traditions on the Sea Islands

11231:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 43. 10792: 10011:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–12, 22–27, 28–30. 7891:

Black Herman's Secrets of Magic, Mystery and Legerdemain

7706:. State University of New York Press. pp. 163–166. 7018:. Louisiana Department of Culture Recreation and Tourism 6400:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life Africa

5791: 3974:

smallpox outbreak in the colony of Boston, Massachusetts

2108:

s definition of Hoodoo as a word from different African

16009:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 236–238, 241–244. 15639: 15172: 14790:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 220, 226, 238. 14746: 14647:. University of Georgia Press. pp. XLII, 183–184. 14301: 14274: 13269:"Breaking the Surface: Mermaids and the Middle Passage" 12578:

Conjuring Culture: Biblical Formations of Black America

12307:"The James Brice House: Never Seen Anything Like It..." 11655:

Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community

9850:

Stine, Linda F.; Cabak, Melanie; Groover, Mark (1996).

9336:

Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism

6717:

Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations

4913:

in 1664. West Africans imported to the colony included

2056:, and Benin. Hudu is one of its dialects. According to 17077: 16226:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 15874:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 89–90. 15844:

America Bewitched: The Story of Witchcraft After Salem

15066:

ProQuest Dissertations Publishing / Indiana University

13695:

Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora

13687: 13685: 12642: 10200:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 321. 9913:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 219. 9756: 8011:. The Student News Site of California State University 7948:

ProQuest Dissertations Publishing / Indiana University

7626:. University of California Press. pp. 60, 74–75. 5737:

alludes to hoodoo, and the title is a pun on the word

4467:

spiritual practices. Gullah Jack was known to carry a

3335:. The word mojo also originated from the Kikongo word 3199:

water spirits are revered in Hoodoo, originating from

3093:

Georgia, in a historic African American church called

17661:

Memphis Hoodoo & St. Paul's Spiritual Holy Temple

16857:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 93, 202–203. 16654: 14985:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 22, 27, 92. 14587:"Seeing Kongo: A Lens on African American Landscapes" 12797:"The Elusive History of High John the Conqueror Root" 11135:. African American National Biography. Archived from 10906: 10644: 9930:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180, 225–230. 9048:

Working the Spirit Ceremonies of the African Diaspora

7848:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4, 75, 166. 5488:

as evil, showing demonic possessions in comic books.

4685:

Graveyard dirt is another primary ingredient used in

4356:, it contains numerous signs, seals, and passages in 4341:

was cheaply printed and sold in spiritual shops near

3619:

influence. For example, a primary ingredient used in

2250:. Congo Square was where African Americans practiced 17671:

Uncovering the Power of Hoodoo: An Ancestral Journey

15925:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15412:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15331:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15304:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15280:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 5, 24, 200. 15250:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15036:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

14982:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

14814:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

14723:

Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South

13499:

Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South

12281:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

11001:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 86–104. 10805:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–37, 102–103. 10288:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion

10035:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion

9830:"Uncovering the Lives of Kentucky's Enslaved People" 9398:"Kongo and the Archaeology of Early African America" 8673:. Department of Interior - The National Park Service 8289:

Hucks (2003). "African-Derived American Religions".

7979:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

7845:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

7774:

Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South

7596:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

6263: 4521:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

4507: 4322:

Zora Neale Hurston developed this idea in her novel

2812: 2019:

The first documentation of the word "Hoodoo" in the

1968:

Many Hoodoo traditions draw from the beliefs of the

17268:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

16688:

Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives

15358:

Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives

14361:"New York: African Burial Ground National Monument" 13682: 13600:

Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System

13324:"African Influence on the Art of the United States" 13184:"The "Cymbee" Water Spirits of St. John's Berkeley" 12741:

Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System

12151:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

11776:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

10008:

African American Religion A Very Short Introduction

9191:

Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook: A Handbook

9187: 8997:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 19–20. 8691: 8561:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 82–86. 7921:. Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. pp. 128–132. 7871:"BLACK HERMAN'S AFRICAN AMERICAN MAGICAL SYNTHESIS" 6544:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

6035:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia Magic, Ritual, and Religion

5424:was a mixed-race African American author who wrote 5001:of Central Africa. African-descended people in the 4854:wrote about her initiation into Hoodoo in her book 4295:

Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System

3858:descent. African American quilts are influenced by 3569:(later called mojo bags in the United States). The 3154:depicts several examples of Africanisms brought to 1949:brought over by enslaved West African Muslims, and 1778:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

17542:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 17385:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 17342: 17190: 15670:Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic, and Commerce 15253:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 56, 162. 13267: 12284:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 111–112. 11658:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 148–149. 11215:", Richmond Times Dispatch, February 23, 1999, D-1 10963: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10116:Encyclopedia of African American History, Volume 1 9786:"Connecting African American Art to Kongo Culture" 9157: 8876: 8612:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 8411: 7730:Stories of Rootworkers and Hoodoo in the Mid-South 7082:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 215–220. 7009: 6666:. University of California Press. pp. 15–16. 6109:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 5096:Practitioners sometimes incorporate planetary and 4022:used herbs such as pennyroyal and senna to induce 16830:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 182–183. 16199:Public Broadcasting Service / American Experience 15820:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 158. 15388:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 43–44. 15334:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 56, 92. 15150:"Nat Turner and the Fear of African Spirituality" 14817:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 23, 26. 13549: 12111:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves" 12003:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves" 10597: 9852:"Blue Beads as African-American Cultural Symbols" 9849: 9763:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 107. 9359:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves" 8615:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35, 37. 8491:African Burial Ground - The National Park Service 8262: 2284:, published in 1880, about the life of slaves in 23154: 18995:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 17656:West Tennessee Museum of Southern Hoodoo History 17039:Black Bodies and the Black Church: A Blues Slant 15982:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85, 91–103. 14699:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 143–145. 13749:Terror and Triumph: The Nature of Black Religion 13127: 12379:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 209, 32. 11524:"Conjure doctor well remembered in Murfreesboro" 10832:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 120. 10113:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). 9183: 9181: 9164:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 54–57. 9153: 9151: 8634: 8632: 8588:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 108–110. 7288: 6112:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 38–41. 4804:The ring shout in Hoodoo has its origins in the 4578:A spirit that torments the living is known as a 4334:into the corpus of Hoodoo reference literature. 4221:. For example, though there are strong ideas of 4071:This person gathered their herbs and roots from 2112:with practices similar to the mysteries of Obi ( 20982: 19040:Black players in professional American football 18990:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 16745:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 14–22. 15901:. Berkeley: Turtle Island. pp. 20–21, 29. 14254:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 141–142. 12924:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 25. 11025:Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia 10974:Thomas Jefferson Monticello / Jefferson Library 10954: 10112: 8860:. Historic Annapolis Foundation. Archived from 8378: 5354: 5215:Relationship with the Spiritual church movement 22655:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 21517: 17592: 17538: 17381: 17264: 17134:Listen to the Blues! Exploring a Musical Genre 16711: 16680: 16678: 15921: 15496:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 150. 15408: 15361:. Dover Publications. pp. 110, 139, 162. 15327: 15300: 15246: 15032: 14978: 14810: 13596: 13161:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141–142. 13071:(Vol. 5 (Indiana — Arnold–Woodson) ed.). 12886: 12884: 12738: 12277: 12147: 12039: 11772: 9783: 9686:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts 9652:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People 9071: 8930: 8608: 8558:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts 7841: 7592: 7582:. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office. pp. 70–71. 7137:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People 6881: 6695:. Digital Library of the College of Charleston 6540: 6403:. Pennsylvania State University. p. 217. 6132: 6105: 5659:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 5276:for practicing Hoodoo. In September 1901, the 4837:with Christian songs and biblical references. 4163:African American midwife with a newborn infant 2282:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People 2217:. Enslaved and free Africans learned regional 2011:, Hoodoo spread throughout the United States. 505:Education of freed people during the Civil War 22742:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 21951: 21503: 20968: 20583: 19920: 17886: 17721: 17686:Folklore In Video Episode 1: Haints of Hoodoo 17334: 16413:Religions in African American Popular Culture 16309:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 95–126. 15739:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. 15673:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 53. 15619:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 85. 15127:. Oxford University Press. pp. 138–151. 14561:Materialities of Ritual in the Black Atlantic 14329:U.S. General Services Administration (2009). 14032: 12917: 12493: 12406:. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. pp. 43–44. 10413:"Under Maryland Street, Ties to African Past" 9827: 9750: 9178: 9148: 9105: 8645:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 108–111. 8629: 7530:. Publishing House of the M. E. Church, South 7361:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 42–46. 6506:Hurston, Zora (1931). ""Hoodoo In America"". 4345:and purchased by African Americans. It was a 2967: 1876: 74:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 18753:Historically black colleges and universities 17322:. Rutgers the State University of New Jersey 17317: 16303:Brooks, Kinitra (2018). "Folkloric Horror". 13981:"A Vanishing History: Gullah Geechee Nation" 13668:. University of Georgia Press. p. 138. 13665:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 13603:. University of Illinois Press. p. 30. 13193:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 13107:. University of Georgia Press. p. 147. 13104:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 12500:. University of Georgia Press. p. 131. 11708:. University of Missouri Press. p. 47. 11191:. University of Georgia Press. p. 100. 11188:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 10998:The Gullah People and their African Heritage 10879: 10688:. University of Georgia Press. p. 200. 9124: 8403: 8372: 8358:. University Press of Virginia. p. 41. 7982:. University of Illinois Press. p. 95. 7555:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71. 6547:. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. 5194:. Tubman told biographers she had dreams of 3829:An example of one of Ms. Hunter's quilts on 3696:, archaeologists unearthed artifacts at the 2557: 2422:in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he studied 516:Historically black colleges and universities 17666:Zora and The Hunt for Hoodoo in New Orleans 17565: 16675: 16114: 16032:"Voodoo and the Work of Zora Neale Hurston" 15277:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 15196:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 15097:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 15009:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 14900:Hurston, Zora (1931). "Hoodoo in America". 14865:Hurston, Zora (1931). "Hoodoo in America". 14511:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 109. 14308:The African Burial Ground National Monument 14281:The African Burial Ground National Monument 14035:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters" 13791:"Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor" 13725:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–74. 13043: 12881: 10859:. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. 9621: 9526:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 105. 9108:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters" 9051:. Beacon Press. pp. 147–155, 171–175. 7503:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–73. 6747:. Cambridge University Press. p. 361. 4385:Bible as a talisman and tool for revolution 500:Education during the slave period in the US 16:Spiritual practices, traditions and beliefs 21958: 21944: 21510: 21496: 20975: 20961: 20590: 20576: 19967:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion 19927: 19913: 17893: 17879: 17728: 17714: 17626:. University of Kansas. pp. 3–4, 106. 17293:"African-American Hoodoo: More Than Magic" 16002: 15867: 15469:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 385–390. 15012:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–2. 14423:. Syracuse University Press. p. 229. 13841:Comparative Studies in Society and History 13322:Thompson, Robert Farris (September 1981). 11799: 11745: 11678: 11516: 11349: 10852: 10541: 9326: 8727:. University of Georgia Press. p. 73. 8487:"Nisi Sarabanda - Signature of the Spirit" 7831:. University of Georgia Press. p. 52. 6989:. Princeton University Press. p. 33. 6793: 2974: 2960: 1883: 1869: 823:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 20144:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 18970:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 16981: 15556:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167962.003.0021 14837: 14661: 14564:. Indiana University Press. p. 302. 14455:. African Burial Ground National Monument 13978: 13924: 13860: 13661: 13154: 13100: 12205:. University of California Press, (2006) 11728: 11701: 11184: 10994: 10237: 10092:. New York University Press. p. 78. 9655:. Boston: A.G. Brown. pp. 10, 68–82. 9327:Yarkubik, Jill-Karen; Méndez, Rosalinda. 8990: 7676:A Companion to American Religious History 6861:African American Heritage and Ethnography 6857:"Performing Culture in Music & Dance" 6827: 6686: 6396: 5306:. In the early twentieth century, Bishop 4945:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches 4795:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 4602:, are associated with water and magic in 3526: 3331:, which is derived from the Kikongo word 3179: 2205:practices. The West African influence is 279:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 21965: 19934: 17701:Haints & Gullah Ghost Palmetto Scene 17492: 17340: 17237: 17188: 17160:"Stories of the Crossroads: Blues Myths" 16951: 16581: 15948: 15813: 15786: 14692: 14613: 14584: 14504: 13718: 13569: 13468: 13380:"Dreaming Ancestors in Eastern Carolina" 13321: 13265: 13191:The African Diaspora Archaeology Network 12554:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 105. 12547: 11441: 11278: 11100: 11021: 10328: 10284: 10166: 10031: 9977: 9950: 9798: 9628:. Oxford University Press. p. 110. 9604: 9577: 9519: 8874: 8737: 8685: 8638: 8581: 8510: 8409: 8351: 8102: 8002: 7914: 7575: 7075: 6629: 6478: 6423: 6369: 6031: 5930: 5682: 5558: 5371: 5289: 5218: 5064: 4983: 4873: 4755: 4703: 4624: 4562: 4511: 4490: 4443: 4388: 4310: 4241: 4158: 4052: 3962: 3952:for medicinal and spiritual use for the 3950:cultivated by enslaved African Americans 3887: 3824: 3812: 3743: 3674: 3530: 3383: 3287: 3192:inside a slave cabin in Brazoria, Texas. 3183: 3145: 3067: 3032: 2511:movement as one of many methods against 2490: 2459: 2392: 2302: 2237: 2142: 17696:Black women embrace the spiritual realm 17593:Drake, Simone; Henderson, Dwan (2020). 16911:. SAGE Publications. pp. 207–210. 16661:Library of Congress Digital Collections 16406: 16352: 16277: 16246: 16219: 16056: 15894: 15847:. Oxford University Press. p. 82. 15759: 15693: 15120: 14899: 14864: 14766: 14557: 14385: 14131: 14104: 14077: 14053:"Spiritual Practices in the Lowcountry" 13377: 13334:(3). College Art Association: 367–376. 13211: 13049: 12998: 12833: 12711: 12601: 12399: 12174: 11961:. Fortress Press. pp. 31–34, 176. 11895: 11826: 11746:Pyatt, Sherman E.; Johns, Alan (1999). 11575: 11555:. Perennial Library. pp. 223–224. 11548: 11475:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 11445:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies 11356:. Oxford University Press. p. 29. 11282:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies 11104:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies 10907:Yale University Staff (10 March 2015). 10886:. SAGE Publications. pp. 707–713. 10880:Shujaa, Kenya; Shujaa, Mwalimu (2015). 10798: 10764: 10747: 10708: 10664: 10411:Wilford, John Noble (20 October 2008). 10410: 10393: 10362: 10345: 10311: 10240:"Eshu-Elegba: The Yoruba Trickster God" 10193: 9906: 9709: 9584:Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass 9496:"Spiritual Practices in the Lowcountry" 9425: 9395: 9300: 9253: 9214: 8671:African Burial Ground National Monument 8235: 8155: 7868: 7699: 7619: 7523: 7315: 7261: 7207: 6982: 6965: 6740: 6659: 6505: 5984: 5907:Traditional African religion portal 5384:and Hoodoo. In 1938, Hurston published 5286:Relationship with the Sanctified Church 5086:divination traditionally used in Hoodoo 4884:African Burial Ground National Monument 3883: 1937:. Regional synonyms for Hoodoo include 23193:Religion in the Southern United States 23188:Folklore of the Southern United States 23155: 23061:List of people executed for witchcraft 19869:Topics related to the African diaspora 18975:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 17566:Brown, Tamara; Kopano, Baruti (2014). 17130: 17008: 16904: 16684: 16616: 16437: 16302: 16195:"Zora Neale Hurston: Claiming a Space" 15975: 15840: 15612: 15541: 15462: 15435: 15381: 15354: 14671:. Hometalk. 2014-05-26. Archived from 14620:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 75. 14416: 14247: 14220: 13834: 13691: 13475:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 64. 13424: 13128:Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S. (2014). 12860: 12466: 11954: 11651: 11448:. Summer House Press. pp. 27–32. 11376: 11332: 10825: 10548:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 8–9. 10488: 10058: 10004: 9757:Robert Farris Thompson (26 May 2010). 9044: 8764: 8132:"Who Dare the Hoodoo Lady Julia Brown" 8052: 7975: 7887: 7548: 7496: 7381: 7354: 7036: 7010:State Museum Staff (27 January 2014). 6713: 6602: 6440: 5376:In 1935, Zora Neale Hurston published 5333:In the African American Faith movement 5047: 4570:people in the Sea Islands paint their 4306: 3809:Symbolism in African American quilting 3028: 2443:The mobility of Black people from the 23178:Christianity and religious syncretism 23030:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 21939: 21491: 20956: 20571: 19908: 19849:Landmark African-American legislation 17900: 17874: 17709: 17619: 17035: 16877: 16738: 16029: 15489: 15219: 15059: 14961: 14084:. J.B. Lippincott, Inc. p. 199. 13951: 13899:Booth, Ebony Isis (6 February 2017). 13898: 13772: 13522: 13441: 13353: 13238: 12978:. Applewood Books. pp. 126–127. 12890: 12794: 12691:Ohio State University Graduate School 12661:Ohio State University Graduate School 12574: 12520: 12372: 12081: 12054: 12000: 11468: 11285:. Summerhouse Press. pp. 27–33. 11251: 11224: 11157: 10617: 10568: 10459: 10139: 10085: 9923: 9682: 9648: 9611:. University of Florida. p. 130. 9455:University of Houston News and Events 9356: 9158:Albert J. Raboteau (7 October 2004). 9017: 8964: 8744:. Oxford University. pp. 71–73. 8554: 8324: 8305:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database" 8288: 8182: 7941: 7672: 7431: 7160:Ohio State University Graduate School 7140:. Boston: A.G. Brown. pp. 68–72. 7133: 6908: 6854: 6693:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative 6655: 6653: 6567: 5957: 5792:Concerns about cultural appropriation 3436:, archeologists and historians found 3315:has Kongo origins and comes from the 2534:Black women practitioners of Hoodoo, 2401:During the era of slavery, occultist 2311:Known Hoodoo spells date back to the 2147:Many Hoodoo practices were hidden in 1917:. Practitioners of Hoodoo are called 1021:Athletic associations and conferences 510:History of African-American education 20317:Timeline of African-American history 18980:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 17735: 17465: 17408: 17299:. Rutgers University. 4 January 2013 17158:National Blues Museum Staff (2020). 17103: 16562: 16003:Baer, Hans; Singer, Merrill (2002). 15732: 15666: 15585: 15273: 15192: 15093: 15005: 14934: 14719: 13745: 13643:Hurtson, Zora. "Hoodoo in America". 13624:Hurtson, Zora. "Hoodoo in America". 13529:. Louisiana State University Press. 13495: 12763: 12527:. Louisiana State University Press. 12473:. Louisiana State University Press. 12258:"Mystical Hoodoo with Mother Mystic" 12108: 12061:. Louisiana State University Press. 11981: 11806:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 51. 11504:. UNC Chapel Hill University Library 11495: 11073: 10933: 10515: 10495:. Louisiana State University Press. 9665: 9546: 9134:Georgia Department of Transportation 8801:University of Houston / Dissertation 8791: 8527: 8466: 8208: 8029: 8003:Anderson, Chase (22 November 2020). 7797: 7770: 7753: 7726: 6191: 5964:. Louisiana State University Press. 5634:National Register of Historic Places 5593:prohibited the importation of slaves 5418:travels to Haiti documenting Vodou. 5223:Universal Hagar's Spiritual Church, 5169: 5149:Cartomancy is the practice of using 5129:over their face is believed to have 5009: 4869: 4339:The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4237: 3739: 3728:was an African American enslaved in 3641:Archaeologists believe there may be 3636: 3009:in the United States, asserted that 2438: 2418:in schools for former slaves called 944:Association for the Study of African 154:Tidewater region (Maryland/Virginia) 34: 19334:African-American Vernacular English 17572:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 254. 17539:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 17511:10.17953/amer.40.1.a21442914234450w 16141: 15817:Conjure in African American Society 15592:. History Press. pp. 144–145. 15226:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 4. 14111:. HarperCollins. pp. 200–201. 13931:. The University of Georgia Press. 13642: 13623: 13576:. Vintage Books. pp. 132–135. 13054:A Tradition from Pre-Civil War Days 12359:. vol. 1. p. 417. Quoted in Smith. 12304: 12148:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 11896:Fu-Kiau, Kimbwandende K.B. (2001). 11773:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 11305: 11258:. Lexington Books. pp. 5, 43. 10967: 10645:National Park Service (July 2005). 10332:Conjure in African-American Society 10062:Muslims in America: A Short History 9608:Conjure in African-American Society 8965:Booth, Ebony I. (6 February 2017). 8851: 8514:Conjure in African-American Society 8129: 6945:. The University of Georgia Press. 5554: 4765:much singing and the practice of a 4282:as well as cosmology attributed to 4177:medical experiments on Black people 3243:In Talbot County, Maryland, at the 2999:A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo. 1758:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1259:African-American Vernacular English 828:National Conference of Black Mayors 13: 23127:Left-hand path and right-hand path 22702:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 20597: 19252:U.S. cities with large populations 18955:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 17065:A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo 17042:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 26. 16957: 16796: 16766:Georgia Historical Society Staff. 16543: 16524: 16471: 16173:Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive 15147: 14770:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 14531: 14473: 14335:The New York African Burial Ground 13776:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 13002:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 12681: 12651: 10774:The Journal of Pan African Studies 10751:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10668:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 10397:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10349:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10315:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10197:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 9910:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 9475: 9432:The Journal for MultiMedia History 9303:"Slave Artifacts Under the Hearth" 7150: 6969:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 6767: 6650: 5100:in their spiritual work (spells). 4104:, a plant from the fennel family. 3607:) for protection against slavery. 3460:Puckett. African Americans poured 3283: 3072:An example of an African American 2549:is an art piece created by artist 1908:traditional African spiritualities 961:National Black Chamber of Commerce 14: 23214: 23168:African-American cultural history 20018:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl 18125:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 18121:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 17928:African American founding fathers 17634: 16988:Digital Public Library of America 16931: 16851:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 16824:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 16498: 15766:. University of Tennessee Press. 14784:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 14669:"Hometalk Discusses Bottle Trees" 14641:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 14197: 14170: 13807: 13181: 13134:. Durham: Duke University Press. 13016:Federal Writers' Project (1941). 12972:Federal Writers' Project (2006). 12945:Federal Writers' Project (2006). 12181:. Harper Perennial. p. 114. 11622:Federal Writers' Project (2006). 11127: 10682:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 10516:Reed, Wilson (12 February 2007). 10429: 10211:Federal Writers' Project (1938). 10140:Diouf, Sylviane (November 1998). 9478:"Nkisi west-central African lore" 9448: 8821: 8721:Georgia Writers' Project (1940). 8667:"YOWA - Continuity of Human Life" 7825:Georgia Writers' Project (1940). 7733:. History Press. pp. 94–97. 7470:Federal Writers' Project (1936). 7382:Rucker, Walter (September 2001). 7289:Wells-Oghoghomeh, Alexis (2021). 7180: 7103:Federal Writers' Project (1941). 6939:Georgia Writers' Project (1940). 6376:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 41–43, 132. 5978: 5678: 4825:St. Helena Island, South Carolina 4508:Conjuring the spirit of High John 3862:making and West African designs. 2495:Protesters with signs in Ferguson 2168:from the 16th to 19th centuries ( 2132: 1665:Places by plurality of population 331:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 321:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 274:Abolitionism in the United States 21682: 21472: 21471: 20937: 20936: 20633: 20552: 20551: 20203: 20197: 20123:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 19887: 19005:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 18150:Nadir of American race relations 17857: 17856: 17841:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 17809: 17613: 17586: 17559: 17532: 17486: 17459: 17433: 17402: 17375: 17311: 17285: 17258: 17231: 17182: 17151: 17124: 17097: 17071: 17062: 17056: 17029: 17002: 16975: 16925: 16898: 16871: 16844: 16817: 16790: 16759: 16732: 16718:. University of Arkansas Press. 16705: 16648: 16610: 16575: 16556: 16537: 16518: 16492: 16465: 16431: 16400: 16346: 16296: 16284:. University of Virginia Press. 16271: 16247:Wegener, Frederick (Fall 1999). 16240: 16213: 16187: 16161: 16135: 16108: 16050: 16023: 15996: 15969: 15942: 15928:. University of Illinois Press. 15915: 15888: 15861: 15834: 15807: 15780: 15753: 15726: 15700:The Journal of American Folklore 15687: 15660: 15633: 15606: 15579: 15535: 15510: 15483: 15456: 15429: 15415:. University of Illinois Press. 15402: 15375: 15348: 15328:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 15321: 15307:. University of Illinois Press. 15294: 15267: 15247:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 15240: 15213: 15186: 15166: 15141: 15114: 15087: 15053: 15039:. University of Illinois Press. 15033:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 15026: 14999: 14972: 14955: 14928: 14902:The Journal of American Folklore 14893: 14867:The Journal of American Folklore 14858: 14844:. University of Virginia Press. 14831: 14804: 14777: 14760: 14740: 14713: 14686: 14634: 14607: 14578: 14551: 14534:"The Sea Shall Take Slaves Home" 14525: 14498: 14467: 14443: 14437: 14410: 14392:William & Mary Scholar Works 14379: 14353: 14322: 14295: 14268: 14241: 14214: 14191: 14164: 14138:The Journal of American Folklore 14125: 14098: 14071: 14045: 14026: 13999: 13972: 13945: 13918: 13892: 13828: 13801: 13783: 13766: 13739: 13712: 13655: 13645:The Journal of American Folklore 13636: 13626:The Journal of American Folklore 13617: 13590: 13563: 13543: 13516: 13489: 13462: 13435: 13418: 13371: 13315: 13259: 13232: 13205: 13175: 13148: 13121: 13094: 13009: 12992: 12965: 12938: 12918:Jones-Jackson, Patricia (1987). 12911: 12854: 12827: 12788: 12757: 12743:. University of Illinois Press. 12732: 12705: 12675: 12595: 12568: 12548:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 12541: 12514: 12487: 12460: 12435: 12410: 12403:Sketches of My Life in the South 12393: 12366: 12349: 12337: 12324: 12298: 12278:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 12271: 12250: 12237: 12223:"Owen Davies's top 10 grimoires" 12215: 12195: 12168: 12154:. University of Illinois Press. 12141: 12102: 12075: 12048: 12033: 11994: 11975: 11948: 11931: 11916: 11889: 11880: 11867: 11820: 11793: 11779:. University of Illinois Press. 11766: 11739: 11735:. Southeast Region. p. 207. 11722: 11702:Coggswell, Gladys Caine (2009). 11695: 11672: 11615: 11582:The Journal of American Folklore 11569: 11542: 11489: 11462: 11435: 11417: 11370: 11343: 11326: 11299: 11272: 11245: 11218: 11205: 11178: 11151: 11121: 11094: 11080:. Create Space. pp. 61–63. 11067: 11042: 11015: 10927: 10900: 10873: 10846: 10819: 10758: 10741: 10715:The Journal of American Folklore 10702: 10675: 10658: 10638: 10611: 10591: 10562: 10535: 10509: 10482: 10453: 10423: 10404: 10387: 10369:William & Mary Scholar Works 10356: 10339: 10322: 10305: 10278: 10231: 10204: 10187: 10160: 10133: 10106: 10079: 10052: 10025: 9998: 9971: 9951:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 9944: 9917: 9900: 9843: 9839:. Kentucky Archeological Survey. 9828:Stottman, Jay; Stahlgren, Lori. 9821: 9792: 9777: 9703: 9676: 9659: 9642: 9615: 9598: 9571: 9540: 9513: 9488: 9469: 9442: 9419: 9389: 9350: 9320: 9294: 9247: 9208: 9118: 9099: 9065: 9038: 9011: 8984: 8958: 8924: 8868: 8845: 8815: 8785: 8758: 8731: 8639:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 7593:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 7322:The Journal of American Folklore 7268:. Lexington Books. p. 153. 6888:. University of Illinois Press. 6720:. Scarecrow Press. p. 128. 6611:(Eastern Michigan University): 2 6609:Senior Honors Thesis and Project 6508:The Journal of American Folklore 6106:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 5900: 5475:Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo 5367: 4639:The earliest known reference to 4378:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4331:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4317:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 2989:Tony Kail conducted research in 2943: 2942: 2584: 2523:Daufuskie Island, South Carolina 2298:William Edward Burghardt Du Bois 1976:. Over the first century of the 1840: 362:Black Belt in the American South 156:, Arkansas, Alabama, Tennessee, 103: 54:to read and navigate comfortably 39: 27:For other uses of "Hoodoo", see 18011:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 18001:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 17080:"The Hoo Doo Woman of Arkansas" 16712:Obadele-Starks, Ernest (2007). 16175:. University of Central Florida 16148:National Women's History Museum 16115:JSTOR Staff (28 January 2021). 15949:Guillory, Margarita S. (2017). 15548:Religion and Healing in America 15199:. Georgetown University Press. 15100:. Georgetown University Press. 14277:"SANKOFA - Learn from the past" 14039:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 14012:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 14006:Smithsonian Institution Staff. 13958:National Endowment for the Arts 13752:. Fortress Press. p. 221. 13294:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079 13286:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079 12948:South Carolina Slave Narratives 12312:. Historic Annapolis Foundation 11628:. Applewood Books. p. 90. 10618:Opala, Joseph (10 March 2015). 10312:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 10194:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 9907:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 9837:Kentucky Transportation Cabinet 9112:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 8714: 8700:. MIT Press. pp. 153–154. 8659: 8602: 8575: 8548: 8521: 8504: 8479: 8460: 8345: 8318: 8297: 8282: 8256: 8229: 8202: 8176: 8149: 8123: 8096: 8046: 8023: 7996: 7976:Donald, Hazzard-Donald (2013). 7969: 7935: 7908: 7881: 7869:Chireau, Yvonne (Summer 2007). 7862: 7835: 7818: 7791: 7764: 7747: 7720: 7693: 7666: 7640: 7613: 7586: 7569: 7542: 7517: 7490: 7463: 7425: 7375: 7348: 7309: 7282: 7255: 7201: 7174: 7144: 7127: 7096: 7069: 7030: 7003: 6976: 6959: 6932: 6902: 6875: 6848: 6821: 6787: 6761: 6734: 6707: 6680: 6623: 6596: 6561: 6534: 6499: 6472: 6434: 6417: 6390: 6336: 6312: 6287: 6239: 5457:has many references to Hoodoo. 3660:. Shango was (and is) a feared 3495:in Charleston, South Carolina. 3234:Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation 966:National Council of Negro Women 56:. When this tag was added, its 23173:African Americans and religion 22825:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 22686:Summis desiderantes affectibus 19000:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 18006:Civil right movement 1896–1954 17440:University of Illinois Staff. 16447:Journal of Pan African Studies 16030:Brown, Lynn (7 January 2017). 14838:Rainville (12 February 2014). 13960:. NEA National Heritage Fellow 13245:. Cambridge University Press. 13050:Creel, Lauana; Sutton, Katie. 12951:. Applewood Books. p. 3. 11502:Documenting the American South 11022:Chambers, Douglass B. (2005). 10995:Pollitzer, William S. (1999). 10335:. University of Florida Press. 9221:The William and Mary Quarterly 9081:Journal of Pan African Studies 8940:Journal of Pan African Studies 8331:. Louisiana State University. 6863:. NPS Park Ethnography Program 6803:Journal of Pan African Studies 6185: 6160: 6142:Journal of Pan African Studies 6126: 6099: 6052: 6025: 5951: 5924: 5874:of African Americans from the 5863:spiritual philosophy in Hoodoo 5201: 5181: 4973: 4938:on a coffin. The Akan Sankofa 4840: 4432:in South Carolina in 1822 and 3188:Archeologists found an intact 2428:Seership, The Magnetic Mirror. 2373:. According to the stories of 2219:indigenous botanical knowledge 1953:. Scholars define Hoodoo as a 1763:Racism against Black Americans 1: 19180:Cherokee freedmen controversy 18156:The Negro Motorist Green Book 17691:Hoodoo, Conjure, and Rootwork 17472:. Arcadia. pp. 135–149. 16805:. University of Georgia Press 16480:. University of Georgia Press 16067:Journal of Africana Religions 15640:Encyclopedia Virginia Staff. 15173:National Park Service Staff. 14962:Brown, William Wells (1847). 14747:National Park Service Staff. 14726:. Arcadia. pp. 131–133. 14302:National Park Service Staff. 14275:National Park Service Staff. 13073:Works Progress Administration 12764:Long, Carolyn Morrow (1997). 11941:. p. 6. See also, Hurston's, 11845:10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00030 10518:"GABRIEL PROSSER (1775-1800)" 9026:. University of Georgia Press 8696:. In Mark Foster Gage (ed.). 8528:Loop, Maria (13 March 2013). 8511:Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2002). 8215:. History Press. p. 57. 7757:Seership, the Magnetic Mirror 7134:Brown, William Wells (1880). 7012:"Religion, Race, and Slavery" 6427:Seership, the Magnetic Mirror 6424:Randolph, Paschal B. (1870). 6198:Journal of Africana Religions 6168:"African Religion in America" 6065:Journal of Africana Religions 6003:10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00030 5917: 5573:Works Progress Administration 5537: 5174:Rootworkers also divine with 5160: 5144: 5060: 4007:Sumter County, South Carolina 3555:enslaved West African Muslims 2505:African Traditional Religions 971:National Pan-Hellenic Council 148:, Louisiana, North Carolina, 22830:accusations against children 22726:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 21850:European witchcraft folklore 20402:Slavery in the United States 20397:History of the United States 17446:University of Illinois Press 17078:Arkansas State Parks Staff. 16220:Waddell, Charles W. (1900). 15895:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981). 15868:Kostarelos, Francis (1995). 15694:Hurston, Zora Neale (1931). 15068:: 4–11, 23, 36–40, 298–299. 14078:Hurston, Zora Neale (1935). 13979:Vice News (6 January 2016). 12840:. Berkeley. pp. 69–78. 12834:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981). 12712:Hurston, Zora Neale (1943). 12608:The Journal of Negro History 12175:Hurston, Zora Neale (1991). 12001:Leone, Mark (October 2020). 11984:"African-American Religions" 11576:Hurston, Zora Neale (1931). 11530:. WRAL News. 2 February 2015 11395:10.1080/00438243.2013.799043 11377:Wilkie, Laurie (June 2013). 10173:. Weiser Books. p. 12. 9978:Raboteau, Albert J. (2004). 9799:Thompson, Robert F. (1998). 9428:"The Levi Jordan Plantation" 9357:Leone, Mark (October 2020). 9188:Jeffrey E. Anderson (2008). 8692:Nettrice R. Gaskins (2019). 8156:Jackson (19 February 2022). 7576:Douglass, Frederick (1849). 7214:The Journal of Negro History 6918:North American Archaeologist 6836:. Cambridge University Press 5760:song "Hoodoo Woman" (1937). 5464:Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down 5355:Black American faith healers 5326:African American communities 5240:African American communities 5091: 5026: 4740: 4430:Denmark Vesey's slave revolt 4251:This can be understood as a 4199: 3976:. An enslaved African named 3377:wrote in his autobiography, 3323:, which means "to die." The 3095:First African Baptist Church 2991:African American communities 2064:is from an African dialect. 2014: 1773:School segregation in the US 1311:Black American Sign Language 1285:Languages and other dialects 7: 20983:Bantu religion and folklore 20154:Michael Row the Boat Ashore 19050:Black players in ice hockey 18985:National Urban League (NUL) 18811:American Society of Muslims 18049:Selma to Montgomery marches 17969:Brown v. Board of Education 17241:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure 16938:The Encyclopedia of Alabama 16884:. Oxford University Press. 16655:Library of Congress Staff. 16584:Western American Literature 16565:Western American Literature 16501:"Verse with Virginia Roots" 14304:"Adinkra Symbols Explained" 13814:South Carolina Encyclopedia 13396:10.1177/0021934703033005001 13378:Fairley, Nancy (May 2003). 13239:Brown, Ras Michael (2012). 13101:Pollitzer (November 2005). 12867:. Bloomsbury. p. 138. 12575:Smith, Theophus H. (1994). 12260:. Patheos.com. 23 July 2011 11185:Pollitzer (November 2005). 10065:. Oxford University Press. 9984:. Oxford University Press. 9957:. New York: Vintage Books. 9924:Brown, Ras Michael (2012). 9672:. New York. pp. 25–30. 8534:University of Georgia Today 8242:. Oxford University Press. 8075:10.2979/transition.125.1.11 8067:10.2979/transition.125.1.11 7894:. Literary Licensing, LLC. 7620:Chireau, Yvonne P. (2006). 7187:South Carolina Encyclopedia 6636:. Oxford University Press. 6373:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure 5937:. Oxford University Press. 5912:Religion of Black Americans 5893: 5797:sacrifice, herbal healing, 5780:, a spirit associated with 5750:Spartanburg, South Carolina 5497:created a character called 5451:military-industrial complex 5411:Public Broadcasting Service 3989:herbal medicines. Enslaved 3021:, African American quilts, 2262:was implemented in 1724 in 600:African-American businesses 66:content into sub-articles, 10: 23219: 23203:Congolese-American history 22750:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 21519:African diaspora religions 21371:African diaspora religions 19207:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 18965:Nashville Student Movement 17976:Children of the plantation 17836:Moses, Man of the Mountain 17826:African American folktales 17341:McCarthy, John P. (2015). 16772:Georgia Historical Society 16087:10.5325/jafrireli.4.2.0215 16079:10.5325/jafrireli.4.2.0215 15793:. Christian Living Books. 14417:Frohne, Andrea E. (2015). 14341:: 5, 7, 11, 57, 96, 99–100 14041:. Smithsonian Institution. 13835:Matory, J. Lorand (2008). 13692:Murphy, Joseph M. (1994). 13523:Young (11 February 2011). 13469:Pinckney, Charles (2003). 13425:Lowery, Irving E. (1911). 13365:Georgia Historical Society 12602:Suttles, Williams (1971). 12178:Moses, man of the mountain 11679:Lauderdale, David (2016). 11469:Covey, Herbert C. (2007). 11429:Lowcountry Digital Library 11333:Lowery, Irving E. (1911). 11225:Covey, Herbert C. (2008). 11158:Covey, Herbert C. (2007). 10799:Stuckey, Sterling (2013). 10285:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 10146:. NYU Press. p. 130. 10032:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 9649:Brown, William W. (1880). 9622:Blassingame, John (1980). 9605:Anderson, Jeffrey (2002). 9114:. Smithsonian Institution. 9020:"McIntosh County Shouters" 8236:Stuckey, Sterling (2013). 7652:Georgia Historical Society 7599:. University of Illinois. 7403:10.1177/002193470103200105 6714:Waters, Robert A. (2009). 6447:Journal of Haitian Studies 6218:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0376 6210:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0376 6085:10.5325/jafrireli.2.1.0125 6077:10.5325/jafrireli.2.1.0125 6032:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 4977: 4749: 4745: 4720: 4556: 4552: 4337:In the twentieth century, 4325:Moses, Man of the Mountain 3585:means a power amulet. The 3452:Other Kongo influences at 3434:Jefferson County, Kentucky 3150:The 18th-century painting 2136: 2127: 1978:trans-Atlantic slave trade 1900:enslaved African Americans 1138:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 813:Congressional Black Caucus 780:African Diaspora Religions 567:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 120:African diaspora religions 18: 23094: 23073: 23038: 23022: 22980: 22929: 22898: 22867: 22858: 22815: 22808: 22782:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 22645: 22522: 22362: 22175: 22108: 21984: 21977: 21923:Native American religions 21806: 21691: 21680: 21525: 21469: 21429: 21363: 21356: 21311: 21270: 21263: 21213: 21172: 21091: 21026: 21019: 20988: 20934: 20875: 20827: 20820: 20792: 20739: 20642: 20631: 20605: 20549: 20412: 20304: 20296:South Carolina Lowcountry 20250: 20219: 20212: 20195: 20172: 20131: 20050: 20034: 20009: 19950: 19943: 19877: 19844:Index of related articles 19722: 19637: 19361: 19294: 19232: 19132: 19093: 19025: 19018: 18933: 18853: 18845:Doctrine of Father Divine 18791: 18733: 18382: 18237: 18229:Women's suffrage movement 18182:Reconstruction Amendments 17989:Voting Rights Act of 1965 17908: 17854: 17818: 17807: 17743: 17599:. Duke University Press. 17164:The National Blues Museum 17137:. ABC-CLIO. p. 185. 16990:. New York Public Library 15667:Long, Carolyn M. (2001). 15182:. pp. D21, D33, F19. 14365:The National Park Service 14014:. Smithsonian Institution 13853:10.1017/S0010417508000406 13797:. Department of Interior. 13795:The National Park Service 13746:Pinn, Anthony B. (2003). 13445:Gullah Culture in America 13155:MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). 12447:The National Park Service 12422:The National Park Service 12373:Smith (9 November 1995). 11549:Hurston, Zora N. (1990). 10853:Farrington, Lisa (2005). 10826:Turner, Patricia (2009). 10346:Puckett, Newbell (1926). 10291:. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. 10167:Alvarado, Denise (2011). 10119:. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. 10038:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 9712:"Kongo Across the Waters" 9301:Wilford, John N. (1996). 9256:"Kongo across the Waters" 9194:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 8473:The National Park Service 7700:Deveney, John P. (1997). 7497:Levine, Lawrence (2007). 7438:Journal of Social Science 7208:Suttles, William (1971). 6966:Puckett, Newbell (1926). 6487:. Oxford University Press 6485:Oxford English Dictionary 6038:. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. 5931:Raboteau, Albert (2004). 5815:African American churches 5694:Several African American 5426:African American folklore 5382:African American folklore 5270:African American religion 5232:Spiritual church movement 5119: 4760:Coffin Point Praise House 4667:African American folklore 4608:transatlantic slave trade 4574:to ward off evil spirits. 4542:President Abraham Lincoln 4523:also discusses the "High 4168:African American midwives 4111:, African Americans made 3911:transatlantic slave trade 3484:South Carolina Lowcountry 3050:transatlantic slave trade 2879: 2816: 2558:Central African influence 2420:Freedmen's Bureau Schools 2264:French colonial Louisiana 2174:transatlantic slave trade 2153:the invisible institution 2099:Oxford English Dictionary 2090:(mojo bag) come from the 2045:– referring to divinity. 1645:US states and territories 946:American Life and History 668:Lift Every Voice and Sing 377:Treatment of the enslaved 204: 194: 168: 125: 111: 102: 97: 23112:Christian views on magic 22790:The Discovery of Witches 22662:Directorium Inquisitorum 20349:History of Guinea-Bissau 20312:African-American history 20258:Beaufort, South Carolina 20180:African-American culture 19894:United States portal 19329:African-American English 18758:Inventors and scientists 18450:George Washington Carver 18054:Chicago Freedom Movement 17209:10.1177/0021934705280410 17197:Journal of Black Studies 17036:Brown, Kelly B. (2012). 16878:Diouf, Sylviane (2009). 16803:New Georgia Encyclopedia 16685:Yetman (15 March 2012). 16623:Southeastern Archaeology 16505:James Madison University 16478:New Georgia Encyclopedia 16057:Jenkins, Tammie (2016). 15955:. Taylor & Francis. 15760:Francis, Claude (1991). 15518:"Mother Catherine Seals" 15442:. Taylor & Francis. 15006:Peek, Philip M. (1991). 14693:Thompson (26 May 2010). 14614:Pinckney, Roger (1998). 14367:. Department of Interior 14310:. Department of Interior 14283:. Department of Interior 13384:Journal of Black Studies 13064:Federal Writers' Project 12975:Indiana Slave Narratives 12891:Zepke, Terrance (2009). 12494:Pressly; Sutter (2018). 12247:. vol. I. pp. 1758–1759. 12044:. University of Florida. 11827:Chireau, Yvonne (1997). 11442:Mitchell, Faith (1999). 11431:. College of Charleston. 11425:"Culture and Resistance" 11312:. Wadastick Publishers. 11306:Lee, Michele E. (2014). 11279:Mitchell, Faith (1999). 11101:Mitchell, Faith (1999). 10569:Jones, Alice E. (1998). 10460:Jones, Alice E. (1998). 10441:. University of Maryland 10238:Pemberton, John (1975). 10086:Diouf, Sylviane (1998). 9788:. University of Florida. 9520:Thompson (26 May 2010). 8833:. University of Maryland 8582:Thompson (26 May 2010). 8517:. University of Florida. 8379:Leland Ferguson (1999). 7915:Horowitz, Mitch (2010). 7391:Journal of Black Studies 7262:Wortham, Robert (2017). 6660:Chireau, Yvonne (2003). 5985:Chireau, Yvonne (1997). 5823:Black Spiritual churches 5569:Federal Writers' Project 5422:Charles Waddell Chesnutt 4393:The Christian Holy Bible 4107:In other regions of the 4039:George Washington Carver 3610: 3577:. For example, the word 3539: 3487:to spiritual mothers is 2403:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2397:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2058:Paschal Beverly Randolph 1994:Central African Republic 1847:United States portal 1254:African-American English 765:African-American Muslims 326:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 20:Not to be confused with 22718:De praestigiis daemonum 22670:De maleficis mulieribus 20385:History of Sierra Leone 20278:Golden Isles of Georgia 19817:African-American firsts 18866:Back-to-Africa movement 18835:Black Hebrew Israelites 18615:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 18163:Partus sequitur ventrem 17382:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 17265:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 16742:The Slave Ship Wanderer 16691:. Courier Corporation. 16379:10.34042/claj.62.2.0178 16371:10.34042/claj.62.2.0178 16278:Donahue, James (2015). 15922:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 15409:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 15355:Yetman, Norman (2012). 15301:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 14979:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 14935:Kail (13 August 2010). 14811:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 14591:Kongo Across the Waters 14585:Gundaker, Grey (2013). 14221:Frohne, Andrea (2015). 14059:. College of Charleston 13597:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 13550:National Park Service. 13448:. Praeger. p. 96. 13218:. OUP USA. p. 36. 12739:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 12693:. Ohio State University 12663:. Ohio State University 12467:Rucker, Walter (2008). 12400:Stroyer, Jacob (1879). 12310:Archeology in Annapolis 11955:Bailey, Julius (2016). 11252:Covey, Herbert (2008). 10598:National Park Service. 10489:Rucker, Walter (2008). 10170:Voodoo Hoodoo Spellbook 10059:Curtis, Edward (2009). 9710:Cooksey, Susan (2013). 9578:McCurnin, Mary (2010). 9482:Encyclopedia Britannica 9457:. University of Houston 9426:McDavid, Carol (1999). 9405:Kongo Across the Waters 9254:Cooksey, Susan (2013). 9072:Hazzard-Donald (2011). 8931:Hazzard-Donald (2011). 8875:Gundaker, Grey (2011). 8858:Archeology in Annapolis 8767:"Kongo to Kings County" 8765:Watson, Marcus (2016). 8738:Gundaker, Grey (1998). 8609:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 8536:. University of Georgia 8410:Gundaker, Grey (2011). 8352:Gundaker, Grey (1998). 8263:Duke University Staff. 8111:. Charleston City Paper 7842:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 7162:. Ohio State University 7043:OAH Magazine of History 6882:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 6774:Encyclopedia Britannica 6603:Hughes, Sakina (2005). 6541:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 6275:www.merriam-webster.com 6133:Hazzard-Donald (2011). 5851:High John the Conqueror 5821:and minkisi practices, 5380:, her first book about 5139:extrasensory perception 4834:Smithsonian Institution 4525:John the Conqueror root 4360:related to the prophet 3980:was held in bondage by 3430:Locust Grove plantation 2987:Cultural anthropologist 1768:Reparations for slavery 856:Back-to-Africa movement 755:Black Hebrew Israelites 633:African-American beauty 146:Gullah Geechee Corridor 29:Hoodoo (disambiguation) 22:Voodoo (disambiguation) 22774:Compendium Maleficarum 22766:Magical Investigations 22657:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 21692:Practices and concepts 20058:Afro-American religion 19785:Spingarn Medal winners 19274:States and territories 19045:Black NFL quarterbacks 18545:Martin Luther King Jr. 18077:Dred Scott v. Sandford 18016:Montgomery bus boycott 17189:Fandrich, Ina (2007). 17131:Perone, James (2019). 16739:Wells, Tom H. (1967). 16353:Murphey, Dana (2019). 16315:10.2307/j.ctt1trkkq5.9 16121:JSTOR Daily Newsletter 16036:JSTOR Daily Newsletter 15490:Jacob, Claude (1991). 14386:Medford, Edna (2009). 14105:Hurston, Zora (1935). 13442:Cross, Wilbur (2008). 12718:. Wildside Press LLC. 11902:. African Tree Press. 11683:. The Beaufort Gazette 11211:Stacy Hawkins Adams. " 10363:Medford, Edna (2009). 10005:Glaude, Eddie (2014). 9859:Historical Archaeology 9547:Long, Carolyn (1997). 8883:Historical Archaeology 8773:(Dissertation, Thesis) 8418:Historical Archaeology 8053:Farrag, Hebah (2018). 7888:Herman, Black (2013). 7804:. Arcadia Publishing. 7777:. Arcadia Publishing. 7524:Jamison, M.F. (1912). 7055:10.1093/maghis/17.3.37 7037:Arlyck, Kevin (2003). 7016:Louisiana State Museum 6983:Tushnet, Mark (2019). 6909:Moses, Sharon (2018). 6271:"Definition of HOODOO" 6192:Wood, Funlayo (2013). 5691: 5671:to the United States. 5602:Jekyll Island, Georgia 5564: 5389: 5308:Charles Harrison Mason 5295: 5227: 5077: 4989: 4879: 4761: 4731:West African religions 4709: 4689:. It is placed inside 4636: 4616:outdoor water features 4575: 4538:The Sanctified Church. 4517: 4500: 4453: 4434:Nat Turner's Rebellion 4413: 4394: 4319: 4304: 4247: 4204: 4164: 4058: 3968: 3893: 3834: 3822: 3794:Guinea Coast of Africa 3786:West African societies 3749: 3710:Williamsburg, Virginia 3680: 3536: 3527:West African influence 3499:Robert Farris Thompson 3401: 3304: 3257:Levi Jordan Plantation 3193: 3180:Other Kongo influences 3159: 3085: 3040: 2546:The Rootworker's Table 2496: 2465: 2398: 2308: 2255: 2156: 1904:Southern United States 1238:Dialects and languages 398:Second Great Migration 23163:Hoodoo (spirituality) 22397:Cloak of invisibility 22153:Solitary practitioner 22066:Witch-cult hypothesis 20413:Related ethnic groups 20378:History of the Gambia 20237:Port Royal Experiment 20051:Religion and folklore 19991:Daughters of the Dust 19095:Athletic associations 19030:Negro league baseball 18801:African-American Jews 18520:Ketanji Brown Jackson 18485:Henry Highland Garnet 18344:Negro National Anthem 18094:George Floyd protests 18059:Post–civil rights era 17846:Sukey and The Mermaid 17361:10.1353/ams.2015.0009 16797:Rohrer, Katherine E. 16663:. Library of Congress 16596:10.1353/wal.2002.0027 16306:Searching for Sycorax 15898:The Sanctified Church 15841:Davies, Owen (2013). 15648:. Virginia Humanities 15646:Encyclopedia Virginia 14453:National Park Service 14202:. The Washington Post 12837:The Sanctified Church 12795:Tyler, Varro (1991). 12521:Young, Jason (2011). 12345:Secrets of the Psalms 12109:Leon (October 2020). 12055:Young, Jason (2011). 11800:Pyatt; Jones (1999). 11625:Ohio Slave Narratives 11107:. Summerhouse Press. 10940:Savannah Morning News 10542:Johns; Pyatt (1999). 8183:Felix (27 May 2017). 7754:Randolph, Paschal B. 7679:. Wiley. p. 50. 7432:White, Shane (2014). 6741:Vansina, Jan (2002). 5958:Young, Jason (2007). 5817:, spirit possession, 5748:was born enslaved in 5686: 5562: 5375: 5317:The Sanctified Church 5293: 5222: 5068: 4987: 4877: 4780:. The ring shout and 4759: 4707: 4628: 4566: 4515: 4494: 4447: 4409: 4400:Secrets of the Psalms 4392: 4314: 4299: 4245: 4191:by midwives, and the 4162: 4094:Gullah Geechee Nation 4056: 4029:Before and after the 3966: 3891: 3828: 3816: 3782:Gullah Geechee people 3747: 3678: 3670:1741 slave conspiracy 3615:Hoodoo also has some 3534: 3508:African Art historian 3387: 3291: 3187: 3149: 3071: 3036: 2494: 2463: 2396: 2319:broke out in 1712 in 2306: 2241: 2146: 1650:US metropolitan areas 1477:List of neighborhoods 1091:Alabama Creole people 1081:African-American Jews 1013:Negro league baseball 976:National Urban League 928:Civic/economic groups 760:African-American Jews 650:African-American hair 512:, after the Civil War 341:Post–civil rights era 23198:Supernatural legends 23117:Magical organization 22632:Witches of Benevento 21006:Proto-Bantu language 20749:Ancestral veneration 20656:Chicamassi-chinuinji 20324:Atlantic slave trade 19999:Gullah Gullah Island 19302:Afro-Seminole Creole 18828:Azusa Street Revival 18700:Booker T. Washington 18224:Underground Railroad 18089:Free people of color 17943:Atlantic slave trade 17084:Arkansas State Parks 16778:on 21 September 2021 16144:"Zora Neale Hurston" 15550:. pp. 333–342. 12715:High John de Conquer 12115:Current Anthropology 12040:Harn Museum of Art. 12007:Current Anthropology 10968:Andreae, Christine. 10439:Wye House Archeology 9784:Harn Museum of Art. 9728:10.1162/AFAR_a_00109 9666:Bibb, Henry (1849). 9363:Current Anthropology 9272:10.1162/AFAR_a_00109 9024:Georgia Encyclopedia 8831:Wye House Archeology 6834:Cambridge Dictionary 6570:Current Anthropology 6397:Gall; Hobby (2009). 5744:Hoodoo practitioner 5663:Hurston interviewed 5349:Deliverance ministry 5192:Underground Railroad 5076:would be successful. 5074:Underground Railroad 3884:Rootwork and healing 3754:Stagville Plantation 3714:Alexandria, Virginia 3706:Kingsmill Plantation 3704:In addition, at the 3546:West African Muslims 3269:Bantu-Kongo religion 3245:Wye House plantation 3099:Underground Railroad 2732:Ancestral veneration 2637:Chicamassi-chinuinji 2414:, Randolph educated 2350:Underground Railroad 1807:Criminal stereotypes 1582:District of Columbia 1299:Afro-Seminole Creole 741:Non-Christian groups 336:Black power movement 300:during the Civil War 269:Atlantic slave trade 22734:Newes from Scotland 22694:Malleus Maleficarum 22071:Anglo-Saxon England 21312:Legendary creatures 20139:Charleston red rice 19951:Film and television 19697:Trinidad and Tobago 19312:Black American Sign 19139:By African descent 19133:Ethnic subdivisions 19120:Southwestern (SWAC) 19035:Baseball color line 18950:Black Panther Party 18854:Political movements 18771:in computer science 18430:Carol Moseley Braun 18219:Tulsa race massacre 18212:Treatment of slaves 18044:March on Washington 18039:Birmingham movement 17415:Pharmacy in History 17104:Kail, Tony (2017). 15733:Kail, Tony (2017). 15696:"Hoodoo in America" 15586:Kail, Tony (2017). 14773:. pp. 231–232. 14134:"Hoodoo in America" 14033:Smithsonian Staff. 13496:Kail, Tony (2019). 13274:Marvels & Tales 13084:Library of Congress 12897:. Pineapple Press. 12801:Pharmacy in History 12770:Pharmacy in History 11877:. vol. II. p. 1761. 11578:"Hoodoo in America" 11496:Hutchins, Zachary. 11350:Farrington (2005). 10976:. Jefferson Library 10711:"Hoodoo in America" 9625:The Slave Community 9553:Pharmacy in History 9106:Smithsonian Staff. 8771:CUNY Academic Works 8209:Tony, Kail (2017). 8162:CNBC Small Business 8136:Acadiana Historical 7798:Kail, Tony (2017). 7771:Kail, Tony (2019). 7727:Kail, Tony (2019). 7318:"Hoodoo in America" 6794:Washington (2010). 5813:, snake reverence, 5723:Got My Mojo Working 5619:St. Simons, Georgia 5608:in Central Africa. 5585:Library of Congress 5581:ex-slave narratives 5340:Prosperity theology 5322:Holy Ghost shouting 5155:poker playing cards 5070:William Wells Brown 5048:Commonly used items 4936:Akan Sankofa Symbol 4858:published in 1935. 4808:of Africa with the 4787:biblical references 4343:Black neighborhoods 4307:Moses as a conjurer 4219:retributive justice 4098:Ferula assafoetida; 3817:Bible Quilt 1898 / 3654:Annapolis, Maryland 3563:Mandingo (Mandinka) 3456:were documented by 3400:, carved onto them. 3127:Magnolia Plantation 3038:The Kongo cosmogram 3029:The Kongo cosmogram 2507:are present in the 2286:St. Louis, Missouri 2280:wrote in his book, 2278:William Wells Brown 2197:water spirits, and 2182:illegal slave trade 2164:transported to the 1915:botanical knowledge 1203:Sierra Leone Creole 1164:Specific ancestries 1049:Southwestern (SWAC) 572:Black History Month 403:New Great Migration 357:Agriculture history 138:Carolina Lowcountry 58:readable prose size 23086:Witches in fiction 23074:In popular culture 22648:historic treatises 21664:Trinidadian Vodunu 21452:John the Conqueror 20373:History of Senegal 20359:History of Nigeria 20354:History of Liberia 20108:John the Conqueror 19795:US representatives 19790:US cabinet members 19682:Dominican Republic 19269:Metropolitan areas 19110:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 18935:Civic and economic 18913:Self-determination 18734:Education, science 18655:Fred Shuttlesworth 18635:A. Philip Randolph 18540:Coretta Scott King 18465:Frederick Douglass 18292:Harlem Renaissance 18197:Separate but equal 18187:Reconstruction era 18175:Plessy v. Ferguson 18066:Cornerstone Speech 17980:Civil Rights Acts 17963:Black Lives Matter 17938:American Civil War 17831:John the Conqueror 17744:Magic and concepts 17318:Media Department. 17170:on 7 February 2022 16061:Jonah's Gourd Vine 15124:Teaching Mysticism 14474:Morrow, Kara Ann. 14179:. Emory University 14177:Indiana University 13987:. Vice Media Group 13925:Rosenbaum (1998). 13779:. p. preface. 13662:Pollitzer (2005). 13367:. 30 October 2013. 13182:Adams, Natalie P. 12305:Cochran, Matthew. 12121:(S22): S276–S288. 11982:Harrison, Milmon. 11729:NPS Staff (2003). 10934:Jahannes, Naftal. 10417:The New York Times 9871:10.1007/BF03374221 9476:Wilson, Khonsura. 9307:The New York Times 9136:. State of Georgia 9125:Department Staff. 8991:Rosenbaum (1998). 8971:The Griot Republic 8895:10.1007/BF03376840 8852:Cochran, Matthew. 8430:10.1007/BF03376840 6768:Wilson, Khonsura. 6576:(S22): S276–S288. 6430:. pp. 17, 18. 6348:www.etymonline.com 6324:www.etymonline.com 6172:Harvard University 5805:burial practices, 5735:"Who Do You Love?" 5715:Gertrude Ma Rainey 5692: 5650:West African Vodun 5567:In the 1930s, the 5565: 5440:Reconstruction Era 5393:Zora Neale Hurston 5390: 5313:Black gospel music 5304:Memphis, Tennessee 5296: 5257:Memphis, Tennessee 5236:Spiritual churches 5228: 5098:elemental energies 5078: 4990: 4880: 4852:Zora Neale Hurston 4772:The ring shout in 4762: 4710: 4637: 4576: 4529:American Civil War 4518: 4501: 4459:, who was born in 4454: 4395: 4376:Nevertheless, the 4320: 4270:Kongo Christianity 4248: 4165: 4139:(a person who can 4059: 4035:Indigenous peoples 3969: 3927:benneseed (sesame) 3894: 3835: 3823: 3750: 3730:Richmond, Virginia 3681: 3537: 3512:Albert J. Raboteau 3415:Harn Museum of Art 3402: 3305: 3249:Frederick Douglass 3194: 3160: 3152:The Old Plantation 3086: 3041: 2528:Frenier, Louisiana 2509:Black Lives Matter 2501:American Civil War 2497: 2466: 2412:American Civil War 2399: 2381:Frederick Douglass 2309: 2294:invisible churches 2256: 2189:incorporating the 2180:and 1808, and the 2157: 2118:Zora Neale Hurston 1963:Abrahamic religion 1959:syncretic religion 1212:Sexual orientation 1086:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1039:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 674:Self-determination 638:Black is beautiful 304:Reconstruction era 23150: 23149: 23107:Witch (archetype) 23069: 23068: 23018: 23017: 22344:Sympathetic magic 22171: 22170: 21933: 21932: 21845:Western occultism 21654:Spiritual Baptist 21485: 21484: 21465: 21464: 21352: 21351: 21259: 21258: 20950: 20949: 20930: 20929: 20625:Kongo Catholicism 20565: 20564: 20545: 20544: 20420:African Americans 20329:History of Angola 20285:(protected site) 20193: 20192: 20185:Culture of Africa 20164:Robot Hive/Exodus 20132:Music and culture 20025:Vibration Cooking 19975:A Soldier's Story 19902: 19901: 19730:African Americans 19602:Dallas–Fort Worth 19197:Black Southerners 19128: 19127: 18580:Thurgood Marshall 18550:Bernard Lafayette 18145:Million Man March 17902:African Americans 17868: 17867: 17641:Hoodoo in America 17493:Deslippe (2014). 17238:Anderson (2008). 17067:. pp. 74–76. 16932:Diouf, Sylviane. 16891:978-0-19-972398-0 16472:Powell, Timothy. 16223:The Conjure Woman 16142:Norwood, Alisha. 15854:978-0-19-162514-5 15814:Anderson (2005). 15787:Clemmens (2012). 15565:978-0-19-516796-2 14505:Thompson (2010). 13808:Poole, W. Scott. 13719:Raboteau (2004). 13570:Thompson (2010). 13266:Connolly (2021). 13225:978-0-19-993167-5 13075:. #194 on pg. 199 12931:978-0-8203-4241-2 12904:978-1-56164-871-9 12750:978-0-252-07876-7 12588:978-0-19-802319-7 12386:978-0-19-802319-7 12376:Conjuring Culture 12361:Conjuring Culture 11939:Conjuring Culture 11383:World Archaeology 11363:978-0-19-516721-4 11128:Niven, Steven J. 10915:. Yale University 10866:978-0-19-516721-4 10812:978-0-19-993167-5 10626:. Yale University 10329:Anderson (2002). 10180:978-1-57863-513-9 10072:978-0-19-974567-8 9770:978-0-307-87433-7 9635:978-0-19-502563-7 9201:978-0-313-34222-6 9171:978-0-19-517413-7 8751:978-0-19-535538-3 8707:978-0-262-35146-1 8249:978-0-19-993167-5 8130:Dottery, Alyssa. 8103:Lawrence (2010). 8030:Anderson, Chase. 7811:978-1-4396-5957-1 7654:. 30 October 2013 7633:978-0-520-24988-2 7606:978-0-252-09446-0 7562:978-0-19-530569-2 7089:978-0-19-517413-7 7076:Raboteau (2004). 6643:978-0-19-802031-8 6630:Raboteau (2004). 6370:Anderson (2008). 5971:978-0-8071-3719-2 5944:978-0-19-802031-8 5754:Newport, Arkansas 5746:Aunt Caroline Dye 5652:, Islam, and the 5642:Mississippi Sound 5520:St. Simons Island 5435:The Conjure Woman 5300:Sanctified Church 5170:Domino divination 5110:Black communities 5106:African mysticism 5010:Personal concerns 4904:minkisi and Nkisi 4870:Burial traditions 4778:spirit possession 4463:, maintained his 4238:God as a conjurer 4100:the folk word is 3943:protective amulet 3903:slave plantations 3839:Bakongo cosmogram 3833:, South Carolina. 3637:Yoruba influences 3230:Darrow, Louisiana 3217:minkisi and nkisi 3169:spirit possession 3136:James Brice House 2984: 2983: 2934: 2933: 2613:Kongo Catholicism 2439:Post-emancipation 2321:colonial New York 2273:Former slave and 2228:Mississippi Delta 2172:) as part of the 2160:and West African 2009:African Americans 1893: 1892: 1830: 1829: 1728: 1727: 1502:Dallas-Fort Worth 1319: 1318: 1229: 1228: 1173:Americo-Liberians 1056: 1055: 994: 993: 919: 918: 788: 787: 732:Womanist theology 682: 681: 624:Symbols and ideas 410: 409: 289:Antebellum period 284:Revolutionary War 239:African Americans 224: 223: 208:Lowcountry Voodoo 199:African Americans 177:Sea Island Creole 164:, and Mississippi 93: 92: 60:was 22,000 words. 23210: 23081:Magic in fiction 22911:Northern Moravia 22865: 22864: 22845:Papua New Guinea 22813: 22812: 22597:Nine sorceresses 22349:Witches' Sabbath 22198:Ceremonial magic 22188:Apotropaic magic 21982: 21981: 21960: 21953: 21946: 21937: 21936: 21699:Animal sacrifice 21686: 21624:Louisiana Voodoo 21512: 21505: 21498: 21489: 21488: 21475: 21474: 21361: 21360: 21271:Legendary beings 21268: 21267: 21024: 21023: 20977: 20970: 20963: 20954: 20953: 20940: 20939: 20825: 20824: 20637: 20592: 20585: 20578: 20569: 20568: 20555: 20554: 20344:History of Ghana 20339:History of Congo 20334:History of Benin 20268:Eulonia, Georgia 20263:Daufuskie Island 20217: 20216: 20207: 20201: 19948: 19947: 19929: 19922: 19915: 19906: 19905: 19892: 19891: 19890: 19854:Lynching victims 19353:Louisiana Creole 19324:American English 19212:Louisiana Creole 19185:Choctaw freedmen 19023: 19022: 18560:Huddie Ledbetter 18500:Fannie Lou Hamer 18470:W. E. B. Du Bois 18460:Claudette Colvin 18455:Shirley Chisholm 18272:Family structure 18140:Military history 18022:Browder v. Gayle 17895: 17888: 17881: 17872: 17871: 17860: 17859: 17813: 17737:Hoodoo tradition 17730: 17723: 17716: 17707: 17706: 17628: 17627: 17617: 17611: 17610: 17590: 17584: 17583: 17563: 17557: 17556: 17536: 17530: 17529: 17527: 17525: 17499:Amerasia Journal 17490: 17484: 17483: 17463: 17457: 17456: 17454: 17452: 17437: 17431: 17430: 17406: 17400: 17399: 17379: 17373: 17372: 17349:American Studies 17346: 17338: 17332: 17331: 17329: 17327: 17315: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17304: 17289: 17283: 17282: 17262: 17256: 17255: 17235: 17229: 17228: 17194: 17186: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17166:. Archived from 17155: 17149: 17148: 17128: 17122: 17121: 17101: 17095: 17093: 17091: 17090: 17075: 17069: 17068: 17060: 17054: 17053: 17033: 17027: 17026: 17024: 17022: 17006: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16995: 16979: 16973: 16972: 16964: 16955: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16944: 16929: 16923: 16922: 16902: 16896: 16895: 16875: 16869: 16868: 16848: 16842: 16841: 16821: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16810: 16794: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16774:. Archived from 16763: 16757: 16756: 16736: 16730: 16729: 16709: 16703: 16702: 16682: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16652: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16641: 16614: 16608: 16607: 16579: 16573: 16572: 16560: 16554: 16553: 16541: 16535: 16534: 16522: 16516: 16515: 16513: 16511: 16496: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16485: 16469: 16463: 16462: 16460: 16458: 16444: 16435: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16424: 16407:Chireau (2019). 16404: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16393: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16339: 16300: 16294: 16293: 16275: 16269: 16268: 16244: 16238: 16237: 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16206: 16191: 16185: 16184: 16182: 16180: 16169:"Plot Summaries" 16165: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16154: 16139: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16112: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16054: 16048: 16047: 16045: 16043: 16027: 16021: 16020: 16000: 15994: 15993: 15973: 15967: 15966: 15946: 15940: 15939: 15919: 15913: 15912: 15892: 15886: 15885: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15838: 15832: 15831: 15811: 15805: 15804: 15784: 15778: 15777: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15730: 15724: 15723: 15706:(174): 318–320. 15691: 15685: 15684: 15664: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15653: 15637: 15631: 15630: 15610: 15604: 15603: 15583: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15539: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15529: 15514: 15508: 15507: 15487: 15481: 15480: 15460: 15454: 15453: 15433: 15427: 15426: 15406: 15400: 15399: 15379: 15373: 15372: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15325: 15319: 15318: 15298: 15292: 15291: 15271: 15265: 15264: 15244: 15238: 15237: 15217: 15211: 15210: 15190: 15184: 15183: 15181: 15170: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15154: 15145: 15139: 15138: 15121:Parsons (2011). 15118: 15112: 15111: 15091: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15080: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15030: 15024: 15023: 15003: 14997: 14996: 14976: 14970: 14969: 14959: 14953: 14952: 14932: 14926: 14925: 14897: 14891: 14890: 14862: 14856: 14855: 14835: 14829: 14828: 14808: 14802: 14801: 14781: 14775: 14774: 14767:Puckett (1926). 14764: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14744: 14738: 14737: 14717: 14711: 14710: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14665: 14659: 14658: 14638: 14632: 14631: 14611: 14605: 14604: 14582: 14576: 14575: 14558:Laroche (2014). 14555: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14544: 14529: 14523: 14522: 14502: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14471: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14450: 14441: 14435: 14434: 14414: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14383: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14372: 14357: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14326: 14320: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14288: 14272: 14266: 14265: 14245: 14239: 14238: 14218: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14207: 14195: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14132:Hurston (1931). 14129: 14123: 14122: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14075: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14064: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14030: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14003: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13976: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13965: 13949: 13943: 13942: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13864: 13832: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13805: 13799: 13798: 13787: 13781: 13780: 13770: 13764: 13763: 13743: 13737: 13736: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13689: 13680: 13679: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13640: 13634: 13633: 13621: 13615: 13614: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13547: 13541: 13540: 13520: 13514: 13513: 13493: 13487: 13486: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13439: 13433: 13432: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13357: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13328:The Art Bulletin 13319: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13271: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13212:Stuckey (2013). 13209: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13188: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13081: 13080: 13060: 13047: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13022: 13013: 13007: 13006: 12999:Puckett (1926). 12996: 12990: 12989: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12888: 12879: 12878: 12858: 12852: 12851: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12776:(2): 47–48, 51. 12761: 12755: 12754: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12688: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12658: 12649: 12640: 12639: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12545: 12539: 12538: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12464: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12439: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12370: 12364: 12353: 12347: 12343:Selig, Godfrey. 12341: 12335: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12302: 12296: 12295: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12254: 12248: 12241: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12219: 12213: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12172: 12166: 12165: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12037: 12031: 12030: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11988:Encyclopedia.com 11979: 11973: 11972: 11952: 11946: 11935: 11929: 11920: 11914: 11913: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11878: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11726: 11720: 11719: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11222: 11216: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11019: 11013: 11012: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10970:"Slave Medicine" 10965: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10771: 10765:Johnson (2014). 10762: 10756: 10755: 10748:Puckett (1926). 10745: 10739: 10738: 10709:Hurston (1931). 10706: 10700: 10699: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10665:Puckett (1926). 10662: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10577:: 105–106, 108. 10566: 10560: 10559: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10436: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10394:Puckett (1926). 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9856: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9834: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9402: 9396:Fennell (2013). 9393: 9387: 9386: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9333: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9215:Samford (1996). 9212: 9206: 9205: 9185: 9176: 9175: 9155: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9131: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9078: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9018:Rosenbaum, Art. 9015: 9009: 9008: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8937: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8880: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8828: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8798: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8636: 8627: 8626: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8415: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8387:. Archived from 8376: 8370: 8369: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7875:Cabinet Magazine 7866: 7860: 7859: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7388: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7316:Hurston (1931). 7313: 7307: 7306: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7157: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6915: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6800: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6514:(174): 317–417. 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5928: 5905: 5904: 5782:Louisiana Voodoo 5577:Great Depression 5555:Slave narratives 5415:African Diaspora 5003:African Diaspora 4450:African Diaspora 4315:A seal from the 4223:good versus evil 4217:and his role in 4173:segregation laws 4064:apotropaic magic 3958:Native Americans 3899:rice cultivation 3583:Louisiana Creole 3575:Bambara language 3506:Thompson was an 3469:Kikongo language 3090:Counterclockwise 3019:slave narratives 3003:Sterling Stuckey 2976: 2969: 2962: 2946: 2945: 2814: 2813: 2588: 2577: 2562: 2561: 2513:police brutality 2424:Louisiana Voodoo 2187:Bakongo religion 2139:Antebellum South 2107: 2092:Kikongo language 2021:English language 1910:and elements of 1885: 1878: 1871: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1792:media depictions 1741: 1740: 1636:Population count 1332: 1331: 1266:Liberian English 1245:English dialects 1242: 1241: 1198:Samaná Americans 1123:Creoles of color 1069: 1068: 1007: 1006: 951:Black conductors 932: 931: 801: 800: 775:Louisiana Voodoo 697: 696: 442:Family structure 425: 424: 372:Military history 367:Business history 298:military history 253: 252: 226: 225: 185:Louisiana Creole 107: 95: 94: 88: 85: 79: 43: 42: 35: 32: 25: 23218: 23217: 23213: 23212: 23211: 23209: 23208: 23207: 23153: 23152: 23151: 23146: 23090: 23065: 23034: 23014: 22976: 22930:Northern Europe 22925: 22894: 22854: 22804: 22647: 22641: 22524: 22518: 22457:Magical weapons 22407:Flying ointment 22358: 22203:Magical formula 22167: 22104: 22051:Greece and Rome 21973: 21964: 21934: 21929: 21802: 21738:Hot foot powder 21687: 21678: 21521: 21516: 21486: 21481: 21461: 21425: 21406:Hot foot powder 21381:Candomblé Bantu 21348: 21307: 21255: 21226:Kongo cosmogram 21209: 21168: 21087: 21044:Dini Ya Msambwa 21015: 21011:Bantu languages 21001:Bantu expansion 20984: 20981: 20951: 20946: 20926: 20871: 20852:Hot foot powder 20816: 20788: 20759:Kongo cosmogram 20735: 20638: 20629: 20601: 20596: 20566: 20561: 20541: 20408: 20305:Related history 20300: 20246: 20242:Stono Rebellion 20227:Bilali Document 20208: 20202: 20189: 20173:Related culture 20168: 20127: 20103:Hot foot powder 20073:Flying Africans 20046: 20042:Gullah language 20030: 20005: 19939: 19933: 19903: 19898: 19888: 19886: 19873: 19839:Historic places 19832:US state firsts 19718: 19633: 19357: 19290: 19262:2010 majorities 19257:2000 majorities 19228: 19175:Black Seminoles 19124: 19115:Southern (SIAC) 19098: 19097:and conferences 19096: 19089: 19085:Serena Williams 19080:Jackie Robinson 19014: 18938: 18936: 18929: 18849: 18816:Nation of Islam 18787: 18735: 18729: 18670:Sojourner Truth 18660:Clarence Thomas 18625:Gabriel Prosser 18525:Michael Jackson 18400:Crispus Attucks 18390:Ralph Abernathy 18378: 18334:Musical theater 18233: 18099:Great Migration 18071:COVID-19 impact 18029:Sit-in movement 17904: 17899: 17869: 17864: 17862:Gullah category 17850: 17814: 17805: 17781:Kongo cosmogram 17771:Hot foot powder 17739: 17734: 17637: 17632: 17631: 17618: 17614: 17607: 17591: 17587: 17580: 17564: 17560: 17553: 17537: 17533: 17523: 17521: 17491: 17487: 17480: 17464: 17460: 17450: 17448: 17438: 17434: 17407: 17403: 17396: 17380: 17376: 17339: 17335: 17325: 17323: 17316: 17312: 17302: 17300: 17291: 17290: 17286: 17279: 17263: 17259: 17252: 17236: 17232: 17187: 17183: 17173: 17171: 17156: 17152: 17145: 17129: 17125: 17118: 17102: 17098: 17088: 17086: 17076: 17072: 17061: 17057: 17050: 17034: 17030: 17020: 17018: 17009:Martin (2006). 17007: 17003: 16993: 16991: 16982:Library Staff. 16980: 16976: 16962: 16956: 16952: 16942: 16940: 16930: 16926: 16919: 16905:Shujaa (2015). 16903: 16899: 16892: 16876: 16872: 16865: 16849: 16845: 16838: 16822: 16818: 16808: 16806: 16795: 16791: 16781: 16779: 16764: 16760: 16753: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16710: 16706: 16699: 16683: 16676: 16666: 16664: 16653: 16649: 16639: 16637: 16617:Wilkie (1995). 16615: 16611: 16580: 16576: 16561: 16557: 16542: 16538: 16523: 16519: 16509: 16507: 16497: 16493: 16483: 16481: 16470: 16466: 16456: 16454: 16442: 16438:Barima (2017). 16436: 16432: 16422: 16420: 16405: 16401: 16391: 16389: 16351: 16347: 16337: 16335: 16325: 16301: 16297: 16276: 16272: 16245: 16241: 16234: 16218: 16214: 16204: 16202: 16193: 16192: 16188: 16178: 16176: 16167: 16166: 16162: 16152: 16150: 16140: 16136: 16126: 16124: 16113: 16109: 16099: 16097: 16055: 16051: 16041: 16039: 16028: 16024: 16017: 16001: 15997: 15990: 15976:Bowler (2011). 15974: 15970: 15963: 15947: 15943: 15936: 15920: 15916: 15909: 15893: 15889: 15882: 15866: 15862: 15855: 15839: 15835: 15828: 15812: 15808: 15801: 15785: 15781: 15774: 15758: 15754: 15747: 15731: 15727: 15692: 15688: 15681: 15665: 15661: 15651: 15649: 15638: 15634: 15627: 15613:Jacobs (1991). 15611: 15607: 15600: 15584: 15580: 15570: 15568: 15566: 15542:Jacobs (2004). 15540: 15536: 15527: 15525: 15516: 15515: 15511: 15504: 15488: 15484: 15477: 15463:Dupree (2013). 15461: 15457: 15450: 15436:Archer (2009). 15434: 15430: 15423: 15407: 15403: 15396: 15382:Larson (2009). 15380: 15376: 15369: 15353: 15349: 15342: 15326: 15322: 15315: 15299: 15295: 15288: 15272: 15268: 15261: 15245: 15241: 15234: 15218: 15214: 15207: 15191: 15187: 15179: 15171: 15167: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15146: 15142: 15135: 15119: 15115: 15108: 15092: 15088: 15078: 15076: 15058: 15054: 15047: 15031: 15027: 15020: 15004: 15000: 14993: 14977: 14973: 14960: 14956: 14949: 14933: 14929: 14898: 14894: 14863: 14859: 14852: 14836: 14832: 14825: 14809: 14805: 14798: 14782: 14778: 14765: 14761: 14753: 14745: 14741: 14734: 14718: 14714: 14707: 14691: 14687: 14678: 14676: 14667: 14666: 14662: 14655: 14639: 14635: 14628: 14612: 14608: 14601: 14583: 14579: 14572: 14556: 14552: 14542: 14540: 14530: 14526: 14519: 14503: 14499: 14489: 14487: 14472: 14468: 14458: 14456: 14448: 14442: 14438: 14431: 14415: 14411: 14401: 14399: 14398:: 29, 49, 88–89 14384: 14380: 14370: 14368: 14359: 14358: 14354: 14344: 14342: 14327: 14323: 14313: 14311: 14300: 14296: 14286: 14284: 14273: 14269: 14262: 14248:Frohne (2015). 14246: 14242: 14235: 14219: 14215: 14205: 14203: 14198:Ellis, Nicole. 14196: 14192: 14182: 14180: 14169: 14165: 14130: 14126: 14119: 14103: 14099: 14092: 14076: 14072: 14062: 14060: 14051: 14050: 14046: 14031: 14027: 14017: 14015: 14004: 14000: 13990: 13988: 13977: 13973: 13963: 13961: 13950: 13946: 13939: 13923: 13919: 13909: 13907: 13905:Griots Republic 13897: 13893: 13883: 13881: 13833: 13829: 13819: 13817: 13810:"Praise houses" 13806: 13802: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13771: 13767: 13760: 13744: 13740: 13733: 13717: 13713: 13706: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13660: 13656: 13641: 13637: 13622: 13618: 13611: 13595: 13591: 13584: 13568: 13564: 13556: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13521: 13517: 13510: 13494: 13490: 13483: 13467: 13463: 13456: 13440: 13436: 13423: 13419: 13376: 13372: 13359: 13358: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13320: 13316: 13306: 13304: 13264: 13260: 13253: 13237: 13233: 13226: 13210: 13206: 13196: 13194: 13186: 13180: 13176: 13169: 13153: 13149: 13142: 13126: 13122: 13115: 13099: 13095: 13078: 13076: 13058: 13048: 13044: 13034: 13032: 13020: 13014: 13010: 12997: 12993: 12986: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12943: 12939: 12932: 12916: 12912: 12905: 12889: 12882: 12875: 12861:Little (2012). 12859: 12855: 12848: 12832: 12828: 12793: 12789: 12762: 12758: 12751: 12737: 12733: 12726: 12710: 12706: 12696: 12694: 12686: 12682:Newman, Chris. 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12656: 12652:Newman, Chris. 12650: 12643: 12620:10.2307/2716232 12600: 12596: 12589: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12546: 12542: 12535: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12492: 12488: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12451: 12449: 12441: 12440: 12436: 12426: 12424: 12418:"Denmark Vesey" 12416: 12415: 12411: 12398: 12394: 12387: 12371: 12367: 12354: 12350: 12342: 12338: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12303: 12299: 12292: 12276: 12272: 12263: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12242: 12238: 12228: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12216: 12200: 12196: 12189: 12173: 12169: 12162: 12146: 12142: 12107: 12103: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12053: 12049: 12038: 12034: 11999: 11995: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11953: 11949: 11936: 11932: 11922:Hurston. 1935. 11921: 11917: 11910: 11894: 11890: 11885: 11881: 11872: 11868: 11839:(2): 227, 232. 11825: 11821: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11787: 11771: 11767: 11760: 11744: 11740: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11700: 11696: 11686: 11684: 11677: 11673: 11666: 11652:Joyner (1985). 11650: 11643: 11636: 11620: 11616: 11606: 11604: 11574: 11570: 11563: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11531: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11467: 11463: 11456: 11440: 11436: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11375: 11371: 11364: 11348: 11344: 11331: 11327: 11320: 11304: 11300: 11293: 11277: 11273: 11266: 11250: 11246: 11239: 11223: 11219: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11183: 11179: 11172: 11156: 11152: 11142: 11140: 11126: 11122: 11115: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11054:Free Dictionary 11048: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11020: 11016: 11009: 10993: 10989: 10979: 10977: 10966: 10955: 10945: 10943: 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10905: 10901: 10894: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10851: 10847: 10840: 10824: 10820: 10813: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10769: 10763: 10759: 10746: 10742: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10680: 10676: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10627: 10616: 10612: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10585: 10567: 10563: 10556: 10540: 10536: 10526: 10524: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10487: 10483: 10476: 10458: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10434: 10428: 10424: 10409: 10405: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10361: 10357: 10344: 10340: 10327: 10323: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10256:10.2307/3334976 10236: 10232: 10225: 10209: 10205: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10084: 10080: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10046: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10003: 9999: 9992: 9976: 9972: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9922: 9918: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9854: 9848: 9844: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9797: 9793: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9755: 9751: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9681: 9677: 9664: 9660: 9647: 9643: 9636: 9620: 9616: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9576: 9572: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9474: 9470: 9460: 9458: 9447: 9443: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9369:(22): 281–283. 9355: 9351: 9341: 9339: 9331: 9325: 9321: 9311: 9309: 9299: 9295: 9252: 9248: 9233:10.2307/2946825 9213: 9209: 9202: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9156: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9129: 9123: 9119: 9104: 9100: 9090: 9088: 9076: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9045:Murphy (1994). 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8989: 8985: 8975: 8973: 8963: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8873: 8869: 8850: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8826: 8822:Leone, Mark P. 8820: 8816: 8806: 8804: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8776: 8774: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8719: 8715: 8708: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8526: 8522: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8465: 8461: 8408: 8404: 8394: 8392: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8269:Duke University 8261: 8257: 8250: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8193: 8191: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7974: 7970: 7960: 7958: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7886: 7882: 7867: 7863: 7856: 7840: 7836: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7549:Levine (2007). 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7430: 7426: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7355:Frohne (2015). 7353: 7349: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7226:10.2307/2716232 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7183:"Praise houses" 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7155: 7151:Newman, Chris. 7149: 7145: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7074: 7070: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6828:Library Staff. 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6798: 6792: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6687:Library Staff. 6685: 6681: 6674: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6601: 6597: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6441:Turner (2002). 6439: 6435: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6368: 6361: 6352: 6350: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6277: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6204:(30): 376–427. 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6026: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5899: 5896: 5872:Great Migration 5835:Kongo cosmogram 5794: 5758:Johnny Temple's 5681: 5654:Yoruba religion 5557: 5540: 5516:flying Africans 5510:Song of Solomon 5370: 5357: 5335: 5288: 5279:Chicago Tribune 5217: 5204: 5184: 5172: 5163: 5147: 5122: 5094: 5063: 5050: 5029: 5012: 4982: 4976: 4872: 4843: 4810:Kongo cosmogram 4754: 4748: 4743: 4723: 4584:slave narrative 4561: 4555: 4510: 4465:Central African 4387: 4371:Great Migration 4309: 4288:Kongo cosmogram 4240: 4231: 4207: 4202: 3954:slave community 3935:black-eyed peas 3886: 3864:Adinkra symbols 3811: 3742: 3740:Magical amulets 3732:, and he was a 3726:Gabriel Prosser 3639: 3630:snake (serpent) 3613: 3542: 3529: 3493:slave community 3473:Gullah language 3389:Brooklyn Museum 3286: 3284:Magical amulets 3261:Brazoria, Texas 3201:Central African 3182: 3140:Kongo cosmogram 3119:freedom seekers 3054:Kongo cosmogram 3031: 3011:African culture 2980: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2875: 2856:Hot foot powder 2831:Candomblé Bantu 2810: 2802: 2801: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2742:Kongo cosmogram 2727: 2717: 2716: 2628: 2618: 2617: 2598: 2575: 2560: 2470:Great Migration 2441: 2388:white supremacy 2358:slave catchers' 2354:Freedom seekers 2246:from Africa in 2215:Christian faith 2191:Kongo cosmogram 2141: 2135: 2130: 2105: 2017: 2005:Great Migration 1923:conjure doctors 1889: 1841: 1839: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1782: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1669: 1631: 1607:Omaha, Nebraska 1572:Historic places 1566: 1458: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1280: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1207: 1159: 1101:Black Seminoles 1066: 1065:Sub-communities 1058: 1057: 1044:Southern (SIAC) 1004: 996: 995: 990: 945: 929: 921: 920: 915: 832: 798: 790: 789: 784: 770:Nation of Islam 736: 713: 694: 684: 683: 678: 619: 586: 553: 525: 486: 462:Musical theater 422: 412: 411: 393:Great Migration 250: 217: 215: 213: 211: 209: 136: 89: 83: 80: 61: 44: 40: 33: 26: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 23216: 23206: 23205: 23200: 23195: 23190: 23185: 23183:Folk religions 23180: 23175: 23170: 23165: 23148: 23147: 23145: 23144: 23139: 23134: 23129: 23124: 23119: 23114: 23109: 23104: 23098: 23096: 23092: 23091: 23089: 23088: 23083: 23077: 23075: 23071: 23070: 23067: 23066: 23064: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23042: 23040: 23036: 23035: 23033: 23032: 23026: 23024: 23020: 23019: 23016: 23015: 23013: 23012: 23011: 23010: 23000: 22995: 22990: 22984: 22982: 22981:Western Europe 22978: 22977: 22975: 22974: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22954: 22949: 22944: 22939: 22933: 22931: 22927: 22926: 22924: 22923: 22918: 22913: 22908: 22902: 22900: 22899:Eastern Europe 22896: 22895: 22893: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22871: 22869: 22862: 22856: 22855: 22853: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22821: 22819: 22810: 22806: 22805: 22803: 22802: 22794: 22786: 22778: 22770: 22762: 22754: 22746: 22738: 22730: 22722: 22714: 22706: 22698: 22690: 22682: 22674: 22666: 22658: 22651: 22649: 22643: 22642: 22640: 22639: 22637:Witch of Endor 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22569: 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22528: 22526: 22520: 22519: 22517: 22516: 22514:Witch's ladder 22511: 22506: 22501: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22465: 22464: 22454: 22449: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22388: 22387: 22377: 22372: 22366: 22364: 22360: 22359: 22357: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22326: 22321: 22320: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22233: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22212: 22207: 22206: 22205: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22179: 22177: 22173: 22172: 22169: 22168: 22166: 22165: 22160: 22155: 22150: 22145: 22144: 22143: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22112: 22110: 22106: 22105: 22103: 22102: 22101: 22100: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22079: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22023: 22022: 22021: 22011: 22010: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21988: 21986: 21979: 21975: 21974: 21963: 21962: 21955: 21948: 21940: 21931: 21930: 21928: 21927: 21926: 21925: 21915: 21914: 21913: 21903: 21898: 21897: 21896: 21886: 21885: 21884: 21874: 21873: 21872: 21867: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21841: 21840: 21835: 21825: 21824: 21823: 21812: 21810: 21804: 21803: 21801: 21800: 21795: 21790: 21785: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21748:Kromanti dance 21745: 21740: 21735: 21734: 21733: 21723: 21722: 21721: 21716: 21711: 21701: 21695: 21693: 21689: 21688: 21681: 21679: 21677: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21661: 21659:Tambor de Mina 21656: 21651: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21605: 21604: 21594: 21592:Dominican Vudú 21589: 21584: 21579: 21578: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21557: 21556: 21555: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21529: 21527: 21523: 21522: 21515: 21514: 21507: 21500: 21492: 21483: 21482: 21470: 21467: 21466: 21463: 21462: 21460: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21433: 21431: 21427: 21426: 21424: 21423: 21418: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21393: 21388: 21378: 21376:Black cat bone 21373: 21367: 21365: 21358: 21357:Bantu diaspora 21354: 21353: 21350: 21349: 21347: 21346: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21326: 21321: 21315: 21313: 21309: 21308: 21306: 21305: 21300: 21298:Nyongo society 21295: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21274: 21272: 21265: 21261: 21260: 21257: 21256: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21217: 21215: 21211: 21210: 21208: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21176: 21174: 21170: 21169: 21167: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21101: 21095: 21093: 21089: 21088: 21086: 21085: 21080: 21066: 21056: 21054:Kongo religion 21051: 21041: 21036: 21034:Bantu religion 21030: 21028: 21021: 21017: 21016: 21014: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20992: 20990: 20986: 20985: 20980: 20979: 20972: 20965: 20957: 20948: 20947: 20935: 20932: 20931: 20928: 20927: 20925: 20924: 20919: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20879: 20877: 20873: 20872: 20870: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20837:Black cat bone 20833: 20831: 20822: 20818: 20817: 20815: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20798: 20796: 20790: 20789: 20787: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20769:Nature spirits 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20745: 20743: 20737: 20736: 20734: 20733: 20728: 20725: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20709: 20706: 20703: 20700: 20697: 20694: 20691: 20686: 20683: 20680: 20677: 20674: 20671: 20668: 20665: 20660: 20657: 20654: 20648: 20646: 20640: 20639: 20632: 20630: 20628: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20611: 20609: 20603: 20602: 20599:Kongo religion 20595: 20594: 20587: 20580: 20572: 20563: 20562: 20550: 20547: 20546: 20543: 20542: 20540: 20539: 20534: 20533: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20416: 20414: 20410: 20409: 20407: 20406: 20405: 20404: 20394: 20393: 20392: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20375: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20320: 20319: 20308: 20306: 20302: 20301: 20299: 20298: 20293: 20292: 20291: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20254: 20252: 20248: 20247: 20245: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20223: 20221: 20220:History topics 20214: 20210: 20209: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20190: 20188: 20187: 20182: 20176: 20174: 20170: 20169: 20167: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20135: 20133: 20129: 20128: 20126: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20088:Black cat bone 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20054: 20052: 20048: 20047: 20045: 20044: 20038: 20036: 20032: 20031: 20029: 20028: 20021: 20013: 20011: 20007: 20006: 20004: 20003: 19995: 19987: 19979: 19971: 19963: 19954: 19952: 19945: 19941: 19940: 19932: 19931: 19924: 19917: 19909: 19900: 19899: 19897: 19896: 19884: 19878: 19875: 19874: 19872: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19835: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19814: 19813: 19812: 19807: 19805:Visual artists 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19765:Mathematicians 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19726: 19724: 19720: 19719: 19717: 19716: 19715: 19714: 19706: 19701: 19700: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19679: 19671: 19670: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19643: 19641: 19635: 19634: 19632: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19615: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19589: 19584: 19582:South Carolina 19579: 19574: 19573: 19572: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19552:North Carolina 19549: 19548: 19547: 19537: 19532: 19531: 19530: 19520: 19515: 19514: 19513: 19505: 19504: 19503: 19497:Massachusetts 19495: 19494: 19493: 19483: 19478: 19477: 19476: 19466: 19461: 19460: 19459: 19449: 19444: 19443: 19442: 19432: 19427: 19426: 19425: 19415: 19414: 19413: 19408: 19398: 19393: 19392: 19391: 19386: 19376: 19371: 19365: 19363: 19359: 19358: 19356: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19344: 19343: 19342: 19341: 19339:social context 19336: 19326: 19316: 19315: 19314: 19304: 19298: 19296: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19288: 19287: 19286: 19281: 19271: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19259: 19249: 19248: 19247: 19236: 19234: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19226: 19221: 19220: 19219: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19193: 19192: 19190:Creek Freedmen 19187: 19182: 19177: 19167: 19165:Alabama Creole 19162: 19161: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19136: 19134: 19130: 19129: 19126: 19125: 19123: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19105:Central (CIAA) 19101: 19099: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19026: 19020: 19016: 19015: 19013: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18941: 18939: 18934: 18931: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18922: 18921: 18920: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18898:Pan-Africanism 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18879: 18878: 18868: 18863: 18857: 18855: 18851: 18850: 18848: 18847: 18842: 18840:Black theology 18837: 18832: 18831: 18830: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18813: 18803: 18797: 18795: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18785: 18784: 18783: 18781:in STEM fields 18778: 18773: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18739: 18737: 18736:and technology 18731: 18730: 18728: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18675:Harriet Tubman 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18605:Michelle Obama 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18535:Barbara Jordan 18532: 18530:Harriet Jacobs 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18420:Amelia Boynton 18417: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18384: 18383:Notable people 18380: 18379: 18377: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18319:LGBT community 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18300: 18299: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18243: 18241: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18215: 18214: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18171: 18166: 18159: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18118: 18113: 18112: 18111: 18106: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18062: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18034:Freedom Riders 18031: 18026: 18018: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17978: 17973: 17965: 17960: 17958:Black genocide 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17914: 17912: 17906: 17905: 17898: 17897: 17890: 17883: 17875: 17866: 17865: 17855: 17852: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17822: 17820: 17816: 17815: 17808: 17806: 17804: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17751:Black cat bone 17747: 17745: 17741: 17740: 17733: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17710: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17636: 17635:External links 17633: 17630: 17629: 17620:Boson (2014). 17612: 17605: 17585: 17578: 17558: 17551: 17531: 17485: 17478: 17458: 17432: 17401: 17394: 17374: 17355:(1): 147–148. 17333: 17310: 17284: 17277: 17257: 17250: 17230: 17181: 17150: 17143: 17123: 17116: 17096: 17070: 17055: 17048: 17028: 17001: 16974: 16950: 16924: 16917: 16897: 16890: 16870: 16863: 16843: 16836: 16816: 16789: 16758: 16751: 16731: 16724: 16704: 16697: 16674: 16647: 16609: 16574: 16555: 16536: 16517: 16499:Becca, Evans. 16491: 16474:"Ebos Landing" 16464: 16430: 16399: 16365:(2): 178–192. 16345: 16333:j.ctt1trkkq5.9 16323: 16295: 16290:j.ctt13x1rbt.7 16270: 16259:(4): 474–475. 16239: 16232: 16212: 16186: 16160: 16134: 16107: 16073:(2): 215–224. 16049: 16022: 16015: 15995: 15988: 15968: 15961: 15941: 15934: 15914: 15907: 15887: 15880: 15860: 15853: 15833: 15826: 15806: 15799: 15779: 15772: 15752: 15745: 15725: 15712:10.2307/535394 15686: 15679: 15659: 15632: 15625: 15605: 15598: 15578: 15564: 15534: 15509: 15502: 15482: 15475: 15455: 15448: 15428: 15421: 15401: 15394: 15374: 15367: 15347: 15340: 15320: 15313: 15293: 15286: 15266: 15259: 15239: 15232: 15220:Pyatt (1999). 15212: 15205: 15185: 15165: 15140: 15133: 15113: 15106: 15086: 15060:Kulii (1982). 15052: 15045: 15025: 15018: 14998: 14991: 14971: 14954: 14947: 14927: 14914:10.2307/535394 14892: 14879:10.2307/535394 14857: 14850: 14830: 14823: 14803: 14796: 14776: 14759: 14756:. p. D33. 14739: 14732: 14712: 14705: 14685: 14660: 14653: 14633: 14626: 14606: 14599: 14577: 14570: 14550: 14524: 14517: 14497: 14466: 14444:Leon, Rodney. 14436: 14429: 14409: 14378: 14352: 14321: 14294: 14267: 14260: 14240: 14233: 14213: 14190: 14171:Brown, David. 14163: 14150:10.2307/535394 14124: 14117: 14097: 14090: 14070: 14044: 14025: 13998: 13971: 13944: 13937: 13917: 13891: 13827: 13800: 13782: 13773:Niles (1926). 13765: 13758: 13738: 13731: 13722:Slave Religion 13711: 13704: 13681: 13674: 13654: 13635: 13616: 13609: 13589: 13582: 13562: 13559:. p. F35. 13542: 13535: 13515: 13508: 13488: 13481: 13461: 13454: 13434: 13417: 13370: 13352: 13314: 13258: 13251: 13231: 13224: 13204: 13174: 13167: 13147: 13140: 13120: 13113: 13093: 13042: 13008: 13005:. p. 288. 12991: 12984: 12964: 12957: 12937: 12930: 12910: 12903: 12880: 12873: 12853: 12846: 12826: 12807:(4): 165–166. 12787: 12756: 12749: 12731: 12724: 12704: 12674: 12641: 12594: 12587: 12567: 12560: 12540: 12533: 12513: 12506: 12486: 12479: 12459: 12434: 12409: 12392: 12385: 12365: 12363:. p. 14. n. 8. 12348: 12336: 12323: 12297: 12290: 12270: 12249: 12236: 12225:. The Guardian 12214: 12194: 12187: 12167: 12160: 12140: 12127:10.1086/709843 12101: 12094: 12082:Young (2011). 12074: 12067: 12047: 12032: 12019:10.1086/709843 11993: 11974: 11967: 11947: 11930: 11915: 11908: 11888: 11879: 11866: 11819: 11812: 11792: 11785: 11765: 11758: 11738: 11721: 11714: 11694: 11671: 11664: 11641: 11634: 11614: 11594:10.2307/535394 11568: 11561: 11541: 11515: 11488: 11481: 11461: 11454: 11434: 11416: 11369: 11362: 11342: 11325: 11318: 11298: 11291: 11271: 11264: 11244: 11237: 11217: 11204: 11197: 11177: 11170: 11150: 11120: 11113: 11093: 11086: 11066: 11041: 11034: 11014: 11007: 10987: 10953: 10942:. Savannah Now 10926: 10899: 10892: 10872: 10865: 10845: 10838: 10818: 10811: 10791: 10780:(10): 167, 182 10757: 10754:. p. 114. 10740: 10727:10.2307/535394 10701: 10694: 10674: 10671:. p. 233. 10657: 10637: 10610: 10590: 10583: 10561: 10554: 10534: 10508: 10501: 10481: 10474: 10452: 10422: 10403: 10386: 10355: 10352:. p. 381. 10338: 10321: 10304: 10297: 10277: 10230: 10223: 10203: 10186: 10179: 10159: 10152: 10132: 10125: 10105: 10098: 10078: 10071: 10051: 10044: 10024: 10017: 9997: 9990: 9970: 9963: 9943: 9936: 9916: 9899: 9842: 9820: 9813: 9791: 9776: 9769: 9749: 9702: 9695: 9683:Vlach (1990). 9675: 9658: 9641: 9634: 9614: 9597: 9570: 9539: 9532: 9512: 9487: 9468: 9441: 9418: 9388: 9375:10.1086/709843 9349: 9319: 9293: 9246: 9207: 9200: 9177: 9170: 9147: 9117: 9098: 9064: 9057: 9037: 9010: 9003: 8983: 8957: 8923: 8889:(2): 176–183. 8867: 8864:on 2013-02-01. 8844: 8814: 8784: 8757: 8750: 8730: 8713: 8706: 8684: 8658: 8651: 8628: 8621: 8601: 8594: 8574: 8567: 8555:Vlach (1990). 8547: 8520: 8503: 8478: 8459: 8424:(2): 176–183. 8402: 8391:on 15 May 2021 8371: 8364: 8344: 8337: 8325:Young (2011). 8317: 8296: 8281: 8255: 8248: 8228: 8221: 8201: 8189:The New Yorker 8175: 8148: 8122: 8095: 8061:(125): 76–88. 8045: 8022: 7995: 7988: 7968: 7942:Kulii (1982). 7934: 7927: 7907: 7900: 7880: 7861: 7854: 7834: 7817: 7810: 7790: 7783: 7763: 7746: 7739: 7719: 7712: 7692: 7685: 7673:Young (2021). 7665: 7639: 7632: 7612: 7605: 7585: 7568: 7561: 7541: 7516: 7509: 7489: 7462: 7444:(3): 684–686. 7424: 7374: 7367: 7347: 7334:10.2307/535394 7308: 7301: 7281: 7274: 7254: 7200: 7181:Poole, Scott. 7173: 7143: 7126: 7095: 7088: 7068: 7029: 7002: 6995: 6975: 6958: 6951: 6931: 6901: 6894: 6874: 6847: 6820: 6786: 6760: 6753: 6733: 6726: 6706: 6679: 6672: 6649: 6642: 6622: 6595: 6582:10.1086/709843 6560: 6553: 6533: 6520:10.2307/535394 6498: 6479:Oxford Staff. 6471: 6433: 6416: 6409: 6389: 6382: 6359: 6335: 6311: 6299:Dictionary.com 6286: 6262: 6238: 6184: 6159: 6125: 6118: 6098: 6071:(1): 125–160. 6051: 6044: 6024: 5977: 5970: 5950: 5943: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5895: 5892: 5827:Black theology 5793: 5790: 5770:Central Africa 5765:Robert Johnson 5708:Robert Johnson 5680: 5679:In blues music 5677: 5675:of the South. 5669:Middle Passage 5571:, part of the 5556: 5553: 5539: 5536: 5499:Brother Voodoo 5486:folk religions 5406:anthropologist 5369: 5366: 5356: 5353: 5334: 5331: 5287: 5284: 5216: 5213: 5203: 5200: 5188:Harriet Tubman 5183: 5180: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5146: 5143: 5121: 5118: 5093: 5090: 5062: 5059: 5049: 5046: 5028: 5025: 5011: 5008: 4975: 4972: 4960:people in the 4958:Gullah Geechee 4940:Adinkra symbol 4900:New York Dutch 4871: 4868: 4842: 4839: 4830:gentrification 4774:Black churches 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4722: 4719: 4604:Central Africa 4568:Gullah Geechee 4554: 4551: 4509: 4506: 4386: 4383: 4308: 4305: 4284:Kongo religion 4275:Bakongo people 4239: 4236: 4227: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4185:umbilical cord 4113:asfidity balls 3901:to be used on 3885: 3882: 3860:American quilt 3843:Harriet Powers 3819:Harriet Powers 3810: 3807: 3741: 3738: 3638: 3635: 3612: 3609: 3548:who practiced 3541: 3538: 3528: 3525: 3443:American South 3285: 3282: 3181: 3178: 3030: 3027: 3023:Black churches 3015:Black theology 2995:Central Africa 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2838: 2828: 2826:Black cat bone 2822: 2820: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2752:Nature spirits 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2556: 2478:stage magician 2440: 2437: 2149:Black churches 2134: 2133:Antebellum era 2131: 2129: 2126: 2069:Windward Coast 2016: 2013: 2003:Following the 1974:Central Africa 1970:Bakongo people 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1753:Black genocide 1749: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1660:US communities 1657: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617:South Carolina 1614: 1612:North Carolina 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434:South Carolina 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1414:North Carolina 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1271:Samaná English 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1221:LGBT community 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1178:Creek Freedmen 1175: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1148:Carmel Indians 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1029:Central (CIAA) 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 991: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 940: 937: 936: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 917: 916: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 896:Pan-Africanism 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 842: 839: 838: 834: 833: 831: 830: 825: 820: 815: 809: 806: 805: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 785: 783: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 746: 743: 742: 738: 737: 735: 734: 729: 727:Black theology 723: 720: 719: 715: 714: 712: 711: 705: 702: 701: 695: 690: 689: 686: 685: 680: 679: 677: 676: 671: 664: 659: 658: 657: 647: 642: 641: 640: 629: 626: 625: 621: 620: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 593: 592: 591:Economic class 588: 587: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 563: 560: 559: 555: 554: 552: 551: 546: 541: 535: 532: 531: 530:Academic study 527: 526: 524: 523: 518: 513: 507: 502: 496: 493: 492: 488: 487: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 433: 430: 429: 423: 418: 417: 414: 413: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 395: 387: 386: 382: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 351: 350: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 312: 311: 301: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 258: 257: 251: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 234: 222: 221: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 170: 166: 165: 130:American South 127: 123: 122: 113: 109: 108: 100: 99: 91: 90: 70:it, or adding 47: 45: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23215: 23204: 23201: 23199: 23196: 23194: 23191: 23189: 23186: 23184: 23181: 23179: 23176: 23174: 23171: 23169: 23166: 23164: 23161: 23160: 23158: 23143: 23140: 23138: 23137:Folk religion 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23110: 23108: 23105: 23103: 23100: 23099: 23097: 23093: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23078: 23076: 23072: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23043: 23041: 23037: 23031: 23028: 23027: 23025: 23021: 23009: 23006: 23005: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22991: 22989: 22986: 22985: 22983: 22979: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22958: 22955: 22953: 22950: 22948: 22945: 22943: 22940: 22938: 22935: 22934: 22932: 22928: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22904: 22903: 22901: 22897: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22872: 22870: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22857: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22822: 22820: 22818: 22814: 22811: 22807: 22800: 22799: 22795: 22792: 22791: 22787: 22784: 22783: 22779: 22776: 22775: 22771: 22768: 22767: 22763: 22760: 22759: 22755: 22752: 22751: 22747: 22744: 22743: 22739: 22736: 22735: 22731: 22728: 22727: 22723: 22720: 22719: 22715: 22712: 22711: 22707: 22704: 22703: 22699: 22696: 22695: 22691: 22688: 22687: 22683: 22680: 22679: 22675: 22672: 22671: 22667: 22664: 22663: 22659: 22656: 22653: 22652: 22650: 22644: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22627:Three Witches 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22587:Morgan le Fay 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22527: 22521: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22463: 22460: 22459: 22458: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22448: 22445: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22432:Kitchen witch 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22386: 22383: 22382: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22367: 22365: 22361: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22304: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22217: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22204: 22201: 22200: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22180: 22178: 22174: 22164: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22154: 22151: 22149: 22146: 22142: 22139: 22138: 22137: 22134: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22113: 22111: 22107: 22099: 22096: 22095: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22083:Latin America 22081: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22027: 22024: 22020: 22017: 22016: 22015: 22012: 22008: 22007:Witch smeller 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21994: 21993: 21990: 21989: 21987: 21983: 21980: 21976: 21972: 21968: 21961: 21956: 21954: 21949: 21947: 21942: 21941: 21938: 21924: 21921: 21920: 21919: 21916: 21912: 21909: 21908: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21895: 21892: 21891: 21890: 21887: 21883: 21880: 21879: 21878: 21875: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21862: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21839: 21838:Protestantism 21836: 21834: 21831: 21830: 21829: 21826: 21822: 21819: 21818: 21817: 21814: 21813: 21811: 21809: 21808:Diverse roots 21805: 21799: 21796: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21732: 21729: 21728: 21727: 21724: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21706: 21705: 21704:Fetish priest 21702: 21700: 21697: 21696: 21694: 21690: 21685: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21657: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21603: 21600: 21599: 21598: 21597:Haitian Vodou 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21562: 21561: 21558: 21554: 21551: 21550: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21530: 21528: 21524: 21520: 21513: 21508: 21506: 21501: 21499: 21494: 21493: 21490: 21480: 21479: 21468: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21434: 21432: 21428: 21422: 21419: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21401: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21386: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21368: 21366: 21362: 21359: 21355: 21345: 21342: 21340: 21339:Mokele-mbembe 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21316: 21314: 21310: 21304: 21303:Sudika-mbambi 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21276: 21275: 21273: 21269: 21266: 21262: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21218: 21216: 21212: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21177: 21175: 21171: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21154:Nzambi Mpungu 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21096: 21094: 21090: 21084: 21083:Zulu religion 21081: 21078: 21074: 21070: 21067: 21064: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21049: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21031: 21029: 21025: 21022: 21018: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20996:Bantu peoples 20994: 20993: 20991: 20987: 20978: 20973: 20971: 20966: 20964: 20959: 20958: 20955: 20945: 20944: 20933: 20923: 20920: 20917: 20913: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20888: 20884: 20881: 20880: 20878: 20874: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20830: 20826: 20823: 20819: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20799: 20797: 20795: 20791: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20746: 20744: 20742: 20738: 20732: 20729: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20715:Nzambi Mpungu 20713: 20710: 20707: 20704: 20701: 20698: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20684: 20681: 20678: 20675: 20672: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20658: 20655: 20653: 20650: 20649: 20647: 20645: 20641: 20636: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20612: 20610: 20608: 20604: 20600: 20593: 20588: 20586: 20581: 20579: 20574: 20573: 20570: 20560: 20559: 20548: 20538: 20535: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20502: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20417: 20415: 20411: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20398: 20395: 20391: 20388: 20387: 20386: 20383: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20370: 20369: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20318: 20315: 20314: 20313: 20310: 20309: 20307: 20303: 20297: 20294: 20290: 20287: 20286: 20284: 20283:Sapelo Island 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20255: 20253: 20249: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20224: 20222: 20218: 20215: 20211: 20206: 20200: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20177: 20175: 20171: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20130: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20113:Rabbit's foot 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20055: 20053: 20049: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20037: 20033: 20027: 20026: 20022: 20020: 20019: 20015: 20014: 20012: 20008: 20001: 20000: 19996: 19993: 19992: 19988: 19985: 19984: 19980: 19977: 19976: 19972: 19969: 19968: 19964: 19961: 19960: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19949: 19946: 19942: 19937: 19936:Gullah people 19930: 19925: 19923: 19918: 19916: 19911: 19910: 19907: 19895: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19879: 19876: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19864:Neighborhoods 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19827:Sports firsts 19825: 19823: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19815: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19731: 19728: 19727: 19725: 19721: 19713: 19710: 19709: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19674: 19672: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19649: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19642: 19640: 19636: 19630: 19629:West Virginia 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19594: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19571: 19568: 19567: 19566:Pennsylvania 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19545:New York City 19543: 19542: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19529: 19526: 19525: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19512: 19509: 19508: 19506: 19502: 19499: 19498: 19496: 19492: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19475: 19472: 19471: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19419: 19416: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19403: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19390: 19389:San Francisco 19387: 19385: 19382: 19381: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19366: 19364: 19362:By state/city 19360: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19331: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19317: 19313: 19310: 19309: 19308: 19307:American Sign 19305: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19293: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19246: 19243: 19242: 19241: 19240:Neighborhoods 19238: 19237: 19235: 19231: 19225: 19222: 19218: 19215: 19214: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19172: 19171: 19170:Black Indians 19168: 19166: 19163: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19138: 19137: 19135: 19131: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19100: 19092: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19027: 19024: 19021: 19017: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18942: 18940: 18932: 18926: 18923: 18919: 18916: 18915: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18877: 18874: 18873: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18858: 18856: 18852: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18824: 18821: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18808: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18798: 18796: 18794: 18790: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18768: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18748:Black schools 18746: 18744: 18743:Black studies 18741: 18740: 18738: 18732: 18726: 18725:Whitney Young 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18715:Oprah Winfrey 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18685:Denmark Vesey 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18630:Joseph Rainey 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18585:Toni Morrison 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18570:Joseph Lowery 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18515:Jesse Jackson 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18505:Kamala Harris 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18490:Marcus Garvey 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18440:Blanche Bruce 18438: 18436: 18435:Edward Brooke 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18425:James Bradley 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18405:James Baldwin 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18381: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18349:Neighborhoods 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18298: 18295: 18294: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18240: 18236: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18202:Silent Parade 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18177: 18176: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18164: 18160: 18158: 18157: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18130:Jim Crow laws 18128: 18126: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18024: 18023: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18013: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17981: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17953:Black cowboys 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17915: 17913: 17911: 17907: 17903: 17896: 17891: 17889: 17884: 17882: 17877: 17876: 17873: 17863: 17853: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17823: 17821: 17817: 17812: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17791:Rabbit's foot 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17748: 17746: 17742: 17738: 17731: 17726: 17724: 17719: 17717: 17712: 17711: 17708: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17638: 17625: 17624: 17616: 17608: 17606:9781478006787 17602: 17598: 17597: 17589: 17581: 17579:9781137071392 17575: 17571: 17570: 17562: 17554: 17552:9780252094460 17548: 17544: 17543: 17535: 17520: 17516: 17512: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17496: 17489: 17481: 17479:9781439659571 17475: 17471: 17470: 17466:Kail (2017). 17462: 17447: 17443: 17436: 17428: 17424: 17420: 17416: 17412: 17409:Long (1997). 17405: 17397: 17395:9780252094460 17391: 17387: 17386: 17378: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17345: 17337: 17321: 17314: 17298: 17294: 17288: 17280: 17278:9780252094460 17274: 17270: 17269: 17261: 17253: 17251:9780807135280 17247: 17244:. LSU Press. 17243: 17242: 17234: 17226: 17222: 17218: 17214: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17193: 17185: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17154: 17146: 17144:9781440866159 17140: 17136: 17135: 17127: 17119: 17117:9781439659571 17113: 17109: 17108: 17100: 17085: 17081: 17074: 17066: 17059: 17051: 17049:9781137091437 17045: 17041: 17040: 17032: 17016: 17012: 17005: 16989: 16985: 16978: 16970: 16969: 16961: 16954: 16939: 16935: 16928: 16920: 16918:9781483346380 16914: 16910: 16909: 16901: 16893: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16874: 16866: 16864:9780820308517 16860: 16856: 16855: 16847: 16839: 16837:9780820308517 16833: 16829: 16828: 16820: 16804: 16800: 16793: 16777: 16773: 16769: 16762: 16754: 16752:9780820334578 16748: 16744: 16743: 16735: 16727: 16725:9781557288585 16721: 16717: 16716: 16708: 16700: 16698:9780486131016 16694: 16690: 16689: 16681: 16679: 16662: 16658: 16651: 16636: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16620: 16613: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16593: 16590:(2002): 325. 16589: 16585: 16578: 16570: 16566: 16559: 16551: 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15278: 15274:Peek (1991). 15270: 15262: 15260:9780252094460 15256: 15252: 15251: 15243: 15235: 15233:9780313279997 15229: 15225: 15224: 15216: 15208: 15206:9780253343093 15202: 15198: 15197: 15193:Peek (1991). 15189: 15178: 15177: 15169: 15151: 15144: 15136: 15134:9780199751198 15130: 15126: 15125: 15117: 15109: 15107:9780253343093 15103: 15099: 15098: 15094:Peek (1991). 15090: 15075: 15071: 15067: 15063: 15056: 15048: 15046:9780252094460 15042: 15038: 15037: 15029: 15021: 15019:9780253343093 15015: 15011: 15010: 15002: 14994: 14992:9780252094460 14988: 14984: 14983: 14975: 14967: 14966: 14958: 14950: 14948:9781439659571 14944: 14940: 14939: 14931: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14896: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14861: 14853: 14851:9780813935355 14847: 14843: 14842: 14834: 14826: 14824:9780252094460 14820: 14816: 14815: 14807: 14799: 14797:9780820308517 14793: 14789: 14788: 14780: 14772: 14771: 14763: 14752: 14751: 14743: 14735: 14733:9781439668276 14729: 14725: 14724: 14720:Kail (2019). 14716: 14708: 14706:9780307874337 14702: 14698: 14697: 14689: 14675:on 2016-03-26 14674: 14670: 14664: 14656: 14654:9780820308517 14650: 14646: 14645: 14637: 14629: 14627:9781567185249 14623: 14619: 14618: 14610: 14602: 14600:9780813049458 14596: 14592: 14588: 14581: 14573: 14571:9780253013910 14567: 14563: 14562: 14554: 14539: 14535: 14528: 14520: 14518:9780307874337 14514: 14510: 14509: 14501: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14470: 14454: 14447: 14440: 14432: 14430:9780815634300 14426: 14422: 14421: 14413: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14382: 14366: 14362: 14356: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14325: 14309: 14305: 14298: 14282: 14278: 14271: 14263: 14261:9780815634300 14257: 14253: 14252: 14244: 14236: 14234:9780815634300 14230: 14226: 14225: 14217: 14201: 14200:"Descendants" 14194: 14178: 14174: 14167: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14128: 14120: 14118:9780060916480 14114: 14110: 14109: 14108:Mules and Men 14101: 14093: 14091:9780060916480 14087: 14083: 14082: 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11519: 11503: 11499: 11492: 11484: 11482:9780739131275 11478: 11474: 11473: 11465: 11457: 11455:9781887714334 11451: 11447: 11446: 11438: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11373: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11346: 11338: 11337: 11329: 11321: 11319:9780692857878 11315: 11311: 11310: 11302: 11294: 11292:9781887714334 11288: 11284: 11283: 11275: 11267: 11265:9780739131275 11261: 11257: 11256: 11248: 11240: 11238:9780739131275 11234: 11230: 11229: 11221: 11214: 11208: 11200: 11198:9780820327839 11194: 11190: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11171:9780739131275 11167: 11163: 11162: 11154: 11139:on 2015-09-10 11138: 11134: 11131: 11124: 11116: 11114:9781887714334 11110: 11106: 11105: 11097: 11089: 11087:9781442995116 11083: 11079: 11078: 11074:Camp (2009). 11070: 11055: 11051: 11045: 11037: 11035:9781617034374 11031: 11027: 11026: 11018: 11010: 11008:9780820327839 11004: 11000: 10999: 10991: 10975: 10971: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10941: 10937: 10930: 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6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6045:9781610692090 6041: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811:praise houses 5808: 5804: 5800: 5789: 5787: 5786:Haitian Vodou 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5763:Blues singer 5761: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5505:Toni Morrison 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495:Marvel Comics 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5401:ophidiophobia 5398: 5394: 5387: 5386:Tell My Horse 5383: 5379: 5378:Mules and Men 5374: 5368:In literature 5365: 5362: 5361:faith healers 5352: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5302:, started in 5301: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5225:New York City 5221: 5212: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5045: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4856:Mules and Men 4853: 4848: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4799:praise houses 4796: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4758: 4753: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4645:Edmund Ruffin 4642: 4635: 4632: 4629:West African 4627: 4623: 4621: 4620:Lake Moultrie 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4244: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187:, called the 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:astral travel 4138: 4134: 4133:Mustard seeds 4129: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041:was called a 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3982:Cotton Mather 3979: 3975: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3831:John's Island 3827: 3820: 3815: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3759:cowrie shells 3755: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3533: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514:in his book, 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3447:archeologists 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3394:sharecropping 3390: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3156:the Carolinas 3153: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:Nzambi Mpungu 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2482:Jim Crow laws 2479: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162:ethnic groups 2154: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2103:Sunday Appeal 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2037:languages of 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:folk religion 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:conjure women 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1906:from various 1905: 1901: 1897: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1823: 1822:Minstrel show 1820: 1818: 1817:Magical Negro 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1627:West Virginia 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1562:San Francisco 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:New York City 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1193:Nova Scotians 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096:Black Indians 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1034:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1000: 999: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 942: 941: 939: 938: 935:Organizations 934: 933: 925: 924: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 841: 840: 836: 835: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 808: 807: 804:Organizations 803: 802: 794: 793: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 745: 744: 740: 739: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 722: 721: 717: 716: 710: 707: 706: 704: 703: 699: 698: 693: 688: 687: 675: 672: 669: 665: 663: 660: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 634: 631: 630: 628: 627: 623: 622: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 595: 594: 590: 589: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 562: 561: 557: 556: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 534: 533: 529: 528: 522: 519: 517: 514: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 495: 494: 490: 489: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Neighborhoods 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 432: 431: 427: 426: 421: 416: 415: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 389: 388: 384: 383: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 348: 347: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 299: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 255: 254: 249: 244: 243: 240: 237: 236: 232: 228: 227: 220: 210:Gullah Voodoo 207: 205:Other name(s) 203: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134:United States 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 101: 96: 87: 77: 73: 69: 65: 59: 55: 53: 48:This article 46: 37: 36: 30: 23: 23102:Witch (word) 23051:Witch's mark 22860:Early Modern 22796: 22788: 22780: 22772: 22764: 22758:Daemonologie 22756: 22748: 22740: 22732: 22724: 22716: 22710:Laienspiegel 22708: 22700: 22692: 22684: 22676: 22668: 22660: 22592:Muma Pădurii 22523:Folklore and 22494:Sator Square 22447:Magic circle 22442:Magic carpet 22402:Crystal ball 22339:Spiritualism 22163:Witch doctor 22125: 22046:Cunning folk 21828:Christianity 21743:Jazz funeral 21725: 21629:María Lionza 21548:Black church 21476: 21442:Congo Square 21395: 21221:Kalûnga Line 20941: 20922:Maria Lionza 20846: 20828: 20754:Kalunga line 20556: 20390:Bunce Island 20251:Demographics 20232:Igbo Landing 20063:Black church 20023: 20016: 20010:Publications 19997: 19989: 19981: 19973: 19965: 19957: 19780:Sportspeople 19750:Billionaires 19667:Sierra Leone 19570:Philadelphia 19406:Jacksonville 19233:Demographics 19065:Jack Johnson 19055:Muhammad Ali 18888:Conservatism 18823:Black church 18720:Andrew Young 18705:Ida B. Wells 18695:David Walker 18690:C. T. Vivian 18645:Paul Robeson 18640:Hiram Revels 18620:Colin Powell 18600:Barack Obama 18555:James Lawson 18510:Jimi Hendrix 18480:James Farmer 18475:Medgar Evers 18445:Ralph Bunche 18395:Maya Angelou 18369:Middle class 18303: 18247:Afrofuturism 18173: 18161: 18154: 18075: 18020: 17967: 17933:Afrocentrism 17923:Abolitionism 17776:Kalunga line 17622: 17615: 17595: 17588: 17568: 17561: 17541: 17534: 17522:. Retrieved 17505:(1): 34–56. 17502: 17498: 17488: 17468: 17461: 17449:. Retrieved 17445: 17435: 17421:(2): 50–51. 17418: 17414: 17404: 17384: 17377: 17352: 17348: 17336: 17324:. Retrieved 17313: 17301:. Retrieved 17296: 17287: 17267: 17260: 17240: 17233: 17200: 17196: 17184: 17172:. Retrieved 17168:the original 17163: 17153: 17133: 17126: 17106: 17099: 17087:. Retrieved 17083: 17073: 17064: 17058: 17038: 17031: 17019:. Retrieved 17014: 17004: 16992:. Retrieved 16987: 16977: 16966: 16953: 16941:. 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Arcadia. 13991:3 September 13952:NEA Staff. 13910:28 February 13884:28 February 12013:(22): 285. 11508:28 December 10919:3 September 10468:: 107–108. 10445:29 December 8916:25 February 8837:29 December 8803:: 13–25, 48 8385:www.nps.gov 8141:1 September 8038:22 February 7950:: 180–182. 7482:30 December 7022:12 December 6920:: 2, 10, 15 6855:NPS Staff. 6615:29 December 6251:www.nps.gov 5606:Congo River 5575:during the 5544:Ismael Reed 5482:comic books 5470:In Mama Day 5459:Mumbo Jumbo 5455:Mumbo Jumbo 5268:a uniquely 5202:Walking boy 5182:Oneiromancy 5141:of events. 4974:Bottle tree 4962:Sea Islands 4892:waist beads 4841:Initiations 4687:goofer dust 4660:and create 4572:houses blue 4457:Gullah Jack 4439:Gullah Jack 4149:jimson weed 4122:spider webs 4043:root doctor 4020:Black women 3986:inoculation 3909:During the 3778:Sea Islands 3685:blacksmiths 3647:Eshu-Elegba 3621:goofer dust 3601:slave ships 3471:are in the 3366:goofer dust 3313:goofer dust 3209:Brice House 2902:Espiritismo 2841:Goofer dust 2708:Phulu Bunzi 2674:Mbantilanda 2670:Mamba Muntu 2603:Antonianism 2551:Renee Stout 2445:rural South 2338:Obi (Obeah) 2254:and Hoodoo. 2232:slave codes 2060:, the word 1927:conjure men 1919:rootworkers 1788:Stereotypes 1715:Nova Scotia 1597:Mississippi 1557:San Antonio 1537:Los Angeles 1472:Black mecca 1399:Mississippi 1306:Negro Dutch 1128:Dominickers 1072:Multiethnic 981:TransAfrica 891:Nationalism 861:Black power 645:Black pride 610:Upper class 309:Politicians 158:Affrilachia 142:Sea Islands 72:subheadings 23157:Categories 23122:Maleficium 23046:Witch-hunt 22850:Witch camp 22509:Witch ball 22452:Magic ring 22437:Love charm 22292:Necromancy 22287:Moon magic 22282:Mediumship 22277:Love magic 22262:Gray magic 22242:Divination 22041:Benandanti 21971:witchcraft 21783:Spirituals 21421:Ring shout 21329:Koolakamba 21278:Kimanaueze 21069:Zimbabwean 20867:Ring shout 20705:Moni-Mambu 20670:Kuitikuiti 20537:Toucouleur 20368:Senegambia 20118:Ring shout 20098:Haint blue 19745:Astronauts 19535:New Jersey 19379:California 18883:Capitalism 18680:Nat Turner 18610:Rosa Parks 18595:Diane Nash 18565:John Lewis 18354:Newspapers 18324:Literature 18309:Juneteenth 18262:Businesses 18116:Exodusters 18084:Free Negro 17796:Ring shout 17766:Haint blue 17203:(5): 787. 17089:2022-07-14 16799:"Wanderer" 16629:(2): 141. 15528:2021-07-15 15079:4 February 14679:2014-05-29 14538:ViaNolaVie 13862:10161/6526 13847:(4): 955. 13390:(5): 554. 13361:"Religion" 13307:31 January 13168:0253336988 13079:2024-08-25 12264:2018-09-17 12229:2 February 11928:. pp. 183. 11389:(2): 275. 11213:Jane Minor 10522:Black Past 9342:31 October 9227:(1): 107. 8467:Ferguson. 8310:12 October 8274:24 October 8059:Transition 8009:The Runner 7961:5 February 7648:"Religion" 7455:16 January 7247:24 October 7220:(2): 103. 6699:31 October 6491:1 December 6453:(1): 117. 6353:2021-09-23 6329:2021-09-23 6304:1 December 6280:2021-09-23 6256:2022-11-29 6177:16 January 5997:(2): 226. 5918:References 5867:Charlatans 5859:Black Belt 5831:ring shout 5809:shouting, 5807:Holy Ghost 5778:Papa Legba 5772:among the 5731:Bo Diddley 5700:W.C. Handy 5630:Africatown 5600:landed in 5542:Coined by 5538:Neo-Hoodoo 5490:Blackfaced 5211:diviners. 5161:Cleromancy 5145:Cartomancy 5114:Nat Turner 5102:Numerology 5081:Divination 5061:Divination 4995:haint blue 4980:Haint blue 4978:See also: 4863:snakeskins 4847:initiation 4767:ring shout 4752:Ring shout 4750:See also: 4735:divination 4557:See also: 4547:Henry Bibb 4481:Nat Turner 4405:crossroads 4366:manuscript 4215:providence 4193:afterbirth 4126:turpentine 4085:Rheumatism 4081:jimsonweed 4047:Jim Jordan 3991:Jane Minor 3931:watermelon 3780:among the 3734:blacksmith 3666:Yorubaland 3581:spoken in 3458:folklorist 3375:Henry Bibb 3301:Deep South 3164:Ring shout 3115:crossroads 3063:crossroads 2871:Ring shout 2686:Moni-Mambu 2651:Kuitikuiti 2499:After the 2371:Deep South 2137:See also: 2101:cited the 2082:The words 2073:Senegambia 1957:. It is a 1912:indigenous 1354:California 1328:Population 901:Patriotism 886:Liberalism 866:Capitalism 837:Ideologies 718:Theologies 577:Juneteenth 549:Literature 477:Newspapers 385:Migrations 316:Juneteenth 162:East Texas 150:Gulf Coast 68:condensing 23023:Classical 22542:Baba Yaga 22525:mythology 22334:Spiritism 22324:Sex magic 22302:Shamanism 22297:Occultism 22252:Evocation 22247:Entheogen 22225:Damnation 22176:Practices 21901:Rastafari 21644:Quimbanda 21560:Candomblé 21526:Religions 21185:Mami Wata 21027:Religions 20883:Candomblé 20876:Religions 20673:Lubangala 20607:Religions 19859:Monuments 19735:Activists 19587:Tennessee 19507:Michigan 19491:Baltimore 19481:Louisiana 19474:Lexington 19457:Davenport 19396:Cleveland 19295:Languages 19224:Melungeon 19202:Blaxicans 19070:Joe Louis 18925:Socialism 18861:Anarchism 18590:Bob Moses 18575:Malcolm X 18495:Fred Gray 18359:Soul food 18297:New Negro 18282:Folktales 18192:Redlining 17519:146821729 17369:144875580 17225:144192532 17017:: 10, 136 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4200:Cosmology 4118:callouses 4089:pokeberry 4031:Civil War 3939:kola nuts 3698:Wye House 3625:Mami Wata 3605:mojo bags 3597:Louisiana 3567:gris-gris 3462:libations 3424:inkabera. 3398:lynchings 3307:The word 3295:(Kongo), 3238:seashells 3232:, at the 3205:baptismal 3138:included 2887:Candomblé 2880:Religions 2654:Lubangala 2596:Religions 2455:Botanicas 2450:occultism 2334:mojo bags 2260:Code Noir 2015:Etymology 1812:Hollywood 1802:Blackface 1737:Prejudice 1655:US cities 1532:Lexington 1507:Davenport 1487:Baltimore 1463:US cities 1439:Tennessee 1389:Louisiana 1335:US states 1143:Melungeon 1113:Blaxicans 911:Socialism 876:Garveyism 851:Anarchism 655:Good hair 482:Soul food 452:Folktales 116:Syncretic 76:talk page 64:splitting 62:Consider 23056:Pricking 22967:Scotland 22890:Virginia 22880:New York 22875:Maryland 22868:Americas 22617:Sorginak 22607:Pasiphaë 22499:Talisman 22469:Mojo bag 22417:Grimoire 22312:Regional 22257:Familiar 22220:Anathema 22136:Neopagan 22131:Medieval 22036:Akelarre 21763:Mojo bag 21649:Santería 21587:Convince 21478:Category 21416:Mojo bag 21364:Religion 21214:Concepts 21159:Nzambici 21020:Religion 20943:Category 20912:Convince 20862:Mojo bag 20821:Diaspora 20741:Elements 20720:Nzambici 20685:Ma Kiela 20659:Dinganga 20558:Category 20515:Niominka 20470:Mandinka 20035:Language 19882:Category 19673:America 19639:Diaspora 19624:Virginia 19557:Oklahoma 19540:New York 19523:Nebraska 19486:Maryland 19469:Kentucky 19435:Illinois 19374:Arkansas 19279:Illinois 19217:of color 18903:Populism 18876:Movement 18793:Religion 18135:Lynching 17918:Timeline 17819:Folklore 17524:23 March 17427:41111803 17297:Futurity 17217:40034365 16994:9 August 16958:Morrow. 16943:6 August 16809:7 August 16782:7 August 16667:1 August 16635:40713617 16423:30 March 16392:17 April 16338:17 April 16265:23124264 16205:21 March 16100:16 April 15571:13 April 15148:Newman. 15070:ProQuest 14532:Kozicz. 14063:13 March 13871:27563714 13345:3 August 13197:16 April 13035:1 August 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2701:Nzambici 2666:Ma Kiela 2640:Dinganga 2578:religion 2567:a series 2565:Part of 2518:libation 2416:freedmen 2375:freedmen 2166:Americas 2110:dialects 1982:Cameroon 1939:rootwork 1852:Category 1675:Diaspora 1602:Missouri 1527:Kentucky 1454:Virginia 1424:Oklahoma 1409:New York 1404:Nebraska 1394:Maryland 1369:Illinois 1349:Arkansas 1188:Merikins 1133:Freedmen 1106:Mascogos 906:Populism 797:Politics 692:Religion 662:Stepping 428:Lifeways 264:Timeline 231:a series 229:Part of 212:Rootwork 169:Language 52:too long 23095:Related 23039:Related 22957:Iceland 22952:Finland 22947:England 22942:Denmark 22906:Hungary 22602:Obayifo 22532:Agamede 22489:Potions 22422:Incense 22363:Objects 22183:Animism 22158:Warlock 22093:Oceania 22076:Britain 21758:Michari 21753:Macumba 21714:Houngan 21669:Umbanda 21614:Judaism 21602:in Cuba 21543:Atheism 21437:Boo hag 21430:Culture 21411:Kumbaya 21288:Mwuetsi 21264:Culture 21200:Shetani 21173:Spirits 21109:Kalumba 21092:Deities 21073:Ndebele 20857:Kumbaya 20682:Makanga 20679:Lusunzi 20676:Lusiemo 20667:Kimbazi 20644:Deities 20425:Ambundu 20273:Georgia 20213:History 20149:Kumbaya 20068:Boo Hag 19959:Conrack 19944:Culture 19810:Writers 19775:Singers 19760:Jurists 19708:Europe 19662:Liberia 19607:Houston 19511:Detroit 19447:Indiana 19440:Chicago 19423:Atlanta 19418:Georgia 19401:Florida 19369:Alabama 19319:English 18893:Leftism 18763:Museums 18314:Kwanzaa 18239:Culture 18207:Slavery 17910:History 17756:Boo Hag 17451:22 July 17326:18 July 17174:26 June 17021:28 June 16968:Athanor 16640:23 June 16123:. JSTOR 16038:. 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