744:
three-year-long study observing fifteen peer groups between the ages of 1 and 6 years old, 98 boys and 93 girls. As they looked into sex segregation in childhood, the researchers found that segregation rose with age and that most
Western children exhibit these preferences around 3–4 years old. However, in a study by Harkenss and Super, Kenyan children were not found to have sex-preference in playmates until the ages of 6 to 9 years old. Researchers observed 152 Kenyan children in rural settings and found that this change didn't occur until parental expectations and customary duties increased. "Just when and how such gender segregation appears, is the joint product of the individual and the culturally constructed niche" (Harkness & Super, 1985).
890:
occupational space and privilege with those males" who resemble them - although "subsequent research has suggested some revisions of Kanter's underlying argument... 'homosocial reproduction'". Timothy Laurie has criticized how "homosociality" is used in the sociology of masculinity, noting that "much extant research on retains the premise that men innately seek identification and communication with other men. The mysterious malepolitik is thus privileged over men's relationships to femininity, or women's relationships to masculinity". In terms of specific studies, Karen
Gabriel offers a useful mapping of the working of homosociality in the context of India.
756:"; whereas boys 8.5 years of age express more dislike for a boy depicted as a "sissy". This age difference suggests that children as young as 4 prefer their own sex regardless of gender-incongruent behavior. Around the age of 8 however, boys begin to adhere to and appreciate the social expectations for males—devaluing feminine behavior. It has also been shown that children ages 10–12 prefer same-sex socializing. That is, girls favored girls who socialized with other girls and boys liked boys who socialized with other boys.
24:
911:'s claim that such a triangle may disguise as rivalry what is actually an attraction between men". Girard argued that "the homosexual drift stems logically from the fact that the model/rival is a man", producing at times a "noticeably increased preponderance of the mediator and a gradual obliteration of the object".
898:
There is further controversy regarding the relationship between homosociality and homosexuality: "how, if at all, male homosociality is connected to male homosexuality is one of the key questions posed by scholars in the field". Eve
Kosofsky Sedgwick identifies a continuum between homosociality and
906:
At the same time, Sedgwick "defines male homosociality as a form of male bonding with a characteristic triangular structure. In this triangle, men have intense but nonsexual bonds with other men, and women serve as the conduits through which those bonds are expressed". Sedgwick's analysis of "the
1032:
In the literature, this concept is mainly used as a tool to understand and dissect male friendships and men's collective attempts to uphold and maintain power and hegemony....The overall picture from the research, however, promotes the notion that homosociality clearly is a part and extension of
747:
It appears that the social bias towards members of one's own sex can develop early in children. Specifically, studies have found that by the early age of 3 or 4, children prefer members of their own sex to members of the opposite sex (Bussey & Bandura, 1992). That is, young girls favor other
739:
In a study presented by Rose, males and females between the ages of 20 and 28 were examined on their evaluations of same- and cross-sex friendships. Results showed a preference for same-sex relationships in both men and women. Cross-sex relationships were evaluated by men and women to be less
889:
and others have emphasized the role of male homosociality in perpetuating perceived patterns of male dominance in the workplace. Kanter has explored "metaphorical 'homosocial reproduction' - how men attempt to reproduce their dominant power relations by only uniting with and sharing the same
743:
Depending on the culture, and family, and social structures, same-sex preferences have been found to develop between 3 and 9 years old. (LaFreniere, Strayer,& Gauthier, 1984; Jacklin& Maccoby, 1978; Harkness & Super, 1985). LaFreniere, Strayer, and
Gauthier (1984) conducted a
748:
females (girls and women) over males (boys and men). The findings are identical for young boys. Moreover, a study done by Carol Martin (1989) found that boys 4.5 years of age expressed significantly more dislike for a girl depicted as a "
938:
has recently been used to refer to an especially close homosocial yet non-sexual relationship between two men. Bromance is most often used in the case of two heterosexual partners, although there have been prominent celebrity
1199:
Lobel, T. E., Bempechat, J., Gewirtz, J. C., Shoken- Topaz, T., & Bashe, E. (1993). The role of gender-related information and self-endorsement traits in preadolescents' inferences and judgments. Child
Development, 64,
1154:
LaFreriere, P., Strayer, F.F., & Gauthier, R. (1984). The emergence of same-sex preferences among preschool peers: A developmental ethological perspective. Child
Development, 55, 1958-1965.
1145:
LaFreriere, P., Strayer, F.F., & Gauthier, R. (1984). The emergence of same-sex preferences among preschool peers: A developmental ethological perspective. Child
Development, 55, 1958-1965.
804:
uses the term to describe the pirate world). Homosocial relationships are not obliged to be sexual relationships; they are merely same-sex social interactions.
776:
to emphasize aspects of solidarity between males. Some feminists also identify a close link between female homosociality, feminism, and lesbian desire, with
740:
helpful, and less loyal than same-sex friendships, and friendship formation was found to be different between cross-sex and same-sex relationships as well.
1172:
Harkness, S., & Super, C.M. (1985). The cultural context of gender segregation in children's peer groups. Child
Development, 56, 219-224.
1163:
Harkness, S., & Super, C.M. (1985). The cultural context of gender segregation in children's peer groups. Child
Development, 56, 219-224.
1127:
Harkness, S., & Super, C.M. (1985). The cultural context of gender segregation in children’s peer groups. Child
Development, 56, 219-224.
772:. For example, a heterosexual male who prefers to socialize with men may be considered a homosocial heterosexual. The term is often used by
638:
865:
Generally, the more polarized the gender roles and restrictive the sexual code, the more homosociality one expects to find in a society.
918:, has found that mutual identification over heterosexual activity is often the medium through which male homosocial bonding is enacted.
1136:
Maccoby, E.E., & Jacklin, C.N. (1987). Gener segregation in childhood. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 20, 239-287.
1190:
Martin, C. L. (1989) Children's use of gender-related information in making social judgments. Developmental Psychology, 25, 80-88.
724:
had earlier (1976) defined homosociality as a preference for members of one's own sex – a social rather than a sexual preference.
1181:
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1992). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing gender development. Child Development, 63, 1236-1250.
1221:
967:
1393:
Abstract of "Men, Sex, and Homosociality: How Bonds between Men Shape Their Sexual Relations with Women" by Michael Flood
1425:
631:
1118:
Rose, S.M. (1985). Same- and cross-sex friendships and the psychology of homosociality. Sex Roles, 12(1/2), 63-75.
858:
Sports club teams, particularly geared toward single-sex membership or to one unique all-male or all-female sport
364:
780:
stating "the true feminist deals out of a lesbian consciousness whether or not she ever sleeps with women."
899:
homosexuality, going as far as correlating feminism and lesbian desire. This approach has been compared to
624:
827:
940:
1420:
227:
177:
28:
1410:
605:
555:
34:
957:
371:
1430:
1211:
1415:
1071:
697:
667:
550:
463:
254:
217:
882:
811:
458:
453:
240:
845:(historically exclusively male, although presently both sexes are accepted in some forces)
8:
915:
820:
600:
236:
1392:
1213:
A Desire for Women: Relational Psychoanalysis, Writing, and Relationships Between Women
1088:
721:
488:
418:
1217:
1059:
1023:
816:
652:
590:
560:
495:
222:
197:
52:
1033:
hegemony, thus serving to always reconstruct and safeguard male interests and power.
907:
love triangle in which two men appear to be competing for a woman's love...develops
1080:
1013:
796:
culture. It is also used for historically largely male occupations such as being a
414:
317:
765:
728:
585:
500:
283:
914:
Research at the Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS),
962:
886:
801:
788:
Homosociality is a term sometimes used in discussions of the all-male world of
671:
381:
258:
170:
908:
1404:
1027:
1018:
999:
977:
972:
900:
769:
717:
533:
483:
386:
344:
139:
1306:"Masculinity Studies and the Jargon of Strategy: Hegemony, Tautology, Sense"
709:
293:
278:
212:
777:
682:, or others. Researchers who use the concept mainly do so to explain how
595:
580:
518:
376:
307:
244:
92:
1092:
713:
687:
679:
675:
545:
359:
268:
232:
207:
1322:
Gabriel, Karen. "Towards an Understanding of Homosociality in India".
943:(also known as homomances or hobromances). The female equivalent is a
1004:
659:
540:
473:
423:
349:
312:
288:
202:
153:
1305:
1084:
934:
927:
878:
842:
793:
773:
610:
468:
302:
273:
158:
148:
112:
56:
23:
1264:
1046:
The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism
944:
853:
832:
446:
428:
409:
391:
127:
97:
65:
848:
797:
789:
749:
354:
122:
102:
85:
80:
75:
70:
753:
573:
528:
523:
433:
837:
478:
132:
1062:
Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire
731:, describing non-sexual relations with the opposite sex.
683:
1310:
Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 20(1)
998:
Hammarén, Nils; Johansson, Thomas (1 January 2014).
893:
997:
1402:
807:Predominantly homosocial arrangements include:
1000:"Homosociality: In Between Power and Intimacy"
764:Homosociality, by definition, implies neither
704:. Sedgwick used the term to distinguish from
632:
1324:Norma: Nordic Journal of Masculinity Studies
639:
625:
1017:
1265:Persistent Homogeneity in Top Management
991:
903:'s concept of the "lesbian continuum."
1403:
1303:
1209:
1057:
1268:, doctoral dissertation, Berlin, 2013
1236:Gilbert H. Herdt, in Merl Storr ed.,
1058:Yaeger, Patricia S. (December 1985).
759:
734:
861:Exclusive male clubs or female clubs
1292:Sex Discrimination in the Workplace
812:Single-sex educational institutions
13:
873:
783:
14:
1442:
968:Heterosexual–homosexual continuum
22:
1386:
1373:
1364:
1351:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1256:
1243:
1230:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
894:Homosociality and homosexuality
1383:(Oxford 1991) p. 259 and p. 44
1279:Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender
1238:Bisexuality: A Critical Reader
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1099:
1051:
1038:
727:The opposite of homosocial is
1:
984:
932:In popular culture, the word
16:Socializing with the same sex
1370:Childers/Hentzi eds., p. 139
1216:. Rutgers University Press.
1044:J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds.,
752:" than a boy depicted as a "
7:
950:
921:
828:Fraternities and sororities
10:
1447:
925:
674:or sexual nature, such as
650:
708:and to connote a form of
1426:Sociological terminology
1326:, (vol. 9, no. 1, 2014).
1304:Laurie, Timothy (2015).
1210:Juhasz, Suzanne (2003).
1060:"Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick,
1019:10.1177/2158244013518057
868:
800:(for example, historian
651:Not to be confused with
1348:Childers/Hentzi, p. 139
1012:(1): 2158244013518057.
958:Affectional orientation
1277:C. R. Ember/M. Ember,
1048:(New York 1995) p. 138
941:gay-straight bromances
702:male homosocial desire
668:same-sex relationships
712:often accompanied by
700:in her discussion of
698:Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
447:Emotions and feelings
1290:F. J. Crosly et al,
883:Rosabeth Moss Kanter
1281:Vol I (2003) p. 102
916:La Trobe University
696:was popularized by
601:Narcissistic parent
1107:Latex and Lingerie
760:Sexual orientation
735:Empirical evidence
722:Jean Lipman-Blumen
670:that are not of a
419:marital separation
1421:LGBTQ and society
1381:A Theatre of Envy
1249:Harriet Bradley,
1223:978-0-8135-3274-5
881:scholars such as
653:Homosocialization
649:
648:
606:Power and control
330:
329:
326:
325:
198:Significant other
178:Mixed-orientation
38:
1438:
1411:LGBT terminology
1395:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1368:
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1355:
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1340:
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1275:
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1254:
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1234:
1228:
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1207:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
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1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1079:(5): 1139–1144.
1068:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1021:
995:
821:Women's colleges
641:
634:
627:
192:
191:
49:
48:
32:
26:
19:
18:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
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1330:
1321:
1317:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1253:(2007) p. 103-4
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:(2003) p. 39-40
1104:
1100:
1085:10.2307/2905456
1066:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1039:
996:
992:
987:
982:
953:
930:
924:
896:
876:
874:Feminist theory
871:
786:
784:Historical uses
766:heterosexuality
762:
737:
688:men's dominance
656:
645:
616:
615:
576:
566:
565:
551:Sexual activity
514:
506:
505:
449:
439:
438:
405:
397:
396:
340:
332:
331:
322:
298:
284:Mutual monogamy
165:
144:
46:
31:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1372:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1255:
1242:
1229:
1222:
1202:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1098:
1050:
1037:
989:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Female bonding
960:
954:
952:
949:
926:Main article:
923:
920:
895:
892:
887:Heidi Hartmann
875:
872:
870:
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
851:
846:
840:
835:
830:
825:
824:
823:
817:Men's colleges
802:Marcus Rediker
785:
782:
761:
758:
736:
733:
714:fear or hatred
647:
646:
644:
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629:
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369:
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365:Bachelor's Day
357:
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171:Group marriage
164:
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145:
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137:
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68:
60:
59:
47:
44:
43:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1431:Homosociality
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1379:René Girard,
1376:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1294:(2007) p. 198
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1262:P.E. Sandhu:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1240:(1999) p. 152
1239:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1094:
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1082:
1078:
1074:
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1065:
1063:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
994:
990:
979:
978:Human bonding
976:
974:
973:Homoeroticism
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
948:
946:
942:
937:
936:
929:
919:
917:
912:
910:
904:
902:
901:Adrienne Rich
891:
888:
884:
880:
866:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
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829:
826:
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818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:homosexuality
767:
757:
755:
751:
745:
741:
732:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:homosexuality
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:homosociality
661:
654:
642:
637:
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628:
623:
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620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
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589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
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569:
562:
559:
557:
556:Transgression
554:
552:
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530:
527:
525:
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521:
520:
517:
516:
510:
509:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
489:Unconditional
487:
485:
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481:
480:
477:
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472:
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467:
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462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
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427:
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393:
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388:
387:Singles event
385:
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366:
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228:Queerplatonic
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140:Open marriage
138:
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62:
61:
58:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
36:
30:
29:Relationships
25:
21:
20:
1416:Queer theory
1388:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1299:
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1237:
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1195:
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1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1106:
1105:Merl Storr,
1101:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1009:
1003:
993:
933:
931:
913:
905:
897:
877:
864:
806:
787:
763:
746:
742:
738:
729:heterosocial
726:
710:male bonding
705:
701:
693:
692:
690:in society.
663:
657:
294:Polyfidelity
279:Non-monogamy
223:Life partner
213:Cohabitation
909:René Girard
838:Monasteries
778:Audre Lorde
519:Bride price
377:Meet market
308:Concubinage
93:Grandparent
1405:Categories
1200:1285-1294.
985:References
706:homosexual
694:Homosocial
680:mentorship
676:friendship
561:Repression
546:Infidelity
459:Attachment
360:Engagement
339:Activities
233:Friendship
208:Girlfriend
186:Partner(s)
1028:2158-2440
1005:SAGE Open
774:feminists
660:sociology
541:Hypergamy
513:Practices
501:Sexuality
474:Limerence
434:Widowhood
424:Annulment
350:Courtship
313:Courtesan
289:Polyamory
241:cross-sex
203:Boyfriend
154:Polyandry
951:See also
935:bromance
928:Bromance
922:Bromance
879:Feminist
854:Yeshivot
843:Military
833:Madrasas
794:medieval
792:life in
790:knightly
672:romantic
611:Stalking
591:Domestic
484:Platonic
469:Jealousy
464:Intimacy
454:Affinity
318:Mistress
303:Cicisbeo
274:Monogamy
255:Intimate
237:romantic
218:Same-sex
159:Polygyny
149:Polygamy
113:marriage
57:adoptive
1357:Storr,
1335:Storr,
1093:2905456
945:womance
849:Prisons
686:uphold
596:Elderly
534:service
496:Passion
429:Divorce
410:Breakup
404:Endings
392:Wedding
382:Romance
345:Bonding
235: (
128:Husband
98:Sibling
66:Kinship
53:Genetic
35:Outline
1251:Gender
1220:
1091:
1026:
798:sailor
750:tomboy
666:means
586:Dating
372:Mating
355:Dating
269:Casual
259:sexual
123:Spouse
103:Cousin
86:mother
81:father
76:Parent
71:Family
1361:p. 41
1359:Latex
1339:p. 39
1337:Latex
1089:JSTOR
1067:(PDF)
869:Study
754:sissy
581:Child
574:Abuse
529:dowry
524:dower
415:Legal
45:Types
1218:ISBN
1024:ISSN
885:and
819:and
768:nor
479:Love
257:and
245:zone
133:Wife
1081:doi
1077:100
1072:MLN
1014:doi
716:of
684:men
658:In
111:By
55:or
1407::
1308:.
1087:.
1075:.
1069:.
1030:.
1022:.
1008:.
1002:.
947:.
720:.
678:,
662:,
243:/
239:/
1312:.
1226:.
1095:.
1083::
1064:"
1016::
1010:4
655:.
640:e
633:t
626:v
417:/
247:)
37:)
33:(
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