888:
104:
133:
945:, was typical, which is not the case with today's Ceratomorpha (tapirids and rhinocerotids). The ascending central jawbone formed the back of the interior of the nose, which is also unknown in today's odd-toed ungulates. As a result, the nasal bone had only a short extension to the front and only slightly exceeded the
1017:
III). Compared to the anterior feet, the posterior ones were around 30% longer (metacarpus III length is 5.1 cm to metatarsus III's 6.7 cm). The individual phalanges of the toes are extremely long. Four-toed front and three-toed hind feet are typical of primitive odd-toed ungulates and are
988:
cusp on the chewing surface. The molars were characterized by low (brachyodont) tooth crowns and two tapir-like transverse tooth enamel ridges (bilophodont), which could also be inclined in the lower jaw. The length of the teeth increased towards the back. The first premolar was around 0.6 cm
932:
is known from numerous fossil finds, which however only partially contain complete material. Underneath is a heavily weathered skull, which, however, shows few skeletal features. This is around 15 cm long and relatively flat, and overall it was similar to that of
1012:
III). The laterally attached digits (metacarpus II and IV), however, were somewhat reduced in length, the outermost digit (metacarpus V) was greatly reduced. The hind foot, on the other hand, had only three digits, but also had a strong central ray
1126:
lifestyle. Among other things, especially pronounced joint surfaces on the ankle bone ensured that the foot remained stable in the longitudinal direction and did not twist sideways at high walking speed. A permanent running gait within the
1122:. However, the canine varies in size, which can be interpreted as sexual dimorphism. This is unconfirmed, though, as there are also intermediate-length canines. The lower legs, especially on the hindlimbs, show adaptations to a
1004:
on the other hand reached a length of 15 cm and typically had a third trochanter, which is typical for odd-toed ungulates, but was not yet so prominent in "Homogalax". The
928:, what shows the very basal position within the odd ungulate. A body weight of 9.5 to 15.1 kg can be assumed on the basis of various skeletal elements.
1062:
are of great importance, including more than 100 fragments from several individuals, including a complete skull, which is one of the few well-preserved
1374:
Eberle, JJ; Eberth, DA; 2015 "Additions to the Eocene
Perissodactyla of the Margaret Formation, Eureka Sound GRroup, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada."
834:
1435:
683:
599:
867:
575:
518:
976:
occurred to the rear dentition only rarely; others could be observed between the last incisor and the canine as well as between the first two
459:
630:
441:
992:
A complete skeleton is not available, but skulls and some postcrania have been preserved. Of particular note among the latter are the
1422:
1494:
968:
were chisel-shaped and small, but varied in size. In general, the third (outermost) incisor became the largest. The
1302:(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Eocene of the Zaysan Basin, Kazakhstan and its biochronological significance.
1504:
1499:
972:
usually had a long and pointed shape and was somewhat pressed on the side. A short, less than 1 cm long
1131:
is generally believed to be an ancient characteristic and is only practised today by the highly specialized
1008:
became as long as the thigh bone. The forefoot consisted of four digits with a very pronounced central toe (
271:
finds from the northwest of the United States, whereby the majority of the remains come from the state of
1244:
Holbrook, Lt; 2001 "Comparative osteology of early
Tertiary tapiromorphs (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)."
132:
1079:
1070:
skeletal finds, such as individual long bones, a complete foot and hand skeleton and parts of the
1489:
1087:
1466:
1390:
1440:
1118:
Based on the teeth, only a few differences in size and shape can be discerned in specimens of
1461:
1453:
288:
221:
980:. The premolars themselves were completely unmolarized, meaning they did not resemble the
8:
1282:
Hooker, JJ; Dashzeveg, D; 2004 "The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)."
1094:
have been reported outside
Wyoming. Far away from these sites, the northernmost finds of
887:
1183:"The origin of Rhinocerotoidea and phylogeny of Ceratomorpha (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)"
1217:
1182:
1156:
Holbrook, LT; Lucas, SG; and Emry, RJ; "Skulls of the Eocene
Perissodactyls (Mammalia)
1128:
1099:
1083:
1055:
902:
846:
127:
1448:
1222:
1204:
300:
264:
1212:
1194:
1103:
1014:
906:
862:
333:
217:
103:
1344:
Radinsky, LB; 1963 "Origin and Early
Evolution of the North American Tapiroidea."
1050:
was a regular but not frequent element of the fauna at that time. In the state of
1413:
1075:
721:
366:(2020), with particular focus on the Isectolophidae (recovered as paraphyletic).
323:
319:
1199:
954:
909:
648:
336:
326:
197:
184:
1483:
1357:
Schoch, RM; 1989 "A review of the
Tapiroids." In: Prothero, DR; Schoch, RM; "
1208:
1132:
1086:; both sites, however, contained mostly only isolated teeth. Remnants of the
1059:
1035:
981:
914:
500:
384:
61:
1226:
1091:
985:
969:
946:
670:
330:
291:
suggests the genus to be a basal member of the clade that includes today's
1054:
in particular, numerous fossils have been recovered. The remains from the
1067:
36:
1181:
Bai, Bin; Meng, Jin; Zhang, Chi; Gong, Yan-Xin; Wang, Yuan-Qing (2020).
1427:
1043:
1009:
1001:
993:
942:
938:
920:
706:
409:
292:
81:
46:
1123:
977:
961:
284:
144:
86:
1384:
1330:
1407:
1042:
56 to 48 million years ago (locally stratigraphically called Lower
1005:
973:
164:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
957:
hardly protruded outwards, instead running parallel to the skull.
329:. It is a basal representative, usually placed in the potentially
1051:
997:
965:
950:
925:
272:
253:
115:
91:
66:
1107:
1071:
1039:
861:, but these are now to be regarded as representatives of basal
343:
nests as more derived than most other isectolophids, with only
296:
276:
268:
174:
154:
1346:
Peabody Museum of
Natural History Yale University Bulletin 17
1019:
1000:
was built long and narrow and measured about 13 cm. The
260:
256:
119:
845:
have been described in the past, but are considered to be
924:, some of which were well-studied members of the early
1110:. They include, among other things, individual teeth.
1368:
960:
The dentition includes the complete set of the early
905:. In general, it resembled other, basal forms of the
941:, which rose steeply and came into contact with the
283:
was very small, only reaching the weight of today's
1152:
1150:
1148:
1066:fossils. This also includes the majority of known
279:between 56 and 48 million years ago. In general,
1481:
1180:
1145:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1276:
1246:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132
1176:
1174:
989:long, the last molar up to 1.7 cm long.
1292:
1333:
1251:
1233:
853:. Species in Asia were also named, such as
339:. If the paraphyletic position is correct,
267:. It was described on the basis of several
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1171:
362:Below is a phylogenetic tree based on Bai
102:
1351:
1326:Rose, KD; 1996 "Skeleton of early Eocene
1216:
1198:
1298:Lucas, SG; Holbrook, T; Emry, RJ; 2003 "
953:had a distinctly short shape, while the
901:was a small representative of the basal
886:
875:, was later identified as a specimen of
1313:
1482:
1376:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52.
1389:
1388:
1166:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24
359:, being closer to the Ceratomorpha.
13:
1304:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
252:(from the Greek "ὁμογάλαξ") is an
14:
1516:
1257:Minchen, C; Chuan-kuei, L; 1965 "
825:Today, one species of the genus
307:was adapted to fast locomotion.
287:, with a maximum of 15 kg.
131:
34:
1359:The evolution of Perissodactyls
1113:
1025:
837:, 1896). Other species such as
882:
275:. The finds date to the Lower
1:
1495:Fossil taxa described in 1899
1138:
1078:. Other remains are from the
1034:are largely only known from
7:
310:
16:Genus of odd-toed ungulates
10:
1521:
1200:10.1038/s42003-020-01205-8
1397:
984:, and only had a raised
719:
704:
697:
681:
674:
645:
627:
620:
613:
596:
589:
572:
565:
548:
541:
515:
497:
490:
483:
456:
438:
431:
424:
406:
399:
381:
374:
303:). In contrast to these,
233:
228:
128:Scientific classification
126:
110:
101:
23:
1038:and come from the Lower
891:E is lower dentition of
695:Crown Ceratomorpha
351:, and a clade including
1088:Golden Valley Formation
1505:Eocene mammals of Asia
1267:Vertebrata Palasiatica
1187:Communications Biology
1082:, as well as from the
1018:now only found in the
895:
1500:Eocene Perissodactyla
1462:Paleobiology Database
890:
299:(collectively called
289:Phylogenetic analysis
1106:in the far north of
1363:New York and Oxford
871:. Another species,
1129:odd-toed ungulates
1100:Margaret Formation
1084:Powder River Basin
1056:Willwood Formation
1046:). They show that
903:odd-toed ungulates
896:
1477:
1476:
1449:Open Tree of Life
1391:Taxon identifiers
962:placental mammals
822:
821:
813:
812:
804:
803:
795:
794:
786:
785:
777:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
660:
659:
530:
529:
472:
471:
265:odd-toed ungulate
245:
244:
224:
1512:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1331:
1324:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1202:
1178:
1169:
1154:
1104:Ellesmere Island
700:
699:
677:
676:
623:
622:
616:
615:
592:
591:
568:
567:
544:
543:
493:
492:
486:
485:
434:
433:
427:
426:
402:
401:
377:
376:
370:
369:
216:
209:
196:
136:
135:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1314:
1297:
1293:
1289:(6): 1363-1386.
1281:
1277:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1179:
1172:
1155:
1146:
1141:
1116:
1076:shoulder blades
1028:
893:H. protapirinus
885:
851:H. protapirinus
831:H. protapirinus
829:is recognized:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
722:Rhinocerotoidea
661:
531:
473:
313:
238:H. protapirinus
215:
207:
194:
130:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:Isectolophidae
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1350:
1332:
1312:
1291:
1284:Palaeontology.
1275:
1265:of Shantung."
1250:
1232:
1170:
1168:. (4) 951-956.
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1115:
1112:
1098:come from the
1080:Washakie Basin
1027:
1024:
955:zygomatic arch
935:Hyracotherium
910:Perissodactyla
884:
881:
820:
819:
816:
815:
811:
810:
807:
806:
802:
801:
798:
797:
793:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
744:
743:
739:
738:
735:
734:
730:
729:
726:
725:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
703:
698:
696:
692:
691:
688:
687:
680:
675:
673:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:Gandheralophus
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
595:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
571:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
547:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
524:
523:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
466:
465:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
405:
400:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
380:
375:
373:
368:
357:Gandheralophus
337:Isectolophidae
327:Perissodactyla
312:
309:
243:
242:
241:
240:
231:
230:
226:
225:
205:
201:
200:
198:Isectolophidae
192:
188:
187:
185:Perissodactyla
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1517:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1310:(1): 238-243.
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Bighorn Basin
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:North America
1033:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
922:
917:
916:
915:Hyracotherium
911:
908:
904:
900:
894:
889:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
863:chalicotheres
860:
856:
855:H. namadicus
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
817:
809:
808:
800:
799:
791:
790:
782:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
737:
736:
728:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
702:
701:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
684:Lophialetidae
679:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
633:mamikhelensis
632:
625:
624:
618:
617:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:Orientolophus
594:
593:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
577:
570:
569:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
553:
546:
545:
539:
538:
535:
534:
526:
525:
522:
521:
520:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
502:
501:Meridiolophus
495:
494:
488:
487:
481:
480:
477:
476:
468:
467:
464:
463:
461:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
443:
436:
435:
429:
428:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
411:
404:
403:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:Protorohippus
379:
378:
372:
371:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:Orientolophus
346:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
250:
239:
235:
234:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
213:
206:
203:
202:
199:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
1398:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1327:
1307:
1303:
1300:Isectolophus
1299:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1190:
1186:
1165:
1162:Isectolophus
1161:
1157:
1119:
1117:
1114:Paleobiology
1095:
1092:North Dakota
1063:
1047:
1031:
1029:
1026:Distribution
991:
959:
937:. The short
934:
929:
919:
913:
898:
897:
892:
877:Isectolophus
876:
873:H. reliquius
872:
868:Protomoropus
866:
859:H. wutuensis
858:
854:
850:
843:H. primaevus
842:
839:H. tapirinus
838:
830:
826:
824:
720:
705:
682:
671:Ceratomorpha
647:
646:
629:
628:
598:
597:
576:Cardiolophus
574:
573:
551:
550:
549:
519:Isectolophus
517:
516:
499:
498:
458:
457:
444:laoshanensis
440:
439:
408:
407:
383:
382:
363:
361:
356:
352:
348:
345:Cardiolophus
344:
340:
331:paraphyletic
315:
314:
304:
301:Ceratomorpha
280:
248:
247:
246:
237:
211:
210:
112:H. tapirinus
111:
32:Early Eocene
24:
18:
1365:." 298-320.
1273:(1), 15-22.
1068:postcranial
883:Description
460:Ampholophus
1484:Categories
1193:(1): 509.
1139:References
1048:Homogalax
1044:Wastachian
1015:metatarsus
1010:metacarpus
1002:thigh bone
994:long bones
943:nasal bone
939:premaxilla
930:Homogalax
921:Sifrhippus
912:, such as
707:Tapiroidea
410:Sifrhippus
387:venticolum
293:rhinoceros
1414:Q15033462
1399:Homogalax
1328:Homogalax
1259:Homogalax
1209:2399-3642
1158:Homogalax
1124:cursorial
1120:Homogalax
1096:Homogalax
1064:Homogalax
1032:Homogalax
1030:Finds of
978:premolars
899:Homogalax
827:Homogalax
631:Karagalax
552:Homogalax
353:Karagalax
341:Homogalax
322:from the
316:Homogalax
305:Homogalax
285:peccaries
281:Homogalax
249:Homogalax
212:Homogalax
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
118:. At the
25:Homogalax
1408:Wikidata
1378:123-133.
1348:. 1-106.
1263:Heptodon
1227:32929169
974:diastema
966:incisors
865:such as
847:synonyms
503:expansus
442:Chowliia
311:Taxonomy
229:Species
191:Family:
175:Mammalia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
1454:4118249
1441:1445691
1428:4830543
1248:. 1-54.
1218:7490376
1102:on the
1058:of the
1052:Wyoming
998:humerus
951:occiput
835:Wortman
462:luensis
412:sandrae
273:Wyoming
254:extinct
204:Genus:
181:Order:
171:Class:
116:Wyoming
1225:
1215:
1207:
1133:horses
1108:Canada
1072:pelvis
1040:Eocene
1020:tapirs
996:. The
986:enamel
982:molars
970:canine
964:. The
949:. The
947:canine
926:equids
334:family
297:tapirs
277:Eocene
269:fossil
263:-like
1467:43099
1436:IRMNG
907:order
364:et al
324:order
320:genus
318:is a
261:tapir
257:genus
1423:GBIF
1261:and
1223:PMID
1205:ISSN
1160:and
1074:and
1006:shin
857:and
841:and
355:and
347:and
295:and
222:1899
120:AMNH
37:PreꞒ
1361:".
1213:PMC
1195:doi
1164:."
1090:in
918:or
849:of
259:of
218:Hay
1486::
1464::
1451::
1438::
1425::
1410::
1335:^
1315:^
1308:23
1306:.
1287:47
1269:.
1235:^
1221:.
1211:.
1203:.
1189:.
1185:.
1173:^
1147:^
1135:.
1022:.
879:.
220:,
122:.
114:,
87:Pg
1271:9
1229:.
1197::
1191:3
1013:(
833:(
236:†
208:†
195:†
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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