43:. Following the declaration of war, all German subjects in Australia were declared ‘enemy aliens’ and were required to report and notify the Government of their address. In February 1915 enemy aliens were interned either voluntarily or on an enforced basis. In New South Wales the principal place of internment was the Holsworthy Internment Camp where between 4,000 and 7,000 men were detained.
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including
Germans, Slavic men mostly from Dalmatia, as well as Czechoslovakians and Hungarians, staff of German companies who were living in Australia, crews of ships caught in Australian ports as well as naturalised and native born Australians of German descent. These prisoners were interned
22:
was the largest camp for prisoners of war in
Australia during World War I. It was located at Holsworthy, near Liverpool on the outskirts of Sydney. There are varying estimates of the number of internees between 4,000 and 7,000.
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In early 1915 there were riots over rations and work duties. In 1916 there were riots when a crime gang calling itself the Black Hand assaulted and extorted money and goods from fellow internees.
157:
Fischer, Gerhard (1984), "Botany Bay revisited: the transportation of prisoners-of-war and civilian internees to
Australia during the First World War",
209:
Moses, John (2005), "Reflections on the internment of persons of German origin in
Australia during two world wars: context and arguments",
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Helmi, Nadine; Fischer, Gerard; Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales (2011),
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without trial. After the war many of these internees were deported to
Germany.
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256:. No. 21. New South Wales, Australia. 11 December 1915. p. 5
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The enemy at home : German internees in World War I Australia
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acquired 80,000 acres (approximately 32,375 hectares) of land at
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16:
Historic commonwealth heritage site in
Holsworthy NSW
211:Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
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129:"Holsworthy Internment Camp during World War I"
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264:– via National Library of Australia.
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159:Journal of the Australian War Memorial
173:Godden Mackay; Peddle Thorpe (1995),
176:First field hospital site Holsworthy
46:Most of the internees were from the
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150:
14:
305:
69:Torrens Island Concentration Camp
233:, Fremantle Arts Centre Press,
284:World War I sites in Australia
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108:NSW Migration Heritage Centre
74:
279:World War I internment camps
104:"Holsworthy Internment Camp"
7:
62:
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310:
289:History of New South Wales
229:Splivalo, Anthony (1982),
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20:Holsworthy Internment Camp
294:Australia in World War I
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39:before the beginning of
33:Australian Defence Force
253:The Mirror of Australia
48:Austro-Hungarian empire
133:Dictionary of Sydney
240:978-0-909144-70-8
202:978-1-74223-264-5
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248:"LIVERPOOL CAMP"
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151:Further reading
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258:. Retrieved
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161:(5): 36–43,
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136:. Retrieved
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111:. Retrieved
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41:World War I
273:Categories
260:12 January
183:12 January
138:12 January
113:12 January
75:References
37:Holsworthy
223:0035-8762
167:0729-6274
63:See also
27:History
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55:Riots
262:2019
235:ISBN
219:ISSN
197:ISBN
185:2019
163:ISSN
140:2019
115:2019
31:The
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