Holocaust trains - Knowledge

200: 473: 578: 554: 1351: 999: 1059: 1783: 1969: 702: 1114: 1363: 2050: 1267:. By February 1944, the Germans shipped 8,000 Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau via Austria and Switzerland, although more than half of the victims arrested and deported from northern Italy were rounded up by the Italian police and not by the Nazis. Also between September 1943 and April 1944, at least 23,000 Italian soldiers were deported to work as slaves in the German war industry, while over 10,000 partisans were captured and deported during the same period to Birkenau. By 1944, there were over half a million Italians working for the benefit of the German war machine. 606: 872: 224: 643:, although third class passenger carriages were also used when the SS wanted to keep up the "resettlement to work in the East" myth, particularly in the Netherlands and in Belgium. The SS manual covered such trains, suggesting a carrying capacity per trainset of 2,500 people in 50 cars, each boxcar loaded with 50 prisoners. In reality, however, boxcars were routinely loaded to 200% of capacity or 100 people per car. This resulted in an average of 5,000 people per trainset. During the 31: 2030:, the court in Bordeaux "declared the railway company had acted under the authority of the Vichy government and the German occupation" and as such could not be held independently liable. Marrus wrote in his 2011 essay that the company has nevertheless taken responsibility for its actions and it is the company's willingness to open up its archives revealing involvement in the transportation of Holocaust victims that has led to the recent legal and legislative attention. 112: 1876: 2126: 1233: 1226: 1731: 212: 782: 662:, and logged mainly by the Polish state railway company taken over by Germany, due to the majority of death camps being located in occupied Poland. Between 1941 and December 1944, the official date of the closing of the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex, the transport/arrival timetable was 1.5 trains per day: 50 freight cars × 50 prisoners per freight car × 1,066 days = ~4,000,000 prisoners in total. 1311:. There were 18 survivors out of approximately one thousand people selected from the nineteen trains to Sobibor, the remainder being murdered on arrival. For the Netherlands, the overall survival rate among Jews who boarded the trains for all camps was 4.86 percent. On 29 September 2005, the Dutch national rail company 2096:

on the railways' role in the deportation of 11,000 Jewish children to their deaths in Nazi concentration and extermination camps throughout World War II. Because the CEO of the railroad company maintained his refusal, a "serious rift" occurred between himself and the Minister of Transport. On January

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left Mechelen with 1,631 Jews, heading for Auschwitz. Soon after leaving Mechelen, the driver stopped the train after seeing an emergency red light, set by the Belgians. After a brief firefight between the Nazi train guards and the three resistance members – equipped only with one pistol between them

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All railway lines leading to death camps built in occupied Poland are ceremonially cut off from the existing railway system in the country, similar to the well-preserved arrival point at Auschwitz known as the "Judenrampe" platform. The commemorative monuments are traditionally erected at collection

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At times, the Germans did not have enough Jews to fill an entire train's worth of wagons, so the victims were kept locked inside overnight at layover yards. The Holocaust trains also waited for military trains to pass. An average transport took about four days. The longest transport of the war, from

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which, with its donations financed the exhibition "Train of Commemoration" presented at 130 German stations with 445,000 visitors, has been demanding cumulative compensation for the survivors of these deportations by train. The railroad's proprietors (the German Minister of Transport and the German

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resisted the deportation of Italian Jews to Germany is widely seen as simplistic by Jewish scholars, because the Italian Jewish community of 47,000 constituted the most assimilated Jews in Europe. About one out of every three Jewish males were members of the Fascist Party before the war began; more

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Most Jews were forced to pay for their own deportations, particularly wherever passenger carriages were used. This payment came in the form of direct money deposit to the SS in light of the "resettlement to work in the East" myth. Charged in the ghettos for accommodation, adult Jews paid full price

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Once off the transports, the prisoners were split by category. The old, the young, the sick, and the infirm were sometimes separated for immediate death by shooting, while the rest were prepared for the gas chambers. In a single 14-hour workday, 12,000 to 15,000 people would be killed at any one of

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Switzerland was not invaded because its mountain bridges and tunnels between Germany and Italy were too vital for them to go into war, while the Swiss banks provided necessary access to international markets by dealing in pilfered gold. Most war supplies to Italy were shipped through the Austrian

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paid 500 Reichsmarks per expelled Jew, in exchange for a promise that the deportees would never return to Slovakia. Except for Croatia, Slovakia was the only Axis ally to pay for the deportation of its own Jewish population. Most of the Jewish population perished in two waves of deportations. The

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along the rail tracks, with most deportations from Warsaw to Treblinka taking place between 22 July and 12 September 1942. The gassing at Treblinka started on 23 July 1942, with two pendulum trains delivering victims six days each week ranging from about 4,000 to 7,000 victims per transport, the

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Bureaucrats in the Reichsbahn performed important functions that facilitated the movement of trains. They constructed and published timetables, collected fares, and allocated cars and locomotives. In sending Jews to their death, they did not deviate much from the routine procedures they used to

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internment camp served the northeast, closer to the German border from where all transports were taken over by German agents. By 23 June 1943, 50,000 Jews had been deported from France, a pace that the Germans deemed too slow. The last train from France left Drancy on 31 July 1944 with over 300

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In September, Jews with Belgian citizenship were deported for the first time. After the war, the collaborator Felix Lauterborn stated in his trial that 80 percent of arrests in Antwerp used information from paid informants. In total, 6,000 Jews were deported in 1943, with another 2,700 in 1944.

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There exists substantial evidence that these shipments included Italian forced labour workers and trainloads of Jews in 1944 during the German occupation of northern Italy, when a German train passed through Switzerland every 10 minutes. The need for the tunnel was complicated by the British

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as well as inside the long-distance border-crossing trains. Because the DB AG had responded by having its security personnel repress the protests, German citizens' initiatives rented a historical steam locomotive and installed their own exhibition in remodeled passenger cars. This "Train of

1086:. From there 45,000–50,000 Jews were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau between March and August 1943, packed 80 to a wagon. There were also 13,000 Greek Jews in the Italian, and 4,000 Jews in the Bulgarian zone of occupation. In September 1943, the Italian zone was taken over by the Third Reich. 673:, the Under-secretary of State at the Reich Transport Ministry, requesting: "need your help and support. If I am to wind things up quickly, I must have more trains." Of the estimated six million Jews exterminated during World War II, two million were murdered on the spot by the military, 2060:

In 2004/2005, German historians and journalists began publicly demanding that the German passenger train stations' commemorative exhibits be set up after the railroad companies in France and the Netherlands began commemorations of mass deportations in their own train stations. The

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events, Jews were forcibly loaded onto freight cars with planks hammered in place over the windows and traveled for seven days in unimaginable conditions. Many died and were gravely affected by lack of air, blistering heat, lack of water, food or medical attention. These veritable

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The deportation trains did not make major demands on the railways' resources; a typical day during the 1941-2 period would see 30,000 rail services operated by the Reichsbahn - of these, just two would be deportation trains. They were also a low priority, and SS officials such as

539:, respectively. From there, the prisoners were taken by trucks. At Treblinka, Belzec, and Sobibor, the killing mechanism consisted of a large internal-combustion engine delivering exhaust fumes to gas chambers through pipes. At Auschwitz and Majdanek, the gas chambers relied on 1329:

Norway surrendered to Nazi Germany on 10 June 1940. At the time, there were 1,700 Jews living in Norway. About half of them escaped to neutral Sweden. Round-ups by the SS began in the fall of 1942 with the support of the Norwegian police. In late November 1942, all Jews of

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As well as transporting German Jews, DRB was responsible for coordinating transports on the rail networks of occupied territories and Germany's allies. The characteristics of organized concentration and transportation of victims of the Holocaust varied by country.

359:, who was informing him about 50,000 Jews already exterminated in a concentration camp in Poland. "They were not exterminated – Bormann screamed – only evacuated, evacuated, evacuated!", and slammed down the phone, wrote Enghelberg. 1173:

138,870 Jews had been deported. On 31 May 1944, Veesenmayer reported an additional 60,000 Jews were sent to the camps in six days, while the total for the past 16 days stood at 204,312 victims. Between May and July 1944, helped by Hungarian police, the German

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in vain), as well as thousands of other so-called undesirables to German-built concentration and extermination camps aboard the Holocaust trains, pursuant to an agreement with the German government; fewer than 3 percent survived the deportations. According to

1031:, SNCF was forced by German and Vichy authorities to cooperate in providing transport for French Jews to the border and did not make any profit from this transport. However, in December 2014, SNCF agreed to pay up to $ 60 million worth of compensation to 822:

to Northern France. By October 1942, some 16,600 people had been deported in 17 convoys. At this time, deportations were temporarily halted until January 1943. Those deported in the first wave were not Belgian citizens, resulting from the intervention by

2297:, a contract the company received in 2010. In California, also in 2010, state lawmakers passed the Holocaust Survivor Responsibility Act. The bill, written to require companies to disclose their involvement in World War II, was later vetoed by Governor 1943:

in return for the "Exchange Jews" or those that were born outside the German-occupied territories. Many of the inmates were transported via the infamous death marches, but among other transports, three trains left Bergen-Belsen in April 1945 bound for

1770:, the last 68,000 inmates, by then the largest final gathering of Jews in all of German-occupied Europe, had been murdered by the Nazis after 7 August 1944. They were told to prepare for resettlement; instead, over the next 23 days they were sent to 1519:

locomotives stripped of non-ferrous metals and instead made mostly of steel; locomotives in that battlespace were not expected to survive for long, so managers eliminated the use of higher-value metal like bronze, chrome, copper, brass, and nickel.

1464:. Managerial jobs were staffed with German officials in a wave of some 8,000 instant promotions. The new Eastern Division of DRB acquired 7,192 kilometres (4,469 mi) of new railway lines and 1,052 km of (mostly industrial) narrow gauge in 4259: 1275:

The Netherlands was invaded on 10 May 1940 and fell under German military control. The community of native-Dutch Jews including the new Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria was estimated at 140,000. Most natives were concentrated in the

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The percentages of Jews who were deported varied by location. It was highest in Antwerp, with 67 percent deported, but lower in Brussels (37 percent), Liége (35 percent) and Charleroi (42 percent). The main destination for the convoys was

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AG refused it access to the main stations in Hamburg and Berlin. German Jewish communities protested against the company levying mileage tariffs and hourly fees for the exhibit (which by December 31, 2013, reached approx. US $ 290,000).

531:, whose redirected exhaust fed into sealed compartments at the rear of the vehicle. These were used at Maly Trostenets as well. Neither of these two camps had international rail connections; therefore, the trains stopped at the nearby 3928:

When the Twentieth convoy arrived at Auschwitz, 70% of the women and girls were gassed immediately upon arrival. Sources claim that all of the remaining women from Belgian Transport No.20 were sent to Block X of Birkenau for medical

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on 10 May 1940, all Jews were forced to register with the police as of 28 October 1940. The lists enabled Belgium to become the first country in occupied Western Europe to deport recently immigrating Jews. The implementation of

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in Maryland. Following pressure from Holocaust survivors in Maryland, the state passed legislation in 2011 requiring companies bidding on the project to disclose their involvement in the Holocaust. Keolis currently operates the

2101:. As national press journals pointed out, the exhibit "contained nearly nothing about the culprits". The post-war careers of those in charge of the railroad remained "totally obscured". Since 2009, the civil society association 1989:

There are numerous national commemorations of the mass transportation of Jews in the "Final Solution" across Europe, as well as some lingering controversies surrounding the history of the railway systems utilized by the Nazis.

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released a formal statement of regrets for the company's actions during World War II. Some historians have expressed the opinion that SNCF has been unfairly targeted in the United States for their involvement in World War II.

990:. The remainder were transported in Holocaust trains from Theresienstadt mainly to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The last train for Birkenau left Theresienstadt on 28 October 1944 with 2,038 Jews of whom 1,589 were immediately gassed. 1204:

which put the Hungarian pro-Nazi government back in control. They were forced to dig anti-tank ditches on the road westward. A further 25,000 Jews were put in an "international ghetto" under Swedish protection engineered by

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commissioned a report on its involvement in World War II. The company opened its archives to an independent historian, Christian Bachelier, whose report was released in French in 2000. It was translated to English in 2010.

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was given financial independence after paying back 10 million Reichsmarks to DRB. The removal of all bomb damage was completed in 1940. The Polish management was either executed in mass shooting actions (see: the 1939

423:. The RSHA coordinated and directed the deportations; the Transport Ministry organized train schedules; and the Foreign Office negotiated with German-allied states and their railways about "processing" their own Jews. 1935:, the number of trains and transported persons began to vary greatly. By November 1944, with the closure of Birkenau, the death trains had ceased. As the Soviet and Allied armies made their final pushes, the Nazis 167:" could be exterminated was dependent on two factors: the capacity of the death camps to gas the victims and quickly dispose of their bodies, as well as the capacity of the railways to transport the victims from 1183:

Approximately 320,000 Hungarian Jews are estimated to have been murdered at Auschwitz-Birkenau before July 1944. On 8 July, the deportation of Jews from Hungary had stopped due to international pressure by the

2817:(2003-11-01). ""Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."". In Steinlauf, Michael C.; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). 2788: 1121:

Under Hungarian control, the number of Jews officially increased to 725,007 by 1941. Of this total, 184,453 Jews lived in Budapest. While in alliance with Nazi Germany, Hungary acquired new provinces at both

553: 1299:, in 94 outgoing trains. About 60,000 prisoners were sent to Auschwitz and 34,000 to Sobibor. At liberation approximately 870 Jews remained in Westerbork. Only 5,200 deportees survived, most of them in 269:

in a massive deportation action involving the use of freight trains. Permanent ghettos had direct railway connections because the food aid (paid for by Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the

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estimated that the "Final Solution" could ultimately eradicate up to 11 million European Jews; Nazi planners envisioned the inclusion of Jews living in neutral and non-occupied countries such as

3852: 376:, mobile extermination squads, were already conducting mass shootings of Jews in Eastern Europe. The Jews of Western Europe were either deported to ghettos emptied through mass killings, such as the 4249: 4210: 2018:

in 1944. Lipietz was held at the internment camp for several months before the camp was liberated. After Lipietz's death the lawsuit was pursued by his family and in 2006 an administrative court in

1955:, where for three days in March 1945 the remaining survivors were crammed into cattle cars to await further transport. Only 200 of the original 1000 women survived the entire trip to Bergen-Belsen. 2041:

for the creation of a memorial to honor Holocaust victims. In December 2014, the company came to a $ 60 million compensation settlement with French Holocaust survivors living in the United States.

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to Auschwitz, Majdanek, Dachau and the subcamps of Mauthausen before the war's end, including over 90% of Thessaloniki's prewar population of 50,000 Jews. Of these, 5,000 Jews were deported to

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used its 29 September 2005 apology for its role in the "Final Solution" to launch an equal opportunities and anti-discrimination policy, in part to be monitored by the Dutch Jewish council.

7012: 1213:. When the Soviet Army liberated Budapest on 17 January 1945, of the original 825,000 Jews in the country, less than 260,000 Jews were still alive, including 80,000 Hungarian natives. 388:

built in spring and summer of 1942 only for gassing. Auschwitz II Birkenau gas chambers began operating in March. The last death camp, Majdanek, began operating gas chambers in late 1942.

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During the liquidation of the ghettos starting in 1942, the trains were used to transport the condemned populations to death camps. To implement the "Final Solution", the Nazis made the

8280: 1539:. In 1942, stationary gas chambers were built at Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz. After the Nazi takeover of PKP, the train movements, originating inside and outside 4279: 2177:), where approximately 200,000 Polish, Austrian, German, Luxemburg and Czech Jews boarded the trains on the way to their deaths in the period from 16 January 1942, to 29 August 1944. 2407: 1342:, Germany. From there, they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau by train. In total, 770 Norwegian Jews were sent by boat to Germany between 1940 and 1945. Only two dozen survived. 1515:

professionals. Their public executions were introduced in 1942. By 1944, the factories in Poznań and Chrzanów were mass-producing for the Eastern Front the redesigned "Kriegslok"

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in March 1944, and took over control of all Jewish affairs. On 29 April 1944, the first deportation of Hungarian Jews to Birkenau took place. Between 15–25 May according to

2165:). Inaugurated in December 2005, it consists of oversized steel chairs (each representing 1,000 victims), designed by architects Piotr Lewicki and Kazimierz Latak. At the former 1307:, approximately 2050 survivors. From those on the sixty-eight transports to Auschwitz 1052 people returned, including 181 of the 3450 people taken from eighteen of the trains at 8307: 5442: 5290: 273:, similar to all newly built labour camps. Jews were legally banned from baking bread. They were sealed off from the general public in hundreds of virtual prison-islands called 447:(special trains), the trains had low priority for the movement and frequently had to wait for other trains to pass, inevitably extending transport time beyond expectations. 5539: 4570:

While the numbers considerably reduced through June and July , nearly 440,000 Hungarian Jews were transported to Auschwitz in less than eight weeks; 320,000 were murdered.]

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The only time during World War II that a Holocaust train carrying Jewish deportees from Western Europe was stopped by the underground happened on 19 April 1943, when the

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having bombed and disrupted services through the Brenner Pass, as well as a heavy snowfall in the winter of 1944–45. Of 43 trains that could be tracked down by the 1996

5699: 2301:. While bidding on these rail contracts, SNCF was criticized for not formally acknowledging and apologizing for its involvement in World War II. In 2011, SNCF chairman 2310:

attorney Arno Klarsfeld has argued that the negative focus on SNCF was disrespectful to the French railway workers who lost their lives engaging in acts of resistance.

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one-way tickets, while children under 10–12 years of age paid half price, and those under four went free. Jews who had run out of money were the first to be deported.

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Native-born Belgian Jews were first noticed at Auschwitz after 744 of them were received at the camp following deportation of 998 Jews from Mechelen on 5 August 1942.

1511:. All Polish railwaymen were ordered to return to their place of work, or face death. Beating with fists became commonplace, although perceived as shocking by Polish 1291:

Most of the approximately 100,000 Jews sent to Westerbork perished. Between July 1942 and September 1944 almost every Tuesday a train left for Auschwitz-Birkenau and

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ratified the Jewish Codex, a series of laws and regulations that stripped Slovakia's 89,000 Jews of their civil rights and means of economic survival. The ruling

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of the total number of victims most of whom were transported by train to Operation Reinhard death camps, including cumulative numbers known today, is as follows:

2557:(Camera Rolls #4-7) (in Polish and French). USHMM, Washington, DC: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive. Event occurs at 02:10:59 and 07:10:16. ID: 3362-3372 1939:

either to other camps located inside the collapsing Third Reich, or to the border areas where they believed they could negotiate the release of captured German

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and at the same time, made plans to deport Bulgaria's Jews to the camps pursuant to an agreement with Germany. A Holocaust train from Thrace was witnessed by

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became the subject of attention in the United States when SNCF explored bids on rail projects in Florida and California, and SNCF's partly owned subsidiary,

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system. The first convoy left Mechelen for extermination camps on 22 July 1942, although nearly 2,250 Jews had already been deported as forced laborers for

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to extermination camps. The most modern accurate numbers on the scale of the "Final Solution" still rely partly on shipping records of the German railways.

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replied: "we do not have either the personnel or the financial resources" for that kind of commemoration. Demonstrations then began at railway stations in

469:. A small barred window provided irregular ventilation, which oftentimes resulted in multiple deaths from either suffocation or exposure to the elements. 2022:

ruled in favor of the Lipietz family. SNCF was ordered to pay 61,000 Euros in restitution. SNCF appealed the ruling at an administrative appeals court in

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also). Under the new management, formerly Polish companies began producing German engines BR44, BR50 and BR86 as early as 1940 virtually for free, using

1155: 880: 765:". The DRB was paid to transport Jews and other victims of the Holocaust from thousands of towns and cities throughout Europe to meet their death in the 511:. They were fitted with identical mass-killing installations disguised as communal shower rooms. In addition, gas chambers were developed in 1942 at the 252: 248: 153: 99: 3826:

Saerens, Lieven (1998). "Antwerp's Attitudes towards the Jews from 1918–1940 and its Implications for the Period of Occupation". In Michman, Dan (ed.).

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Of the 381,600 Jews who left Hungary between 15 May 1944 and 30 June 1944 it is probable that 200,000 – 240,000 were gassed or shot on 46 working days.

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Marrus, Michael R. (2011). "Chapter 12: The Case of the French Railways and the Deportation of Jews in 1944". In Bankier, David; Michman, Dan (eds.).

1915:). The commission could not find any evidence that the other three passed through Switzerland. It is possible that the train could have been carrying 8108: 6984: 4366: 1920: 1193: 2409:

Train station to hell. Treblinka death camp retold by Franciszek Ząbecki [Stacja tuż obok piekła. Treblinka w relacji Franciszka Ząbeckiego]

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fees. According to an expert report established on behalf of the German "Train of Commemoration" project, the receipts taken in by the state-owned

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requiring each train to stop daily to dump the bodies of Jews who died during the previous 24 hours. In May 1943, the Bulgarian government led by

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was involved in the "Final Solution". In total, the Vichy government deported more than 76,000 Jews, without food or water (pleaded for by the

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began on 22 February 1943, predominantly in passenger cars. In four days, some 20 trainsets departed under severely overcrowded conditions to

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Parliamentarians of all parties in the German national parliament called on the DB AG to rethink its behavior. Federal Transport Minister

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used for the transport of Belgian Jews to camps in Eastern Europe. The openings were covered in barbed wire. This example is preserved at

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was paid the equivalent of a third class railway ticket for every prisoner transported to his or her destination: 8,000,000 passengers, 4

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for the purpose of economic exploitation. In 1939, for logistical reasons, the Jewish communities in settlements without railway lines in

8011: 7835: 6570: 6162: 4498: 3941: 7972: 6899: 5615: 5485: 3984: 2731: 1849: 998: 411:. Deportations on this scale required the coordination of numerous German government ministries and state organisations, including the 5463: 5311: 2666: 2288:

bid on projects in Virginia and Maryland. In 2010, Keolis placed a bid on a contract to operate the Brunswick and Camden lines of the

1559:. The Holocaust trains were always managed and directed by native German SS men posted with that express' role throughout the system. 1142:(Erdély). The non-native Jews were expelled from the Hungarian territory; some 20,000 were transported to occupied Czechoslovakia and 863:– the train started again. Of the 233 people who attempted to escape, 26 were shot on the spot, 89 were recaptured, and 118 got away. 4907: 1581:

first in the early morning and the second in the mid-afternoon. All new arrivals were sent immediately to the undressing area by the

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for the Eastern Front. Most of the workers were dead by January 1943. Later that year, Hitler discovered that Prime Minister Miklos

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In Western and Central Europe, trains usually consisted of third class passenger carriages, but in Eastern Europe they usually used

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was granted 3,818 kilometres (2,372 mi) of railway lines (nearly doubled by 1941) and 505 km of narrow gauge, initially.

1074:, Greece was divided between the Italian, Bulgarian, and German zones of occupation until September 1943. Most Greek Jews lived in 986:(BMB) was set up in its place. Three-quarters of Bohemian and Moravian Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, of whom 33,000 died in 244: 6072: 8394: 7915: 7643: 7038: 6989: 6807: 5747: 5547: 2922: 2647: 2394: 2053: 1288:

passenger and freight trains were unaware of their final destination or fate, as postcards were often thrown from moving trains.

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Transports to Extinction: The Deportation of the Jews during the Holocaust: The Central Theme for Holocaust Remembrance Day 2022

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The SS forwarded part of this money to the German Transport Authority to pay the German Railways for transport of the Jews. The

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Polish forced labourers and Soviet prisoners of war were transported in similar poor conditions, also resulting in many deaths.

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back from concentration camps. Started in 1944, some repatriation trains went through Switzerland officially, organised by the

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served as the main transport hub for the Paris area and regions west and south thereof until August 1944, under the command of

876: 824: 351:. The plan was being realized in the utmost secrecy. In late 1942, during a telephone conversation, Hitler's private secretary 3199: 2033:

Between 2002 and 2004 the SNCF helped fund an exhibit on the deportation of Jewish children that was organized by Nazi hunter

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Krenau producing engines Ty37 and Pt31 (designed in Poland), as well as the locomotive parts factory Babcock-Zieleniewski in

1387: 7599: 7017: 6857: 5576: 5117: 3583:(in German, English, French, and Polish). Train of Commemoration Registered, Non-Profit Association, Berlin. Archived from 2798: 2525: 1795: 1540: 1465: 1379: 1225: 965: 6373: 6275: 6226: 8404: 8237: 7882: 7345: 7085: 3913:

in 1945, and lived until 2008; Youra Livschitz was later captured and executed; Jean Franklemon was arrested and sent to

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Jews were killed by means of mobile gas chambers... and shot to death in front of pits, 50 meters long and 3 metres deep.

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Maly Trostinec most closely resembled Chelmno, although at Maly Trostinec, murder was principally committed by shooting.

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squad that managed the arrival platform, and from there to the gas chambers. According to German records, including the

7433: 6610: 6600: 5850: 5024: 4563: 4056: 3956:"International Jewish Committee Calls on Bulgaria to Clarify Their Role in the Deportation of 13,000 Jews to Treblinka" 3477: 3368: 2535: 2379: 2348: 520: 1196:(all of whom had recently learned about the extent of it). However, in October 1944 some 50,000 Jews were forced on a 1058: 7214: 6959: 6531: 5386: 5127: 4889: 4677: 4578: 4171: 3063: 3008: 2968: 2718: 1945: 1300: 281:. However, the new system was unsustainable. By the end of 1941, most ghettoised Jews had no savings left to pay the 137: 7229: 7165: 5773:"The discussions of Nazi Germany on the deportation of Jews in 1942 – the examples of Slovakia, Rumania and Hungary" 4770: 3085: 1952: 848: 8000: 7457: 7234: 7175: 7150: 6939: 6867: 3914: 3910: 1304: 718: 1782: 7078: 7073: 6500: 5892: 4923: 4452: 4335: 2161:

deported during the Holocaust spreads over the entire deportation site known as the Square of the Ghetto Heroes (

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deported nearly 440,000 Hungarian Jews, mainly to Auschwitz-Birkenau, or 437,000 at the rate of 6,250 per day.

500: 328: 185:, occurred in October 1938. It was the forcible eviction of German Jews with Polish citizenship fuelled by the 7870: 8367: 8207: 7370: 7224: 7205: 7185: 7155: 7048: 6227:"Schwarzenegger vetoes bill requiring rail firms interested in train project to disclose WWII-era activities" 5400:... the so-called Gross Aktion of July to September 1942... 300,000 Jews murdered by bullet of gas (page 35). 2080:

Commemoration" made its first journey on the 2007 International Holocaust Remembrance Day of January 27. The

852: 844: 7277: 6128: 5672: 4211:"Analysis of Statements Made During the June 20, 2012 Hearing of the U.S. Senate Committee of the Judiciary" 4128: 1532: 524: 332: 8232: 7795: 7423: 7292: 7267: 7145: 4377: 3909:

in Jerusalem. Of the three resistance workers: Robert Maistriau was arrested in March 1944, liberated from

3666: 2238: 1755: 1422: 1371: 933: 836: 344: 7865: 5661: 1480: 8414: 8399: 8300: 8146: 8070: 7282: 7239: 7200: 7100: 6934: 6800: 5513:"Drzewa "żywe pomniki" w Muzeum – Miejscu Pamięci w Bełżcu [Trees as living monuments at Bełżec]" 4879: 4615:

The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour.

3385: 2221: 1803:(Romanian Railways) were involved in the transport of Jewish and Romani people to concentration camps in 975: 659: 512: 492:, took 18 days. When the train arrived at the camp and the doors were opened, everyone was already dead. 340: 7392: 6703:

The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour

4975: 4184: 3254: 2859: 2687: 1397: 1256:

than 10,000 Jews who used to conceal their identity, because antisemitism was part of the very ideal of

8272: 8151: 8121: 8040: 7957: 7790: 7428: 7326: 7287: 7244: 7180: 7053: 6929: 4825: 3805:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 436. 3750:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 394. 3725:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 435. 3695:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 393. 3438: 1570:

held eventually over 450,000 Jews cramped in an area meant for about 60,000 people. The second-largest

1457: 1355: 1292: 1113: 701: 504: 412: 336: 324: 8470: 8460: 7910: 7725: 7272: 7249: 7160: 7022: 6874: 6862: 6849: 5336: 5199: 5171: 4350: 4032: 2480: 2034: 1936: 1859: 1787: 1606: 1083: 1024: 887: 644: 5275: 5156: 5053: 4812: 3618: 3174: 3148: 3108: 2552: 2445: 1762:

on 18 August 1943; all prisoners were murdered in gas chambers after which the camp closed down per

1362: 8389: 8344: 7890: 7670: 7209: 7190: 7137: 7121: 7068: 7063: 6974: 6964: 6954: 6906: 6889: 6879: 6844: 6839: 6834: 5629: 2294: 2214: 2208: 1864: 1837: 1816: 1800: 1461: 1135: 855:

in France. In total, 25,437 Jews were deported from Belgium. Only 1,207 of these survived the war.

803: 416: 320: 149: 95: 7815: 4971: 1968: 1263:

The Holocaust came to Italy in September 1943 after the German takeover of the country due to its

8382: 8372: 8098: 7652: 7380: 7058: 7043: 6969: 6949: 6944: 6924: 6894: 6884: 5724: 4318: 1528: 1383: 1281: 831:

Transports were halted by the deteriorating situation in occupied Belgium before the liberation.

766: 753:

Powered mainly by efficient steam locomotives, the Holocaust trains were kept to a maximum of 55

680: 7449: 5984: 4653: 4598: 4528: 4411: 366:

of 1942, the Nazis began to murder Jews in large numbers at death camps, newly built as part of

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Photographs of two deportation ships: SS Donau and SS Monte Rosa, courtesy of Oskar Mendelsohn.

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Pour le rôle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros à chaque déporté américain

4046: 4020: 2232: 2186: 2170: 2114: 2049: 2015: 1610: 1312: 1285: 1264: 1038: 897: 786: 745:

for mass deportations in the period between 1938 and 1945 reached a sum of US$ 664,525,820.34.

462:

regulations. No food or water was supplied. The covered freight wagons were fitted with only a

74: 7604: 5887: 4799: 3532: 3358: 3333: 3325: 2819:

Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife

757:

on average, loaded from 150% to 200% capacity. The participation of German State Railway (the

737:

pocketed both this money and its own share of the cash paid by the transported Jews after the

705:

Train tickets of Greek Jews deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau for extermination displayed at the

670: 8327: 7952: 7905: 7569: 7320: 6574: 6300: 6170: 4553: 4506: 3228: 2458: 2369: 2298: 2097:

23, 2008, a compromise was reached, wherein the DB AG established its own stationary exhibit

1669: 1139: 987: 956:, who was shocked by what he saw. Ultimately, the Jews of Bulgaria proper were not deported. 941: 807: 543:

pellets of hydrogen cyanide, poured through vents in the roof from cans sealed hermetically.

5489: 4938: 4299: 3992: 3639: 3633: 3144: 2884: 2739: 2575: 2430: 591:, May–June 1944. To be sent to the right meant assignment to slave labour; to the left, the 8290: 8227: 7810: 7594: 7485: 7463: 7358: 7353: 7334: 6745: 6435: 5772: 5739: 4865: 4162: 3463: 2814: 2663: 2093: 1804: 1750:

lists the number of arrivals to the Reinhard camps through 1942 as 1,274,166 Jews based on

1163: 1151: 949: 420: 8156: 6775: 2332: 1284:

in the north-east near the German border. Deportees for "resettlement" leaving aboard the

458:; the latter packed with up to 150 deportees, although 50 was the number proposed by the 8: 8377: 8285: 8131: 7718: 5223: 4706: 4254: 4072: 3959: 3857: 2754: 2624: 2198: 1335: 1127: 1078:(Salonika) ruled by Germany, where the collection camp was set up for the Jews also from 1032: 953: 640: 610: 584: 560: 451: 385: 7513: 7503: 5416: 3469:

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945

2166: 1767: 1759: 1605:

from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka during this period. The murder operation code-named

1571: 605: 532: 7757: 7752: 7259: 6723: 6596: 5263: 5144: 5041: 4505:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. May 11, 2012. Archived from 3606: 2840: 2607: 2242: 2089: 2011: 1908: 1900: 1836:

with only one-fifth of their passengers alive. No official apology was released yet by

1771: 1648: 1567: 1524: 1417: 1393: 1189: 1176: 1170: 1159: 1123: 1105:

in the Bulgarian share of the partitioned Greece, where they were gassed upon arrival.

1102: 840: 496: 367: 363: 348: 327:. In reality, from 1942 on, for most Jews, deportations meant being murdered at either 286: 216: 157: 103: 5101:– via PDF file, direct download (644 KB), archived by Wayback Machine. Magazine 2930: 8362: 8222: 8053: 7967: 7934: 7848: 7665: 7631: 6730: 6706: 6684: 6662: 6631: 6606: 6527: 5956: 5810: 5787: 5751: 5599: 5581: 5453: 5382: 5348: 5301: 5234: 5123: 5020: 4885: 4559: 4313: 4167: 4052: 3831: 3806: 3776: 3751: 3726: 3696: 3643: 3473: 3418: 3364: 3337: 3294: 3059: 3004: 2964: 2902: 2830: 2794: 2714: 2639: 2611: 2531: 2504: 2375: 2344: 2072: 2007: 1932: 1452: 1003: 817: 727: 614: 6548: 5866: 5702:. Association of Romanian Jews Victims of the Holocaust (A.R.J.V.H.). Archived from 5438: 5342:. Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. 5119:

Most Valuable Asset of the Reich: A History of the German National Railway 1933-1945

4476: 4436: 2704: 1747: 1735: 1614: 1201: 871: 726:

per track kilometer, times 600 km (average voyage length), equaled 240 million

8339: 8317: 8136: 8126: 7855: 7843: 7825: 6717:

Winner of the 1998 Egit Prize (Histadrut) for the Best Manuscript on the Holocaust.

6252: 3203: 2822: 2599: 2498: 2038: 1940: 1863:

first, in 1942, took away two-thirds of the Slovak Jews; the second wave after the

1562:

The transports to camps under Operation Reinhard came mainly from the ghettos. The

1252: 1210: 1071: 859: 690: 666: 547:

these camps. The capacity of the crematoria at Birkenau was 20,000 bodies per day.

377: 356: 7508: 7470: 2158: 1931:

After the Soviet Army began to advance into German-occupied Europe and the Allies

1833: 1738:

lists the number of arrivals to the Aktion Reinhard Camps through 1942 (1,274,166)

1598: 1594: 207:, 25 April 1942. Deportation occurred in public and was witnessed by many Germans. 8475: 8409: 8249: 8242: 8059: 7962: 7820: 7800: 7713: 7549: 6765: 6654: 6523: 6507: 5873: 5014: 4999: 4832: 4660: 4535: 4459: 3635:

The Twentieth Train: The True Story of the Ambush of the Death Train to Auschwitz

3467: 3412: 3288: 3133: 3089: 2958: 2709: 2670: 2026:, where in March 2007 the original ruling was overturned. According to historian 1896: 1880: 1763: 1500: 937: 921: 913: 440: 256: 6405: 6045: 4739:

The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-Semites

1476: 1089:

Overall, some 60,000–65,000 Greek Jews were deported in Holocaust trains by the

970:

Czechoslovakia was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1939. Within the new ethnic-Czech

191:. Approximately 30,000 Jews were rounded up and sent via rail to refugee camps. 8322: 8217: 8116: 8087: 7779: 7743: 7698: 7408: 7315: 6698: 5352: 3888: 2302: 2027: 1409: 1296: 1131: 929: 790: 762: 685: 408: 372: 352: 294: 164: 123: 7703: 7523: 1162:

secretly conferred with the Western Allies. To stop him, Germany launched the

1045:

from Austria. By 3 February 1944, 67 trains had left from there for Birkenau.

1035:

in the United States. It corresponds to approximately $ 100,000 per survivor.

223: 8454: 8212: 8141: 8032: 7900: 7730: 7687: 7533: 7518: 6816: 6388:"Row over Traveling Exhibition: Holocaust Survivors' Group Slams German Rail" 5809:. Translated by Styan, Martin. Bratislava: Hajko & Hajková. p. 337. 5791: 5244: 2984: 2150: 2145: 2136: 2131: 2063: 1602: 1586: 1576: 1563: 1367: 1185: 1042: 648: 568: 564: 392: 240: 187: 145: 45: 40: 4974:[25 September: Absorption of Polish railways to German Reichsbahn]. 1475:

acquired new infrastructure in Poland worth in excess of 8,278,600,000

1315:(NS) apologised for its role in the deportation of Jews to the death camps. 827:

with the German authorities. In 1943, the deportations of Belgians resumed.

312:

an indispensable element of the mass extermination machine, wrote historian

8424: 7574: 7559: 7554: 7528: 7481: 7413: 7375: 7125: 6676: 5589: 5571: 3901:

Policeman John Aerts who helped the runaways evade recapture and return to

3284: 2844: 2826: 2576:

Types of Ghettos. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.

2500:

The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust

2494: 2307: 2281: 2202: 1888: 1855: 1829: 1536: 1516: 1147: 1075: 1015: 536: 528: 455: 313: 228: 168: 133: 70: 4614: 8430: 7947: 7564: 7418: 6779: 6276:"SNCF, French Railroad, Apologizes For Holocaust Role Before Florida Bid" 3082: 2441:

Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day. Tables with record of daily deportations

1820: 1197: 905: 893: 754: 592: 428: 381: 260: 181: 78: 35: 5738:

Rajcan, Vanda; Vadkerty, Madeline; Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Slovakia". In

5224:

Michał Kubara; Beata Mamcarczyk; Marcin Paździora; Sandra Schab (2012).

4884:(in Dutch) (5th. (2004) ed.). De Bataafsche Leeuw. pp. 236ff. 1488: 1232: 204: 30: 8419: 8254: 8027: 7805: 6769: 6136: 4995: 3991:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 10 June 2013. Archived from 3906: 3442: 3180:. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies 3114:. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies 2603: 2289: 1981: 1867:

in 1944 claimed another 13,500 victims, 10,000 of whom did not return.

1808: 1504: 1442: 1420:

was set up in occupied central Poland, a separate branch of DRB called

1396:

in September 1939 Nazi Germany disbanded the Polish National Railways (

1143: 477: 111: 6628:

The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Witnessing in the Holocaust

4410:. The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Archived from 2371:

The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Witnessing in the Holocaust

2037:. In 2011, SNCF helped set up a railway station outside of Paris to a 1951:

The last recorded train is the one used to transport the women of the

305:

referring to the Nazi plan for the annihilation of the Jewish people.

235:

during World War II. Members of this class were used in the Holocaust.

8259: 8065: 6360:"Remembrance train banned from station". The Guardian, 11 April 2008. 5594: 5470: 5356: 4941:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Roundups of Norwegian Jews 4707:"The Italian Holocaust: The Story of an Assimilated Jewish Community" 3584: 3552: 1916: 1875: 1702: 1496: 1413: 1334:

including women and children were put on a ship requisitioned by the

1277: 1206: 1094: 1019: 675: 652: 508: 302: 7920: 5087: 4185:"Vichy gets chance to lay ghost of Nazi past as France hosts summit" 2154: 2125: 1479:, including some of the largest locomotive factories in Europe, the 1431: 243:, the trains were employed differently. At first, they were used to 7785: 7585: 6482: 5512: 4272: 3902: 3293:. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 31. 2023: 2019: 1904: 1812: 1766:'s directive. Of the more than 245,000 Jews who passed through the 1656: 1063: 909: 540: 285:

for further bulk food deliveries. The quagmire was resolved at the

6573:. Centrum Dialogu im. Marka Edelmana w Łodzi. 2013. Archived from 5744:

Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

5674:

Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania

2143:

points elsewhere. In 1988, a national monument was created at the

323:". The victims were told they were being taken to labour camps in 48:, 1942. The site is preserved today as a Polish national monument. 5918: 5196:

Kolejnictwo w przygotowaniach obronnych Polski w latach 1935–1939

5189:"Możliwości finansowe PKP w przebudowie i rozbudowie kolejnictwa" 4401: 2956: 2694:. Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania. 2444:, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, archived from 2076: 1730: 1677: 1552: 1544: 1405: 1339: 798: 723: 466: 396: 6785: 6374:"Deutsche Bahn 'Embarrasses' Berlin by Hampering Holocaust Show" 5540:"Majdanek Victims Enumerated. Changes in the history textbooks?" 2821:. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. 1531:

many Jews were transported by road to killing sites such as the

625:

The standard means of transport was a 10-metre long (32 ft

443:

began departing from central Germany on 16 October 1941. Called

211: 8295: 6345:"Holocaust Deportation Exhibit Denied Access to Berlin Central" 5746:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: 5360: 2710:

Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews

2592:

The Role of the German Railroads in the Destruction of the Jews

2285: 1690: 1635: 1574:

held 204,000 Jews. Both ghettos had collection points known as

1484: 1244: 1098: 1079: 1046: 925: 917: 901: 781: 463: 404: 400: 290: 5677:, Bucharest: Yad Vashem, November 11, 2004, pp.20–22 of Ch.5, 5233:. Zagłębiowska Oficyna Wydawnicza Publishing. pp. 84–85. 3853:"Nazi hunters call on Belgium's justice minister to be sacked" 3290:

Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps

1434:; all of the DRB branches existed outside Germany proper. The 7660: 5300:(in Polish), Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe , p. 97, 5198:. Wydawnictwo Tetragon Publishing. p. 22. Archived from 4983: 1430:

in Polish) was established with headquarters called GEDOB in

1354:

Jews are transferred to a narrow-gauge railway on the way to

1308: 945: 900:

and Greece. The Bulgarian government set up transit camps in

489: 431:

often faced difficulty in securing the rolling stock needed.

194: 6766:

Transports to Extinction: The Holocaust Deportation Database

4005:

Deportations from Bulgarian-occupied territory among others.

3886: 6725:

The Death Train: A Personal Account of a Holocaust Survivor

5919:

Independent Commission of Experts, Switzerland—World War II

3332:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 3031:. Jewish news weekly of Northern California. Archived from 2248: 1999: 1912: 1694: 1331: 1011: 141: 6303:[The Dutch Railways and the deportation of Jews]. 6073:"French railway must pay for transporting family to Nazis" 4158:

Les silences de la police—16 July 1942 and 17 October 1961

4126: 2395:

HOLOCAUST FAQ: Operation Reinhard: A Layman's Guide (2/2).

179:

The first mass deportation of Jews from Nazi Germany, the

5985:"French Railway Formally Apologizes to Holocaust Victims" 5897: 4868:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.

3598:– via direct download 740 KB from Wayback Machine. 2738:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from 2658: 2656: 1548: 439:

The first trains with German Jews expelled to ghettos in

4777:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. June 10, 2013 3944:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.

2590:

Raul Hilberg (1998). "German Railroads / Jewish Souls".

693:. The remainder were shipped to their deaths elsewhere. 499:

in occupied Poland specifically for Operation Reinhard:

319:

The Nazis disguised their "Final Solution" as the mass "

5867:

The Avalon Project: The Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919

5630:"The Lódz Ghetto: History & Overview (1939 - 1945)" 5443:"Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady (Treblinka II Death Camp)" 2692:

The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising

523:, shootings were used to kill victims in the woods. At 265: 8178: 6301:"Die Niederländische Bahn und die Judendeportatiopnen" 6253:"SNCF apologises for role in WWII Jewish deportations" 5737: 5483: 5115: 4849:

Holocaust in the Netherlands: 'We really had no idea'.

4250:"France to compensate American survivors of Holocaust" 3573: 3386:"The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp" 3309:

Erich Fuchs in the Sobibor-Bolender trial, Düsseldorf.

3252: 2857: 2653: 761:) was crucial to the effective implementation of the " 384:, or sent directly to Treblinka, Belzec, and Sobibór, 259:

were dissolved. By the end of 1941, about 3.5 million

5851:

Looted Assets, Gold Transactions and Dormant Accounts

5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5381:. Published by KTAV Publishing Inc. 1999, 302 pages. 4908:

BBC - Birmingham - Faith - The Last Train from Belsen

4663:

The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.

4576: 4244: 4242: 3917:, liberated from there in May 1945, and died in 1977. 2864:

Majdanek, Auschwitz II, Sobibor, Belzec and Treblinka

1647:

with 246,922 deportees from within the semi-colonial

1150:

Jews were sent back to Romania. Hungary took part in

6729:. New York: National Council on Art in Jewish Life. 5374: 3830:(2nd ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. p. 194. 3803:

The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945

3748:

The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945

3723:

The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945

3693:

The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945

3462: 2674:

The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies

2630:

published by Publications International, April 2000.

1937:

transported some of the concentration camp survivors

5186: 4734: 4129:"Holocaust-Era Claims in the 21st Century, Hearing" 3577:

Expert Report on the Deutsche Reichsbahn's Receipts

3029:"Holocaust survivor gives teens the straight story" 2752: 2340:

Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach

2280:Following the Lipietz trial, SNCF's involvement in 1400:) immediately, and handed over their assets to the 881:

Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia

434: 6722: 6595: 6496: 6494: 6432:"Nazi Death Train Exhibit Opens in Berlin Station" 6325:Letter from the Deutsche Bahn AG, 17 December 2004 6193: 5807:On the Trail of Tragedy: The Holocaust in Slovakia 5647: 5627: 5437: 4936: 4794: 4792: 4521: 4346: 4344: 4239: 4044: 3828:Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans 3638:(1st US ed.). New York: Grove Press. p. 3551:. NeverAgain.org, Internet Archive. Archived from 3528: 3526: 3077: 3075: 3022: 3020: 2618: 1029:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France 658:In total, over 1,600 trains were organised by the 655:in 1942, trains carried up to 7,000 victims each. 6456: 6371: 6122: 6120: 5546:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from 5452:, Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, p. 94, 5173:Die Deutsche Reichsbahn im Ostfeldzug 1939 - 1944 5122:. Univ. of North Carolina Press. pp. 78–80. 4903: 4901: 4499:"Deportations to Killing Centers: Central Europe" 4374:Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society 4331: 4329: 4292:"French court strikes blow against fugitive Nazi" 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 3979: 3977: 3669:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 3542: 3540: 3328:. In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). 1416:. In November 1939, as soon as the semi-colonial 912:for the Jews from the former Serbian province of 245:concentrate the Jewish populations in the ghettos 140:, for the purpose of forcible deportation of the 132:and other European railways under the control of 8452: 6163:"Md. governor signs bill on company's WWII role" 5510: 5169: 5078:[On the war paths of Polish railwaymen] 5012: 4969: 4678:"A Wall of Indifference: Italy's Shoah Memorial" 3887:Althea Williams; Sarah Ehrlich (20 April 2013). 2367: 1958: 1551:-supplied card-reading machines and traditional 1543:and terminating at death camps, were tracked by 1325:Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II 7953:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 6743: 6491: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5477: 4789: 4704: 4341: 4336:NAAF Holocaust Project Timeline 1943 Continued. 4208: 3567: 3523: 3200:"The genocide: 1942 (Chelmno, Maly Trostinets)" 3081:Ben Hecht, Julian Messner (December 31, 1969), 3072: 3017: 2887:at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2786: 2405: 2010:-owned rail company SNCF by Georges Lipietz, a 1796:Responsibility for the Holocaust § Romania 1609:concluded several months before the subsequent 1499:renamed Ferrum AG (tasked with making parts to 1370:who died inside sealed boxcars before reaching 810:(Malines) chosen because it was the hub of the 6778:, unknown location in Poland by SS and Polish 6244: 6117: 5828: 5826: 5700:"The Holocaust under the Antonescu government" 5504: 5488:. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from 5288: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4898: 4871: 4675: 4629:"Hungary's Jews Marvel at Their Golden Future" 4593: 4591: 4326: 4150: 4090: 4048:The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown 3974: 3600:With payment summaries, tables and literature. 3537: 3383: 3143:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 2915: 2554:Henryk Gawkowski and Treblinka railway workers 2551:Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection (July 1978). 8313:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 6801: 6705:. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 6156: 6154: 6095:"Court quashes SNCF Nazi deportations ruling" 5922:. Bergier Commission for the Swiss Government 5717: 5213:– via PDF file, direct download 363 KB. 5109: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 4551: 4474: 4395: 4376:: 9 of current document (427). Archived from 4364: 4202: 4021:The Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews in World War II 3377: 3166: 3026: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2746: 2679: 2523: 2192: 2067:AG (DB AG), the state-owned successor of the 6589: 6129:"US governor signs Holocaust disclosure law" 6086: 5969: 5937: 5537: 5517:Współczesna Przeszłość, 125-140, Poznań 2009 5473:Scientific Society, direct download 20.2 MB. 5163: 5006: 4700: 4698: 4491: 4402:Peter Vogelsang; Brian B. M. Larsen (2002). 4136:One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session 4122: 4120: 3905:was later declared a "Righteous Gentile" by 3882: 3880: 3255:"Maly Trostinets. The Death Camp near Minsk" 2963:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 362. 2957:Richard L. Rubenstein; John K. Roth (2003). 2589: 2437: 2187:Covered goods wagons in wartime deportations 2106:Minister of Finances) rejected this demand. 1840:for their role in the Holocaust in Romania. 815: 8012:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 6683:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 6605:. Yale University Press. pp. 514–515. 6602:The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto, 1941-1944 6267: 6218: 6185: 6040: 6038: 5823: 5697: 5180: 4956: 4843: 4841: 4588: 4138:. United States Senate. p. 4 (8 / 196) 4127:Committee on the Judiciary (20 June 2012). 4015: 4013: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3661: 3659: 3410: 3404: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3058:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. 3003:. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. 2994: 2992: 1854:On 9 September 1941, the parliament of the 748: 163:The speed at which people targeted in the " 115:General map of deportation routes and camps 6808: 6794: 6653: 6151: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5621: 5217: 5060: 4826:Deportation train from Westerbork, Holland 4652:Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, 3937: 3935: 3850: 3844: 3472:. Indiana University Press. p. 1514. 3356: 3223: 3221: 3188:– via direct download, 19.5 KB. 3172: 3106: 2851: 2807: 2773: 2662:Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, 2585: 2583: 2544: 2472: 2343:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–58. 1850:List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia 1754:own records. The last train to be sent to 1685:quoted: 101,370 (final count in excess of 1231: 263:had been segregated and ghettoised by the 195:The role of railways in the Final Solution 6625: 6423: 6250: 6195:"SNCF to open war archives to California" 6126: 5770: 5431: 5073: 4930: 4813:Netherlands (Holland): The Holocaust Era. 4695: 4671: 4669: 4117: 3877: 3631: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3246: 2761:. Publications International. p. 415 2685: 2633: 2569: 2503:. Harvard University Press. p. 122. 2412:, Muzeum Historii Polski , archived from 6697: 6429: 6092: 6070: 6064: 6035: 5742:; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.). 5618:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 5368: 5282: 4877: 4838: 4730: 4728: 4620: 4579:"The Destruction of the Jews of Hungary" 4431: 4429: 4360: 4358: 4077:Roots of the Holocaust, Prologue: p. 282 4010: 3789: 3739: 3709: 3684: 3667:"The Destruction of the Jews of Belgium" 3656: 3574:Train of Commemoration (November 2009). 3546: 3319: 3317: 3132: 3126: 3095: 3047: 2989: 2973:– via Google Books, search inside. 2896: 2124: 2048: 1874: 1781: 1729: 1613:resulting in new deportations. The 1942 1601:, some 265,000 Jews were transported in 1361: 1349: 1117:Holocaust train from Hungary, exhibition 1112: 1057: 997: 870: 780: 700: 604: 471: 222: 210: 198: 110: 6675: 6307:. Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 19 October 2005 6002: 5804: 5748:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5531: 5484:Holocaust Encyclopedia (10 June 2013). 5176:. Kurt Vowinkel Verlag. pp. 17–18. 5116:Alfred C. Mierzejewski (Jun 19, 2003). 4558:. Pen and Sword. pp. 69, 87, 123. 4182: 3932: 3825: 3770: 3218: 3192: 3053: 2998: 2813: 2648:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2580: 2328: 2326: 2054:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 1774:by train at the rate of 2,500 per day. 619:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 295:"Final Solution of the Jewish question" 16:Railway transports used in Nazi Germany 8453: 6720: 6273: 6224: 6191: 6015: 5950: 5932:NAAF Holocaust Project Timeline: 1945. 5691: 5074:Masłowska, Teresa (2 September 2007). 4763: 4666: 4626: 4468: 4289: 4112:NAAF Holocaust Project Timeline: 1944. 4023:New Politics, Winter 2010, Vol: XII-4. 3272: 3056:The Extermination of the European Jews 3001:The Extermination of the European Jews 2952: 2950: 2948: 2724: 1622: 1527:which marked the most deadly phase of 959: 519:. In the German-occupied USSR, at the 8177: 7998: 7629: 7120: 7119: 6789: 6457:Katharina Schuler (24 January 2008), 6406:Verkehrsausschuss Deutscher Bundestag 6305:Der Centraal Joods Overleg, Amsterdam 6160: 6018:"Holocaust group faults VRE contract" 5983:Baume, Maïa De La (25 January 2011). 5982: 5413:"Holocaust Remembrance Day in Warsaw" 4725: 4426: 4355: 4038: 3953: 3947: 3800: 3745: 3720: 3690: 3323: 3314: 3257:. Holocaust Research Project.org 2008 2927:Concentration Camps & Death Camps 2698: 2466: 2229:, National Railway Company of Belgium 2014:, who was transported by SNCF to the 2006:In 2001, a lawsuit was filed against 1664:quoted: 24,733 (cumulative number of 1388:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation 875:Original wagon used for transport of 763:Final Solution of the Jewish Question 7600:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 6681:The Destruction of the European Jews 6251:Schofield, Hugh (13 November 2010). 5725:"Holocaust in Podu Iloaiei, Romania" 5577:The Destruction of the European Jews 5291:"Treblinka II (Monograph, chapt. 3)" 5258:– via direct download 9.97 MB. 4545: 4146:– via direct download 2.58 MB. 4051:. Hoover Press. pp. 215, 1942. 3533:Edwin Black on IBM and the Holocaust 3350: 3283: 3202:. Peace Pledge Union. Archived from 3162:– via direct download 2.14 MB. 3122:– via direct download 33.1 KB. 2493: 2323: 2129:Memorial to Holocaust trains at the 1710:quoted: 713,555 (overall minimum of 1441:In December 1939, on the request of 1243:Italian Holocaust train exhibition, 966:The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia 8405:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 6659:The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 6372:Catherine Hickley (April 8, 2008). 6274:Ganley, Elaine (14 November 2010). 5580:by Yale University Press, p. 1219. 5329: 5325:– via direct download 20.2 MB 4735:Franklin Hugh Adler (Winter 2006). 4599:Hungary Virtual Jewish History Tour 4445: 4156:J.-L. Einaudi and Maurice Rajsfus, 3330:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp 3303:– via Google Books, preview. 2945: 2476:Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933-1939 2374:. Berghahn Books. pp. 36, 55. 2361: 2241:, a railway operator set up by the 2227:National Railway Company of Belgium 1697:alone per contemporary historians) 1303:, approximately 1980 survivors, or 982:and the new German railway company 972:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 896:in March 1941 and took part in the 600: 13: 7999: 6547:. JewishKrakow.net. Archived from 6334:TV 3 sat: Kulturzeit, 10 July 2005 6093:Canellas, Claude (27 March 2007). 5834:Switzerland's Role in World War II 5076:"Wojenne Drogi Polskich Kolejarzy" 4713:. The American Council For Judaism 4311:France condemned Brunner to death 4079:, Publications International, 2009 2866:. The American-Israeli Cooperative 2565:– via Clips viewable online. 2433:(en), Pax publishing, Warsaw 1977. 2335:University of Wisconsin–Whitewater 1819:. In a notable example, after the 1651:alone, per contemporary research) 521:Maly Trostenets extermination camp 14: 8487: 6815: 6753: 6046:"French railways win WWII appeal" 6016:Shaver, Katherine (7 July 2010). 5885: 4771:"Deportations to Killing Centers" 4711:Jewish Fascists and Anti-Fascists 4408:Holocaust Education: Deportations 3889:"Escaping the train to Auschwitz" 3851:Waterfield, Bruno (17 May 2011). 2885:German Railways and the Holocaust 2713:. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; 2625:"1939: The War Against The Jews." 2517: 2406:Tomasz Wiścicki (16 April 2013), 2251:, French National Railway Company 2092:proposed an exhibition by artist 613:used to transport Jews and other 247:, and often to transport them to 7968:Polish leaders and intellectuals 7458:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 6619: 6563: 6537: 6512: 6476: 6450: 6434:. Deutsche Welle. Archived from 6420:Spiegel No. 43, 23 October 2006. 6414: 6398: 6380: 6365: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6293: 6192:Samuel, Henry (30 August 2010). 6127:Zeitvogel, Karin (20 May 2011). 5925: 5911: 5879: 5860: 5843: 5798: 5764: 5731: 5608: 5565: 5405: 4980:Historia kolei na terenie Polski 4676:Bridget Kevane (June 29, 2011). 4577:S.J.; Carmelo Lisciotto (2007). 4262:from the original on 2021-05-18. 4209:Serge Klarsfeld (26 June 2012). 3773:De Jodenjagers van de Vlaamse SS 3027:Joshua Brandt (April 22, 2005). 2274: 2169:, the monument was built at the 2157:, the memorial to Jews from the 2109: 1967: 1903:, 39 went via Austria (Brenner, 1380:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) 1224: 1027:, president of the organization 576: 552: 435:The journey and point of arrival 29: 8466:Infrastructure of the Holocaust 6394:, SPIEGEL-Online, 10 March 2008 6206:from the original on 2022-01-12 5855:Switzerland during World War II 5511:Jacek Małczyński (2009-01-19). 4912: 4858: 4818: 4805: 4646: 4607: 4404:"Deportations from the Balkans" 4351:Deportations to Killing Centers 4283: 4266: 4183:Bremner, Charles (2008-11-01). 4176: 4065: 4026: 3942:Persecution of Jews in Bulgaria 3922: 3819: 3764: 3625: 3505:This Month in Holocaust History 3501:"Treblinka: Railway Transports" 3493: 3456: 3431: 2977: 2890: 2878: 2858:Jewish Virtual Library (2009). 2356:process ordinary train traffic. 2211:, the state railways of Romania 1933:landed in Normandy in June 1944 1643:quoted: 434,508 (real total of 1265:total capitulation at Cassibile 1002:Deportation of Jews during the 849:Ravensbrück concentration camps 843:. Smaller numbers were sent to 804:the "Final Solution" in Belgium 683:and mobile death squads of the 7896:Attack on the twentieth convoy 7709:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 6485:The Train of Memory homepage. 6347:. Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2008 6225:Weikel, Dan (2 October 2010). 5595:Sobibor - The Forgotten Revolt 5347:'Aktion Reinhard' named after 5019:. Berghahn Books. p. 55. 4922:. Expatica.com. Archived from 3549:"The Holocaust timeline: 1943" 3253:Chris Webb; Carmelo Liscioto. 2929:. Raiha Evelyn. Archived from 2793:. Kindle Edition. p. 63. 2487: 2456:– via Internet Archive, 2424:– via Internet Archive, 2399: 2388: 1870: 1828:arrived to their destinations 1493:Oberschlesische Lokomotivwerke 1270: 476:Soviet POWs transported in an 144:, as well as other victims of 1: 6746:"The Trains of the Holocaust" 6721:Gurdus, Luba Krugman (1978). 6647: 5538:Paweł Reszka (Dec 23, 2005). 5375:Robert Moses Shapiro (1999). 5351:, the main organizer of the " 4851:Leiden University. Review of 4705:Egill Brownfeld (Fall 2003). 4627:Bridge, Adrian (1996-09-05). 4003:– via Wayback Machine. 3958:. Vocus PRWeb. Archived from 3326:"Gas Chambers and Crematoria" 2899:Eichmann: His Life and Crimes 2530:. Pen and Sword. p. 29. 1959:Remembrance and commemoration 1619: 1280:ghetto before being moved to 1134:received vital help from the 978:(ČSD) were taken over by the 932:of 13,000 inmates, mostly to 301:) was set in place. It was a 231:steam locomotive used by the 8233:Jewish war conspiracy theory 7424:Extermination through labour 6161:Witte, Brian (19 May 2011). 5681:(consisting of 19 PDF files) 5187:Ireneusz Bujniewicz (2009). 4555:Auschwitz: The Nazi Solution 4391:– via direct download. 3507:. Yad Vashem. Archived from 3392:. Jewish Virtual Library.org 3360:A Short History of the World 2732:"'Final Solution': Overview" 2527:Auschwitz: The Nazi Solution 2317: 2286:Keolis Rail Services America 2267: 2255: 1926: 1788:"death train" of Iași pogrom 1756:Treblinka extermination camp 1423:Generaldirektion der Ostbahn 1372:Treblinka extermination camp 954:Metropolitan Bishop of Sofia 934:Treblinka extermination camp 837:Auschwitz concentration camp 299:die Endlösung der Judenfrage 38:being loaded onto trains at 7: 8415:Righteous Among the Nations 7630: 7101:Righteous Among the Nations 6762:, on the Yad Vashem website 6571:"Memorial Radegast station" 5628:Jennifer Rosenberg (1998). 5450:Monograph, chapt. 3: ibidem 5105:was last published in 2010. 4847:Van der Boom (1 May 2007), 4477:"Jewish History of Hungary" 4453:Hungarian military in WWII. 4045:Hugh LeCaine Agnew (2004). 3417:. New York: HarperCollins. 3092:Aish.com Holocaust Studies. 3054:Gerlach, Christian (2016). 2999:Gerlach, Christian (2016). 2790:The trains of the Holocaust 2222:Bulgarian national Railways 2180: 2120: 1993: 1843: 1786:Pulling dead Jews from the 1293:Sobibor extermination camps 976:Czechoslovak State Railways 866: 660:Reich Ministry of Transport 513:Majdanek concentration camp 10: 8492: 8152:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 8122:Lithuanian Security Police 8041:Reich Security Main Office 7008:Evidence and documentation 6748:. Enghelberg.com, revised. 6626:Gigliotti, Simone (2009). 5771:Nižňanský, Eduard (2011). 5469:on 2014-10-10 – via 5441:; Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł, 5170:Hans Pottgiesser (1975) . 4920:"Like a slow train coming" 4290:Henley, Jon (2003-03-03). 3954:PRWEB (28 February 2011). 3632:Schreiber, Marion (2003). 3414:The Years of Extermination 3411:Friedlander, Saul (2009). 3324:Piper, Franciszek (1994). 3088:February 22, 2014, at the 2860:"Gas Chambers at Majdanek" 2217:, Hungarian State Railways 2193:Railway companies involved 2044: 1847: 1793: 1777: 1533:Chełmno extermination camp 1458:German AB-Aktion in Poland 1377: 1356:Kulmhof extermination camp 1322: 1108: 1014:railway company under the 963: 944:expelled 20,000 Jews from 930:"deportations to the east" 885: 776: 696: 517:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 413:Reich Security Main Office 380:of the inhabitants of the 325:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 253:German concentration camps 174: 8368:Books and other resources 8355: 8271: 8200: 8196: 8173: 8107: 8079: 8020: 8007: 7994: 7933: 7881: 7834: 7771: 7741: 7679: 7651: 7642: 7638: 7625: 7583: 7542: 7494: 7480: 7442: 7401: 7301: 7258: 7136: 7132: 7115: 7031: 7000: 6900:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 6827: 6823: 5888:"The Train | Switzerland" 5872:February 8, 2007, at the 5013:Simone Gigliotti (2009). 4970:Jerzy Wasilewski (2014). 4881:Vernietigingskamp Sobibor 4451:Librarian (10 Sep 2006), 4440:Jewish History of Hungary 4073:"The Holocaust Chronicle" 2753:The Holocaust Chronicle. 2368:Simone Gigliotti (2009). 1366:Corpses of Jews from the 1345: 1318: 1260:, wrote Wiley Feinstein. 1062:Deportation of Jews from 1053: 993: 888:The Holocaust in Bulgaria 853:Vittel concentration camp 707:Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum 527:, victims were killed in 239:Within various phases of 90: 85: 66: 58: 53: 28: 23: 7958:People with disabilities 7891:Aid and Rescue Committee 6744:Hedi Enghelberg (1997). 6661:. New York: Free Press. 6465:(in German), ZEIT-Online 6071:CBC News (7 June 2006). 5662:"The Iasi Death Trains. 5614:Holocaust Encyclopedia, 5486:"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising" 5363:, set up June/July 1942. 5359:, 50 miles northeast of 4976:Polskie Koleje Państwowe 4937:Holocaust Encyclopedia. 4878:Schelvis, Jules (1993). 4864:Holocaust Encyclopedia, 4811:Jewish Virtual Library, 4298:. London. Archived from 3771:Saerens, Lieven (2008). 2901:. Vintage. p. 120. 2897:Cesarani, David (2005). 2787:Hedi Enghelberg (2013). 2664:"The Ghettos of Poland." 2427:Wspomnienia dawne i nowe 2333:Prof. Ronald J. Berger, 2295:Virginia Railway Express 2262:Wagon Monument (Netanya) 1865:Slovak National Uprising 1462:Nazi concentration camps 1216: 1136:Hungarian State Railways 812:Belgian National Railway 749:Operations across Europe 645:mass deportation of Jews 417:Reich Transport Ministry 321:resettlement to the east 289:of 20 January 1942 near 96:Nazi concentration camps 8099:Order Police battalions 6459:"Sonderzüge in den Tod" 6430:DW staff (2008-01-24). 5805:Kamenec, Ivan (2007) . 5289:Edward Kopówka (2011), 4835:. Photo Archives 43253. 4800:Switzerland: The Train. 4319:crimes against humanity 4114:NAAF Holocaust Project. 3985:"Treblinka: Chronology" 3775:. Lannoo. p. 188. 3390:Yad Vashem Studies, XVI 3384:McVay, Kenneth (1984). 2985:Recalling the Holocaust 2960:Approaches to Auschwitz 2628:The Holocaust Chronicle 2235:(NS) in the Netherlands 1693:, and 25,000 Jews from 1529:the Holocaust in Poland 1460:) or imprisoned at the 1384:The Holocaust in Poland 1295:, or Bergen-Belsen and 1282:Westerbork transit camp 1200:to Germany following a 984:Böhmisch-Mährische Bahn 767:Nazi concentration camp 681:Order Police battalions 215:The "Gate of Death" at 203:Jews are deported from 7948:Soviet urban residents 7039:International response 7013:Contemporary knowledge 5838:History of Switzerland 5634:Jewish Virtual Library 5598:by H.E.P., pp. 3, 92; 4775:Holocaust Encyclopedia 4602:Jewish Virtual Library 4552:Andrew Rawson (2015). 4503:Holocaust Encyclopedia 4475:Naftali Kraus (2014). 4365:Steven Bowman (2002). 4035:at Locomotives.com.pl. 3989:Holocaust Encyclopedia 3083:Holocaust: The Trains. 2827:10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30 2736:Holocaust Encyclopedia 2524:Andrew Rawson (2015). 2233:Nederlandse Spoorwegen 2171:Radegast train station 2139: 2115:Nederlandse Spoorwegen 2103:Train of Commemoration 2057: 2016:Drancy internment camp 1883: 1791: 1739: 1611:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1375: 1359: 1313:Nederlandse Spoorwegen 1251:The popular view that 1118: 1067: 1039:Drancy internment camp 1007: 898:invasion of Yugoslavia 883: 816: 797:After Germany invaded 794: 709: 691:local auxiliary police 622: 587:are "selected" on the 481: 480:train (September 1941) 236: 220: 208: 116: 75:German-occupied Europe 8395:Memorials and museums 8333:Reparations Agreement 8328:Holocaust restitution 7906:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 7429:Human experimentation 7268:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 6518:Sybille Steinbacher, 6501:Dutch news - Expatica 6133:European Jewish Press 5953:Holocaust and Justice 5740:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 5298:Dam im imię na wieki 4815:Encyclopedia Judaica. 4321:. He is still wanted. 3439:"The Auschwitz Album" 2815:Rossino, Alexander B. 2459:Timeline of Treblinka 2438:Clancy Young (2013), 2299:Arnold Schwarzenegger 2128: 2099:Sonderzüge in den Tod 2056:, view from the south 2052: 1948:—all were liberated. 1878: 1860:Slovak People’s Party 1785: 1733: 1670:Majdanek State Museum 1481:H. Cegielski – Poznań 1378:Further information: 1365: 1353: 1140:Northern Transylvania 1116: 1061: 1001: 988:Theresienstadt Ghetto 874: 808:Mechelen transit camp 784: 704: 608: 475: 279:Wohngebiete der Juden 226: 214: 202: 114: 7595:Jewish Ghetto Police 7464:Politische Abteilung 7359:Risiera di San Sabba 7220:Natzweiler-Struthof 6776:Video of deportation 6520:Auschwitz: A History 6404:Zug der Erinnerung, 6376:. Bloomberg, Berlin. 5750:. pp. 842–852. 5698:Marcu Rozen (2006). 5664:Holocaust in Romania 5378:Holocaust Chronicles 5086:: 13. Archived from 4998:, page missing from 4853:Tegen beter weten in 4367:"The Jews in Greece" 4218:Memorial de la Shoah 4019:Rossen V. Vassilev, 3801:Yahil, Leni (1991). 3746:Yahil, Leni (1991). 3721:Yahil, Leni (1991). 3691:Yahil, Leni (1991). 3464:Geoffrey P. Megargee 3138:"The Treblinka Hell" 3035:on November 26, 2005 2759:Death and Resistance 2163:Plac Bohaterow Getta 2094:Jan Philipp Reemtsma 1980:The wagon monument, 1805:Romanian Old Kingdom 1523:Before the onset of 1164:Operation Margarethe 1152:Operation Barbarossa 1128:Second Vienna Awards 1097:from the regions of 1010:The French national 892:Bulgaria joined the 665:On 20 January 1943, 421:Reich Foreign Office 275:Jüdische Wohnbezirke 24:The Holocaust trains 8373:Days of remembrance 8286:Holocaust survivors 8281:Depopulated shtetls 8132:Rollkommando Hamann 7978:Jehovah's Witnesses 7796:Kamianets-Podilskyi 6858:Bohemia and Moravia 6655:Dawidowicz, Lucy S. 6545:"The Krakow Ghetto" 6408:, 15 January 2008. 6280:The Huffington Post 6022:The Washington Post 5786:(Supplement): 121. 5553:on November 6, 2011 5205:on 22 February 2014 5093:on 24 February 2012 4741:by Wiley Feinstein" 4302:on October 12, 2007 4255:The Washington Post 3865:on December 6, 2013 3357:Alex Woolf (2008). 3173:Yad Vashem (2013). 3107:Yad Vashem (2013). 2688:"The Ghetto Fights" 2644:The World Must Know 2473:Yad Vashem (2014), 2199:Deutsche Reichsbahn 2069:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1907:), one via France ( 1838:Căile Ferate Române 1801:Căile Ferate Române 1473:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1402:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1336:Quisling government 1156:Jewish slave labour 1154:, supplying 50,000 1033:Holocaust survivors 960:Bohemia and Moravia 759:Deutsche Reichsbahn 743:Deutsche Reichsbahn 671:Albert Ganzenmüller 621:in Washington, D.C. 611:covered goods wagon 497:extermination camps 495:The SS built three 386:extermination camps 310:Deutsche Reichsbahn 233:Deutsche Reichsbahn 219:was built in 1943. 158:extermination camps 129:Deutsche Reichsbahn 104:extermination camps 8356:History and memory 8260:Forced euthanasia 8208:Nazi racial policy 7911:Danish underground 7758:Operation Reinhard 7753:Wannsee Conference 6630:. Berghahn Books. 6597:Lucjan Dobroszycki 6577:on 3 December 2013 6506:2007-12-11 at the 6483:Zug der Erinnerung 5989:The New York Times 5955:. Berghahn Books. 5780:Historický časopis 5551:(Internet Archive) 5317:on 10 October 2014 5250:on 6 December 2013 4986:on 8 February 2014 4831:2014-03-05 at the 4659:2014-04-16 at the 4534:2013-10-21 at the 4509:on August 16, 2012 4458:2021-05-19 at the 4227:on 2 December 2013 3555:on August 22, 2006 3206:on 2 December 2014 2669:2013-10-22 at the 2604:10.1007/BF02838139 2431:Franciszek Ząbecki 2416:on October 6, 2013 2245:in occupied Poland 2243:General Government 2140: 2090:Wolfgang Tiefensee 2058: 2012:Holocaust survivor 1901:Bergier Commission 1884: 1792: 1772:Auschwitz-Birkenau 1740: 1706: 1689:with 140,000 from 1681: 1660: 1649:General Government 1639: 1630:Numbers and notes 1607:Grossaktion Warsaw 1568:General Government 1525:Operation Reinhard 1418:General Government 1394:invasion of Poland 1376: 1360: 1177:Sicherheitspolizei 1171:Edmund Veesenmayer 1130:(1938; 1940). The 1119: 1068: 1008: 884: 795: 710: 623: 482: 370:. Since 1941, the 368:Operation Reinhard 364:Wannsee Conference 349:Auschwitz-Birkenau 287:Wannsee conference 237: 221: 217:Auschwitz-Birkenau 209: 150:Nazi concentration 124:railway transports 117: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8291:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 8238:Jewish emigration 8228:Hitler's prophecy 8223:Haavara Agreement 8169: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8157:Ypatingasis būrys 8054:Sicherheitsdienst 7990: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7929: 7928: 7849:Bielski partisans 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7452:Totenkopfverbände 7111: 7110: 6736:978-0-89604-005-2 6712:978-0-8156-2873-6 6690:978-0-300-09557-9 6668:978-0-02-908030-6 6637:978-0-85745-427-0 6526:, Penguin Books. 6231:Los Angeles Times 5962:978-9-65308-353-0 5816:978-80-88700-68-5 5757:978-0-253-02373-5 5586:978-0-300-09557-9 5459:978-83-7257-496-1 5349:Reinhard Heydrich 5337:"Aktion Reinhard" 5307:978-83-7257-496-1 5240:978-83-928381-1-1 4855:by Ies Vuijsje's. 4540:Holocaust History 4437:Holocaust Period. 4163:L'Esprit frappeur 3837:978-965-308-068-3 3812:978-0-19-504523-9 3782:978-90-209-7384-6 3757:978-0-19-504523-9 3732:978-0-19-504523-9 3702:978-0-19-504523-9 3649:978-0-8021-1766-3 3511:on 8 October 2014 3424:978-0-06-198000-8 3343:978-0-253-32684-3 3300:978-0-253-21305-1 3175:"Maly Trostinets" 3154:on 6 October 2014 3109:"Aktion Reinhard" 2908:978-0-09-944844-0 2836:978-1-909821-67-5 2640:Michael Berenbaum 2510:978-0-674038-59-2 2073:Frankfurt am Main 2008:French government 1953:Flossenbürg March 1744: 1743: 1726: 1725: 1483:renamed DWM, and 1466:the annexed areas 1453:Intelligenzaktion 1084:the Greek Islands 1006:, 24 January 1943 1004:Marseille roundup 818:Organisation Todt 689:aided by and the 669:sent a letter to 615:Holocaust victims 585:Carpatho-Ruthenia 109: 108: 94:Transit ghettos, 8483: 8471:Nazi terminology 8461:Holocaust trains 8340:Holocaust denial 8318:Nuremberg trials 8308:Postwar violence 8263: 8198: 8197: 8175: 8174: 8137:Special Brigades 8127:Nederlandsche SS 8094:Police Regiments 8018: 8017: 7996: 7995: 7856:Ghetto uprisings 7844:Jewish partisans 7791:Harvest Festival 7763:Holocaust trains 7649: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7627: 7626: 7492: 7491: 7388: 7366: 7348: 7329: 7311: 7134: 7133: 7117: 7116: 6825: 6824: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6749: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6694: 6672: 6642: 6641: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6541: 6535: 6516: 6510: 6498: 6489: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6358:Following story: 6354: 6352: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6173:on 12 March 2016 6169:. Archived from 6158: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6139:on 14 April 2013 6135:. Archived from 6124: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6105:on March 5, 2016 6101:. Archived from 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6013: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5948: 5935: 5934:Never Again.org. 5929: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5883: 5877: 5864: 5858: 5847: 5841: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5777: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5670: 5658: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5462:, archived from 5447: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5419:on 26 April 2009 5415:. Archived from 5409: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5310:, archived from 5295: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5243:. Archived from 5232: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5204: 5193: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5084:Czy Wiesz, że... 5081: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4982:. Archived from 4967: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4916: 4910: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4856: 4845: 4836: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4673: 4664: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4624: 4618: 4613:David Kranzler, 4611: 4605: 4597:Rebecca Weiner, 4595: 4586: 4585: 4572: 4549: 4543: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4472: 4466: 4465:, Senta, Serbia. 4449: 4443: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4414:on 16 April 2014 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4348: 4339: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4308: 4307: 4287: 4281: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4220:. Archived from 4215: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4180: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3962:on March 6, 2011 3951: 3945: 3939: 3930: 3929:experimentation. 3926: 3920: 3919: 3898: 3896: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3861:. Archived from 3848: 3842: 3841: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3798: 3787: 3786: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3718: 3707: 3706: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3535: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3229:"Maly Trostinec" 3225: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3147:. Archived from 3142: 3134:Grossman, Vasily 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3104: 3093: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3024: 3015: 3014: 2996: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2933:on July 23, 2009 2919: 2913: 2912: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2800:978-160585-123-5 2784: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2742:on 2 March 2013. 2728: 2722: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2683: 2677: 2660: 2651: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2587: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2479:, archived from 2470: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2453: 2435: 2423: 2421: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2330: 2311: 2278: 2175:Bahnhof Radegast 2039:Shoah Foundation 1971: 1941:prisoners of war 1879:Entrance to the 1760:Białystok Ghetto 1707: 1682: 1661: 1640: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1555:produced by the 1535:, equipped with 1514: 1447:Ostbahndirektion 1253:Benito Mussolini 1235: 1228: 1211:Raoul Wallenberg 1168:SS-Brigadeführer 1016:Vichy Government 860:Transport No. 20 821: 667:Heinrich Himmler 638: 637: 633: 630: 601:The calculations 580: 561:brakeman's cabin 556: 391:At Wannsee, the 378:Rumbula massacre 357:Heinrich Himmler 120:Holocaust trains 86:Prisoner victims 33: 21: 20: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8436: 8351: 8267: 8261: 8250:Madagascar Plan 8243:Kindertransport 8192: 8191: 8161: 8103: 8075: 8060:Ordnungspolizei 8016: 8003: 7982: 7925: 7877: 7830: 7801:Maly Trostenets 7772:Mass executions 7767: 7737: 7675: 7634: 7609: 7579: 7538: 7476: 7438: 7397: 7386: 7364: 7346: 7327: 7309: 7297: 7254: 7128: 7107: 7027: 7018:Hidden children 6996: 6854:Czechoslovakia 6819: 6814: 6756: 6737: 6713: 6699:Kranzler, David 6691: 6669: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6551:on 24 July 2011 6543: 6542: 6538: 6524:Shaun Whiteside 6517: 6513: 6508:Wayback Machine 6499: 6492: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6468: 6466: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6438:on 5 April 2008 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6370: 6366: 6350: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6159: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6125: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6052:. 27 March 2007 6044: 6043: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6014: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5981: 5970: 5963: 5949: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5876:at www.Yale.edu 5874:Wayback Machine 5865: 5861: 5849:Markus G. Jud, 5848: 5844: 5832:Markus G. Jud, 5831: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5799: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5707: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5682: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5626: 5622: 5613: 5609: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544:Gazeta Wyborcza 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5482: 5478: 5466: 5460: 5445: 5439:Kopówka, Edward 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5271: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5168: 5164: 5152: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5079: 5072: 5061: 5049: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5011: 5007: 4989: 4987: 4968: 4957: 4944: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4846: 4839: 4833:Wayback Machine 4823: 4819: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4733: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4674: 4667: 4661:Wayback Machine 4651: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4633:The Independent 4625: 4621: 4612: 4608: 4596: 4589: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4536:Wayback Machine 4529:Hungarian Jewry 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4460:Wayback Machine 4450: 4446: 4435:Naftali Kraus, 4434: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4369: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4338:NeverAgain.org. 4334: 4327: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4248: 4247: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4181: 4177: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4011: 3998: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3894: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3799: 3790: 3783: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3719: 3710: 3703: 3689: 3685: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3630: 3626: 3614: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3322: 3315: 3301: 3282: 3273: 3260: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3090:Wayback Machine 3080: 3073: 3066: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3025: 3018: 3011: 2997: 2990: 2983:Michael Nadel, 2982: 2978: 2971: 2955: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2923:"The Holocaust" 2921: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2852: 2837: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2785: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2703: 2699: 2686:Marek Edelman. 2684: 2680: 2671:Wayback Machine 2661: 2654: 2650:, 2006, p. 114. 2638: 2634: 2623: 2619: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2492: 2488: 2471: 2467: 2451: 2449: 2448:on May 22, 2013 2419: 2417: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2362: 2351: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2258: 2195: 2183: 2123: 2112: 2047: 2035:Serge Klarsfeld 1996: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1961: 1929: 1897:Royal Air Force 1881:Gotthard Tunnel 1873: 1852: 1846: 1798: 1780: 1718:at Camp II and 1705: 1680: 1659: 1638: 1587:official report 1541:occupied Poland 1512: 1445:in Berlin, the 1428:Kolej Wschodnia 1390: 1348: 1327: 1321: 1273: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1219: 1111: 1056: 1025:Serge Klarsfeld 996: 968: 962: 938:occupied Poland 922:North Macedonia 914:Vardar Banovina 890: 877:Macedonian Jews 869: 841:occupied Poland 825:Queen Elisabeth 806:centred on the 779: 751: 699: 635: 631: 628: 626: 603: 596: 581: 572: 557: 441:occupied Poland 437: 257:occupied Poland 197: 177: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8489: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8345:trivialization 8337: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8323:Eichmann trial 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8218:Nuremberg Laws 8215: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8201:Early elements 8194: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8182:Early elements 8179: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8117:Arajs Kommando 8113: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8088:Einsatzgruppen 8083: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8038: 8030: 8024: 8022: 8015: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8001:Responsibility 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7840: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7780:Einsatzgruppen 7775: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7747: 7744:Final Solution 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7605:Ústredňa Židov 7602: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7570:Theresienstadt 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7409:Einsatzgruppen 7405: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7215:Mittelbau-Dora 7212: 7203: 7198: 7196:Kraków-Płaszów 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7086:Rescue of Jews 7083: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6763: 6755: 6754:External links 6752: 6751: 6750: 6741: 6735: 6718: 6711: 6695: 6689: 6673: 6667: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6636: 6618: 6612:978-0300039245 6611: 6588: 6562: 6536: 6511: 6490: 6475: 6449: 6422: 6413: 6397: 6392:Spiegel Online 6379: 6364: 6336: 6327: 6318: 6292: 6266: 6243: 6217: 6184: 6150: 6116: 6085: 6063: 6034: 6001: 5968: 5961: 5936: 5924: 5910: 5886:Marks, David. 5878: 5859: 5842: 5822: 5815: 5797: 5763: 5756: 5730: 5716: 5690: 5646: 5620: 5607: 5564: 5530: 5503: 5476: 5458: 5430: 5404: 5387: 5367: 5353:Final Solution 5328: 5306: 5281: 5239: 5216: 5179: 5162: 5128: 5108: 5059: 5026:978-1845459277 5025: 5005: 4955: 4929: 4926:on 2007-12-11. 4911: 4897: 4890: 4870: 4857: 4837: 4817: 4804: 4788: 4762: 4724: 4694: 4665: 4645: 4619: 4606: 4587: 4565:978-1473855410 4564: 4544: 4520: 4490: 4467: 4444: 4425: 4394: 4383:on 1 July 2013 4354: 4340: 4325: 4282: 4265: 4258:. 2014-12-05. 4238: 4201: 4175: 4149: 4116: 4089: 4064: 4058:978-0817944926 4057: 4037: 4025: 4009: 3995:on 5 June 2012 3973: 3946: 3931: 3921: 3876: 3843: 3836: 3818: 3811: 3788: 3781: 3763: 3756: 3738: 3731: 3708: 3701: 3683: 3655: 3648: 3624: 3566: 3547:NAAF Project. 3536: 3522: 3492: 3479:978-0253003508 3478: 3455: 3430: 3423: 3403: 3376: 3370:978-1848588721 3369: 3349: 3342: 3313: 3307:SS Scharführer 3299: 3271: 3245: 3217: 3191: 3165: 3125: 3094: 3071: 3064: 3046: 3016: 3009: 2988: 2976: 2969: 2944: 2914: 2907: 2889: 2877: 2850: 2835: 2806: 2799: 2772: 2745: 2723: 2705:François Furet 2697: 2678: 2652: 2632: 2617: 2598:(2): 162–174. 2579: 2568: 2543: 2537:978-1473855410 2536: 2516: 2509: 2486: 2465: 2398: 2387: 2381:978-1845459277 2380: 2360: 2350:978-0202366111 2349: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2303:Guillaume Pepy 2272: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2122: 2119: 2111: 2108: 2046: 2043: 2028:Michael Marrus 1995: 1992: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1946:Theresienstadt 1928: 1925: 1872: 1869: 1848:Main article: 1845: 1842: 1779: 1776: 1748:Höfle Telegram 1742: 1741: 1736:Höfle Telegram 1727: 1724: 1723: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1615:Höfle Telegram 1603:freight trains 1583:Sonderkommando 1572:Ghetto in Łódź 1410:Greater Poland 1347: 1344: 1323:Main article: 1320: 1317: 1301:Theresienstadt 1297:Theresienstadt 1272: 1269: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1190:King of Sweden 1132:Hungarian Army 1110: 1107: 1055: 1052: 995: 992: 961: 958: 942:King Boris III 868: 865: 791:Fort Breendonk 778: 775: 750: 747: 698: 695: 686:Einsatzgruppen 609:Interior of a 602: 599: 598: 597: 582: 575: 573: 558: 551: 452:freight wagons 436: 433: 409:United Kingdom 373:Einsatzgruppen 362:Following the 353:Martin Bormann 196: 193: 176: 173: 165:Final Solution 107: 106: 92: 88: 87: 83: 82: 79:Axis countries 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8488: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8213:Nazi eugenics 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Topf and Sons 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8109:Collaborators 8106: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8047:Referat IV B4 8045: 8044: 8043: (RSHA) 8042: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8034:Schutzstaffel 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021:Organizations 8019: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7963:Romani people 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7916:Working Group 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7901:Kastner train 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7740: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7688:Kristallnacht 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7471:Sanitätswesen 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7434:Death marches 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7260:Extermination 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235:Sachsenhausen 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176:Herzogenbusch 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7151:Bergen-Belsen 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7138:Concentration 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:United States 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914:and colonies 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6817:The Holocaust 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6677:Hilberg, Raul 6674: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6532:0-14-102142-X 6529: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6484: 6479: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6346: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6254: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6200:The Telegraph 6196: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6074: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5720: 5706:on 2015-09-24 5705: 5701: 5694: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5492:on 2 May 2012 5491: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5390: 5388:9780881256307 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5265: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5158: 5146: 5131: 5129:9780807825747 5125: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4891:9789067076296 4887: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654:Deportations. 4649: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4581:. H.E.A.R.T. 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4172:2-84405-173-1 4169: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3915:Sachsenhausen 3912: 3911:Bergen-Belsen 3908: 3904: 3890: 3883: 3881: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3858:The Telegraph 3854: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3608: 3601: 3590:on 2014-02-22 3586: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3308: 3305:Testimony of 3302: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3285:Arad, Yitzhak 3280: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3176: 3169: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3065:9780521880787 3061: 3057: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3010:9780521880787 3006: 3002: 2995: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2970:9780664223533 2966: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2719:0-8052-4051-9 2716: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495:Herf, Jeffrey 2490: 2483:on 2014-02-07 2482: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:Kraków Ghetto 2156: 2152: 2151:Warsaw Ghetto 2148: 2147: 2146:Umschlagplatz 2138: 2137:Warsaw Ghetto 2134: 2133: 2132:Umschlagplatz 2127: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2082:Deutsche Bahn 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2064:Deutsche Bahn 2055: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1991: 1983: 1978: 1970: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668:victims, per 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:Jürgen Stroop 1597: 1596: 1595:Brigadeführer 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577:Umschlagplatz 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Warsaw Ghetto 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456:and the 1940 1455: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374:, August 1942 1373: 1369: 1368:Warsaw Ghetto 1364: 1357: 1352: 1343: 1341: 1338:and taken to 1337: 1333: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:Bergen-Belsen 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:Transylvanian 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1115: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1066:in March 1944 1065: 1060: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1043:Alois Brunner 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1005: 1000: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 967: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 882: 878: 873: 864: 861: 856: 854: 851:, as well as 850: 846: 842: 838: 832: 828: 826: 820: 819: 813: 809: 805: 800: 792: 788: 783: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 720: 714: 708: 703: 694: 692: 688: 687: 682: 678: 677: 672: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 650: 649:Warsaw Ghetto 646: 642: 620: 616: 612: 607: 594: 590: 586: 579: 574: 570: 566: 562: 555: 550: 549: 548: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 485: 479: 474: 470: 468: 465: 461: 457: 456:cattle wagons 453: 448: 446: 442: 432: 430: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267: 262: 258: 254: 250: 249:forced labour 246: 242: 241:the Holocaust 234: 230: 225: 218: 213: 206: 201: 192: 190: 189: 188:Kristallnacht 184: 183: 172: 170: 166: 161: 159: 155: 154:forced labour 151: 147: 146:the Holocaust 143: 139: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 113: 105: 101: 100:forced labour 97: 93: 89: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 47: 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